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Ancient DNA is critical to the genetic analysis of animals remains. Whereas modern DNA has very long fragments in samples, ancient DNA has very short fragments, making it very easily contaminated. The extraction and sampling of ancient DNA requires highly specialized training, as well as intensive protocol to prevent it from being contaminated by modern DNA. The paper :Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid
Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog" by Lee et al. gives a description of claws and teeth were sampled for ancient DNA. In a facility specially designed for ancient DNA extraction, with the use of personal protective equipment and regular bleaching of surfaces and tools, the claws and teeth were wiped with bleach to destroy all modern DNA on the surface, and were then drilled into a powder. The DNA fragments were extracted from the bone powder using an ancient DNA extraction protocol. After using several processes to replicate the DNA fragments and verify the results (
290:, which can often be subject to interpretation. While more specific identification is preferable, it is better to be less specific in the identification rather than identify a specimen incorrectly. When examining animal remains, it is common that there are bones that are too small or too damaged to be able to accurately identify it. Archaeological context can be used to help with assumptions about species identification. Skeletal classification is the other half of properly identifying animal remains. Zoological osteology is useful to zooarchaeology because certain morphological aspects of a bone are associated with particular periods of growth, which can help narrow down the age the specimen was at death. The analysis of teeth require a slightly different approach than bone, but retain the same level of importance when it comes to analysis. The wear pattern and tooth
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416:, dogs were found buried with children under eight years old or were found buried by themselves. Some of the dogs who were buried alone have grave goods similar to their human contemporaries such as flint weapons and deer antlers. Meanwhile, during the same time period Skateholm II emerged and was very different from Skateholm I, as dogs were buried along on the North and West boundaries of the grave area. Another burial site in Siberia near
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65:, to derive insights into historical human-animal interactions and environmental conditions. While bones and shells tend to be relatively more preserved in archaeological contexts, the survival of faunal remains is generally infrequent. The degradation or fragmentation of faunal remains presents challenges in the accurate analysis and interpretation of data.
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189:. Archaeologists may have to sort through and identify the species and body region of faunal remains. The types of fauna that leave behind these remains will depend on where the archaeological site is located. These animals can be domesticated or wild, and sometimes they find both types of remains at sites.
255:. Distinguishing different types of damage to animal bones is a tedious and complex process that requires background in multiple scientific fields. Some of the physical damage on bones can be seen with the naked eye, but a lens with 10x magnification and good lighting is necessary for seeing most damage.
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example, one of the questions that wildlife preservationists ask is whether they should keep animals facing extinction in several smaller areas, or in one larger area. Based on zooarchaeological evidence, they found that animals that are split up into several smaller areas are more likely to go extinct.
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where ten horses were buried alongside a human male, the horses were fully adorned with saddles, pendants, among other valuables. The oldest horse as also the horse with the grandest attachments. Erica Hill, a professor in archaeology, suggests that the burials of prehistory animals can shed light on
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starting around the 1860s, the second being the
Systematization period beginning in the early 1950s, and lastly the Integration period which began about 1969. Full-time zooarchaeologists came to be during the Systematization period. Prior to the Systemization period, it was just a technique that was
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environments. Faunal remains with cut marks, teeth marks, burns, or butchering can signify human interaction which can be important to archaeological data. Sometimes these analyses can be difficult due to decomposition and weathering, which can cause damage to the remains. Not only do faunal remains
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is an important tool used by zooarchaeologists. Genetic history of an animal can give information on population movement over time and environmental adaptations necessary to live in an area. It can also give context to how animals may or may not have been domesticated over time by a group of people.
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provides information about a species diet and age; the enamel also has biochemical remains of what the animal ate. While animal remains can include more than just bones and teeth, the nature of things like hair and muscle cause it to deteriorate quickly after death, leaving the skeleton behind; this
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Another important aspect of zooarchaeology is its application to the migration patterns of humans. In areas where people are either closely tied to animal as companions or regularly follow the migrations of herds, the data collected from these animals can help give context to human movement as well.
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from being a food source to playing a more intimate role in society. Animals have been used in non-economical ways such as being part of a human burial. However, the majority of zooarchaeology has focused on who was eating what by looking at various remains such as bones, teeth, and fish scales. In
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In addition to helping us understand the past, zooarchaeology can also help us to improve the present and the future. Studying how people dealt with animals, and their effects can help avoid many potential ecological problems. This specifically includes problems involving wildlife management. For
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known as the "Lokomotiv" cemetery had a wolf burial among human graves. Buried together with, but slightly beneath the wolf was a male human skull. The wolf breed was not native to this area as it was warm and other research for the area shows no other wolf habitation. Bazaliiskiy and
Savelyev
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Faunal remains are parts of animals that have been left in the material record, which archaeologists study. These remains are important to the record because they can show cultural practices, such as what food they were eating, based on the remains left behind. Zooarcheologists can find out
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is why most of zooarchaeology revolves around skeletal morphology. Laboratory analysis can include comparing the skeletons found on site with previously identified lab specimens. This not only helps to identify what the animal is, but also whether the animal was domesticated or not.
210:. Techniques used in the study of taphonomy include researching how items are buried and deposited at an archaeological site, what the conditions are that aid in the preservation of these items, and how these items get destroyed, all a part of what is referred to by archaeologist
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on a bone can suggest that it was processed by humans for its marrow, minerals, and nutrients. Other human processes that affect bones include burning and damage from archaeological excavations. Non-human damage to bones includes interspecies damage, damage from
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Some common faunal remains found at sites include, as stated above, bones, shells, hair, chitin, scales, hides, proteins and DNA. These are often found in piles of waste left behind. This means zooarchaeology is part of the general study of waste or
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the twenty-first century researchers have begun to interpret animals in prehistory in wider cultural and social patterns, focusing on how the animals have affected humans and possible animal agency. There is evidence of animals such as the
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analysis (Zooarchaeology by Mass
Spectrometry), the animal species behind a bone fragment or bone artifact can be determined even when no morphological traits survive. The method makes use of interspecies differences in the structure of
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help reconstruct environments from the past they can show other cultural practices as well. These remains are not always from food, but can be found in jewelry, tools, spiritual practices, and more. This information can show the
271:, and studies of archaeological context. The ability to identify a piece of bone requires knowing what element (bone in the body) it is, and to what animal the bone belongs. The latter is referred to as
53:, focusing on the analysis of animal remains within archaeological sites. This field, managed by specialists known as zooarchaeologists or faunal analysts, examines remnants such as bones, shells, hair,
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One important aspect of zooarchaeology is using morphological and genetic evidence to answer questions zooarchaeologists have about the relationship between animals and humans. These questions include:
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Characterized by its interdisciplinary nature, zooarchaeology bridges the studies of ancient human societies and the animal kingdom. Practitioners, from various scientific backgrounds including
80:, aim primarily to identify and understand human interactions with animals and their environments. Through the analysis of faunal remains, zooarchaeologists can gain insight into past diets,
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Acosta, Guillermo; Beramendi, Laura E; González, Gali; Rivera, Iran; Eudave, Itzel; Hernández, Elisa; Sánchez, SerafĂn; Morales, Pedro; Cienfuegos, Edith; Otero, Francisco (2018).
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348:. They make interpretations based on the number and size of the faunal remains. These interpretations include how important different animals might have been to the diet.
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283:) is used because it allows archaeologists to identify and show the genetic and morphological relationships between species. These relationships are based on
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How do modern animals compare to animals of the past, and how does this give context to human populations who interacted/still interact with those animals?
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Lee, Esther J.; Merriwether, D. Andrew; Kasparov, Alexei K.; Nikolskiy, Pavel A.; Sotnikova, Marina V.; Pavlova, Elena Yu; Pitulko, Vladimir V. (2015).
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practices, tool usage, and ritualistic behaviors, thus contributing to a comprehensive view of human-environment interactions and the sub-field of
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Such analyses provide the basis by which further interpretations can be made. Topics that have been addressed by zooarchaeologists include:
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can explain how and why bones were damaged. One source of damage to animal bones is humans. Cut marks on animal bones provide evidence for
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suggests that the presence and significance of the wolf could possibly reflect human interaction. Another example occurred in 300 B.C. in
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Identification is integral to the archaeological analysis of animal remains. Identification of animal remains requires a combination of
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The development of zooarchaeology in eastern North
America can be broken up into three different periods. The first being the
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Steele, Teresa (2015). "The contributions of animal bones from archaeological sites: the past and future of zooarchaeology".
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Orton, David C. (2011). "Anthropological
Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations".
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710:) as a leporid remains accumulator: taphonomic analysis of modern rabbit remains recovered from nests of this predator".
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1174:"Ancient DNA Analysis of the Oldest Canid Species from the Siberian Arctic and Genetic Contribution to the Domestic Dog"
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Meadow, Richard H. (January 1983). ""BA" Guide to
Artifacts: The Study of Faunal Remains from Archaeological Sites".
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Carpet exemplifying the image of a
Pazyryk horseman in 300 B.C. The Pazyryk were known as superb horseman please see
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Kaestle, Frederika A.; Horsburgh, K. Ann (2002). "Ancient DNA in
Anthropology: Methods, Applications, and Ethics".
897:"Faunal Remains As Markers Of Ethnic Identity: The Philadelphia House As A Case Study Of German-American Ethnicity"
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Bazaliiskiy; Savelyev (2003). "The Wolf of Baikal: The "Lokomotiv" Early
Neolithic Cemetery in Siberia (Russia)".
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civilizations interacted with the animals in their environment. This information can be used to help reconstruct
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218:. One important aspect of taphonomy is assessing how a specimen became damaged; understanding the taphonomy of a
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nomenclature, which includes varying degrees of specificity in regards to the species. Linnaean nomenclature (
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Studying animal remains can also give context to other remains and artifacts found in association with them.
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Zooarchaeological specialists started to come about partly because of a new approach to archaeology known as
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Lyman, R. L. (1996). "Applied Zooarchaeology: The Relevance of Faunal Analysis to Wildlife Management".
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information like the species the animal is, the age the animal was when it died, and what its sex was.
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Hill, Erica (2013). "Archaeology and Animal Persons: Toward a Prehistory of Human-Animal Relations".
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A reference collection of shinbones (Tibia) of different animal species helps determining old bones.
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Who were the ones to obtain the food, and did the availability of that food depend on age or gender?
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Landon, David B. (2005). "Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology: Progress and Prospects".
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How was culture, such as technologies and behavior, influenced by and associated with diet?
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Zooarchaeology overlaps significantly with other areas of study. These include:
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How can faunal remains identify social differences such as class or ethnicity?
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being used for ritualistic purposes, but not being eaten as a food source.
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L. Lloveras; M. Moreno-GarcĂa; J. Nadal (September 2009). "The eagle owl (
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Multiple zooarchaeological datasets and media published in Open Context.
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What was the diet like, and in what ways were the animals used for food?
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Thomas, Kenneth D. (1996). "Zooarchaeology: Past, Present and Future".
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Animal burials date back to prehistory with examples emerging from the
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Analyses of faunal remains are important to show how prehistoric and
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Which animals were eaten, in what amounts, and with what other foods?
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One of the issues to which zooarchaeologists pay close attention is
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began to specialize in zooarchaeology, and their numbers increased.
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located in the area of analyses, as well as cultural significance.
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1448:. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.
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Human-animal relationships and interactions were diverse during
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364:, other findings alongside the horses can be explored in
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Zooarchaeology and Field Ecology: A Photographic Atlas
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What purposes, other than food, were animals used for?
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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
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1475:ArchéoZoo: collaborative website of archaeozoology
1279:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
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682:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
640:"Zooarchaeology | Reading Ancient Animal Remains"
1444:Reitz, Elizabeth J.; Wing, Elizabeth S. (2008).
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1470:International Council for Archaeozoology (ICAZ)
344:Yet another technique zooarchaeologists use is
164:How have humans domesticated animals over time?
226:. Fractures, such as by percussion impact and
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712:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
1022:Broughton, Jack; Miller, Shawn (2016).
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442:Poster of the Zooarchaeology forum in
158:How did hunter-gatherers collect food?
101:applied but not specifically studied.
1481:OpenContext.org (Zooarchaeology data)
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1892:Mammalian anatomy and morphology
1425:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
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1406:The Archaeology of Animal Bones
1283:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
1114:from the original on 2022-03-02
686:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
644:zooarch.illinoisstatemuseum.org
1446:Zooarchaeology, Second Edition
155:What was the environment like?
1:
1156:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980334
895:Muñoz, Jennifer (Fall 2011).
828:10.1080/00438243.1996.9980327
27:Archaeological sub-discipline
2357:electrical resistance survey
1199:10.1371/journal.pone.0125759
670:. Pearson. pp. 248–264.
430:human-animal relationships.
1026:. University of Utah Press.
666:Yohe II, Robert M. (2006).
259:Identification and taxonomy
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2246:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1044:The Biblical Archaeologist
45:merges the disciplines of
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2327:Philosophy of archaeology
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1437:10.1017/S0959774311000345
1323:10.1017/S0003598X00061317
901:scholarworks.calstate.edu
882:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.036
778:10.1007/s10816-005-2395-7
86:environmental archaeology
1404:O'Connor, Terry (2013).
1396:10.18268/BSGM2018v70n1a1
1262:10.3167/ares.2013.040108
574:and environmental change
352:Examples from prehistory
1605:Biological anthropology
1250:Environment and Society
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216:behavioral archaeology
212:Michael Brian Schiffer
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106:processual archaeology
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2337:Archaeological ethics
2332:Archaeological diving
2322:Archaeological theory
2134:Alfred Russel Wallace
2044:Water vascular system
1408:. The History Press.
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126:Dutch Heritage Agency
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57:, scales, hides, and
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2276:Augustus Pitt Rivers
2271:William Henry Holmes
2236:Archaeological sites
1995:Cellular respiration
528:Wider areas of study
456:Agricultural science
2266:John Lloyd Stephens
2256:Heinrich Schliemann
2160:Timeline of zoology
2089:Karl Ernst von Baer
1990:Respiratory pigment
1865:Mineralized tissues
1190:2015PLoSO..1025759L
874:2015JArSc..56..168S
317:gel electrophoresis
2790:History portal
2352:geophysical survey
1975:Respiratory system
1963:General physiology
1860:Connective tissues
942:10.1002/ajpa.10179
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1955:Animal physiology
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1941:Insect morphology
1872:Molecular anatomy
1845:Epithelial tissue
1823:Animal morphology
1144:World Archaeology
1105:msarchaeology.org
816:World Archaeology
548:Cultural exchange
281:Linnaean taxonomy
220:faunal assemblage
16:(Redirected from
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1339:
1338:
1308:
1307:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1247:
1246:
1225:
1184:(5): e0125759.
1171:
1170:
1163:
1141:
1140:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1056:10.2307/3209691
1041:
1040:
1031:
1021:
1020:
957:
927:
926:
915:
905:
903:
894:
893:
889:
859:
858:
843:
813:
812:
793:
763:
762:
739:
705:
704:
700:
690:
688:
680:
679:
675:
665:
664:
657:
648:
646:
638:
637:
633:
628:
623:
583:Food processing
530:
525:
436:
427:Pazyryk burials
412:at the site of
390:hunter-gatherer
366:Pazyryk burials
362:Pazyryk culture
354:
342:
325:
301:
261:
228:spiral fracture
204:
199:
178:
118:
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2811:Zooarchaeology
2803:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:Assyriologists
2750:
2743:Archaeologists
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2595:Zooarchaeology
2592:
2587:
2585:Geoarchaeology
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2546:Paleopathology
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2521:Bioarchaeology
2518:
2512:
2510:
2509:Methodological
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:Dorothy Garrod
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2241:Antiquarianism
2238:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:Charles Darwin
2096:
2094:Georges Cuvier
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1966:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:Spider anatomy
1933:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1888:
1886:
1884:and morphology
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Nervous tissue
1852:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1825:
1819:Animal anatomy
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1735:Zooarchaeology
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1593:Orthopterology
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1573:Coleopterology
1566:
1561:
1550:Arthropodology
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1464:External links
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:978-0521673938
1454:
1441:
1420:
1415:978-0750935241
1414:
1401:
1366:Zooarchaeology
1354:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1317:(295): 20–30.
1294:
1267:
1223:
1161:
1125:
1085:
1029:
955:
913:
887:
841:
791:
737:
698:
673:
655:
630:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:
616:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
564:
559:
550:
545:
543:Belief systems
540:
534:
529:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
501:Paleopathology
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
452:
435:
434:Related fields
432:
353:
350:
346:quantification
341:
340:Quantification
338:
324:
321:
300:
297:
260:
257:
243:, damage from
239:, damage from
203:
200:
198:
195:
177:
176:Faunal remains
174:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
117:
114:
110:Archaeologists
93:
90:
43:archaeozoology
39:Zooarchaeology
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2833:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Egyptologists
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Phenomenology
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:Environmental
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Computational
2566:
2564:
2563:Archaeogaming
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Post-Medieval
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2414:Protohistoric
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:Chronological
2400:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Richard Hoare
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Konrad Lorenz
2117:
2115:
2114:Carl Linnaeus
2112:
2110:
2109:William Kirby
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2017:Blood vessels
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:Shark anatomy
1927:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Aschelminthes
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Neuroethology
1708:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:Testudinology
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1630:Helminthology
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:Myriapodology
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Anthrozoology
1543:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:(2): 323–24.
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
918:
914:
902:
898:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
699:
687:
683:
677:
674:
669:
662:
660:
656:
645:
641:
635:
632:
625:
620:
617:
614:
611:
609:
608:Social status
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
570:
568:
567:Domestication
565:
563:
560:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
527:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:Palaeontology
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
466:Anthrozoology
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
451:
445:
440:
433:
431:
428:
425:known as the
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
379:mountain lion
375:
367:
363:
358:
351:
349:
347:
339:
337:
335:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
309:
305:
298:
296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
196:
194:
190:
188:
182:
175:
173:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
134:
127:
122:
115:
113:
111:
107:
102:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
82:domestication
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2816:Ethnobiology
2628:Archaeometry
2602:Experimental
2594:
2536:Near Eastern
2495:Near Eastern
2490:Mesopotamian
2444:Contemporary
2261:Arthur Evans
1985:Gas exchange
1924:Fish anatomy
1919:Bird anatomy
1779:Ambulacraria
1734:
1725:Paleozoology
1720:Parasitology
1639:Batrachology
1620:Ethnozoology
1615:Cnidariology
1445:
1428:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1382:
1364:
1363:
1362:profile for
1359:
1314:
1310:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:
1253:
1249:
1181:
1177:
1147:
1143:
1116:. Retrieved
1104:
1050:(1): 49–53.
1047:
1043:
1023:
933:
929:
904:. Retrieved
900:
890:
865:
861:
819:
815:
769:
765:
715:
711:
707:
701:
689:. Retrieved
685:
676:
667:
647:. Retrieved
643:
634:
531:
516:Veterinarian
511:Paleozoology
461:Anthropology
449:
403:
387:
371:
343:
326:
302:
262:
205:
191:
183:
179:
170:
131:
103:
95:
74:paleontology
70:anthropology
67:
42:
38:
37:
2708:Transgender
2633:Battlefield
2409:Prehistoric
2369:Burnt layer
2306:George Bass
2220:Archaeology
2155:Post-Darwin
2032:Capillaries
1970:Respiration
1730:Planktology
1715:Ornithology
1699:Primatology
1655:Ichthyology
1635:Herpetology
1610:Bryozoology
1588:Myrmecology
1583:Melittology
1564:Carcinology
1554:Arachnology
1150:: 110–125.
906:13 November
868:: 168–176.
772:(1): 1–36.
613:Subsistence
603:Seasonality
598:Pastoralism
572:Environment
486:Ethnography
471:Archaeology
418:Lake Baikal
414:Skateholm I
408:period. In
394:Paleolithic
308:ancient DNA
92:Development
51:archaeology
2805:Categories
2731:by country
2663:Industrial
2658:Indigenous
2607:Underwater
2553:Calceology
2475:Australian
2453:Geographic
2439:Historical
2374:Excavation
2150:Pre-Darwin
2124:Thomas Say
2081:Zoologists
2055:By species
1794:Arthropoda
1759:Ctenophora
1705:Nematology
1689:Felinology
1669:Teuthology
1664:Conchology
1660:Malacology
1569:Entomology
1288:2020-10-08
1118:20 October
936:: 92–130.
822:(1): 1–4.
649:2023-10-22
626:References
619:Technology
615:strategies
406:Mesolithic
374:prehistory
292:morphology
249:weathering
237:scavengers
224:butchering
197:Techniques
61:, such as
2668:Landscape
2541:Osteology
2424:Classical
1980:Breathing
1832:Histology
1694:Hippology
1675:Mammalogy
1644:Ophiology
1558:Acarology
1331:164017161
1311:Antiquity
1080:134042623
1064:0006-0895
732:1047-482X
708:Bubo bubo
588:Landscape
578:Ethnicity
557:nutrition
491:Garbology
288:evolution
253:polishing
208:taphonomy
202:Taphonomy
187:garbology
2778:Category
2760:Journals
2678:Mortuary
2673:Maritime
2648:Funerary
2643:Feminist
2638:Conflict
2616:Thematic
2531:Medieval
2485:Egyptian
2480:Oceanian
2465:American
2429:Medieval
2419:Biblical
2296:Max Uhle
2178:Category
2022:Arteries
1907:Elephant
1882:Anatomy
1809:Annelida
1804:Mollusca
1784:Chordata
1769:Cnidaria
1764:Placozoa
1754:Porifera
1684:Cynology
1679:Cetology
1625:Ethology
1538:Branches
1477:(French)
1389:: 1–19.
1218:26018528
1178:PLOS ONE
1109:Archived
950:12653310
836:16475284
786:12323687
334:collagen
273:taxonomy
269:taxonomy
59:proteins
2821:Zoology
2738:Periods
2573:Virtual
2558:Digital
2460:African
2362:Sondage
2228:History
2143:History
1840:Tissues
1529:Outline
1518:Zoology
1356:Scholia
1209:4446326
1186:Bibcode
1072:3209691
870:Bibcode
691:30 July
562:Disease
521:Zoology
496:Geology
481:Ecology
476:Biology
446:(2023).
423:Pazyryk
381:or the
285:species
277:Linnean
265:anatomy
241:rodents
233:raptors
78:ecology
47:zoology
2727:Sites
2653:Gender
2516:Aerial
2500:Nubian
2347:Survey
1747:groups
1745:Animal
1452:
1412:
1358:has a
1329:
1216:
1206:
1078:
1070:
1062:
948:
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730:
444:Zagreb
410:Sweden
383:jaguar
306:using
251:, and
76:, and
55:chitin
2721:Lists
2703:Queer
2683:Music
2470:Asian
2039:Heart
2027:Veins
2012:Lymph
2007:Blood
1897:Human
1360:topic
1327:S2CID
1256:(1).
1112:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
1076:S2CID
1068:JSTOR
782:S2CID
718:(5).
399:fauna
329:ZooMS
327:With
323:ZooMS
245:fungi
2688:Nazi
1450:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1214:PMID
1120:2020
1060:ISSN
946:PMID
908:2020
832:PMID
728:ISSN
693:2020
555:and
553:Diet
315:and
235:and
116:Uses
49:and
1912:Cat
1902:Dog
1433:doi
1391:doi
1319:doi
1258:doi
1204:PMC
1194:doi
1152:doi
1052:doi
938:doi
878:doi
824:doi
774:doi
720:doi
313:PCR
214:as
63:DNA
41:or
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