Paleoethnobotany - Knowledge (XXG)

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mostly involved a qualitative assessment of the plant remains at an archaeological site (presence and absence), but the application of simple statistical methods (non-multivariate) followed shortly thereafter. The use of more complex statistics (multivariate), however, is a more recent development. In general, simple statistics allow for observations concerning specimen values across space and over time, while more complex statistics facilitate the recognition of patterning within an assemblage, as well as the presentation of large datasets. The application of different statistical techniques depends on the quantity of material available. Complex statistics require the recovery of a large number of specimens (usually around 150 from each sample involved in this type of quantitative analysis), whereas simple statistics can be applied regardless of the amount of recovered specimens – though obviously, the more specimens, the more effective the results.

231:, the field of Paleoethnobotany began to grow significantly. The implementation in the 1970s of a new recovery method, called flotation, allowed archaeologists to begin systematically searching for plant macrofossils at every type of archaeological site. As a result, there was a sudden influx of material for archaeobotanical study, as carbonized and mineralized plant remains were becoming readily recovered from archaeological contexts. Increased emphasis on scientific analyses also renewed interest in the study of plant microbotanicals, such as phytoliths (1970s) and starches (1980s), while later advances in computational technology during the 1990s facilitated the application of software programs as tools for quantitative analysis. The 1980s and 1990s also saw the publication of several seminal volumes about Paleoethnobotany that demonstrated the sound theoretical framework in which the discipline operates. And finally, the popularization of 176: 702:). This floating material can either be scooped off or spilled over into a fine-mesh sieve (usually ~300 μm). Both the heavy and light fractions are then left to dry before being examined for archaeological remains. Plant macrofossils are mostly contained within the light fraction, though some denser specimens, such as pulses or mineralized grape endosperms, are also sometimes found in the heavy fraction. Thus, each fraction must be sorted to extract all plant material. A microscope is used in order to aid the sorting of the light fractions, while heavy fractions are sorted with the naked eye. Flotation can be undertaken manually with buckets or by machine-assistance, which circulates the water through a series of tanks by means of a pump. Small-scale, manual flotation can also be used in the laboratory on waterlogged samples. 480:, the 5,500 year old mummy found frozen in the French Alps, whose stomach contents revealed the plant and meat components of his last meal. The latter occurs more regularly, though plant impressions do not actually preserve the macrobotanical remains themselves, but rather their negative imprints in pliable materials like clay, mudbrick or plaster. Impressions often result from the deliberate employment of plant material for decorative or technological purposes (such as the use of leaves to create patterning on ceramics or the use of chaff as temper in the construction of 133: 748:, mostly family, genus and species. These taxonomic levels reflect varying degrees of identification specificity: families comprise big groups of similar type plants; genera make up smaller groups of more closely related plants within each family, and species consist of the different individual plants within each genus. Poor preservation, however, may require the creation of broader identification categories, such as ‘nutshell’ or ‘cereal grain’, while extremely good preservation and/or the application of analytical technology, such as 202:

European countries until the mid-20th century. In North America, the first analysis of plant remains occurred slightly later and did not generate the same interest in this type of archaeological evidence until the 1930s when Gilmore (1931) and Jones (1936) analysed desiccated material from rock shelters in the American Southwest. All these early studies, in both Europe and North America, largely focused on the simple identification of the plant remains in order to produce a list of the recovered taxa.

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approaches accordingly. For example, current studies have become much more interdisciplinary, utilizing various lines of investigation in order to gain a fuller picture of the past plant economies. Research avenues also continue to explore new topics pertaining to ancient human-plant interactions, such as the potential use of plant remains in relation to their mnemonic or sensory properties. Interest in plant remains surged in the 2000s alongside the improvement of

293: 785: 628:) follows virtually the same practices as outline above, with only some minor differences. First, the required sample size is much smaller: ~50g (a couple of tablespoons) of sediment for each type of microfossil analysis. Secondly, artefacts, such as stone tools and ceramics, can also be sampled for microbotanicals. And third, control samples from unexcavated areas in and around the site should always be collected for analytical purposes. 244: 550: 7508: 5041: 674: 657: 215:

paleoenvironmental reconstruction that was integral to the archaeological interpretation of the site and the latter yielded the first evidence for plant domestication, which allowed for a fuller understanding of the archaeological record. Thereafter, the recovery and analysis of plant remains received greater attention as a part of archaeological investigations. In 1968, the

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constitute the most common type of plant macrofossil recovered from archaeological sites. This mode of preservation, however, tends to be biased towards plant remains that come into direct contact with fire for cooking or fuel purposes, as well as those that are more robust, such as cereal grains and nut shells.

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Desiccated and waterlogged macrofossils often have a very similar appearance with modern plant material, since their modes of preservation do not directly affect the remains. As a result, fragile seed features, such as anthers or wings, and occasionally even color, can be preserved, allowing for very

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Plant macrofossils are analyzed under a low-powered stereomicroscope. The morphological features of different specimens, such as size, shape and surface decoration, are compared with images of modern plant material in identification literature, such as seed atlases, as well as real examples of modern

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was developed in the UK as an effective way of processing waterlogged samples. The sediment is poured into a bucket with water and gently agitated by hand. When the sediment has effectively broken up and the organic matter is suspended, all the contents from the bucket, expect for the heavy inorganic

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In order to study ancient plant macrobotanical material, Paleoethnobotanists employ a variety of recovery strategies that involve different sampling and processing techniques depending on the kind of research questions they are addressing, the type of plant macrofossils they are expecting to recover

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throughout their growth, resulting in calcified or silicified specimens. The second, 'replacement mineralization,' occurs when plant remains absorb precipitating minerals present in the sediment or organic matter in which they are buried. This mode of preservation by mineralization only occurs under

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The study of seeds, wood/charcoal, pollen, phytoliths and starches all require separate training, as slightly different techniques are employed for their processing and analysis. Paleoethnobotanists generally specialize in the study of a single type of macrobotanical or microbotanical remain, though

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As organic matter, plant remains generally decay over time due to microbial activity. In order to be recovered in the archaeological record, therefore, plant material must be subject to specific environmental conditions or cultural contexts that prevent their natural degradation. Plant macrofossils

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Another mode by which plant material can be preserved is desiccation, which only occurs in very arid environments, such as deserts, where the absence of water limits decomposition of organic matter. Desiccated plant remains are a rarer recovery, but an incredibly important source of archaeological

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Preservation of plant material can also occur when it is deposited in permanently wet, anoxic conditions, because the absence of oxygen prohibits microbial activity. This mode of preservation can occur in deep archaeological features, such as wells, and in lakebed or riverbed sediments adjacent to

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This image is part of reference collection work for archaeological dental calculus - i.e. looking at plants, animals and fungi from the inside to better understand them when finding them in archaeological samples. This image shows a piece of cranberry. This image was altered with AI to improve the

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After identification, paleoethnobotanists provide absolute counts for all plant macrofossils recovered in each individual sample. These counts constitute the raw analytical data and serve as the basis for any further quantitative methods that may be applied. Initially, paleoethnobotanical studies

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is the most common processing technique employed for the recovery of carbonized plant remains. It uses water as a mechanism for separating charred and organic material from the sediment matrix, by capitalizing on their buoyancy properties. When a sediment sample is slowly added to agitated

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of plant remains, however, can sometimes cause the damage to or loss of plant macrofossil features. The analysis of charred plant material, therefore, often includes several family- or genus-level identifications, as well as some specimen categories. Mineralized plant macrofossils can range in

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were conducted by the botanist C. Kunth (1826) on desiccated remains from Egyptian tombs and O. Heer (1866) on waterlogged specimens from lakeside villages in Switzerland, after which point archaeological plant remains became of interest and continued to be periodically studied from different

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through exposure to fire under low-oxygen conditions. Charred organic material is more resistant to deterioration, since it is only susceptible to chemical breakdown, which takes a long time (Weiner 2010). Due to the essential use of fire for many anthropogenic activities, carbonized remains

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Paleoethnobotany is a discipline that is ever evolving, even up to the present day. Since the 1990s, the field has continued to gain a better understanding of the processes responsible for creating plant assemblages in the archaeological record and to refine its analytical and methodological

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Heiss, A.G.; Berihuete-Azorín, M.; Antolín, F.; Kubiak-Martens, L.; Marinova, E.; Arendt, E.K.; Biliaderis, C.G.; Kretschmer, H.; Lazaridou, A.; Stika, H.-P.; Zarnkow, M.; Baba, M.; Bleicher, N.; Ciałowicz, K.M.; Chłodnicki, M.; Matuschik, I.; Schlichtherle, H.; Valamoti, S.M. (2020-05-07).

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pits – contexts which often yield plant remains that have passed through the digestive track, such as spices, grape pips and fig seeds. The mineralization of plant material can also occur when remains are deposited alongside metal artefacts, especially those made of bronze or iron. In this

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The quantification of microbotanical remains differs slightly from that of macrobotanical remains, mostly due to the high numbers of microbotanical specimens that are usually present in samples. As a result, relative/percentage occurrence sums are usually employed in the quantification of

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The work done in Paleoethnobotany is constantly furthering over understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices. The results are disseminated in digital archives, archaeological excavation reports and at academic conferences, as well as in books and journals related to archaeology,

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Olive Oil and Wine Production in Eastern Mediterranean During Antiquity : International Symposium proceedings : 17-19 November 2011 Urla - Turkey = Antikçağ'da Doğu Akdeniz'de Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretimi : Uluslararası Sempozyum bildirileri : 17-19 Kasım 2011 Urla -

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Analysis is the key step in paleoethnobotanical studies that makes the interpretation of ancient plant remains possible. The quality of identifications and the use of different quantification methods are essential factors that influence the depth and breadth of interpretative results.

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excavations in the UK and the recovery of plant material from archaeological sites in the Near East. Both convinced the archaeological community of the importance of studying plant remains by demonstrating their potential contribution to the discipline; the former produced a detailed

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involves pouring sediment samples through a nest of sieves, usually ranging from 5–0.5 mm. This processing technique is often employed as a means of recovering desiccated plant remains, since the use of water can weaken or damage this type of macrofossil and even accelerate its

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Nitsch, E.K.; Jones, G.; Sarpaki, A.; Hald, M.M.; Bogaard, A. (2019). "Farming Practice and Land Management at Knossos, Crete: New Insights from δ13C and δ15N Analysis of Neolithic and Bronze Age Crop Remains". In Garcia, D.; Orgeolet, R.; Pomadère, M.; Zurbach, J. (eds.).

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The re-excavation of Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen) has provided evidence for the human occupation of the Australian Western Desert to before 47,830 cal. BP (modelled median age). This new sequence is 20,000 years older than the previous known age for occupation at this

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is most often used for waterlogged contexts. It follows the same basic principle as dry screening, expect water is gently sprayed onto the sediment once it has been pour into the nest of sieves in order to help it break up and pass down through the various mesh

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The state of Paleoethnobotany as a discipline today stems from a long history of development that spans more than two hundred years. Its current form is the product of steady progression by all aspects of the field, including methodology, analysis and research.

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only occur in the Old World. Within this broad division, paleoethnobotanists tend to further focus their studies on specific regions, such as the Near East or the Mediterranean, since regional differences in the types of recovered plant remains also exist.

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matter at the bottom, is carefully poured out onto a 300μ mesh. The bucket is then emptied and the organic matter carefully rinsed from the mesh back into the bucket. More water is added before the contents are again poured out through a nest of sieves.

810:, and social sciences. In addition to the use of plants as food, such as paleodiet, subsistence strategies and agriculture, Paleoethnobotany has illuminated many other ancient uses for plants (some examples provided below, though there are many more): 2447:

Heiss, Andreas G.; Antolín, Ferran; Berihuete-Azorín, Marian; Biederer, Benedikt; Erlach, Rudolf; Gail, Niki; Griebl, Monika; Linke, Robert; Lochner, Michaela; Marinova, Elena; Oberndorfer, Daniel; Stika, Hans-Peter; Valamoti, Soultana Maria (2019).

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Papanthimou, A.; Valamoti, S.M.; Papadopoulou, E.; Tsagkaraki, E.; Voulgari, E. (2013). "Food Storage in the Context of an Early Bronze Age Household Economy: New Evidence from Archontiko Gianniston". In Voutsaki, S.; Valamoti, S.M. (eds.).

718:) require completely different processing procedures in order to extract specimens from the sediment matrix. These procedures can be quite expensive, as they involve various chemical solutions, and are always carried out in the laboratory. 2390:"State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Opéra (Zürich, Switzerland)" 3364:

Physis : l'environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde égéen protohistorique : actes de la 14e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Paris, Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (INHA), 11-14 décembre

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Diet, economy and society in the ancient Greek world : towards a better integration of archaeology and science : proceedings of the International Conference held at the Netherlands Institute at Athens on 22-24 March

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information, since all types of plant remains can survive, even very delicate vegetative attributes, such as onion skins and crocus stigmas (saffron), as well as woven textiles, bunches of flowers and entire fruits.

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There are several different techniques for the processing of sediment samples. The technique a paleoethnobotanist chooses depends entirely upon the type of plant macrobotanical remains they expect to recover.

84:. It involves the investigation of both ancient environments and human activities related to those environments, as well as an understanding of how the two co-evolved. Plant remains recovered from ancient 4871: 765:

preservation from detailed copies to rough casts depending on depositional conditions and the kind of replacing mineral. This type of macrofossil can easily be mistaken for stones by the untrained eye.

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identifications are also subject to limitations, in terms of taxonomical specificity, based on the state of current reference material for comparison and considerable overlap in specimen morphologies.

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Plant material can also preserve in the archaeological record when its soft organic tissues are completely replaced by inorganic minerals. There are two types of mineralization processes. The first, '

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The study of ancient plant remains began in the 19th century as a result of chance encounters with desiccated and waterlogged material at archaeological sites. In Europe, the first analyses of plant

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Aside from sampling methods, there are also different types of samples that can be collected, for which the standard, recommended sample size is ~20L for dry sites and 1-5L for waterlogged sites.

484:), however, they can also derive from accidental inclusions. Identification of plant impressions is achieved by creating a silicone cast of the imprints and studying them under the microscope. 2182:

Marston, J.M. (2014). "Ratios and Simple Statistics in Paleoethnobotanical Analysis: Data Exploration and Hypothesis Testing". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warinner, C. (2014). "Paleoethnobotanical Method and Theory in the Twenty-First Century". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warinner, C. (eds.).

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sampling is always recommended whenever possible. The practicalities of excavation, however, and/or the type of archaeological site under investigation sometimes limit their use and

49:, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. Both terms are synonymous, though paleoethnobotany (from the Greek words 744:

plant material from reference collections, in order to make identifications. Based on the type of macrofossils and their level of preservation, identifications are made to various

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Margaritis, E. (2014). "Acts of Destruction and Acts of Preservation: Plants in the Ritual Landscape of Prehistoric Greece". In Touchais, G.; Laffineur, R.; Rougemont, F. (eds.).

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Andreou, S.; Heron, C.; Jones, G.; Kiriatzi, V.; Psaraki, K.; Roumpou, M.; Valamoti, S.M. (2013). "Smelly Barbarians or Perfumed Natives". In Voutsaki, F.; Valamoti, S.M. (eds.).

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settlements. A wide range of plant remains are usually preserved as waterlogged material, including seeds, fruit stones, nutshells, leaves, straw and other vegetative matter.

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Plants and ancient man: studies in palaeoethnobotany: proceedings of the Sixth Symposium of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany, Groningen, 30 May-3 June 1983

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Heiss, Andreas G.; Antolín, Ferran; Bleicher, Niels; Harb, Christian; Jacomet, Stefanie; Kühn, Marlu; Marinova, Elena; Stika, Hans-Peter; Valamoti, Soultana Maria (2017).

3526: 2450:"The Hoard of the Rings. "Odd" annular bread-like objects as a case study for cereal-product diversity at the Late Bronze Age hillfort site of Stillfried (Lower Austria)" 1376: 1901: 768:

Microbotanical remains follow the same identification principles, but require a high-powered (greater magnification) microscope with transmitted or polarized lighting.

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Each sampling method has its own pros and cons and for this reason, paleoethnobotanists sometimes implement more than one sampling method at a single site. In general,

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McCobb, L.M.E; D.E.G., Briggs; Carruthers, W.J.; Evershed, R.P. (2003). "Phosphatisation of seeds and roots in a Late Bronze Age deposit at Potterne, Wiltshire, UK".

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During the 1950s and 1960s, Paleoethnobotany gained significant recognition as a field of archaeological research with two significant events: the publication of the

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White, C.E.; Shelton, C.P. (2014). "Recovering Macrobotanical Remains: Current Methods and Techniques". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

216: 6791: 6300: 4927: 2056:"Recovery techniques for waterlogged archaeological sediments: a comparison of different treatment methods for samples from Neolithic lake shore settlements" 1375:

McDonald, Josephine; Reynen, Wendy; Petchey, Fiona; Ditchfield, Kane; Byrne, Chae; Vannieuwenhuyse, Dorcas; Leopold, Matthias; Veth, Peter (September 2018).

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Margaritis, E. (2015). "Agricultural Production and Domestic Activities In Rural Hellenistic Greece". In Harris, E.M; Lewis, D.M.; Woolmer, M. (eds.).

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Fritz, G.; Nesbitt, M. (2014). "Laboratory Analysis and Identification of Plant Remains". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Spengler, R. (2014). "Sampling Strategies in Paleoethnobotanical Analysis". In Marston, J.M.; Guedes, J.A.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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McKerracher, M; Hamerow, H; Bogaard, A; Bronk Ramsey, C; Charles, M; Forster, E; Hodgson, J; Holmes, M; Neil, S; Roushannafas, T; Thomas, R (2023).

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Plant remains recovered from ancient sediments or archaeological sites are generally referred to as either ‘macrobotanicals’ or ‘microbotanicals.’

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Progress in old world palaeoethnobotany: a retrospective view on the occasion of 20 years of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany

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Jacomet, S. (2013). "Archaeobotany: Analyses of Plant Remains from Waterlogged Archaeological Sites". In Menotti, F.; O'Sullivan, A. (eds.).

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Domestication of plants in the Old World: the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin

989: 945: 3795: 1102:. University of Kentucky Reports in Archaeology and Anthropology 3(4). Lexington: Dept. of Anthropology & Archaeology. pp. 147–167. 5070: 1346: 2217:

Smith, A. (2014). "The Use of Multivariate Statistics within Archaeobotany". In Marston, J.M.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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have made towards our current understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices, while the term archaeobotany (from the Greek words

3000:"The impact of crop processing on the reconstruction of crop sowing time and cultivation intensity from archaeobotanical weed evidence" 2793:

Valamoti, S.M.; Darcque, P.; Chrysanthaki, C.K.; Malamidou, D.; Tsirtsoni, Z. (2015). Diler, A.; Kaan Şenol, A.; Aydınoğlu, U. (eds.).

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in the 1990s, helped broaden the range of research topics addressed by paleoethnobotanists, for example 'food-related gender roles'.

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Gallagher, D.E. (2014). "Formation Process of the Macrobotanical Record". In Marston, J.; d'Alpoim Guedes, J.; Warriner, C. (eds.).

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Van der Veen, M. (2007). "Formation processes of desiccated and carbonized plant remains – the identification of routine practice".

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consist of sediment collected from the different stratigraphic layers of a column of sediment that was deliberately left unexcavated

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circumstance, the soft organic tissues are replaced by the leaching of corrosion products that form over time on the metal objects.

3218:"Preliminary report on the archaeobotanical investigations at Tell Abraq with special attention to chaff impressions in mud brick" 7085: 6295: 3828: 3696: 2748:"Beyond cereals: crop processing and Vitis vinifera L. Ethnography, experiment and charred grape remains from Hellenistic Greece" 6820: 6211: 5249: 5063: 4267: 501:

In general, there are four different types of sampling methods that can be used for the recovery of plant macrofossils from an

150:, as well as wood and charcoal that can either be observed with the naked eye or the with the use of a low-powered microscope. 7471: 6984: 4748: 1909: 677:

Left to right: Heavy residues drying after water flotation processing; a dried heavy residue being sorted with the naked eye.

111:(the Americas). While this division has an inherent geographical distinction to it, it also reflects the differences in the 6433: 5963: 5223: 4198: 1326: 7493: 7203: 7090: 6428: 5968: 5441: 4917: 4504: 4019: 2558:"Brewing beer in wine country? First archaeobotanical indications for beer making in Early and Middle Bronze Age Greece" 749: 3257:"Charred olive stones: experimental and archaeological evidence for recognizing olive processing residues used as fuel" 3112:

Country in the city : agricultural functions of protohistoric urban settlements (Aegean and Western Mediterranean)

7554: 7426: 7269: 7198: 7039: 5394: 4999: 4753: 3777: 3732: 2681:"Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Presenting a novel microstructural marker for malting in the archaeological record" 871: 232: 660:

Left to right: Flots drying after water flotation processing; a dried flot ready to be analysed under the microscope.

5291: 6979: 6696: 6497: 4733: 3554: 2254:"Feeding Anglo-Saxon England: a bioarchaeological dataset for the study of early medieval agriculture (Data paper)" 360: 34:

Flotation machine in use at Hallan Çemi, southeast Turkey, c. 1990. Note the two sieves catching charred seeds and

7313: 7301: 7167: 7107: 7060: 6937: 6408: 6317: 4883: 3767: 2333:"A methodological approach to the study of archaeological cereal meals: a case study at Çatalhöyük East (Turkey)" 1293: 92:

serve as the primary evidence for various research avenues within paleoethnobotany, such as the origins of plant

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In addition to the above-mentioned modes of preservation, plant remains can also be occasionally preserved in a

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Mineralised plant and invertebrate remains: a guide to the identification of calcium phosphate replaced remains

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Jones, V.H. (1936). "The Vegetal Remains of Newt Kash Hollow Shelter". In Webb, W.S.; Funkhouser, W.D. (eds.).

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and its application to archaeology, including the potential to illuminate the intensity of agricultural labor,

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consist of small amounts of sediment that are collected from across the whole context and combined in one bag

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recovered as paleoenvironmental, or archaeological specimens result from four main modes of preservation:

7486: 7476: 7396: 7391: 7361: 7340: 7213: 7208: 7172: 6961: 6896: 6770: 6376: 6267: 6255: 5951: 5692: 5531: 5168: 5102: 5086: 4851: 4775: 3762: 3474:, exclusively publishing archaeobotanical/palaeoethnobotanical research, official publishing organ of the 2747: 1653: 373: 228: 5838: 2913: 2509:"Millet bread and pulse dough from early Iron Age South India: Charred food lumps as culinary indicators" 1018:

Current paleoethnobotany: analytical methods and cultural interpretations of archaeological plant remains

100:, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, subsistence strategies, paleodiets, economic structures, and more. 7544: 7481: 7401: 7157: 7070: 7065: 7055: 6635: 6571: 6445: 6138: 6064: 5833: 5771: 5647: 5595: 5588: 5134: 5016: 3790: 3547: 2914:"A survey of palaeobotanical evidence for dyeing and mordanting from British archaeological excavations" 753: 258: 1251:; Stroud, Elizabeth (2019). "Paleoethnobotany and Stable Isotopes". In López Varela, Sandra L. (ed.). 524:

entails the sampling of only areas and features most likely to yield ancient plant remains, such as a

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The sampling methods and types of samples used for the recovery of microbotanical remains (namely,

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they are familiar with the study of other types and can sometimes even specialize in more than one.

89: 1322:"Rock- art: Pigment dates provide new perspectives on the role of art in the Australian arid zone" 7386: 7249: 6842: 6745: 6647: 6460: 5855: 5642: 5372: 5338: 4846: 4711: 4580: 4489: 4181: 3967: 3863: 3681: 3408: 3294: 3090: 3082: 3035: 2980: 2894: 2593: 2538: 2083: 1736: 1634: 1377:"Karnatukul (Serpent's Glen): A new chronology for the oldest site in Australia's Western Desert" 1274: 686:

water, the stones, sand, shells and other heavy material within the sediment sink to the bottom (

264:

Archaeobotany had not been used extensively in Australia until recently. In 2018 a study of the

3314:"Bronze age fuel use and its implications for agrarian landscapes in the eastern Mediterranean" 7436: 7431: 7416: 6884: 6874: 6864: 6813: 6470: 5682: 5667: 5652: 5632: 5523: 5502: 5313: 5156: 5004: 3853: 3848: 3727: 3435: 3416: 3379: 3369: 3343: 3286: 3237: 3198: 3188: 3163: 3153: 3126: 3116: 3074: 3027: 2972: 2941: 2886: 2847: 2837: 2811: 2801: 2775: 2728: 2710: 2660: 2642: 2585: 2489: 2429: 2370: 2234: 2224: 2199: 2189: 2159: 2149: 2121: 2111: 2075: 2036: 2026: 1994: 1984: 1950: 1940: 1876: 1858: 1815: 1772: 1762: 1728: 1681: 1626: 1567: 1499: 1489: 1466: 1456: 1418: 1264: 1230: 1220: 1197: 1187: 1164: 1154: 1031: 1021: 995: 985: 951: 941: 442: 428: 273: 7421: 7356: 7034: 7019: 6879: 6786: 6529: 6371: 6312: 6032: 5988: 5788: 5610: 5461: 5421: 5117: 4790: 4696: 4691: 4645: 4538: 4523: 4484: 4409: 4250: 4174: 4071: 4013: 3757: 3747: 3717: 3666: 3656: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3333: 3276: 3229: 3066: 3019: 2933: 2878: 2767: 2718: 2700: 2650: 2632: 2577: 2528: 2479: 2469: 2419: 2409: 2360: 2352: 2313: 2261: 2067: 1850: 1807: 1720: 1699:

Messager, E.; Badou, A.; Fröhlich, F.; Deniaux, B.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Voinchet, P. (2010).

1673: 1618: 1559: 1408: 1398: 1256: 856: 395: 254: 735: 351: 243: 7259: 7112: 7014: 6901: 6760: 6730: 6492: 6420: 6398: 6356: 6251: 6221: 6086: 6081: 5732: 5615: 5186: 5044: 5026: 4888: 4717: 4667: 4655: 4635: 4617: 4553: 4380: 4348: 4309: 4282: 4111: 4106: 3997: 3933: 3814: 3615: 3512: 446: 344:

Plant remains can survive in the archaeological record when they have been converted into

61:

meaning plants) is generally used in North America and acknowledges the contribution that

2281:

Hansson, Ann-Marie (1994). "Grain-paste, porridge and bread. Ancient cereal-based food".

3329: 3272: 3015: 2929: 2763: 2696: 2628: 2573: 2524: 2465: 2405: 2348: 1846: 1803: 1716: 1669: 1555: 1394: 7523: 7328: 7318: 7279: 7254: 7024: 6869: 6796: 6618: 6583: 6514: 6403: 6275: 5983: 5568: 5558: 5360: 4938: 4903: 4856: 4838: 4802: 4558: 4385: 4363: 4329: 4304: 4287: 4277: 4272: 4154: 3972: 3957: 3911: 3906: 3701: 2723: 2680: 2655: 2612: 2484: 2449: 2424: 2389: 2365: 2332: 1413: 745: 403: 326: 1854: 1677: 1654:"Biomineralization in seeds: developmental trends in isotopic signatures of hackberry" 1182:

Van Zeist, W.; Casparie, W.A.; International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (1984).

1113:

Heiss, Andreas G.; Bittmann, Felix; Kroll, Helmut; Pokorná, Adéla; Stika, Hans-Peter.

1064:

Heer, O. (1866). "Treatise on the Plants of the Lake Dwellings". In Keller, F. (ed.).

292: 7538: 7296: 6755: 6740: 6686: 6561: 6549: 6465: 6388: 6216: 6177: 6165: 6153: 5865: 5776: 5705: 5446: 5389: 5367: 5276: 5208: 5203: 5181: 4974: 4722: 4640: 4612: 4575: 4543: 4479: 4399: 4299: 4101: 4084: 4007: 3987: 3928: 3923: 3871: 3752: 3686: 3671: 3589: 3519: 3298: 3094: 3039: 2984: 2937: 2898: 2597: 2542: 2301: 1811: 1740: 1700: 1321: 1278: 1260: 788:

Charred plant remains being grouped by taxa type and quantified under the microscope.

761: 694:, while the charred and organic material, which is less dense, float to the surface ( 609:

samples are representative of all activities associated with a specific context, and

301: 276:

showed evidence of continuous human habitation for around 50,000 years, by analysing

93: 2087: 1790:

Green, F.J. (1979). "Phosphatic mineralization of seeds from archaeological sites".

7147: 6994: 6674: 6630: 6611: 6566: 6438: 6366: 6290: 6112: 6047: 6042: 5998: 5625: 5507: 5471: 5451: 5303: 5281: 5193: 4969: 4959: 4861: 4585: 4570: 4079: 4046: 3772: 3722: 3599: 3594: 3570: 3055:"Identifying the Intensity of Crop Husbandry Practices on the Basis of Weed Floras" 2961:"To Dye or Not to Dye: Bioarchaeological Studies of Hala Sultan Tekke Site, Cyprus" 2882: 1426: 1331: 1248: 846: 807: 784: 601:

These different types of samples again serve different research aims. For example,

438: 6723: 1347:"Ancient campfire in Western Desert at least 50,000 years old, archaeologists say" 103:

Paleoethnobotanical studies are divided into two categories: those concerning the

3338: 3313: 2866: 2705: 2474: 2414: 1403: 756:, may allow even more precise identification down to subspecies or variety level 7223: 7102: 6974: 6953: 6713: 6703: 6659: 6654: 6606: 6544: 6480: 6381: 6226: 6148: 6069: 6057: 5850: 5818: 5803: 5793: 5764: 5722: 5637: 5605: 5553: 5486: 5323: 5198: 4785: 4770: 4765: 4701: 4563: 4343: 4314: 4213: 4208: 4056: 3896: 3891: 3876: 3584: 866: 861: 760:

precise identifications of this material. The high temperatures involved in the

198: 97: 74: 62: 2302:"Pain, fours et foyers des temps passés / Bread, Ovens and Hearths of the Past" 549: 30: 17: 7286: 7218: 6857: 6750: 6708: 6524: 6487: 6450: 5933: 5845: 5710: 5672: 5573: 5546: 5466: 5379: 5296: 5264: 5218: 5129: 5097: 4814: 4807: 4797: 4780: 4463: 4458: 4394: 4186: 4033: 3992: 3886: 3485: 3281: 3256: 3130: 3070: 3023: 2960: 2771: 2581: 2533: 2508: 2356: 2317: 2145:

Phytoliths : a comprehensive guide for archaeologists and paleoecologists

2071: 1776: 1724: 1563: 851: 410: 265: 3383: 3347: 3290: 3241: 3233: 3202: 3167: 3078: 3031: 2976: 2945: 2890: 2851: 2815: 2779: 2714: 2646: 2589: 2331:

González Carretero, Lara; Wollstonecroft, Michèle; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2017).

2238: 2203: 2125: 2079: 2040: 1998: 1954: 1862: 1819: 1732: 1685: 1630: 1571: 1503: 1470: 999: 955: 7274: 7233: 6765: 6664: 6556: 6534: 6519: 6334: 6117: 6102: 6027: 6010: 5928: 5813: 5744: 5739: 5662: 5541: 5429: 5355: 5122: 5112: 4922: 4819: 4548: 4353: 4334: 4245: 4169: 4041: 3982: 3962: 3901: 3737: 3500: 2999: 2637: 2557: 2163: 2055: 1234: 1201: 1035: 876: 773: 711: 621: 451: 211: 161: 108: 104: 3110: 2732: 2664: 2493: 2433: 2374: 1422: 673: 605:

samples can reveal the spatial differentiation of food-related activities,

3362: 3182: 3146: 2830: 2800:. İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. pp. 127–139. 2794: 2253: 2218: 2183: 2105: 2020: 1978: 1607:"Growth and Biomineralization of Celtis occidentalis (Ulmaceae) Pericarps" 1168: 1151:

Palaeoethnobotany: the prehistoric food plants of the Near East and Europe

168:, that require the use of a high-powered microscope in order to see them. 7029: 6539: 6475: 6280: 6020: 6015: 5923: 5798: 5620: 5583: 5563: 5055: 4964: 4954: 4898: 4893: 4660: 4533: 4509: 4426: 4096: 3881: 3480: 2143: 1381: 739:

Archaeobotanist and student analysing plant remains under the microscope.

536:

consists of taking random samples either arbitrarily or via a grid system

481: 454:. Mineralized plant remains, therefore, are most commonly recovered from 345: 85: 35: 3471: 3086: 3054: 7095: 6601: 6507: 6393: 6351: 6327: 6107: 5913: 5823: 5677: 5578: 5536: 5399: 5318: 5271: 5259: 4149: 4144: 4061: 4051: 3506: 3426:

Miksicek, C.H.1987. "Formation Processes of the Archaeobotanical Record

1638: 1606: 477: 459: 450:

specific depositional conditions, usually involving a high presence of

306: 3533: 1115:"Website of the International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP)" 6669: 6346: 6206: 6184: 6037: 5973: 5918: 5308: 5286: 5254: 5228: 4602: 4494: 4448: 4414: 4368: 4358: 4319: 4257: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 3837: 3053:

Jones, G.; Bogaard, A.; Halstead, P.; Charles, M.; Smith, H. (1999).

2507:

Bates, Jennifer; Willcox Black, Kelly; Morrison, Kathleen D. (2022).

2266: 769: 715: 707: 625: 617: 525: 455: 433: 277: 165: 157: 73:) is preferred in Europe and emphasizes the discipline's role within 3184:

The Ancient Greek Economy : Markets, Households and City-States

1877:"Otzi the Iceman's Stomach Contents Analyzed - Archaeology Magazine" 1622: 1079:

Gilmore, M.R. "Vegetal Remains of the Ozark Bluff-Dweller Culture".

1051:

Catalogue Raisonne et Historique de Antiquites Decouvertes en Egypte

656: 6735: 6455: 6339: 6189: 6143: 6005: 5860: 5808: 5754: 5384: 5350: 4826: 4760: 4682: 4650: 4607: 4499: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4419: 4404: 4373: 4294: 3952: 3943: 783: 734: 672: 655: 548: 515:

involves taking at least one sample from all contexts and features

476:. The former occurs quite rarely, but a famous example comes from 365: 321: 313: 242: 147: 120: 116: 112: 29: 1701:"Fruit and seed biomineralization and its effect on preservation" 146:

are vegetative parts of plants, such as seeds, leaves, stems and

6681: 6642: 6322: 6122: 5978: 5908: 5828: 5700: 5213: 4677: 4672: 4324: 4164: 4139: 4134: 4118: 4089: 3977: 1486:

Microarchaeology : beyond the visible archaeological record

1049:

Kunth, C. (1826). "Examen Botanique". In Passalacqua, J. (ed.).

38:, and the bags of archaeological sediment waiting for flotation. 6926: 6249: 5888: 5154: 5059: 3810: 3543: 3539: 6922: 6285: 5993: 5759: 5717: 4597: 4159: 2611:

Wang, J.; Liu, L.; Ball, T.; Yu, L.; Li, Y.; Xing, F. (2016).

1605:

Cowan, M.R.; Gabel, M.L.; Jahren, A.H.; Tieszen, L.L. (1997).

940:(Third ed.). Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press. 156:

consist of microscopic parts or components of plants, such as

136:

Charred barley grains viewed through a low-powered microscope.

3475: 3461: 579:

consist of sediment collected only from a particular location

3413:

People, Plants, and Landscapes: Studies in Paleoethnobotany.

1114: 1081:

Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters

553:

Sediment samples waiting to be processed by water flotation.

431:,' occurs when certain plant remains, such as the fruits of 3405:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108670159 3187:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–203. 2223:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 181–204. 2188:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 163–179. 2110:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 115–145. 1066:

The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and Other Parts of Europe

2025:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 95–114. 1068:. Translated by Lee, J.E. London: Longman, Green & Co. 545:

involves taking samples at set intervals during excavation

3806: 1983:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 77–94. 3490: 2054:

Tolar, T.; Jacomet, S.; Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. (2009).

1594:. Boulder: University of Colorado Press. pp. 19–34. 1016:

Christine Ann Hastorf; Virginia S. Popper, eds. (1988).

984:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 1–15. 797:

microbotanical remains instead of absolute taxa counts.

3456: 823:

Agricultural regimes (irrigation, manuring, and sowing)

179:

Pollen grains viewed through a high-powered microscope.

80:

As a field of study, paleoethnobotany is a subfield of

2312:(1–2). Bruxelles: Université Libre de Bruxelles: 400. 3462:

International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany (IWGP)

2865:

Chauhan, M. P.; Singh, S.; Singh, A.K. (2009-12-01).

493:

and the location from which they are taking samples.

7076:

Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites

1526:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 497–514. 1215:

Van Zeist, W.; Wasylikowa, K.; Behre, K.-E. (1991).

7454: 7349: 7242: 7186: 7135: 7126: 7048: 6960: 6779: 6592: 6419: 6266: 6131: 6095: 5944: 5901: 5691: 5522: 5495: 5420: 5337: 5242: 5167: 4983: 4947: 4837: 4710: 4626: 4522: 4472: 4197: 4127: 4070: 4032: 4006: 3942: 3862: 3710: 3649: 3608: 3577: 826:

Economic practices (production, storage, and trade)

107:(Eurasia and Africa) and those that pertain to the 3515:, originally hosted at the University of Sheffield 3513:Integrated Archaeobotanical Research Project (IAR) 3255:Braadbaart, F.; Marinova, E.; Sarpaki, A. (2016). 1658:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1455:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3368:. Aegeum 37. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 279–285. 3432:Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10 3312:Fall, P.L.; Falconer, S.E.; Klinge, J. (2015). 2617:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1652:Jahren, A.H; Gabel, M.L.; Amundson, R. (1998). 441:family, naturally produce increased amounts of 27:Study of plants used by people in ancient times 3457:Association of Environmental Archaeology (AEA) 2613:"Revealing a 5,000-y-old beer recipe in China" 1939:. Groningen: Barkuis Publishing. p. 192. 814:Production of bread/pastry in the widest sense 613:samples can show change or variation or time. 217:International Work Group for Palaeoethnobotany 6938: 5071: 3822: 3555: 1255:. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–4. 569:sampling tends to occur more often than not. 261:, and long-term social and economic changes. 8: 4928:International Association for Plant Taxonomy 2998:Bogaard, A.; Jones, G.; Charles, M. (2005). 1138:(First ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. 3481:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1705:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1253:The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences 1053:. Paris: Musees Nationaux. pp. 227–28. 7132: 6945: 6931: 6923: 6263: 6246: 5898: 5885: 5343: 5164: 5151: 5078: 5064: 5056: 4029: 3829: 3815: 3807: 3562: 3548: 3540: 3318:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3115:. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 152–168. 3059:The Annual of the British School at Athens 1524:The Oxford Handbook of Wetland Archaeology 1136:Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures 938:Paleoethnobotany: a handbook of procedures 3337: 3280: 2722: 2704: 2654: 2636: 2532: 2483: 2473: 2423: 2413: 2364: 2265: 1412: 1402: 1100:Rock Shelters in Menifee County, Kentucky 319:) glumebases and spikelet; olive stones ( 128:Macrobotanical vs. microbotanical remains 4872:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) 3491:Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica (IANSA) 1488:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1451:Zohary, D.; Hopf, M.; Weiss, E. (2012). 1020:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 394: 350: 291: 174: 131: 115:of the two separate areas. For example, 2300:Fechner, Kai; Mesnil, Marianne (2002). 1757:Carruthers, Wendy; Smith, D.N. (2020). 1153:. New York: Columbia University Press. 889: 299:Clockwise from top left: bitter vetch ( 3415:Alabama: University of Alabama Press. 2177: 2175: 2173: 2137: 2135: 2099: 2097: 1902:"This Was Ötzi the Iceman's Last Meal" 1752: 1750: 3434:. New York: Academic Press, 211–247. 3152:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 103–111. 2836:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 173–185. 2220:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 2185:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 2107:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 2022:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1980:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1592:Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany 1585: 1583: 1581: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 982:Method and theory in paleoethnobotany 931: 929: 927: 925: 923: 921: 919: 917: 915: 913: 45:(also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or 7: 3472:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3261:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3004:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2562:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2337:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 2060:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 1345:Goerling, Samantha (20 March 2022). 1294:"Custodians open up Carnarvon Range" 1011: 1009: 975: 973: 971: 969: 967: 965: 911: 909: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 119:only occurs in the New World, while 1355:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 358:From left to right: bog pond weed ( 3216:Willcox, G.; Tengberg, M. (1995). 2746:Margaritis, E.; Jones, M. (2006). 1935:Cappers, R.T.J.; Neef, R. (2012). 1320:McDonald, Jo; Veth, Peter (2008). 25: 6202:Megalithic architectural elements 4877:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) 3222:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 2752:Journal of Archaeological Science 2513:Journal of Archaeological Science 1835:Journal of Archaeological Science 1792:Journal of Archaeological Science 1544:Journal of Archaeological Science 1292:Pownall, Angela (1 August 2014). 835:Symbolic use in ritual activities 402:Left to right: grape endosperms ( 7517: 7507: 7506: 5040: 5039: 3697:Traditional ecological knowledge 1261:10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0436 706:Microbotanical remains (namely, 6821:Evolutionary origin of religion 1937:Handbook of Plant Palaeoecology 1761:. Swindon: Historical England. 1611:The American Midland Naturalist 57:meaning race or ethnicity, and 7550:Archaeological sub-disciplines 2883:10.1080/09709274.2009.11906243 2867:"Post Harvest Uses of Linseed" 2148:. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. 437:(hackberry) or nutlets of the 1: 6434:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 5964:British megalith architecture 1855:10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00016-5 1678:10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00122-3 1327:Australian Aboriginal Studies 806:anthropology, plant history, 7091:electrical resistance survey 6429:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 5969:Nordic megalith architecture 4918:History of plant systematics 4505:Thorns, spines, and prickles 3496:Various knowledge resources 3339:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.004 2938:10.1016/0277-3791(96)83683-3 2706:10.1371/journal.pone.0231696 2475:10.1371/journal.pone.0216907 2415:10.1371/journal.pone.0182401 1908:. 2018-07-12. Archived from 1812:10.1016/0305-4403(79)90005-0 1404:10.1371/journal.pone.0202511 750:Scanning Electron Microscopy 3778:List of paleoethnobotanists 3520:Phytolith Literature Review 3452:International Associations 1330:(2008/1): 4–21 – via 1219:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 1186:. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. 872:List of paleoethnobotanists 820:Extraction of oils and dyes 371:); and common scurvygrass ( 233:Post-Processual archaeology 88:within the landscape or at 7576: 6980:Johann Joachim Winckelmann 6577:British Isles and Brittany 6498:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4734:Alternation of generations 2918:Quaternary Science Reviews 400:Mineralized Plant Remains. 361:Potamogeton poligonifolius 356:Waterlogged Plant Remains. 239:Current state of the field 206:Establishment of the field 7502: 7061:Philosophy of archaeology 6262: 6245: 5897: 5884: 5346: 5163: 5150: 5093: 5035: 4884:Cultivated plant taxonomy 4847:Biological classification 3844: 3786: 3768:Constantino Manuel Torres 3486:Environmental Archaeology 3282:10.1007/s00334-016-0562-2 3071:10.1017/S0068245400000563 3024:10.1007/s00334-005-0061-3 2772:10.1016/j.jas.2005.10.021 2582:10.1007/s00334-017-0661-8 2534:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105531 2357:10.1007/s00334-017-0602-6 2318:10.4000/civilisations.964 2072:10.1007/s00334-009-0221-y 1725:10.1007/s12520-010-0024-1 1564:10.1016/j.jas.2006.09.007 82:environmental archaeology 4744:Evolutionary development 3234:10.1111/aae.1995.6.2.129 2871:Journal of Human Ecology 1484:Weiner, Stephen (2010). 6809:Evolutionary musicology 6212:Oldest extant buildings 6139:Archaeological features 5658:Prepared-core technique 4395:Hypanthium (Floral cup) 3711:Notable ethnobiologists 3677:Ethnopsychopharmacology 3662:Ecological anthropology 3430:In M.B.Schiffer (ed.). 3403:The Archaeology of Food 2638:10.1073/pnas.1601465113 2556:Valamoti, S.M. (2018). 1134:Pearsall, D.M. (1989). 936:Pearsall, D.M. (2015). 817:Production of beverages 666:The Wash-Over technique 280:and other plant items. 255:stable isotope analysis 248:quality and the colours 6771:Unchambered long cairn 6619:Mound Builders culture 5952:Neolithic architecture 5087:Prehistoric technology 5010:by author abbreviation 4934:Plant taxonomy systems 4852:Botanical nomenclature 3763:Richard Evans Schultes 3578:Primary subdisciplines 3532:Alwynne B. Beaudoin, " 3509:, Groningen University 2142:Piperno, D.R. (2006). 1149:Renfrew, J.M. (1973). 789: 740: 678: 661: 554: 420: 378: 374:Cochlearia officinalis 337: 297:Charred Plant Remains. 249: 229:Processual archaeology 180: 154:Microbotanical remains 144:Macrobotanical remains 137: 39: 7071:Archaeological ethics 7066:Archaeological diving 7056:Archaeological theory 6446:List of Stone Age art 5648:Microblade technology 5596:Langdale axe industry 5194:Ard / plough 5017:Botanical expeditions 787: 754:Morphometric Analysis 738: 676: 659: 552: 398: 354: 342:Carbonized (Charred): 295: 284:Modes of preservation 246: 178: 135: 96:, the development of 33: 7010:Augustus Pitt Rivers 7005:William Henry Holmes 6970:Archaeological sites 6853:Prehistoric medicine 6848:Prehistoric counting 6831:Prehistoric religion 6826:Paleolithic religion 6804:Behavioral modernity 6161:Causewayed enclosure 6053:Abri de la Madeleine 5177:Neolithic Revolution 4749:Evolutionary history 4739:Double fertilization 4591:Cellular respiration 3609:Other subdisciplines 2258:Internet Archaeology 223:Expansion and growth 219:(IWGP) was founded. 90:archaeological sites 69:meaning ancient and 63:ethnographic studies 7000:John Lloyd Stephens 6990:Heinrich Schliemann 6892:Prehistoric warfare 5638:Magdalenian culture 5601:Levallois technique 5532:Earliest toolmaking 3968:Non-vascular plants 3743:Robin Wall Kimmerer 3507:Digital Plant Atlas 3330:2015JArSR...4..182F 3273:2016VegHA..25..415B 3016:2005VegHA..14..505B 2930:1996QSRv...15..635H 2912:Hall, A.R. (1996). 2764:2006JArSc..33..784M 2697:2020PLoSO..1531696H 2629:2016PNAS..113.6444W 2574:2018VegHA..27..611V 2525:2022JArSc.137j5531B 2466:2019PLoSO..1416907H 2406:2017PLoSO..1282401H 2349:2017VegHA..26..415G 2283:Laborativ Arkeologi 1881:www.archaeology.org 1847:2003JArSc..30.1269M 1804:1979JArSc...6..279G 1717:2010ArAnS...2...25M 1670:1998PPP...138..259J 1556:2007JArSc..34..968V 1395:2018PLoSO..1302511M 1299:The West Australian 577:Point/Spot samples: 503:archaeological site 332:); and grape pips ( 325:); grape pedicels ( 270:Little Sandy Desert 7555:Branches of botany 7524:History portal 7086:geophysical survey 6843:Origin of language 6836:Spiritual drug use 6746:Rectangular dolmen 6648:Dartmoor kistvaens 6461:Carved stone balls 6173:Circular enclosure 6132:Other architecture 6075:Alp pile dwellings 5663:Solutrean industry 5574:Gravettian culture 5224:Secondary products 4473:Surface structures 4268:Flower development 3682:Historical ecology 3401:Twiss, K.C. 2019. 2959:Kofel, D. (2019). 829:Building materials 790: 741: 679: 662: 555: 421: 409:); and fig seeds ( 379: 338: 250: 181: 138: 40: 7532: 7531: 7450: 7449: 7432:Pseudoarchaeology 7049:Method and theory 6920: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6865:Prehistoric music 6814:music archaeology 6471:Cup and ring mark 6296:Clothing/textiles 6241: 6240: 6237: 6236: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5683:Yubetsu technique 5668:Striking platform 5633:Lithic technology 5518: 5517: 5503:Game drive system 5422:Projectile points 5314:Mortar and pestle 5053: 5052: 4692:Herbaceous plants 4518: 4517: 3804: 3803: 3728:Harold C. Conklin 3650:Correlated fields 3503:, Kiel University 3375:978-90-429-3195-4 3194:978-1-139-56553-0 3159:978-90-429-2724-7 3122:978-1-78969-133-7 2843:978-90-429-2724-7 2807:978-605-338-120-4 2623:(23): 6444–6448. 2230:978-1-60732-316-7 2195:978-1-60732-316-7 2117:978-1-60732-316-7 2032:978-1-60732-316-7 1990:978-1-60732-316-7 1946:978-94-91431-07-4 1912:on April 23, 2021 1841:(10): 1269–1281. 1768:978-1-80034-120-3 1495:978-0-511-67760-1 1462:978-0-19-954906-1 991:978-1-60732-316-7 947:978-1-61132-298-9 443:calcium carbonate 429:biomineralization 274:Western Australia 227:With the rise of 53:meaning ancient, 16:(Redirected from 7567: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7509: 7357:Archaeoastronomy 7324:Paleoethnobotany 7133: 7035:Alfred V. Kidder 7020:Mortimer Wheeler 6947: 6940: 6933: 6924: 6880:Divje Babe flute 6787:Archaeoastronomy 6530:Petrosomatoglyph 6264: 6247: 6096:Water management 5899: 5886: 5789:Denticulate tool 5611:Lithic reduction 5344: 5165: 5152: 5080: 5073: 5066: 5057: 5043: 5042: 5022:Individual trees 4697:Secondary growth 4668:Succulent plants 4656:Prostrate shrubs 4539:Apical dominance 4524:Plant physiology 4485:Epicuticular wax 4030: 4023: 4014:Plant morphology 3831: 3824: 3817: 3808: 3758:Darrell A. Posey 3748:Gary Paul Nabhan 3692:Paleoethnobotany 3667:Ethnoarchaeology 3657:Cultural ecology 3641:Ethnoprimatology 3636:Ethnoornithology 3631:Ethnolichenology 3626:Ethnoichthyology 3621:Ethnoherpetology 3564: 3557: 3550: 3541: 3527:About Phytoliths 3518:Terry B. Ball, " 3388: 3387: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3284: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3050: 3044: 3043: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2924:(5–6): 635–640. 2909: 2903: 2902: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2726: 2708: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2640: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2487: 2477: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2427: 2417: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2368: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267:10.11141/ia.61.5 2249: 2243: 2242: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2179: 2168: 2167: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2016: 2003: 2002: 1974: 1959: 1958: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1664:(1–4): 259–269. 1649: 1643: 1642: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1587: 1576: 1575: 1539: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1508: 1507: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1448: 1435: 1434: 1416: 1406: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1245: 1239: 1238: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1146: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1013: 1004: 1003: 977: 960: 959: 933: 857:Dendrochronology 801:Research results 746:taxonomic levels 488:Recovery methods 312:); glume wheat ( 43:Paleoethnobotany 21: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7518: 7516: 7498: 7446: 7345: 7260:Archaeogenetics 7238: 7182: 7128:Sub-disciplines 7122: 7118:Post-excavation 7113:Lithic analysis 7044: 7015:Flinders Petrie 6956: 6951: 6921: 6908: 6775: 6761:Stone box grave 6731:Megalithic tomb 6636:Cotswold-Severn 6588: 6493:Guardian stones 6421:Prehistoric art 6415: 6258: 6233: 6222:Timber trackway 6127: 6091: 6087:Wattle and daub 5940: 5919:Standing stones 5893: 5872: 5687: 5514: 5491: 5416: 5333: 5243:Food processing 5238: 5187:New World crops 5159: 5146: 5089: 5084: 5054: 5049: 5031: 5000:Botanical terms 4993: 4979: 4943: 4889:Citrus taxonomy 4867:Author citation 4833: 4727: 4706: 4628: 4622: 4618:Turgor pressure 4526: 4514: 4468: 4283:Floral symmetry 4201: 4193: 4123: 4112:Vascular bundle 4107:Vascular tissue 4066: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4002: 3973:Vascular plants 3938: 3934:Plant pathology 3858: 3840: 3835: 3805: 3800: 3782: 3706: 3645: 3616:Ethnoentomology 3604: 3573: 3568: 3525:Steve Archer, " 3450: 3445: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3376: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3195: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3160: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3123: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3052: 3051: 3047: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2808: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2691:(5): e0231696. 2677: 2676: 2672: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2460:(6): e0216907. 2446: 2445: 2441: 2400:(8): e0182401. 2387: 2386: 2382: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2231: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2196: 2181: 2180: 2171: 2156: 2141: 2140: 2133: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2053: 2052: 2048: 2033: 2018: 2017: 2006: 1991: 1976: 1975: 1962: 1947: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1748: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1623:10.2307/2426845 1604: 1603: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1541: 1540: 1531: 1521: 1520: 1511: 1496: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1463: 1450: 1449: 1438: 1389:(9): e0202511. 1374: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1291: 1290: 1286: 1271: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1227: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1194: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1161: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1128: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1092: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1028: 1015: 1014: 1007: 992: 979: 978: 963: 948: 935: 934: 891: 886: 881: 842: 803: 782: 733: 724: 634: 499: 490: 467: 286: 241: 225: 208: 195: 186: 166:starch granules 130: 28: 23: 22: 18:Archaeobotanist 15: 12: 11: 5: 7573: 7571: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7514: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7487:Assyriologists 7484: 7477:Archaeologists 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7329:Zooarchaeology 7326: 7321: 7319:Geoarchaeology 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7289: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7280:Paleopathology 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7255:Bioarchaeology 7252: 7246: 7244: 7243:Methodological 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7052: 7050: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7025:Dorothy Garrod 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6975:Antiquarianism 6972: 6966: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6918: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6894: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6870:Alligator drum 6862: 6861: 6860: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6797:lunar calendar 6794: 6783: 6781: 6780:Other cultural 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6598: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6584:Venus figurine 6581: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6515:Megalithic art 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6466:Cave paintings 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6349: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6268:Material goods 6260: 6259: 6250: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6141: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6067: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5991: 5986: 5984:Cliff dwelling 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5868: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5569:Fire hardening 5566: 5561: 5559:Clovis culture 5556: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5482:Manis Mastodon 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5426: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5361:throwing stick 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5257: 5252: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5173: 5171: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5138: 5137: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4990:Related topics 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4939:Taxonomic rank 4936: 4931: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4891: 4881: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4857:Botanical name 4849: 4843: 4841: 4839:Plant taxonomy 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4815:Megasporangium 4812: 4811: 4810: 4803:Microsporangia 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4641:Cushion plants 4632: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4578: 4576:Plant hormones 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4559:Photosynthesis 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4530: 4528: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4371: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4278:Floral formula 4275: 4273:Floral diagram 4270: 4265: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4202:(incl. Flower) 4195: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4162: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4102:Storage organs 4099: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988:Spermatophytes 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3958:Archaeplastida 3955: 3949: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3912:Phytogeography 3909: 3907:Phytochemistry 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3864:Subdisciplines 3860: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3811: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3702:Zooarchaeology 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3552: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3449: 3448:External links 3446: 3444: 3443: 3424: 3406: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3374: 3353: 3304: 3267:(5): 415–430. 3247: 3228:(2): 129–138. 3208: 3193: 3173: 3158: 3136: 3121: 3100: 3045: 3010:(4): 505–509. 2990: 2951: 2904: 2877:(3): 217–219. 2857: 2842: 2821: 2806: 2785: 2758:(6): 784–805. 2738: 2670: 2603: 2568:(4): 611–625. 2548: 2499: 2439: 2380: 2343:(4): 415–432. 2323: 2292: 2273: 2244: 2229: 2209: 2194: 2169: 2154: 2131: 2116: 2093: 2046: 2031: 2004: 1989: 1960: 1945: 1922: 1893: 1883:. 12 July 2018 1868: 1825: 1798:(3): 279–284. 1782: 1767: 1746: 1691: 1644: 1617:(2): 266–273. 1597: 1577: 1550:(6): 968–990. 1529: 1509: 1494: 1476: 1461: 1436: 1367: 1337: 1312: 1284: 1269: 1240: 1225: 1207: 1192: 1174: 1159: 1141: 1126: 1105: 1090: 1071: 1056: 1041: 1026: 1005: 990: 961: 946: 888: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 843: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 818: 815: 802: 799: 781: 780:Quantification 778: 732: 731:Identification 729: 723: 720: 704: 703: 696:light fraction 692:heavy residue) 688:heavy fraction 671: 670: 654: 653: 646: 645:decomposition. 633: 630: 599: 598: 589: 580: 547: 546: 537: 528: 516: 498: 495: 489: 486: 465: 464: 422: 405:Vitis vinifera 387: 380: 334:Vitis vinifera 328:Vitis vinifera 285: 282: 240: 237: 224: 221: 207: 204: 194: 191: 185: 182: 129: 126: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7572: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7525: 7515: 7513: 7505: 7504: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7482:Egyptologists 7480: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7427:Phenomenology 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7314:Environmental 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302:Computational 7300: 7298: 7297:Archaeogaming 7295: 7294: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7168:Post-Medieval 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Protohistoric 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7136:Chronological 7134: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6985:Richard Hoare 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Simple dolmen 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741:Passage grave 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6687:Gallery grave 6685: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6602:Burial mounds 6600: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562:Statue menhir 6560: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6550:Stone carving 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6389:Sewing needle 6387: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Timber circle 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6167: 6166:Tor enclosure 6164: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6154:fulacht fiadh 6152: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390:spear-thrower 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5368:Bow and arrow 5366: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277:Grinding slab 5275: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5209:Domestication 5207: 5205: 5204:Digging stick 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5182:Founder crops 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5123:New Stone Age 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5046: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4975:Phytochemical 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Transpiration 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4400:Inflorescence 4398: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4085:Ground tissue 4083: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008:Plant anatomy 4005: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929:Plant ecology 3927: 3925: 3924:Plant anatomy 3922: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3872:Archaeobotany 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Andrew Pawley 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3718:William Balée 3716: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3687:Human ecology 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:Ethnomedicine 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3590:Ethnomycology 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3535: 3534:The Dung File 3531: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3440:0-12-003110-8 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421:0-8173-0827-X 3418: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3357: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3212: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2789: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2306:Civilisations 2303: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2155:0-7591-0384-4 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1316: 1313: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1270:9780470674611 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Lodwick, Lisa 1244: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226:90-6191-881-2 1222: 1218: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1193:90-6191-528-7 1189: 1185: 1178: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1160:0-231-03745-7 1156: 1152: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1116: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1072: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1052: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1027:0-226-31892-3 1023: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 983: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 962: 957: 953: 949: 943: 939: 932: 930: 928: 926: 924: 922: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 890: 883: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 839: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 813: 812: 811: 809: 800: 798: 794: 786: 779: 777: 775: 771: 766: 763: 762:carbonization 757: 755: 751: 747: 737: 730: 728: 721: 719: 717: 713: 709: 701: 697: 693: 689: 684: 681: 680: 675: 667: 664: 663: 658: 650: 649:Wet Screening 647: 643: 642:Dry Screening 640: 639: 638: 631: 629: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 574: 573: 570: 568: 564: 563:Full Coverage 560: 551: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 527: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 510:Full Coverage 508: 507: 506: 504: 496: 494: 487: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 461: 457: 453: 448: 444: 440: 436: 435: 430: 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5866:illustration 5508:Buffalo jump 5329:Storage pits 5292:Aşıklı Höyük 5282:Ground stone 5118:Subdivisions 4970:Horticulture 4960:Floriculture 4862:Correct name 4712:Reproduction 4702:Woody plants 4627:Plant growth 4586:Gas Exchange 4571:Phytomelanin 4449:Plant embryo 4199:Reproductive 4047:Phragmoplast 3773:Nancy Turner 3723:Brent Berlin 3691: 3600:Ethnoecology 3595:Ethnozoology 3571:Ethnobiology 3495: 3466: 3451: 3431: 3427: 3412: 3409:Kristen J.G. 3402: 3395:Bibliography 3363: 3356: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3183: 3176: 3147: 3139: 3111: 3103: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2971:(1): 89–98. 2968: 2964: 2954: 2921: 2917: 2907: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2831: 2824: 2795: 2788: 2755: 2751: 2741: 2688: 2684: 2673: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2457: 2453: 2442: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2257: 2247: 2219: 2212: 2184: 2144: 2106: 2066:(1): 53–67. 2063: 2059: 2049: 2021: 1979: 1936: 1914:. 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