17:
342:
69:
of
Svalbard have resulted in exceptional preservation conditions. (But rapid climate change – with a now warmer and more humid environment – is causing damage.) Archaeological fieldwork on Svalbard is both expensive and physically exhausting, but new technology and infrastructure has allowed easier
286:. University of Tromsø would go on to carry out annual excavations from then on, including a 1987-1990 research project on Russian hunting stations, carried out jointly with the Polish scientists from Jagiellonian University, surveying and excavating several sites. In 1991, following the
326:, and several others have taken a scientific interest in this site. Also during the 1990s and the early 21st century, P. J. Capelloti and others have worked with rediscovering the history of the numerous airship expeditions made to Svalbard during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
151:
was signed. Through this agreement Norway was established as the ruling power of
Svalbard, although full rights were granted to other nationalities to engage in (among other fields, such as economic activity) scientific research. Between 1933 and 1935,
232:– led by Vadim F. Starkov – set out to prove that the Russian Pomors had preceded the Dutch on Svalbard. The Soviet Union had strong commercial and diplomatic interests in Svalbard at the time, among other things running two significant mining towns –
302:. There are many remains from the intense coal mining that has been going on since the late 19th century, with many mines abandoned, and the Svalbard landscape often strewn with leftover equipment and abandoned infrastructure from this industry. This
191:
archaeologist H .W. Hansen would later add to this hypothesis, finding more supposed artefacts. Most modern scientists reject this theory. In 1958 a
Norwegian-Finnish expedition led by Helmer Tegengren explored another Russian site at
329:
Several museums on
Svalbard document its history, and showcase archaeological finds. Among them are the Svalbard Museum and Spitsbergen Airship Museum in Longyearbyen, and two minor Russian-run museums in Barentsburg and Pyramiden.
240:. The site excavated by the Soviet archaeologists, "Russekeila 2", and several others like it were used to back this hypothesis. The expedition also continued research into later Russian hunting activities as well.
112:, historically claimed by many countries but controlled by none. A decade before the first attempt at a permanent settlement in the archipelago, amateur research was carried out by many of the natural scientists
247:, a significant settlement run by whalers. While the old myths of Smeerenburg's grandeur were largely disproven, the project did result in many valuable 17th century finds, and new knowledge of the region.
317:
Another example of this is
Pyramiden, a Soviet (later Russian) mining town which has been abandoned for almost two decades, hosting only a minor tourism-related staff. In 2010 the Norwegian archaeologist
187:
in 1596. Christiansson believed that the findings made from 1955 and onwards proved that
Svalbard had been inhabited during the Stone Age period, viewing them as evidence of early stone tool use. The
314:, has become more and more prominently featured in telling the story of Svalbard. Historical remains previously ignored have now been surveyed and registered, for example in 2012.
164:– it wasn't until 1955 that a second period of active archaeology began, the first professional such – although amateur work continued as well. It was initiated by a joint
243:
In 1979, a large project to investigate Dutch whaling history in
Svalbard was started, led by Louwrens Hacquebord. During the 1979-81 seasons the expedition excavated
93:
cultural heritage. All cultural heritage sites or objects originating from 1946 or before are automatically protected by law, a rule applying to all types of remains.
480:
708:
270:, excavating whaling stations and Russian hunting camps. In 1984, a Danish-Norwegian expedition led by Svend E. Albrethsen excavated the graves of whalers on
290:, Vadim F. Starkov returned to carry out an expedition under the joint leadership of him, the Polish Kazimierz Pękala, and the Norwegian Marek E. Jasiński.
116:
the region at the time. This first period of archaeological activity on
Svalbard lasted until about 1913, before most scientific expeditions were halted by
74:
175:
It was at this time that a dispute began about whether the archaeological evidence could prove who discovered
Svalbard – while some have said it was the
141:
859:
1389:
298:
Since the 1990s, many archaeological projects have been carried out, some of them refocusing from the old 17th and 18th century structures towards
1650:
792:
759:
464:
435:
106:
The scientific field of archaeology has a relatively long history in
Svalbard, beginning as early as 1861. At the time, Svalbard was legally
220:
A third period began in 1978, and has lasted until the present day. Preceded by an article written by the Norwegian-Russian palaeontologist
1451:
1430:
1134:
1565:
1384:
1374:
810:
The Svalbard Archipelago: American Military and Political Geographies of Spitsbergen and Other Norwegian Polar Territories, 1941-1950
825:
537:
402:
784:
1461:
1394:
1369:
1356:
1617:
1560:
287:
2042:
1542:
1481:
1379:
1150:
1020:
962:
267:
36:
1776:
1706:
1491:
1456:
852:
491:
495:
2047:
1522:
1913:
1726:
1996:
1751:
1496:
1225:
929:
229:
129:
1923:
720:
251:
2011:
1963:
1838:
1833:
1643:
1532:
1486:
1466:
394:
1968:
1798:
1973:
1691:
1476:
1256:
813:
598:
563:
86:
1898:
1868:
1828:
1808:
1788:
845:
299:
2001:
1803:
1013:
2006:
1953:
1883:
1878:
1853:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1818:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1741:
1736:
1716:
1711:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1364:
1116:
977:
882:
751:
275:
255:
62:
2016:
1893:
1873:
1843:
1823:
1793:
1746:
1991:
1888:
1858:
1813:
1783:
1731:
1681:
817:
360:
1958:
1903:
1863:
1848:
1761:
1721:
1636:
1580:
1552:
934:
924:
907:
355:
58:
453:
The Footprint of Polar Tourism: Tourist Behaviour at Cultural Heritage Sites in Antarctica and Svalbard
157:
1933:
1446:
1326:
1291:
1160:
967:
949:
892:
716:
694:
664:
209:
82:
144:. Due to the methods used in surveying these sites, the results have little scientific value today.
1601:
1425:
1410:
1205:
1124:
939:
919:
902:
897:
365:
303:
113:
66:
1570:
279:
160:– served as the region's Governor. Little research would take place in Svalbard until well after
168:
expedition, led by Hans Christiansson and Povl Simonsen, who set out to search for evidence of
1336:
1129:
821:
788:
755:
533:
460:
431:
398:
196:. A decade later, in 1968, A. Dalland conducted an amateur excavation of a Russian station on
85:
is responsible for all historical sites and all archaeological work on Svalbard, much as the
1575:
1175:
1106:
656:
319:
1046:
204:, and the same year Svein Molaug excavated a blubber oven and made an underwater survey at
1271:
1180:
972:
184:
148:
16:
1316:
590:
387:
Ecology of Arctic Environments: 13th Special Symposium of the British Ecological Society
385:
Robinson, Clare H.; Wookey, Phillip A. (1997). Woodin, Sarah J.; Marquiss, Mick (eds.).
1537:
1420:
1261:
1230:
1200:
427:
347:
121:
2036:
1517:
1341:
1306:
1286:
1251:
1155:
1081:
1071:
1008:
311:
221:
153:
108:
1585:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1165:
1076:
1003:
957:
912:
690:
307:
271:
225:
161:
54:
1220:
1195:
1512:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1215:
1210:
1185:
1096:
1056:
1041:
998:
993:
244:
233:
205:
165:
133:
117:
90:
70:
access. This easier access has also resulted in more damage caused by tourists.
45:
32:
28:
1415:
1346:
1190:
1170:
1101:
1066:
423:
337:
201:
193:
180:
137:
1276:
1091:
1086:
1025:
529:
456:
390:
237:
169:
259:
172:
activity, as well as to investigate a Russian historical site, Russekeila.
1051:
868:
623:
283:
263:
197:
176:
49:
1628:
324:
Persistent memories: Pyramiden – a Soviet mining town in the High Arctic
1061:
188:
24:
250:
The 1980s were a hectic period in archaeology on Svalbard. In 1980, a
1471:
780:
747:
525:
125:
78:
742:
Graves-Brown, Paul; Harrison, Rodney; Piccini, Angela, eds. (2013).
21:
744:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Contemporary World
522:
Marine Management in Disputed Areas: The Case of the Barents Sea
1632:
841:
1527:
777:
Art and Archaeology: Collaborations, Conversations, Criticisms
420:
Climate Change and Cultural Heritage in the Nordic Countries
837:
124:
mainly investigated the 18th century hunting camps of the
624:"The Discovery of Svalbard - A Problem Reconsidered"
228:
expedition from the Institute of Archaeology at the
1982:
1944:
1664:
1610:
1594:
1551:
1505:
1439:
1403:
1355:
1239:
1143:
1115:
1034:
986:
948:
875:
120:. Between 1861 and 1913, people like the geologist
278:directed by Roger Jorgensen carried out an act of
53:is the study of human activity in the northerly
565:Aspects of Archaeological Research on Svalbard
1644:
853:
775:Russell, Ian Alden; Cochrane, Andrew (2013).
8:
709:"Kulturminner i Ny-Ă…lesund og Longyearbyen"
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
75:Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage
1651:
1637:
1629:
860:
846:
838:
142:Swedish-Russian Arc-of-Meridian Expedition
617:
615:
520:Churchill, Robin; Ulfstein, Geir (2005).
459:: Barkhuis Publishing. pp. 215–218.
147:Following the First World War's end, the
622:Albrethsen, S. E.; Arlov, T. B. (1988).
15:
377:
785:Springer Science & Business Media
282:, excavating an old Russian house in
7:
1452:Amundsen-Nobile Climate Change Tower
637:. Archaeological Society of Finland
156:– later well known for discovering
208:. This was the first known use of
20:The remains of ovens used to boil
14:
719:. 29 January 2013. Archived from
128:, with for example the physicist
73:Rather than being managed by the
1462:Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station
340:
1618:2011 Svalbard polar bear attack
1566:Ny-Ă…lesund Airport, Hamnerabben
1561:Barentsburg Heliport, Heerodden
451:Roura, Ricardo Mariano (2011).
288:dissolution of the Soviet Union
963:Longyearbyen Community Council
808:Capelloti, P. J., ed. (2000).
1:
492:University Centre in Svalbard
183:, most scholars agree it was
136:17th century whaling station
1523:Kongsfjord Telemetry Station
130:Vilhelm Carlheim-Gyllensköld
89:is responsible for managing
1457:Arctic Yellow River Station
687:Europes first oil adventure
685:Prestvold, Kristin (2001).
571:. XX Polar Symposium Lublin
562:Jasiński, Marek E. (1993).
428:Nordic Council of Ministers
418:Kaslegard, Anne S. (2011).
274:and an expedition from the
2064:
631:Fennoscandia Archaeologica
395:Cambridge University Press
1477:Norwegian Polar Institute
599:Norwegian Polar Institute
481:"Management of Svalbard"
300:contemporary archaeology
252:Polish People's Republic
230:USSR Academy of Sciences
57:archipelago's past. The
1365:Forlandet National Park
818:McFarland & Company
752:Oxford University Press
256:Jagiellonian University
132:studying graves at the
77:as standard in most of
1707:Bosnia and Herzegovina
361:History of archaeology
268:polar research station
40:
2043:Archaeology of Norway
1659:Archaeology of Europe
1581:Svalbard Rocket Range
1385:Northwest Spitsbergen
1380:Nordre Isfjorden Land
356:Archaeology of Russia
19:
1482:Polish Polar Station
1447:Arctic World Archive
1327:Wedel Jarlsberg Land
754:. pp. 211–216.
717:Governor of Svalbard
695:Governor of Svalbard
665:Governor of Svalbard
595:www.polarhistorie.no
276:University of Tromsø
262:started research in
210:maritime archaeology
83:Governor of Svalbard
2048:History of Svalbard
1945:States with limited
1602:Longyearbyen School
1411:Arctic Coal Company
1206:Prins Karls Forland
723:on 29 November 2014
713:www.sysselmannen.no
661:www.sysselmannen.no
366:History of Svalbard
304:industrial heritage
35:whaling station on
1571:Pyramiden Heliport
1506:Telecommunications
1390:Sassen–Bünsow Land
1370:Indre Wijdefjorden
1035:Former settlements
501:on 9 November 2011
280:rescue archaeology
266:, near the Polish
158:L'Anse aux Meadows
41:
2030:
2029:
1626:
1625:
1533:Satellite Station
1492:University Centre
1375:Nordenskiöld Land
1337:Gustav Adolf Land
1292:Nordenskiöld Land
794:978-146-148-990-0
761:978-019-960-200-1
466:978-907-792-287-3
437:978-928-932-195-2
306:, in for example
31:, a 17th-century
2055:
1983:Dependencies and
1924:Northern Ireland
1665:Sovereign states
1653:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1576:Svalbard Airport
1497:Zeppelin Station
1333:
1248:
1226:Thousand Islands
1151:Amsterdam Island
862:
855:
848:
839:
832:
831:
805:
799:
798:
772:
766:
765:
739:
733:
732:
730:
728:
715:(in Norwegian).
705:
699:
698:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
663:(in Norwegian).
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
628:
619:
610:
609:
607:
605:
587:
581:
580:
578:
576:
570:
559:
544:
543:
517:
511:
510:
508:
506:
500:
494:. Archived from
485:
477:
471:
470:
448:
442:
441:
415:
409:
408:
382:
350:
345:
344:
343:
254:expedition from
37:Amsterdam Island
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
1984:
1978:
1964:Northern Cyprus
1946:
1940:
1839:North Macedonia
1660:
1657:
1627:
1622:
1606:
1590:
1547:
1501:
1467:Himadri Station
1435:
1399:
1395:Sør-Spitsbergen
1351:
1331:
1272:Haakon VII Land
1246:
1235:
1181:Kong Karls Land
1139:
1135:Protected areas
1111:
1030:
982:
944:
871:
866:
836:
835:
828:
807:
806:
802:
795:
787:. p. 242.
774:
773:
769:
762:
741:
740:
736:
726:
724:
707:
706:
702:
684:
683:
679:
669:
667:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
626:
621:
620:
613:
603:
601:
591:"Helge Ingstad"
589:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
561:
560:
547:
540:
519:
518:
514:
504:
502:
498:
483:
479:
478:
474:
467:
450:
449:
445:
438:
417:
416:
412:
405:
384:
383:
379:
374:
346:
341:
339:
336:
296:
218:
185:Willem Barentsz
149:Svalbard Treaty
104:
99:
87:Sami Parliament
12:
11:
5:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1985:other entities
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1914:United Kingdom
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Czech Republic
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1543:Undersea Cable
1540:
1538:Svalbard Radio
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:IndARC Station
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:National parks
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:Nordaustlandet
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1231:Wilhelm Island
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:Nordaustlandet
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
988:
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
954:
952:
946:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
872:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
834:
833:
826:
800:
793:
767:
760:
734:
700:
677:
648:
611:
582:
545:
538:
532:. p. 22.
512:
472:
465:
443:
436:
430:. p. 15.
410:
403:
397:. p. 50.
376:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
352:
351:
348:History portal
335:
332:
295:
292:
217:
214:
122:Gerard De Geer
103:
100:
98:
95:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2060:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Faroe Islands
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:South Ossetia
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Liechtenstein
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1518:Isfjord Radio
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Gustav V Land
1340:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1307:Oscar II Land
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Nathorst Land
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Albert I Land
1250:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1107:Ytre Norskøya
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:Isfjord Radio
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
989:
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
953:
951:
947:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
911:
910:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
870:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
840:
829:
827:078-640-759-X
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
801:
796:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
763:
757:
753:
749:
745:
738:
735:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
696:
692:
688:
681:
678:
666:
662:
658:
652:
649:
636:
632:
625:
618:
616:
612:
600:
596:
592:
586:
583:
567:
566:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:113-495-722-X
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
513:
497:
493:
489:
482:
476:
473:
468:
462:
458:
454:
447:
444:
439:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
411:
406:
404:052-183-998-X
400:
396:
392:
388:
381:
378:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
349:
338:
333:
331:
327:
325:
321:
320:Bjørnar Olsen
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
294:Modern period
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:Anatol Heintz
216:Later history
215:
213:
212:on Svalbard.
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Helge Ingstad
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:
109:terra nullius
102:Early history
101:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
47:
38:
34:
30:
26:
23:
18:
2021:
1974:Transnistria
1586:Svea Airport
1431:Store Norske
1317:Sørkapp Land
1297:Ny-Friesland
1282:James I Land
1267:Dickson Land
1166:Danes Island
1077:Kobbefjorden
1021:Isbjørnhamna
1004:Longyearbyen
913:Newtontoppen
887:
809:
803:
776:
770:
743:
737:
725:. Retrieved
721:the original
712:
703:
691:Longyearbyen
686:
680:
668:. Retrieved
660:
651:
639:. Retrieved
634:
630:
602:. Retrieved
594:
585:
573:. Retrieved
564:
521:
515:
503:. Retrieved
496:the original
487:
475:
452:
446:
419:
413:
386:
380:
328:
323:
322:co-authored
316:
308:Longyearbyen
297:
272:Danes Island
249:
242:
219:
177:Norse people
174:
166:Scandinavian
162:World War II
146:
107:
105:
91:Sami-related
72:
55:Arctic Ocean
44:
42:
2012:Isle of Man
1947:recognition
1899:Switzerland
1834:Netherlands
1513:Hopen Radio
1322:Torell Land
1312:Sabine Land
1302:Olav V Land
1262:BĂĽnsow Land
1257:Andrée Land
1247:Spitsbergen
1216:Spitsbergen
1161:Bear Island
1117:Environment
1097:Smeerenburg
1042:Advent City
999:Hopen Radio
994:Barentsburg
987:Settlements
978:Visa policy
888:Archaeology
883:Agriculture
727:16 November
670:16 November
641:16 November
604:16 November
575:16 November
505:16 November
488:www.unis.no
245:Smeerenburg
234:Barentsburg
224:in 1964, a
206:Sorgfjorden
179:during the
140:during the
118:World War I
63:environment
46:archaeology
29:Smeerenburg
2037:Categories
1869:San Marino
1829:Montenegro
1809:Luxembourg
1789:Kazakhstan
1692:Azerbaijan
1487:Seed Vault
1416:Arktikugol
1347:Orvin Land
1240:Land areas
1156:Barentsøya
1102:Virgohamna
1082:Lægerneset
1067:Hiorthhamn
1047:Bölscheøya
1009:Ny-Ă…lesund
940:In fiction
657:"Historie"
424:Copenhagen
372:References
312:Ny-Ă…lesund
194:Trygghamna
181:Viking Age
138:Virgohamna
2002:Gibraltar
1804:Lithuania
1595:Education
1553:Transport
1426:Kings Bay
1404:Companies
1277:Heer Land
1221:Svenskøya
1092:Pyramiden
1087:Ny-London
1026:Sveagruva
935:Transport
925:Languages
908:Geography
814:Jefferson
530:Routledge
457:Groningen
391:Cambridge
238:Pyramiden
170:Stone Age
114:exploring
59:geography
2022:Svalbard
2007:Guernsey
1954:Abkhazia
1929:Scotland
1884:Slovenia
1879:Slovakia
1854:Portugal
1712:Bulgaria
1440:Research
1421:Bjørnøen
1211:Sjuøyane
1186:Kongsøya
1057:GĂĄshamna
1052:Finneset
968:Governor
950:Politics
893:Cannabis
869:Svalbard
334:See also
284:Gipsvika
264:Hornsund
198:Kapp Lee
50:Svalbard
1919:England
1909:Ukraine
1859:Romania
1819:Moldova
1777:Ireland
1772:Iceland
1767:Hungary
1757:Germany
1752:Georgia
1742:Finland
1737:Estonia
1732:Denmark
1717:Croatia
1702:Belgium
1697:Belarus
1687:Austria
1682:Armenia
1677:Andorra
1672:Albania
1611:History
1191:Kvitøya
1171:Edgeøya
1144:Islands
1125:Climate
1062:Grumant
1014:history
930:Museums
920:History
903:Economy
898:Outline
876:General
202:Edgeøya
97:History
67:climate
25:blubber
2017:Jersey
1959:Kosovo
1904:Turkey
1894:Sweden
1874:Serbia
1864:Russia
1849:Poland
1844:Norway
1824:Monaco
1794:Latvia
1762:Greece
1747:France
1722:Cyprus
1196:Lågøya
973:Treaty
824:
791:
781:Berlin
758:
748:Oxford
536:
526:London
463:
434:
401:
260:KrakĂłw
226:Soviet
189:German
126:Pomors
81:, the
79:Norway
1992:Ă…land
1934:Wales
1889:Spain
1814:Malta
1784:Italy
1176:Hopen
1130:Flora
627:(PDF)
569:(PDF)
499:(PDF)
484:(PDF)
134:Dutch
33:Dutch
22:whale
822:ISBN
789:ISBN
756:ISBN
729:2014
672:2014
643:2014
606:2014
577:2014
534:ISBN
507:2014
461:ISBN
432:ISBN
399:ISBN
310:and
236:and
65:and
43:The
1528:.sj
958:Act
258:in
48:of
27:in
2039::
820:.
816::
812:.
783::
779:.
750::
746:.
711:.
693::
689:.
659:.
633:.
629:.
614:^
597:.
593:.
548:^
528::
524:.
490:.
486:.
455:.
426::
422:.
393::
389:.
200:,
61:,
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
861:e
854:t
847:v
830:.
797:.
764:.
731:.
697:.
674:.
645:.
635:V
608:.
579:.
542:.
509:.
469:.
440:.
407:.
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
