133:
1446:
1620:
1238:
43:
1632:
1249:
397:), a large island in the eastern Mediterranean was a separate cultural entity during most periods of human occupation. However, its proximity to both Anatolia and the northern and southern Levant was responsible for influences from and to both these regions. This was especially the case as Cyprus was an important source of copper for much of the region.
337:
has become popular with archaeologists who wish to refer to this area without prejudice or political orientation. In many contexts the Sinai
Peninsula is also considered to be part of the southern Levant, although it is part of the modern state of Egypt. Archaeologically, it is distinguished from
268:
Egyptology is one example of a specialized branch that deals with the Nile Valley cultures of Egypt and associated regions in sub-Saharan Africa, the Sinai
Peninsula to the east, and parts of North Africa. It includes language studies, history and archaeology and other related disciplines.
223:
narratives. Much archaeological work in this region is still influenced by that discipline, although within the last three decades there has been a marked tendency by some archaeologists to dissociate their work from biblical frameworks.
459:
Due to the historic interest in the archaeology of the Near East, especially due to the biblical links of the area, there are a large number of organisations dedicated to the archaeological investigation of the region. These include the
408:("The Land of Two Rivers") is considered to begin more or less near the modern border with Iraq and refers to the flat valley of the southern Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries. These rivers empty into the
549:
139:
helmet, British Museum electrotype copy, original was in the Iraq Museum, Bagdad. The holes around the border suggest that another piece was normally affixed, as for example in the full mask attributed to
1537:
451:
The
Arabian Peninsula and its offshore islands is a separate geographical zone that has contacts with Sinai, the well-watered regions to the north, and by sea with the far-east.
805:
354:. These regions are often included in Greater Syria, a name used to refer to the whole area between Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. The Mediterranean coast of Lebanon, the
1509:
1460:
362:, after the ancient kingdom. However, this term suffers from the same problems as Canaan and equivalents and so is generally now only used in a strict historical sense.
1303:
1465:
1492:
479:
471:
281:(or Syria-Palestine) is used to refer to the area adjacent to the east coast of the Mediterranean. The southern region included in this term encompasses
53:
412:
waterway that separates Iraq from Iran. Sumerology is a very specialized discipline that deals with the history, language and archaeology of ancient
1657:
1194:
1652:
1286:
674:
600:
569:
461:
1418:
111:
1532:
1487:
516:
510:
28:
83:
1504:
466:
333:. The foregoing names can be perceived as having political overtones, meaning that the more neutral, geographically based term the
1527:
815:
90:
1519:
1499:
1201:
714:
68:
443:. Sub-disciplines of this region deal mostly with the languages, history and archaeology of regions within this large area.
132:
1547:
97:
1610:
1580:
1223:
933:
820:
1542:
1156:
999:
928:
769:
522:
79:
626:
1662:
1482:
1470:
709:
1570:
1475:
1279:
1043:
1031:
897:
837:
790:
667:
632:
550:"Near Eastern Archaeology: Imperial Pasts, Postcolonial Presents, and the Possibilities of a Decolonized Future"
1065:
907:
857:
847:
616:
1171:
1096:
994:
872:
244:
1445:
227:
The most common fields of study are biblical archaeology dealing with the region and history of the Bible;
1597:
1575:
1216:
1206:
1126:
1121:
1091:
1070:
943:
938:
902:
691:
500:
164:
1211:
1131:
887:
800:
795:
785:
505:
318:
215:. The history of archaeological investigation in this region grew out of the 19th century discipline of
149:
104:
1590:
1585:
1430:
1272:
1241:
1141:
1136:
1111:
1106:
1101:
892:
882:
810:
739:
734:
660:
374:, most of modern Turkey, is bordered by several seas and includes parts of Northern Mesopotamia. The
355:
216:
144:. The hairbun attached at the back of the head is visible in other rulers as well, such as Sargon or
1036:
1021:
923:
729:
719:
699:
1619:
1375:
1116:
979:
417:
298:
424:
who succeeded the
Sumerians and covers much of the region while that language was still in use.
1166:
1161:
1146:
596:
565:
1336:
1151:
1086:
1053:
764:
749:
557:
440:
306:
196:
168:
17:
350:, the Syrian littoral and portions of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in the province of
1363:
989:
842:
744:
334:
220:
141:
60:
1636:
1253:
1058:
1048:
1009:
984:
754:
351:
326:
314:
1646:
1026:
409:
240:
1403:
877:
724:
302:
192:
590:
1624:
1295:
953:
832:
704:
683:
642:
495:
405:
232:
228:
208:
160:
136:
42:
1382:
1016:
948:
290:
236:
1390:
1004:
963:
379:
359:
322:
286:
184:
172:
561:
759:
637:
394:
371:
310:
204:
145:
1358:
1311:
825:
421:
347:
252:
248:
188:
1425:
1413:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1316:
647:
527:
436:
390:
375:
330:
294:
282:
278:
200:
530:(International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East)
247:
which is not tied to a region but instead deals with the origins of
1435:
1408:
1398:
1321:
413:
212:
131:
1370:
1331:
1326:
432:
1268:
656:
1264:
652:
36:
439:, includes a large plateau and its periphery, including the
183:
The definition of the Near East is usually based around
159:
is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of
621:
64:
219:, efforts mostly by Europeans to uncover evidence for
1608:
163:. It refers generally to the excavation and study of
806:
Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
1558:
1518:
1453:
1302:
1184:
1079:
972:
916:
865:
856:
778:
690:
420:and 3rd millennium BCE. Assyriology deals with the
338:the heartland of Egypt, the Nile Valley and Delta.
358:, and parts of northern Israel are also known as
346:The term northern Levant can be used to refer to
321:(1918–1948). The same region is also called the
1280:
668:
8:
69:introducing citations to additional sources
480:the Netherlands Institute for the Near East
1287:
1273:
1265:
862:
675:
661:
653:
472:Council for British Research in the Levant
416:(southern Mesopotamia), mostly during the
552:. In Lydon, Jane; Rizvi, Uzma Z. (eds.).
382:rise in Turkey and flow south into Iraq.
59:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1615:
540:
462:American Society of Overseas Research
7:
1419:Turkish occupation of northern Syria
627:Introduction to Biblical Archaeology
554:Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology
309:name and was also in use during the
643:Jerusalem: The Circuit of the Walls
175:from antiquity to the recent past.
592:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
511:Genetic history of the Middle East
29:Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)
25:
633:Resources on Biblical Archaeology
467:Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine
1630:
1618:
1444:
1247:
1237:
1236:
52:relies largely or entirely on a
41:
648:Bioarchaeology of the Near East
1658:Archaeological sub-disciplines
1:
34:Archaeological sub-discipline
1653:Archaeology of the Near East
821:electrical resistance survey
548:Porter, Benjamin W. (2010).
482:which publishes the journal
474:which publishes the journal
464:which publishes the journal
239:dealing with the history of
18:Archaeology of the Near East
638:Pottery types of the Levant
523:Near Eastern bioarchaeology
313:(1095–1291), the period of
195:, including the historical
1679:
710:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
80:"Near Eastern archaeology"
26:
1442:
1232:
791:Philosophy of archaeology
589:Richard, Suzanne (2003).
317:rule (1517-1917) and the
517:Near Eastern Archaeology
251:before the invention of
157:Near Eastern archaeology
259:Geographic subdivisions
245:prehistoric archaeology
1414:North Syria Federation
501:List of Assyriologists
484:Bibliotheca Orientalis
153:
801:Archaeological ethics
796:Archaeological diving
786:Archaeological theory
617:Ancient Near East.net
562:10.4324/9781315427690
506:Levantine archaeology
435:, sometimes known as
150:Stele of the Vultures
135:
27:For the journal, see
1431:United Arab Emirates
740:Augustus Pitt Rivers
735:William Henry Holmes
700:Archaeological sites
356:Syrian Arab Republic
217:biblical archaeology
65:improve this article
730:John Lloyd Stephens
720:Heinrich Schliemann
1538:Metropolitan areas
1254:History portal
816:geophysical survey
221:Christian biblical
154:
1663:Ancient Near East
1606:
1605:
1262:
1261:
1180:
1179:
1162:Pseudoarchaeology
779:Method and theory
602:978-1-57506-083-5
571:978-1-315-42769-0
447:Arabian Peninsula
370:The peninsula of
130:
129:
115:
16:(Redirected from
1670:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1493:Modern conflicts
1448:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1087:Archaeoastronomy
1054:Paleoethnobotany
863:
765:Alfred V. Kidder
750:Mortimer Wheeler
677:
670:
663:
654:
606:
576:
575:
545:
441:Zagros Mountains
301:was its ancient
197:Fertile Crescent
169:material culture
125:
122:
116:
114:
73:
45:
37:
21:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1554:
1514:
1449:
1440:
1365:Northern Cyprus
1337:Iraqi Kurdistan
1298:
1293:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1228:
1176:
1075:
990:Archaeogenetics
968:
912:
858:Sub-disciplines
852:
848:Post-excavation
843:Lithic analysis
774:
745:Flinders Petrie
686:
681:
613:
603:
595:. Eisenbrauns.
588:
585:
583:Further reading
580:
579:
572:
547:
546:
542:
537:
492:
457:
449:
430:
403:
388:
368:
344:
342:Northern Levant
335:southern Levant
319:British Mandate
275:
273:Southern Levant
266:
261:
181:
142:Sargon of Akkad
126:
120:
117:
74:
72:
58:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1510:Water conflict
1507:
1505:Water politics
1502:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1463:
1461:Climate change
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1244:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1217:Assyriologists
1214:
1207:Archaeologists
1204:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1059:Zooarchaeology
1056:
1051:
1049:Geoarchaeology
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1010:Paleopathology
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
985:Bioarchaeology
982:
976:
974:
973:Methodological
970:
969:
967:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
920:
918:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
869:
867:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
829:
828:
823:
818:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
782:
780:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
755:Dorothy Garrod
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
705:Antiquarianism
702:
696:
694:
688:
687:
682:
680:
679:
672:
665:
657:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
619:
612:
611:External links
609:
608:
607:
601:
584:
581:
578:
577:
570:
539:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
525:
520:
513:
508:
503:
498:
491:
488:
456:
453:
448:
445:
429:
426:
402:
399:
387:
384:
367:
364:
343:
340:
327:Land of Israel
293:, and part of
274:
271:
265:
262:
260:
257:
180:
177:
128:
127:
63:. Please help
49:
47:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:Ethnic groups
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:Egyptologists
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Phenomenology
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:Environmental
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Computational
1030:
1028:
1027:Archaeogaming
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Post-Medieval
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
878:Protohistoric
876:
874:
871:
870:
868:
866:Chronological
864:
861:
859:
855:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
781:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
715:Richard Hoare
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
695:
693:
689:
685:
678:
673:
671:
666:
664:
659:
658:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
610:
604:
598:
594:
593:
587:
586:
582:
573:
567:
563:
559:
556:. Routledge.
555:
551:
544:
541:
534:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
455:Organisations
454:
452:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:Shatt al-Arab
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
341:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
272:
270:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:Ancient Egypt
238:
234:
231:dealing with
230:
225:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
62:
56:
55:
54:single source
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
30:
19:
1565:
1520:Demographics
1500:Human rights
1404:Saudi Arabia
1389:
1383:
1376:
1364:
1092:Archaeometry
1066:Experimental
1000:Near Eastern
959:Near Eastern
958:
954:Mesopotamian
908:Contemporary
725:Arthur Evans
591:
553:
543:
515:
483:
475:
465:
458:
450:
431:
404:
389:
369:
345:
276:
267:
226:
193:North Africa
182:
156:
155:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
51:
1566:Archaeology
1296:Middle East
1172:Transgender
1097:Battlefield
873:Prehistoric
833:Burnt layer
770:George Bass
684:Archaeology
496:Assyriology
406:Mesopotamia
401:Mesopotamia
233:Mesopotamia
229:Assyriology
209:East Thrace
161:archaeology
137:Meskalamdug
1647:Categories
1548:Irreligion
1195:by country
1127:Industrial
1122:Indigenous
1071:Underwater
1017:Calceology
939:Australian
917:Geographic
903:Historical
838:Excavation
535:References
291:Gaza Strip
237:Egyptology
179:Definition
121:April 2024
91:newspapers
1581:Etiquette
1466:Democracy
1391:West Bank
1377:Palestine
1304:Countries
1132:Landscape
1005:Osteology
888:Classical
422:Assyrians
393:(ancient
380:Euphrates
360:Phoenicia
323:Holy Land
307:Byzantine
299:Palestine
287:West Bank
277:The name
185:West Asia
173:Near East
165:artifacts
61:talk page
1543:Religion
1533:Genetics
1488:Timeline
1242:Category
1224:Journals
1142:Mortuary
1137:Maritime
1112:Funerary
1107:Feminist
1102:Conflict
1080:Thematic
995:Medieval
949:Egyptian
944:Oceanian
929:American
893:Medieval
883:Biblical
760:Max Uhle
490:See also
395:Alashiya
372:Anatolia
366:Anatolia
311:Crusades
205:Anatolia
146:Eannatum
1637:History
1611:Portals
1598:Studies
1576:Cuisine
1559:Culture
1483:History
1471:Economy
1454:Society
1359:Lebanon
1312:Bahrain
1202:Periods
1037:Virtual
1022:Digital
924:African
826:Sondage
692:History
348:Lebanon
315:Ottoman
253:writing
249:culture
189:Balkans
171:of the
148:in the
105:scholar
1571:Cinema
1476:Energy
1426:Turkey
1354:Kuwait
1349:Jordan
1344:Israel
1317:Cyprus
1191:Sites
1117:Gender
980:Aerial
964:Nubian
811:Survey
629:(2005)
599:
568:
528:ICAANE
478:, and
476:Levant
470:, the
437:Persia
391:Cyprus
386:Cyprus
376:Tigris
331:Canaan
329:, and
325:, the
295:Jordan
285:, the
283:Israel
279:Levant
243:; and
201:Levant
199:, the
191:, and
187:, the
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1591:Dance
1586:Music
1436:Yemen
1409:Syria
1399:Qatar
1322:Egypt
1185:Lists
1167:Queer
1147:Music
934:Asian
622:ETANA
414:Sumer
352:Hatay
303:Roman
264:Egypt
213:Egypt
112:JSTOR
98:books
1625:Asia
1384:Gaza
1371:Oman
1332:Iraq
1327:Iran
1152:Nazi
597:ISBN
566:ISBN
433:Iran
428:Iran
378:and
305:and
211:and
167:and
84:news
558:doi
418:4th
67:by
1649::
564:.
486:.
297:.
289:,
255:.
235:;
207:,
203:,
1613::
1288:e
1281:t
1274:v
676:e
669:t
662:v
605:.
574:.
560::
152:.
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
71:.
57:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
