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unconstitutionally vague making it unenforceable. ARPA regulates access to archaeological resources on federal and Native
American lands. Uniform regulations were issued by the Department of the Interior, the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Department of Defense. Archaeological resources are defined as "any material remains of human life or activities which are at least 100 years of age, and which are archaeological interest." ARPA also defines "of archaeological interest" as "capable of providing scientific or humanistic understandings of past human behavior, cultural adaption, and related topics." ARPA forbids anyone from excavating or removing archaeological resources from federal or Native American land without a permit from a land managing agency. ARPA also forbids any sales, purchase, exchange, transport, or receipt. Those who violate can face substantial fines and even a jail sentence if convicted, and any relevant archaeological resources will be confiscated.
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of 1906 were declared "unconstitutionally vague". The
Antiquities Act was unable to protect historical sites from criminal looting. Several attempts by the federal land-managing agencies and prosecutors to use this act resulted in judges saying that provisions regarding criminal prosecution were
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McManamon, Francis P. (2006). "The
Foundation for American Public Archaeology: Section 3 of the American Antiquities Act of 1906". In Harmon, David; McManamon, Francis P.; Pitcaithley, Dwight T. (eds.).
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lands in the United States, and the removal and disposition of archaeological collections from those sites.
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The
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passed in 1979 and amended in 1988. It governs the excavation of
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