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had a major role in transforming its environment. "Its litter fed the streams and was a major factor in the evolution of freshwater fishes, whose numbers and varieties exploded in that time, and influenced the evolution of other marine ecosystems. It was the first plant to produce an extensive root
637:
were thickly set with fan-shaped leaflets or pinnae. The trunks of some species exceeded 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter. The branches were borne in spiral arrangement, and a forked stipule was present at the base of each branch. Within a branch, leafy shoots were in opposite arrangement in a
650:
possessed other modern adaptations to light interception and perhaps to seasonality as well. The large umbrella of fronds seems to have been quite optimized for light interception at the canopy level. In some species, the pinnules were shaped and oriented to avoid shading one another. There is
662:
The plant had nodal zones that would have been important sites for the subsequent development of lateral roots and branches. Some branches were latent and adventitious, similar to those produced by living trees that eventually develop into roots. Before this time, shallow,
1867:
1194:
922:
1058:
Anderson, H. M., Hiller, N. and Gess, R. W.(1995). Archaeopteris (Progymnospermopsida) from the
Devonian of southern Africa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117, 305–320.
1577:
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703:, says, "When appears, it very quickly became the dominant tree all over the Earth. On all of the land areas that were habitable, they all had this tree". One species,
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system, so had a profound impact on soil chemistry. And once these ecosystem changes happened, they were changed for all time. It was a one-time thing."
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The trees of this genus typically grew to 24 m (80 ft) in height with leafy foliage reminiscent of some conifers. The large fern-like
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were actually part of the same plant. It was a plant with a mixture of characteristics not seen in any living plant, a link between true
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woodlands. It would have formed a significant part of the canopy vegetation of early forests. Speaking of the first appearance of
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707:, has even been reported from within what was then the Antarctic Circle: leaves and fertile structures were identified from the
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or
Pinophyta are one of four divisions of extant gymnosperms that arose from the seed ferns during the Carboniferous period.
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during the
Devonian before becoming extinct within a short period of time at the beginning of the Carboniferous period.
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towards reproduction by seeds, which first appeared in the earliest, long-extinct gymnosperm group, the seed ferns (
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to be the earliest known tree. Bearing buds, reinforced branch joints, and branched trunks similar to today's
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1131:. Smithsonian Books (in association with the Natural History Museum of London), Washington, D.C. (2004).
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single plane. On fertile branches, some of the leaves were replaced by sporangia (spore capsules).
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923:"Heterospory - the most iterative key innovation in the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom"
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reproduced by releasing spores rather than by producing seeds, but some of the species, such as
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evidence that whole fronds were shed together as single units, perhaps seasonally like modern
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on the world-scene, Stephen
Scheckler, a professor of biology and geological sciences at
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2016:
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492:
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671:, deeper root systems were being developed that could support ever higher growth.
1093:
Consequences of Rapid
Expansion of Late Devonian Forests, by Stephen E. Scheckler
335:), the oldest fossils being 385 million years old, and had global distribution.
30:
This article is about the ancient plant. For the ancient bird-like dinosaur, see
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1954:
1663:
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1433:
1294:
1254:
566:
472:, though he did not find any structures other than the trunk. The similarity to
60:
2999:
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2006:
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2181:
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1964:
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Fossilized Roots Are
Revealing the Nature of 385-Million-Year-Old Forests
368:
ferns, and belongs to the progymnosperms, a group of extinct plants with
340:
330:
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100:
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473:
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317:
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115:
90:
1112:. Smithsonian Handbooks. Dorling Kindersley, Inc. New York, NY (2002).
1088:
History of
Paleozoic Forests: the Early Forests and the Progymnosperms
495:
Charles B. Beck was able to demonstrate that the fossil wood known as
2829:
481:
449:
3305:
889:
835:
688:
634:
535:
361:
357:
301:
159:
534:, but in this case refers to the fern-like nature of the plant's
528:. The name is similar to that of the first known feathered bird,
684:
445:
365:
353:
349:
309:
3309:
3207:
3179:
3035:
1856:
1769:
1531:
1183:
1145:
549:
is a member of a group of free-sporing woody plants called the
476:
wood was recognized. It was also noted that ferns of the genus
448:, and it remained classified so for over 100 years. In 1911,
429:
417:
984:, and further consideration of its phylogenetic position".
1868:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1195:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
930:
Biological
Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1069:"Earliest Modern Tree Lived 360-345 Million Years Ago,"
730:
may have played a part in the transformation of Earth's
871:
and further consideration of its phylogenetic position"
413:
described the genus in 1871. The name derives from the
372:-like wood but that produce spores rather than seeds.
3318:
3086:
3070:
2987:
2956:
2935:
2919:
2868:
2722:
2697:
2466:
2421:
2190:
1999:
1978:
1917:
1886:
1741:
1710:
1677:
1606:
1578:
Tectonic evolution of the
Barberton greenstone belt
1503:
1330:
1244:
1203:
1119:. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1992).
553:that are interpreted as distant ancestors of the
364:. It combines characteristics of woody trees and
3057:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
1835:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
1873:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
1157:
8:
655:foliage or like trees in the cypress family
383:from the Late Devonian, Walton Formation of
394:A polished round of permineralised wood of
3306:
3286:
3204:
3176:
3067:
3032:
2694:
2418:
1883:
1853:
1840:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
1766:
1603:
1528:
1200:
1180:
1164:
1150:
1142:
126:
38:
1005:
897:
398:from the Late Devonian Woodford Shale of
27:Extinct genus of Devonian vascular plants
975:
973:
389:
374:
1031:"Archaeopteris - The First "True" Tree"
787:
588:
921:Bateman, R.M.; W.A. Dimichele (1994).
980:Beck, C. (1962). "Reconstructions of
7:
352:, it is more reminiscent of modern
3062:Geological Society of South Africa
1123:Introduction to the Progymnosperms
998:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1962.tb14953.x
942:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1994.tb01276.x
806:Beck, CB (1960). "The identity of
667:roots had been the norm, but with
25:
1614:List of volcanoes in South Africa
722:Looking roughly like a top-heavy
480:were often found associated with
3285:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3247:
3159:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
744:
619:
605:
591:
146:
3441:Mississippian genus extinctions
3436:Late Devonian first appearances
2444:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
1127:Davis, Paul and Kenrick, Paul;
444:was originally classified as a
283:Archaeopteris sphenophyllifolia
18:Archaeopteris sphenophyllifolia
3052:Evolutionary Studies Institute
2449:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
701:Virginia Polytechnic Institute
542:Relationship to spermatophytes
1:
3446:Fossil taxa described in 1871
2434:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
2429:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
1830:Minerals Council South Africa
1687:1620 Robben Island earthquake
711:in what is now South Africa.
454:Mikhail Dimitrievich Zalessky
344:, many scientists considered
3037:Research and administration
2710:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
2454:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
646:Aside from its woody trunk,
338:Until the 2007 discovery of
2705:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
2439:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
3482:
1733:Vredefort impact structure
1723:Morokweng impact structure
1697:2006 Mozambique earthquake
986:American Journal of Botany
878:American Journal of Botany
430:
418:
356:-bearing trees than other
29:
3456:Paleozoic life of Nunavut
3451:Paleozoic life of Alberta
3241:
3214:
3203:
3186:
3175:
3134:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
3042:
3031:
3015:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
1878:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
1863:
1852:
1776:
1765:
1659:Barberton Greenstone Belt
1538:
1527:
1190:
1179:
709:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
244:
239:
143:Scientific classification
141:
134:
125:
41:
3466:Prehistoric plant genera
3461:Paleozoic life of Quebec
2755:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
1624:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
1275:Table Mountain Sandstone
1211:Bushveld Igneous Complex
714:Scheckler believes that
679:Evidence indicates that
642:Other modern adaptations
499:and the leaves known as
456:described a new type of
316:, this tree is found in
253:Archaeopteris gaspiensis
3268:South Africa portal
3104:Charles Kimberlin Brain
1692:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
1407:Abrahamskraal Formation
1361:Sundays River Formation
1285:Abrahamskraal Formation
1173:Geology of South Africa
705:Archaeopteris notosaria
381:Archaeopteris macilenta
312:-like leaves. A useful
273:Archaeopteris notosaria
268:Archaeopteris macilenta
263:Archaeopteris hibernica
136:Archaeopteris hibernica
3119:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
3047:Council for Geoscience
3010:West Coast Fossil Park
1702:2014 Orkney earthquake
1583:Terra Australis Orogen
1533:Tectonics and orogeny
1346:Buffelskloof Formation
563:Archaeopteris halliana
402:
387:
320:dating from the Upper
258:Archaeopteris halliana
248:Archaeopteris fissilis
3398:Paleobiology Database
1629:Prince Edward Islands
1185:Geological formations
468:. He called the wood
393:
378:
3431:Carboniferous plants
3426:Late Devonian plants
3191:Geology of Cape Town
3149:John Talbot Robinson
3099:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
1805:Coal in South Africa
1796:Banket (mining term)
1493:Normandien Formation
1236:Transvaal Supergroup
575:Pteridospermatophyta
396:Callixylon whiteanum
379:A reconstruction of
331:383 to 323
278:Archaeopteris obtusa
3154:George William Stow
2995:Cradle of Humankind
1749:Bellsbank meteorite
1642:Finsch diamond mine
1598:Witwatersrand Basin
1573:Makhonjwa Mountains
1444:Whitehill Formation
1422:Middleton Formation
1310:Whitehill Formation
1300:Ganigobis Formation
1260:Ganigobis Formation
867:"Reconstruction of
828:1960Britt..12..351B
752:Paleontology portal
687:, growing close to
411:John William Dawson
186:Progymnospermopsida
55:Early Carboniferous
3254:Geology portal
3129:Alfred W. Crompton
3094:Andrew Geddes Bain
2378:Pristerognathoides
1818:Titanium in Africa
1813:Platinum in Africa
1809:Iron ore in Africa
1652:Koffiefontein mine
1647:Jagersfontein Mine
1558:Gondwanide orogeny
1456:Bushveld Sandstone
1427:Teekloof Formation
1356:Kirkwood Formation
1305:Teekloof Formation
1216:Fig Tree Formation
1117:A Guide to Fossils
1104:Walker, Cyril and
1098:2012-07-16 at the
1035:Forestry.about.com
526:Archaeopteridaceae
428:, "ancient"), and
403:
388:
212:Archaeopteridaceae
3413:
3412:
3385:Open Tree of Life
3312:Taxon identifiers
3303:
3302:
3237:
3236:
3219:Pothole (geology)
3199:
3198:
3181:Regional articles
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3124:H. Basil S. Cooke
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
2800:Heterodontosaurus
2718:
2717:
2462:
2461:
2393:Promoschorhynchus
1848:
1847:
1823:Uranium in Africa
1771:Mineral deposits
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1488:Molteno Formation
1483:Katberg Formation
1461:Clarens Formation
1417:Katberg Formation
1412:Balfour Formation
1380:Drakensberg Group
1368:Kalahari Deposits
1290:Balfour Formation
1221:Komatii Formation
865:Beck, CB (1962).
519:Archaeopteridales
514:is placed in the
385:Hancock, New York
333:million years ago
290:
289:
235:
199:Archaeopteridales
16:(Redirected from
3473:
3406:
3405:
3393:
3392:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3307:
3289:
3288:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3251:
3205:
3177:
3068:
3033:
2695:
2419:
2348:Macroscelesaurus
2228:Cistecephaloides
2213:Blattoidealestes
2037:Cistecephaloides
1940:Deltacephalaspis
1884:
1854:
1767:
1604:
1529:
1478:Elliot Formation
1466:Elliot Formation
1397:Karoo Supergroup
1231:Onverwacht Group
1201:
1181:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1037:. Archived from
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
977:
968:
967:
965:
964:
958:
952:. Archived from
927:
918:
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911:
901:
875:
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856:
855:
803:
797:
792:
754:
749:
748:
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435:
434:
423:
422:
334:
230:
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210:
197:
184:
151:
150:
130:
120:
57:
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
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3415:
3414:
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3333:
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3314:
3304:
3299:
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3233:
3224:Steep structure
3210:
3195:
3182:
3163:
3087:Paleontologists
3082:
3066:
3038:
3019:
2983:
2979:Vulpes skinneri
2952:
2931:
2915:
2911:Ptychoceratodus
2876:Acanthohoplites
2864:
2840:Ptychoceratodus
2714:
2693:
2644:Ptychoceratodus
2619:Platycraniellus
2544:Ictidosuchoides
2458:
2417:
2398:Scalopocephalus
2383:Pristerognathus
2298:Homodontosaurus
2186:
2112:Ictidosuchoides
2052:Dicynodontoides
2032:Charassognathus
1995:
1974:
1950:Gondwanascorpio
1913:
1882:
1859:
1844:
1772:
1753:
1737:
1706:
1673:
1602:
1588:Transvaal Basin
1568:Kalahari Craton
1563:Kaapvaal Craton
1534:
1515:
1499:
1451:Stormberg Group
1390:Uitenhage Group
1341:Uitenhage Group
1326:
1270:Bokkeveld Group
1240:
1199:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1100:Wayback Machine
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:, 22 April 1999
1067:Virginia Tech,
1066:
1062:
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1042:
1028:
1027:
1023:
979:
978:
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962:
960:
956:
925:
920:
919:
915:
890:10.2307/2439077
873:
864:
863:
859:
836:10.2307/2805124
805:
804:
800:
793:
789:
784:
750:
745:
743:
740:
691:systems and in
677:
644:
629:
624:
615:
610:
601:
596:
587:
571:vascular plants
544:
452:paleontologist
408:
329:
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73:
68:
63:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3477:
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3453:
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3438:
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3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3394:
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3324:
3322:
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3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3144:James Kitching
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2974:Panthera shawi
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:Macroscaphites
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Sefapanosaurus
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Massospondylus
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Erythrotherium
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2689:Zorillodontops
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2614:Plateosauravus
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Olivierosuchus
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Microgomphodon
2576:
2571:
2569:Melanorosaurus
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2519:Erythrotherium
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Batrachosuchus
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2415:
2413:Uranocentrodon
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2328:Lanthanostegus
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Cynariognathus
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:Brachyprosopus
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2191:Beaufort Group
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Alopecognathus
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Onychopterella
1896:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:Tswaing crater
1725:
1720:
1718:Kalkkop crater
1714:
1712:
1711:Impact craters
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1553:Ellisras Basin
1550:
1548:Cape Fold Belt
1545:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1402:Beaufort Group
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:Enon Formation
1382:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Enon Formation
1348:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1251:Carboniferous
1248:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1204:Palaeoarchaean
1198:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1154:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1125:
1120:
1115:Mayr, Helmut.
1113:
1102:
1090:
1083:
1082:External links
1080:
1077:
1076:
1060:
1051:
1021:
1007:2027.42/141981
992:(4): 373–382.
969:
936:(3): 345–417.
913:
899:2027.42/141981
884:(4): 373–382.
857:
822:(4): 351–368.
798:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
755:
739:
736:
724:Christmas tree
683:preferred wet
676:
673:
643:
640:
631:
630:
625:
618:
616:
611:
604:
602:
597:
590:
586:
583:
551:progymnosperms
543:
540:
493:paleontologist
491:In the 1960s,
458:petrified wood
407:
404:
288:
287:
286:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
242:
241:
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236:
219:
215:
214:
206:
202:
201:
193:
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188:
180:
176:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
58:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3478:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3350:Archaeopteris
3345:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3320:Archaeopteris
3317:
3313:
3308:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3174:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3078:Hans Merensky
3076:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3030:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:Scylacorhinus
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Africanacetus
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Litargosuchus
2813:
2811:
2810:Lesothosaurus
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Gigantoscelus
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Abrictosaurus
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Scaloposaurus
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Proterosuchus
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Progalesaurus
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Lepidodendron
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Euskelosaurus
2527:
2525:
2524:Eucnemesaurus
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Erythrosuchus
2512:
2510:
2509:Ericiolacerta
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Blikanasaurus
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:Pelictosuchus
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Lepidodendron
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Ictidochampsa
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Cryptocynodon
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:Anomocephalus
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2172:Thliptosaurus
2170:
2168:
2167:Theriognathus
2165:
2163:
2162:Stereosternum
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Scylacosaurus
2145:
2143:
2142:Procynosuchus
2140:
2138:
2137:Odontocyclops
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Lepidodendron
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:Ictidognathus
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Dwykaselachus
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Crapartinella
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Anomocephalus
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1991:Lepidodendron
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:Carboniferous
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Antarctilamna
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1858:Paleontology
1855:
1851:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:Witwatersrand
1789:
1787:
1786:Merensky Reef
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
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1660:
1657:
1653:
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1648:
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1634:
1632:
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1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1526:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
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1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Moodies Group
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:1-58834-156-9
1134:
1130:
1129:Fossil Plants
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1041:on 2016-06-16
1040:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:Archaeopteris
976:
974:
970:
959:on 2012-04-15
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
924:
917:
914:
909:
905:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
870:
869:Archaeopteris
861:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:Archaeopteris
802:
799:
796:
791:
788:
781:
777:
776:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
757:
753:
742:
737:
735:
733:
729:
728:Archaeopteris
725:
720:
717:
716:Archaeopteris
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
697:Archaeopteris
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Archaeopteris
674:
672:
670:
669:Archaeopteris
666:
660:
658:
654:
649:
648:Archaeopteris
641:
639:
636:
628:
622:
617:
614:
608:
603:
600:
594:
589:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:heterosporous
564:
560:
559:Archaeopteris
556:
552:
548:
547:Archaeopteris
541:
539:
537:
533:
532:
531:Archaeopteryx
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
512:Archaeopteris
508:
506:
502:
501:Archaeopteris
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
478:Archaeopteris
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Archaeopteris
439:
433:
427:
421:
416:
415:ancient Greek
412:
405:
401:
400:Ada, Oklahoma
397:
392:
386:
382:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Archaeopteris
343:
342:
336:
332:
327:
326:Carboniferous
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:progymnosperm
303:
300:
296:
295:
294:Archaeopteris
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
238:
233:
228:
227:
226:Archaeopteris
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
203:
200:
194:
191:
190:
187:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:Tracheophytes
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
124:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
52:
51:Late Devonian
44:
43:Archaeopteris
40:
37:
33:
32:Archaeopteryx
19:
3319:
3292:
3278:
3259:
3245:
3139:Andre Keyser
3114:Alfred Brown
3109:Robert Broom
2901:Nqwebasaurus
2891:Kangnasaurus
2855:Sphenosuchus
2780:Geranosaurus
2760:Dracovenator
2740:Antetonitrus
2684:Ufudocyclops
2669:Tetracynodon
2659:Scymnosaurus
2564:Lystrosaurus
2549:Kannemeyeria
2504:Elliotherium
2403:Silpholestes
2353:Moschorhinus
2333:Leontosaurus
2303:Icticephalus
2293:Euchambersia
2243:Colobodectes
2233:Choerosaurus
2198:Aelurosaurus
2177:Trochosaurus
2157:Simorhinella
2152:Scymnosaurus
2097:Glossopteris
2082:Eunotosaurus
1960:Serenichthys
1945:Diplacanthus
1925:Africanaspis
1669:Karoo-Ferrar
1128:
1116:
1109:
1071:ScienceDaily
1070:
1063:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1034:
1029:Nix, Steve.
1024:
989:
985:
981:
961:. Retrieved
954:the original
933:
929:
916:
881:
877:
868:
860:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
790:
775:Lyginopteris
773:
768:Glossopteris
766:
759:
727:
721:
715:
713:
704:
696:
680:
678:
668:
661:
657:Cupressaceae
647:
645:
632:
627:A. notosaria
626:
613:H. maclienta
612:
598:
562:
558:
546:
545:
529:
511:
509:
500:
496:
490:
485:
477:
469:
462:Donets Basin
441:
437:
425:
409:
395:
380:
345:
339:
337:
314:index fossil
293:
292:
291:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
225:
224:
166:
135:
42:
36:
3344:Wikispecies
2969:Homo naledi
2957:Pleistocene
2906:Paranthodon
2881:Algoasaurus
2860:Tritheledon
2845:Pulanesaura
2775:Fabrosaurus
2750:Coelophysis
2698:Assemblages
2679:Trirachodon
2674:Thrinaxodon
2624:Procolophon
2609:Pentasaurus
2594:Noteosuchus
2584:Micropholis
2559:Lydekkerina
2499:Dinanomodon
2489:Cynognathus
2422:Assemblages
2388:Procolophon
2373:Pristerodon
2368:Polycynodon
2323:Ictidostoma
2318:Ictidodraco
2283:Eohyosaurus
2278:Eodicynodon
2273:Dinanomodon
2223:Broomistega
2092:Glanosuchus
2077:Endothiodon
2062:Dinanomodon
2027:Bulbasaurus
1955:Priscomyzon
1679:Earthquakes
1664:Drakensberg
1619:Pilanesberg
1543:Algoa Basin
1511:Algoa Group
1434:Dwyka Group
1337:Cretaceous
1316:Ordovician
1295:Dwyka Group
1255:Dwyka Group
665:rhizomatous
599:A. halliana
585:Description
555:gymnosperms
507:and ferns.
505:gymnosperms
440:, "fern").
3420:Categories
3071:Geologists
3000:Planolites
2964:Boskop Man
2869:Cretaceous
2835:Pegomastax
2820:Lycorhinus
2805:Ledumahadi
2795:Gyposaurus
2745:Arcusaurus
2664:Shansiodon
2649:Regisaurus
2634:Prolacerta
2574:Mesosuchus
2534:Galesaurus
2494:Diademodon
2484:Bolotridon
2288:Emyduranus
2263:Cynosaurus
2238:Clelandina
2127:Mesosaurus
2122:Lycosuchus
2087:Galechirus
2067:Dinogorgon
2047:Cynosaurus
1894:Notiodella
1887:Ordovician
1781:Kimberlite
1742:Meteorites
1633:Diatremes
1439:Ecca Group
1320:Soom Shale
1106:David Ward
1045:2014-10-05
963:2010-12-30
812:Callixylon
782:References
693:floodplain
510:The genus
497:Callixylon
486:Callixylon
470:Callixylon
464:in modern
370:gymnosperm
366:herbaceous
308:tree with
2948:Nummulite
2927:Nummulite
2920:Paleogene
2886:Baculites
2604:Orosaurus
2589:Myosaurus
2408:Tamboeria
2358:Paliguana
2343:Lycideops
2313:Ictidodon
2268:Diictodon
2248:Compsodon
2208:Basilodon
2102:Hofmeyria
2057:Diictodon
2022:Basilodon
2007:Abdalodon
1986:Dadoxylon
1970:Umzantsia
1909:Soomaspis
1904:Promissum
1607:Volcanism
1593:Witteberg
1474:Triassic
1376:Jurassic
1266:Devonian
1245:Paleozoic
816:Brittonia
761:Calamites
653:deciduous
460:from the
360:-bearing
324:to Lower
156:Kingdom:
3329:Wikidata
3294:Glossary
3280:Category
2790:Gryponyx
2765:Eocursor
2730:Aardonyx
2723:Jurassic
2467:Triassic
2182:Youngina
2132:Moschops
1965:Tutusius
1935:Bainella
1918:Devonian
1637:Big Hole
1504:Cenozoic
1331:Mesozoic
1281:Permian
1096:Archived
950:29709953
852:27887887
738:See also
579:conifers
426:archaīos
406:Taxonomy
341:Wattieza
322:Devonian
240:Species
205:Family:
3390:4738368
3377:1373332
3364:4891133
3335:Q134691
3229:Swazian
2936:Neogene
2539:Howesia
2000:Permian
1110:Fossils
1016:2439077
908:2439077
844:2805124
824:Bibcode
732:climate
675:Habitat
577:). The
482:fossils
474:conifer
466:Ukraine
450:Russian
420:ἀρχαῖος
299:extinct
218:Genus:
192:Order:
179:Class:
160:Plantae
3403:249678
2830:Ngwevu
1135:
1014:
948:
906:
850:
842:
635:fronds
536:fronds
523:family
438:ptéris
432:πτέρις
318:strata
297:is an
234:(1871)
232:Dawson
3372:IRMNG
3209:Other
2988:Other
1012:JSTOR
957:(PDF)
946:S2CID
926:(PDF)
904:JSTOR
874:(PDF)
848:S2CID
840:JSTOR
689:river
685:soils
565:were
516:order
358:spore
302:genus
167:Clade
3359:GBIF
1133:ISBN
810:and
521:and
446:fern
362:taxa
354:seed
350:wood
310:fern
61:PreꞒ
1002:hdl
994:doi
938:doi
894:hdl
886:doi
832:doi
814:".
484:of
304:of
3422::
3400::
3387::
3374::
3361::
3346::
3331::
1108:.
1033:.
1010:.
1000:.
990:49
988:.
972:^
944:.
934:69
932:.
928:.
902:.
892:.
882:49
880:.
876:.
846:.
838:.
830:.
820:12
818:.
726:,
659:.
557:.
538:.
488:.
169::
111:Pg
1165:e
1158:t
1151:v
1048:.
1018:.
1004::
996::
966:.
940::
910:.
896::
888::
854:.
834::
826::
436:(
424:(
328:(
222:†
209:†
196:†
183:†
116:N
106:K
101:J
96:T
91:P
86:C
81:D
76:S
71:O
66:Ꞓ
53:–
34:.
20:)
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