1300:
1123:
673:
1266:
428:
1412:, like other marine turtles, probably would have had to have come onshore to nest; like other turtles, it probably dug out a hollow in the sand, laid several dozens of eggs, and took no part in child rearing. The right lower flipper of the holotype is missing, and stunted growth of remaining flipper bone indicates this occurred early in life. It may have been the result of attempted predation by a bird while a hatchling and trying to escape to the sea, bitten off by some large predator such as a
1291:
grow thick and narrow towards their middle portion. The seven to nine spines projecting towards the head are short and triangular. The six middle spines are long and thin. The last 19 spines are flat. There are no marks indicating contact with the entepiplastron. The hypoplastron is similar to the hyoplastron, except it has more spines, a total of 54. The xiphiplastron is boomerang-shaped, a primitive characteristic in contrast to the straight ones seen in more modern turtles.
1200:
542:
150:
1380:
1179:
the sixth then rapidly decreasing, and they have little connection with the carapace. The three vertebrae of the sacrum are short and flat. It probably had eighteen tail vertebrae; the first eight to ten (probably in the same area as the carapace) had neural arches, whereas the remaining did not. Its tail likely had a wide range of mobility, and the tail is thought to have been able to bend at nearly a 90° angle horizontally.
1435:
129:
1080:
1168:
1449:; the muddy, oxygen-depleted seafloor was probably, on average, no more than 180 m (600 ft) below the surface, and average water temperature may have been 17 °C (63 °F) in the Campanian. The Late Cretaceous Dakotas were submerged in the Northern Inland Subprovince, an area characterized by moderate to cool temperatures, with an abundance of
1290:
A thick, continuous ridge connects the hyoplastron, hypoplastron, and xiphiplastron. The hyoplastron features a large number of spines projecting around the circumference. The hyoplastron is slightly elliptical, and grows thinner as it gets farther from the center, before the spines erupt. The spines
1286:
In protostegids, the epiplastron and entoplastron are fused together, forming a single unit called an "entepiplastron" or a "paraplastron." This entepiplastron is T-shaped, as opposed to the Y-shaped entoplastrons in other turtles. The top edge of the T rounds off, except at the center which features
1252:
region, perhaps totaling in seven ridges, with each ridge peaking at either 2.5 or 5 cm (1 or 2 in). In the absence of firmly jointed neck and pleural plates, the skin over the carapace was probably thick, strong, and leathery in order to compensate and properly support the shoulder girdle.
1190:
of the forearms are short and compact, indicating the animal had strong flippers in life. The flippers would have had a spread of between 490 and 610 cm (16 and 20 ft), though most likely the more conservative estimate. Stretch marks on the limb bones indicate fast growth, with similarities
1178:
Five neck vertebrae were recovered from the holotype, and it probably had eight in total in life; they are X-shaped, procoelous–concave on the side towards the head and convex on the other–and their thick frame indicates strong neck muscles. Ten thoracic vertebrae were found, increasing in size until
1217:, as it gets farther from the midline, and the ribs are relatively larger and more well-developed than those of sea turtles. The second to fifth ribs, in the holotype, originate with a thickness of 2.5 cm (0.98 in) and terminate with around 4 to 5 cm (1.6 to 2.0 in) in thickness.
1282:
A turtle plastron, its underside, comprises (from head-most to tail-most) the epiplastron, the entoplastron, which is small and wedged in between the former and the hyoplastron; then is the hypoplastron and finally, the xiphiplastron. The plastron, as a whole, is thick, and measures (in a specimen
1207:
The carapace comprises on either side eight neuralia–the plates closest to the midline–and nine pleuralia–the plates that connect the midline to the ribs. The plates of the carapace are mostly uniform in dimensions, with the exception of the two pairs of plates corresponding to the eighth thoracic
1212:
has ten pairs of ribs, and, like the leatherback sea turtle but unlike other sea turtles, the first rib does not meet the first pleural. As in sea turtles, the first rib is noticeably shorter than the second, in this case, three quarters of the length. The second to fifth ribs project at a right
1422:, or was crushed off by larger adults while herding on the shore. However, the latter is unlikely as juveniles probably did not frequent the coasts even during breeding season. Brigitta is estimated to have lived to 100 years, and may have died while partially covered in mud
365:
instead of the hard shell seen in most sea turtles. The carapace may have featured a row of small ridges, each peaking at 2.5 or 5 cm (1 or 2 in) in height. It had an especially hooked beak and its jaws were adept at crushing, so it probably ate hard-shelled
1393:
probably had weaker arms, and thus less swimming power, than the leatherback sea turtle, and so did not frequent the open ocean as much, preferring shallower, calmer waters. This is indicated by the similarity of the humerus/arm and hand/arm ratios of it and
1224:
where they meet, and one plate may have lain over the other plate while the bone was still developing and malleable. The neuralia and pleuralia–the bony portions of the carapace–are particularly thin, and the ribs, especially the first rib, and the
1398:, which are known to have poor development of the limbs into flippers and a preference for shallow water. Conversely, the large flipper-to-carapace ratio of protostegids and the similarly large flipper spread, like that of the predatory cheloniid
1114:
70 cm (2.3 ft). The largest specimen, Brigitta, measures around 4.6 m (15 ft) from head to tail and 4.0 m (13 ft) from flipper to flipper, and, in life, weighed around 2.2–3.2 t (2.4–3.5 short tons). Skulls of
1152:, the cheek bones, due to the elongate head, do not project as far as they do in other turtles. The nostrils are elongated and rest on the top of the skull, slightly posited forward, and are unusually horizontal compared to sea turtles. The
1463:. There is no fossil evidence for vertebrate migration between the northern and southern provinces. Though sharks were generally more common in the southern province, several sharks are known from the Pierre Shale, including
1406:), combined with a broad body, indicate they could have pursued active prey, though they probably could not have sustained high speeds. Overall, it may have been a moderately-good swimmer, capable of open-ocean travel.
1426:–a state of dormancy–on the ocean floor. However, the longstanding belief that marine turtles brumate underwater like freshwater turtles may be incorrect given the high surfacing-frequency needed to prevent drowning.
306:, and is the largest turtle ever to have been documented, with the biggest specimen measuring 4.6 m (15 ft) from head to tail and 2.2–3.2 t (2.4–3.5 short tons) in body mass. It is known only from the
1299:
414:. It may have gone extinct due to the shrinking of the seaway, increased infant mortality rates (in the sea), higher instances of egg and hatchling predation (on land), and a rapidly cooling climate.
1287:
a small projection. The outward side is slightly convex and bends somewhat, away from the body. The two ends of the T flatten out, getting broader and thinner, as they get farther from the center.
2939:
Leidy, 1856 (Testudines: Pan-Cheloniidae) from the Late
Cretaceous (Campanian) of Alabama, USA, and the Occurrence of the Genus within the Mississippi Embayment of North America"
31:
5508:
1253:
This leathery carapace is also seen in the leatherback sea turtle. The spongy makeup is similar to the bones seen in open-ocean going vertebrates such as dolphins or
5344:
336:, respectively. The genus was named in 1895 by American paleontologist George Reber Wieland based on a skeleton from South Dakota, who placed it into the extinct
5523:
1548:, and the disappearance of gigantic protostegids seems to have coincided with the increasing size of dermochelyids. Protostegidae is more-or-less absent in
398:
was likely able to produce powerful strokes necessary for open-ocean travel and, if need be, escape from fellow marine predators. It inhabited the northern
1544:
was unable to migrate with it. The increasing threat of egg or hatchling predation by new marine or mammalian species may have led to the extinction of
1213:
angle from the midline, and, in the holotype, each measure 100 cm (3.3 ft) in length. A rib increases in thickness in the vertical direction
1136:
had a distinctly elongated and narrow head. It had a defined hooked beak which was probably covered in a sheath in life, reminiscent of the beaks of
5449:
5331:
1350:
flesh. It might have been able to target larger fish and reptiles, as well as, similar to the leatherback sea turtle, soft-bodied creatures such as
1346:. However, these were probably absent in the central Western Interior Seaway by the Early Campanian. Conversely, the beak may have been adapted for
1191:
to the leatherback sea turtle, the fastest growing turtle known, whose juveniles have an average growth rate of 8.5 cm (3.3 in) per year.
2858:
Nicholls, E. L.; Russell, A. P. (1990). "Paleobiogeography of the
Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America: the Vertebrate Evidence".
1140:. However, in the back, the cutting edge of the beak is dull compared to such animals. Much of the length of the head derives from the elongated
5513:
2643:
2417:
2366:
1630:
1276:
351:) was once thought to be its closest living relative, but now, Protostegidae is thought to be a completely separate lineage from any living
3075:
1692:
5518:
2912:"Paleocene turtles from the Aquia and Brightseat Formations, with a Discussion of their Bearing on Sea Turtle Evolution and Phylogeny"
645:
2336:
1753:
443:
1560:
levels. However, some
Maastrichtian-age Kansas Pierre Shale fossils may have been eroded millions of years ago, and it is possible
1552:
deposits, the latest
Cretaceous, and probably died off due to a cooling trend which other turtles were able to survive due to some
378:, while slowly moving over the seafloor. It also potentially consumed other animals, whilst swimming closer to the surface, like
1122:
5108:
4191:
3027:
Hay, O. P. 1908. The fossil turtles of North
America. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 75, 568 pp, 113 pl.
5235:
Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated
Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status
2297:
1556:
capabilities. Average water temperature may have decreased to 7 or 12 °C (45 or 54 °F) depending on estimated CO
1384:
649:
1322:. The thick plastron indicates the animal probably spent a lot of time on the soft, muddy seafloor, likely a slow-moving
5085:
2405:
1098:
The holotype measures 352 cm (11.5 ft) from head to tail, with the head measuring 60 cm (2 ft), the
576:. In 1902, a third, mostly complete specimen was collected also along the Cheyenne River. In 1953, Swiss paleontologist
5233:
5244:
3767:
3151:
1594:
1309:
470:
in 1895, and described by him the following year based on a mostly complete skeleton excluding the skull. He named it
463:
2092:
Derstler, K.; Leitch, A. D.; Larson, P. L.; Finsley, C.; Hill, L. (1993). "The World's
Largest Turtles - The Vienna
1613:
Ogg, J. G.; Hinnov, L. A. (2012), "Cretaceous", in
Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, M. D.; Ogg, G. M. (eds.),
3500:
3003:
3038:, with a classification of the marine Testudinata. American Journal of Science, Series 4, 14:95-108, 2 text-figs.
661:
149:
1697:, Recovered from the Cretaceous DeGrey Member of the Pierre Shale near Cooperstown, Griggs County, North Dakota"
4146:
3068:
2401:
1327:
1283:
described in 1898) 210 cm (7 ft) in length. Unlike the carapace, it features striations throughout.
546:
2894:
5002:
3013:
3007:
2356:
1446:
399:
2139:
5503:
5261:
4974:
3774:
3732:
3372:
1007:
719:
699:
677:
672:
467:
344:
287:
244:
137:
5417:
1988:
The
Vertebrate Fauna of the Selma Formation of Alabama. Part III: The Turtles of the Family Protostegidae
5475:
5370:
3718:
3220:
1399:
711:
557:
268:
2791:
5436:
5318:
4960:
3626:
3250:
2950:
2867:
2832:
2601:
2457:
1956:
1906:
1793:
1208:
vertebra which are smaller than the others, and the pygal plate closest to the tail which is larger.
581:
1265:
4945:
3304:
3061:
1991:. Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs. Vol. 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. pp. 78–79, 128–130.
617:
585:
577:
432:
1890:
1777:
4352:
4317:
4184:
3982:
3923:
3893:
2715:
2589:
2532:
2515:
Rhonin, A. G. J. (1985). "Comparative
Chondro-Osseous Development and Growth of Marine Turtles".
2182:
2143:
2067:
1636:
1347:
1319:
1230:
391:
144:
5480:
3901:
3655:
2352:
1653:
Martin, L. D.; Stewart, J. D. (1981). "An ichthyornithiform bird from the Campanian of Canada".
5375:
5462:
5357:
5349:
4895:
3878:
3830:
3821:
3704:
3281:
2978:
2768:
2689:
2639:
2633:
2413:
2362:
2332:
2274:
1944:
1749:
1626:
1454:
1103:
1099:
644:. In 1992, a fourth and the largest specimen to date, nicknamed "Brigitta", was discovered in
439:
407:
5467:
5362:
1711:
394:
flesh, with fish being another possible prey choice. With its large and strong foreflippers,
4687:
4075:
4050:
4011:
3959:
3690:
3235:
2968:
2958:
2875:
2840:
2758:
2750:
2705:
2668:
2661:"The Evolution of the Flippers and Paleoecology of Panchelonioidea (Testudines, Cryptodira)"
2609:
2563:
2524:
2465:
2264:
2254:
2217:
2174:
2135:
2057:
2018:
2005:
Hooks III, G. E. (1998). "Systematic Revision of the Protostegidae, with a Redescription of
1964:
1914:
1801:
1741:
1662:
1618:
1553:
1221:
514:
337:
1342:–some exceeding 120 cm (4 ft) in diameter–would have easily been able to sustain
5135:
4783:
4512:
4480:
4117:
4026:
3802:
3388:
3133:
2896:
Molluscan Paleontology of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous), Bowman County, North Dakota
1488:
1226:
1111:
303:
1986:
652:. In 2002, a fifth specimen, a partial skeleton, was discovered from the Pierre Shale of
2954:
2871:
2836:
2605:
2461:
1960:
1910:
1797:
1782:: a new gigantic cryptodire testudinate from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota"
5299:
5030:
5020:
4917:
4767:
4607:
4309:
4254:
3996:
3931:
3471:
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3431:
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2738:
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1157:
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459:
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4378:
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4340:
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4139:
3850:
3683:
3544:
3491:
3439:
2999:
2911:
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2820:
2719:
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1856:
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1588:
1549:
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1364:
1323:
1304:
1183:
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990:
942:
918:
761:
747:
715:
596:
590:
530:
518:
475:
340:
224:
86:
2489:
2186:
2163:"Reassessment of the Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Basal Turtles (Testudinata)"
2147:
1495:. The Pierre Shale's invertebrate assemblage includes a variety of mollusks, namely
1338:. In 1914, he suggested that the abundant, thin-shelled, bottom-dwelling Cretaceous
1248:
The carapace, in life, probably featured a row of ridges along the midline over the
5145:
5070:
5046:
4563:
4440:
4424:
4400:
4301:
4246:
4170:
4086:
4060:
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3864:
3788:
3753:
3563:
3529:
3396:
3312:
3258:
2673:
2660:
2022:
1581:
1272:
966:
826:
723:
707:
685:
653:
561:
455:
451:
307:
2206:
Cope, 1873 (Testudines: Panchelonioidea) from the Early Campanian of Alabama, USA"
2062:
2037:
1738:
The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous Marine Deposits of the Dakotas
1379:
5402:
2963:
2178:
17:
5411:
5293:
5123:
5078:
4924:
4909:
4831:
4823:
4815:
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4671:
4655:
4639:
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3666:
3584:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3423:
3365:
3357:
3274:
3266:
3213:
3203:
2734:
2305:
1891:"The Skull, Pelvis, and Probable Relationships of the Huge Turtles of the Genus
1574:
1530:
1513:
1477:
1471:
1459:
1418:
1395:
1254:
809:
535:
427:
367:
128:
61:
2550:
Scheyer, T. M.; Danilov, I. G.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Syromyatnikova, E. V. (2014).
1358:. However, it is possible the sharp beak was used only in combat against other
1079:
5202:
5115:
5101:
5062:
4839:
4759:
4727:
4711:
4679:
4617:
4590:
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4131:
4041:
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3447:
3380:
3297:
3289:
3192:
3183:
1968:
1745:
1525:
1483:
1450:
1167:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1084:
859:
524:
403:
387:
352:
332:
326:
211:
106:
71:
5284:
3048:
2469:
5194:
5054:
5038:
4967:
4931:
4881:
4874:
4799:
4775:
4719:
4663:
4370:
4162:
4110:
4068:
3781:
3739:
3647:
3633:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3570:
3415:
3243:
1918:
1805:
1519:
1507:
1355:
1335:
1161:
379:
161:
111:
55:
48:
2982:
2772:
2754:
2613:
2278:
2201:
1245:
in life similar to the limb bones of whales and other open-ocean animals.
698:, and thus their closest living relative would have been the dermochelyid
534:, the latter being nowadays classified in a position closer to the family
5428:
5396:
5310:
5278:
5009:
4938:
4858:
4847:
4743:
4285:
4177:
4019:
4004:
3966:
3915:
3841:
3746:
3725:
3711:
3697:
3553:
3480:
3349:
3328:
3320:
3102:
2821:"Temperature and salinity of the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway"
1534:
1496:
1423:
1413:
778:
565:
538:. A second specimen, a skull, was discovered in 1897 in the same region.
411:
371:
362:
181:
101:
96:
81:
76:
66:
2552:"The Shell Bone Histology of Fossil and Extant Marine Turtles Revisited"
2222:
1434:
1241:
structures, where the bone is dense and heavy, which probably served as
1199:
5454:
5336:
5153:
4902:
4807:
4703:
4647:
4227:
4220:
4102:
3952:
3938:
3795:
3760:
3675:
3577:
3117:
3108:
2536:
2259:
2243:
Moret (1935), a Protostegid Turtle from the Early Cretaceous of France"
1465:
1339:
1331:
1242:
1145:
569:
375:
191:
116:
91:
2568:
2551:
1156:(cheekbones) are rounded as opposed to triangular in sea turtles. The
4888:
4531:
3123:
3096:
3084:
2844:
2710:
1861:
Capellini, an enigmatic sea turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Italy"
1740:. Vol. 427. The Geological Society of America. pp. 85–163.
1214:
1107:
616:, which was first described by Wieland in 1909 and named in honor of
613:
508:
496:
484:
201:
171:
5255:
2528:
2441:
1666:
1330:, the jaws were adapted for crushing, implying the turtle ate large
710:
studies conclude that protostegids represent a completely separate,
541:
2819:
Petersen, S. V.; Tabor, C.; Lohmann, K. C.; Poulsen, C. J. (2016).
2304:. Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc. Archived from
620:
who first erected the family Protostegidae, was moved to the genus
4095:
3162:
1433:
1378:
1351:
1298:
1264:
1249:
1198:
1166:
1121:
1078:
671:
540:
426:
383:
1220:
The neuralia and pleuralia form highly irregular and finger-like
1182:
The humeri in the upper arms are proportionally massive, and the
5441:
5323:
3591:
1257:, and was probably also an adaptation to reduce overall weight.
1187:
5259:
3057:
2635:
Oceans of Kansas: a Natural History of the Western Interior Sea
1540:
As the seaway progressively migrated southward, it is possible
27:
Cretaceous marine turtle and the largest turtle ever discovered
2739:"First Records of Dive Durations for a Hibernating Sea Turtle"
1233:
to compensate, a condition seen in ancient ancestral turtles.
1160:, which formed the jaw joint, was probably heavily encased in
572:
were straighter. However, in 1909, Wieland reclassified it as
3053:
502:
490:
478:
2638:(2nd ed.). Indiana University Press. pp. 150–160.
1376:
may have also occasionally scavenged off the surface water.
556:, from remains collected in 1898 by American paleontologist
2490:"Carapace Bone Histology in the Giant Pleurodiran Turtle
680:
was previously thought to be the closest living relative.
1144:–which is the front part of the beak in this animal–and
3030:
Wieland, G. R. 1902. Notes on the Cretaceous turtles,
2162:
2933:
Gentry, A. D.; Parham, J. F.; Ebersole, J. A. (2018).
2140:
10.3374/0079-032x(2007)48[3:promt]2.0.co;2
2100:(4.2 m), Upper Cretaceous of South Dakota and Texas".
731:
does not share a marine ancestor with any sea turtle.
1372:
specimen, and may have been a potential food source.
513:) 'mighty' or 'powerful'. Wieland placed it into the
390:. However, its beak may have been better-adapted for
32:
ARCHELON, the Sea Turtle Protection Society of Greece
1229:
are unusually heavy and may have had to carry extra
5386:
5268:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5133:
5019:
4992:
4857:
4627:
4605:
4598:
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4237:
4085:
4049:
4040:
3840:
3819:
3665:
3552:
3543:
3490:
3470:
3461:
3406:
3338:
3202:
3191:
3182:
3150:
3141:
3132:
2916:
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
2329:The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles
2860:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2412:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 231–241.
2292:
2290:
2288:
2128:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History
727:(which includes all sea turtles). In this model,
2488:Scheyer, T. M.; Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. (2007).
2121:"Phylogenetic Relationships of Mesozoic Turtles"
1895:from the Fort Pierre Cretaceous of South Dakota"
1164:. The jaw probably moved in a hammering motion.
2814:
2812:
2786:
2784:
2782:
564:refers, on the basis that the shell underside (
2583:
2581:
2579:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
402:, a mild to cool temperate area, dominated by
5232:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on
3069:
3012:(abridged ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1119:measured at up to 100 cm (3.3 ft).
632:was moved to the new genus (originally named
552:In 1900, Wieland described a second species,
8:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1308:may have been a food source. Above from the
545:1914 restoration by American paleontologist
2627:
2625:
2623:
2331:. Princeton University Press. p. 187.
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
5256:
5182:
5175:
4602:
4595:
4272:
4046:
3549:
3467:
3199:
3188:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3076:
3062:
3054:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
1980:
1978:
1704:North Dakota Geological Society Newsletter
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
580:split Protostegidae into two subfamilies:
127:
38:
2972:
2962:
2762:
2709:
2672:
2567:
2556:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
2268:
2258:
2221:
2061:
1383:"Brigitta," the largest specimen, at the
714:(ancient) lineage that originated in the
522:, which included at the time the smaller
5509:Late Cretaceous turtles of North America
2000:
1998:
1693:"Skeleton of the Rare Giant Sea Turtle,
692:had, in the past, been considered to be
316:. In the past, the genus also contained
2200:Gentry, A. D.; Ebersole, J. A. (2018).
1605:
1326:. According to American paleontologist
324:, though these have been reassigned to
2659:Gerheim, I.; Romano, P. S. R. (2015).
2410:Water Reptiles of the Past and Present
1691:Hoganson, J. W.; Woodward, B. (2004).
1617:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 793–853,
1564:survived well into the Maastrichtian.
1457:seabirds, and mosasaurs, particularly
2036:McDavid, S. N.; Hooks, G. E. (2023).
1736:Martin, J. E.; Parris, D. C. (2007).
1487:. Other large predatory fish include
1277:North American Museum of Ancient Life
302:is an extinct marine turtle from the
7:
5524:Monotypic prehistoric reptile genera
2237:Scavezzoni, I.; Fischer, V. (2018).
2042:, nom. nov., a replacement name for
2167:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
982:
958:
934:
910:
851:
801:
794:
753:
743:
2102:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2050:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2011:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1865:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1655:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1623:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5
1368:was found in great number near an
1110:15 cm (0.5 ft), and the
646:Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota
501:) 'turtle', and species name from
25:
2899:(MS). University of North Dakota.
2733:Hochscheid, S.; Bentivegna, F.;
1310:Natural History Museum Nuremberg
148:
1945:"Revision of the Protostegidae"
1106:135 cm (4.4 ft), the
718:, removing the family from the
2698:Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum
2674:10.7287/peerj.preprints.1039v1
2046:Hooks, preoccupied by Meyrick"
2023:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011036
1102:72 cm (2.4 ft), the
1:
5514:Fossil taxa described in 1896
3049:Oceans of Kansas Paleontology
2498:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2063:10.1080/02724634.2023.2252648
1385:Natural History Museum Vienna
650:Natural History Museum Vienna
588:; to the former was assigned
446:3000, was collected from the
2964:10.1371/journal.pone.0195651
2880:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90110-S
2442:"Notes on the Marine Turtle
2179:10.1080/14772019.2011.558928
1523:–bivalves–such as the giant
509:
497:
485:
5245:List of Testudines families
2594:American Journal of Science
2450:American Journal of Science
1949:American Journal of Science
1899:American Journal of Science
1786:American Journal of Science
1595:Largest prehistoric animals
636:, but subsequently renamed
466:by American paleontologist
431:Holotype (YPM 3000) at the
5540:
2590:"The Protostegan Plastron"
2358:The Biology of Sea Turtles
2355:; Musick, John A. (1996).
1438:Restoration in environment
503:
491:
479:
29:
5519:Prehistoric turtle genera
5228:
3159:
3091:
2796:The Virtual Fossil Museum
2792:"Western Interior Seaway"
2494:: Phylogeny and Function"
2361:. CRC Press. p. 10.
2327:Paul, Gregory S. (2022).
1969:10.2475/ajs.s4-27.158.101
1004:
987:
980:
963:
956:
939:
932:
915:
908:
873:
856:
849:
823:
806:
799:
792:
775:
758:
751:
274:
267:
145:Scientific classification
143:
135:
126:
41:
2893:Brinster, K. F. (1970).
2632:Everhart, M. J. (2017).
2492:Stupendemys geographicus
2470:10.2475/ajs.s4-15.87.211
1859:Protosphargis veronensis
1857:"Systematic position of
1843:Liddell & Scott 1980
1831:Liddell & Scott 1980
1819:Liddell & Scott 1980
1710:(1): 1–4. Archived from
1328:Samuel Wendell Williston
547:Samuel Wendell Williston
30:Not to be confused with
3014:Oxford University Press
3009:A Greek-English Lexicon
2688:Wieland, G. R. (1906).
2588:Wieland, G. R. (1898).
2440:Wieland, G. R. (1903).
2096:(4.6 m) and the Dallas
1943:Wieland, G. R. (1909).
1919:10.2475/ajs.s4-9.52.237
1889:Wieland, G. R. (1900).
1806:10.2475/ajs.s4-2.12.399
1776:Wieland, G. R. (1896).
1615:The Geologic Time Scale
1499:–from the Pierre Shale
1447:Western Interior Seaway
1073:with some protostegids
400:Western Interior Seaway
2755:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0250
2614:10.2475/ajs.s4-5.25.15
1502:Placenticeras placenta
1445:inhabited the shallow
1439:
1387:
1312:
1279:
1204:
1175:
1130:
1129:had a pronounced beak.
1090:
1008:Desmatochelys padillai
700:leatherback sea turtle
681:
678:leatherback sea turtle
568:) was thicker and the
549:
474:, genus name from the
435:
345:leatherback sea turtle
138:University of Manitoba
5476:Paleobiology Database
5371:Paleobiology Database
2910:Weems, R. E. (1988).
2202:"The First Report of
2161:Anquetin, J. (2011).
2119:Joyce, W. G. (2007).
1855:Hirayama, R. (2005).
1746:10.1130/2007.2427(06)
1437:
1400:loggerhead sea turtle
1382:
1302:
1268:
1202:
1170:
1125:
1082:
675:
608:. In the same study,
558:Othniel Charles Marsh
544:
430:
310:and has one species,
2241:Rhinochelys amaberti
2204:Toxochelys latiremis
1985:Zangerl, R. (1953).
1365:Eutrephoceras dekayi
1305:Eutrephoceras dekayi
704:Dermochelys coriacea
468:George Reber Wieland
374:, and possibly even
349:Dermochelys coriacea
136:Mounted cast at the
2955:2018PLoSO..1395651G
2872:1990PPP....79..149N
2837:2016Geo....44..903P
2606:1898AmJS....5...15W
2462:1903AmJS...15..211W
2223:10.5070/P9351037558
2007:Calcarichelys gemma
1961:1909AmJS...27..101W
1911:1900AmJS....9..237W
1821:, pp. 106–107.
1798:1896AmJS....2..399W
1717:on October 18, 2020
648:and resides in the
618:Edward Drinker Cope
433:Yale Peabody Museum
4353:Nanhsiungchelyidae
4318:Macrocephalochelys
2935:"A New Species of
2690:"The Osteology of
2260:10.7717/peerj.4594
1440:
1388:
1320:obligate carnivore
1313:
1280:
1205:
1176:
1131:
1104:thoracic vertebrae
1091:
943:Desmatochelys lowi
682:
574:Protostega marshii
550:
489:-) 'first/early',
436:
5491:
5490:
5463:Open Tree of Life
5418:Archelon ischyros
5388:Archelon ischyros
5358:Open Tree of Life
5262:Taxon identifiers
5253:
5252:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4264:
4263:
4036:
4035:
3539:
3538:
3457:
3456:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
2645:978-0-253-02715-3
2569:10.1111/bij.12265
2419:978-1-104-52662-7
2368:978-0-8493-8422-6
2308:on March 12, 2016
1780:Archelon ischyros
1632:978-0-444-59425-9
1529:– the squid-like
1508:Scaphites nodosus
1455:hesperornithiform
1077:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
897:
896:
888:
887:
838:
837:
600:, and the latter
472:Archelon ischyros
440:holotype specimen
408:hesperornithiform
295:
294:
281:Archelon ischyros
248:
54:80.21–74.21
18:Archelon ischyros
16:(Redirected from
5531:
5484:
5483:
5471:
5470:
5458:
5457:
5445:
5444:
5432:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5379:
5378:
5366:
5365:
5353:
5352:
5340:
5339:
5327:
5326:
5314:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5257:
5183:
5176:
4688:Chupacabrachelys
4603:
4596:
4273:
4051:Carettochelyidae
4047:
3550:
3468:
3200:
3189:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3017:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2866:(1–2): 162–166.
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:10.1130/G38311.1
2816:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2788:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2711:10.5962/p.234828
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2485:
2474:
2473:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2402:Williston, S. W.
2398:
2373:
2372:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2009:Zangerl, 1953".
2002:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1955:(158): 101–130.
1940:
1923:
1922:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1701:
1688:
1671:
1670:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1610:
1554:thermoregulatory
1520:Baculites ovatus
983:
959:
935:
911:
852:
802:
795:
754:
744:
734:
733:
610:Protostega copei
512:
506:
505:
500:
494:
493:
488:
482:
481:
423:Research history
283:
279:
260:A. ischyros
243:
236:
223:
153:
152:
131:
121:
58:
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5528:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5479:
5474:
5466:
5461:
5453:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5427:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5382:
5374:
5369:
5361:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5335:
5330:
5322:
5317:
5309:
5307:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5264:
5254:
5249:
5216:
5159:
5136:Sahonachelyidae
5129:
5015:
4988:
4853:
4784:Phosphatochelys
4623:
4577:
4518:
4513:Terlinguachelys
4481:Pneumatoarthrus
4384:
4346:
4260:
4233:
4081:
4032:
3836:
3815:
3803:Siebenrockiella
3661:
3535:
3486:
3453:
3402:
3389:Mesodermochelys
3334:
3195:
3166:
3128:
3087:
3082:
3045:
3024:
3022:Further reading
2998:
2995:
2990:
2949:(4): e0195651.
2932:
2931:
2927:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2831:(11): 903–906.
2818:
2817:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2780:
2743:Biology Letters
2732:
2731:
2727:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2665:PeerJ PrePrints
2658:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2587:
2586:
2577:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2529:10.2307/1444768
2514:
2513:
2509:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2456:(87): 211–216.
2439:
2438:
2427:
2420:
2400:
2399:
2376:
2369:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2056:(1). e2252648.
2035:
2034:
2030:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1942:
1941:
1926:
1905:(52): 237–251.
1888:
1887:
1876:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1792:(12): 399–412.
1775:
1774:
1763:
1756:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1674:
1667:10.1139/e82-024
1652:
1651:
1647:
1633:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1570:
1559:
1432:
1404:Caretta caretta
1362:. The nautilus
1297:
1263:
1227:shoulder girdle
1197:
1171:Foreflipper of
1096:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
898:
889:
839:
670:
582:Chelospharginae
425:
420:
361:had a leathery
304:Late Cretaceous
291:
285:
277:
276:
263:
242:
234:
221:
147:
122:
120:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
53:
52:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5537:
5535:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5496:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5472:
5459:
5446:
5433:
5423:
5408:
5392:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5367:
5354:
5341:
5328:
5315:
5305:
5290:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5240:
5239:
5238:. † = extinct.
5229:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5031:Albertwoodemys
5025:
5023:
5021:Podocnemididae
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4918:Lomalatachelys
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4863:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4768:Labrostochelys
4763:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4675:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4634:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4608:Araripemydidae
4600:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4310:Emarginachelys
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4255:Sinaspideretes
4250:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4064:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3932:Hesperotestudo
3927:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3826:
3824:
3822:Platysternidae
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3472:Dermatemydidae
3465:
3463:Kinosternoidea
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3432:Procolpochelys
3427:
3419:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3340:Dermochelyidae
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3232:
3229:Carolinochelys
3224:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3043:External links
3041:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3000:Liddell, H. G.
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2925:
2902:
2885:
2850:
2808:
2778:
2725:
2680:
2651:
2644:
2619:
2575:
2562:(4): 701–718.
2542:
2507:
2475:
2452:. 4th series.
2425:
2418:
2374:
2367:
2353:Lutz, Peter L.
2344:
2337:
2319:
2284:
2229:
2192:
2153:
2111:
2077:
2028:
1994:
1974:
1951:. 4th series.
1924:
1901:. 4th series.
1874:
1847:
1845:, p. 336.
1835:
1833:, p. 781.
1823:
1811:
1788:. 4th series.
1761:
1754:
1728:
1672:
1661:(2): 324–327.
1645:
1631:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1489:ichthyodectids
1431:
1428:
1296:
1293:
1262:
1259:
1239:osteosclerotic
1196:
1193:
1158:articular bone
1095:
1092:
1087:, namesake of
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
962:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
938:
933:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
914:
909:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
895:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
882:
881:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
855:
850:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
836:
835:
832:
831:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
757:
752:
750:
742:
739:
738:
737:Protostegidae
695:Dermochelyidae
669:
666:
658:Sheyenne River
578:Rainer Zangerl
560:, to whom the
460:Cheyenne River
448:Late Campanian
424:
421:
419:
416:
410:seabirds, and
293:
292:
286:
272:
271:
265:
264:
256:
254:
250:
249:
232:
228:
227:
219:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
59:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5536:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Protostegidae
5502:
5501:
5499:
5482:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5213:
5212:
5211:Tacuarembemys
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:Sahonachelys
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5109:Peltocephalus
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:Lapparentemys
5090:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4994:Pelomedusidae
4991:
4985:
4984:
4983:Yaminuechelys
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4954:Prochelidella
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4868:Acanthochelys
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:Kinkonychelys
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:Itapecuruemys
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4696:Eotaphrosphys
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4630:Bothremydidae
4626:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4540:Argillochelys
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:Santanachelys
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4449:Desmatochelys
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:Calcarichelys
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4417:Atlantochelys
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:Protostegidae
4387:
4381:
4380:
4379:Jiangxichelys
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4363:Anomalochelys
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4341:Protochelydra
4337:
4335:
4334:
4333:Planiplastron
4329:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4140:Drazinderetes
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4076:Carettochelys
4073:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3960:Malacochersus
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:Aldabrachelys
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:Leucocephalon
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3684:Banhxeochelys
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Testudinoidea
3542:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3492:Kinosternidae
3489:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:Protosphargis
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3196:(Sea turtles)
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:(25): 15–20.
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2508:
2504:(2): 137–154.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2338:9780691193809
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:9780813724270
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1589:Atlantochelys
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1550:Maastrichtian
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:bottom feeder
1321:
1317:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:birds of prey
1135:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:Protostegidae
1088:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
992:
991:Santanachelys
985:
984:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
944:
937:
936:
930:
929:
926:
925:
922:
921:
920:
919:Chelosphargis
913:
912:
906:
905:
902:
901:
893:
892:
884:
883:
880:
879:
878:
871:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
861:
854:
853:
847:
846:
843:
842:
834:
833:
830:
829:
828:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
803:
797:
796:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
781:
780:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:Calcarichelys
756:
755:
749:
748:Protostegidae
746:
745:
741:
740:
736:
735:
732:
730:
726:
725:
721:
717:
716:Late Jurassic
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:Protostegidae
687:
679:
674:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
597:Calcarichelys
593:
592:
591:Chelosphargis
587:
586:Protosteginae
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
548:
543:
539:
537:
533:
532:
531:Protosphargis
527:
526:
521:
520:
519:Protostegidae
516:
511:
499:
487:
477:
476:Ancient Greek
473:
469:
465:
464:Custer County
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
434:
429:
422:
417:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:Protostegidae
339:
335:
334:
329:
328:
323:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
301:
300:
289:
284:
282:
273:
270:
269:Binomial name
266:
262:
261:
255:
252:
251:
246:
241:
240:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:Protostegidae
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
139:
134:
130:
125:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
50:
44:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5387:
5269:
5234:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5152:
5144:
5122:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5086:Erymnochelys
5084:
5077:
5071:Cerrejonemys
5069:
5061:
5053:
5047:Brontochelys
5045:
5037:
5029:
5008:
5001:
4981:
4973:
4966:
4961:Pseudemydura
4959:
4952:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4710:
4702:
4694:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4616:
4570:
4564:Prionochelys
4562:
4554:
4546:
4538:
4530:
4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4479:
4471:
4463:
4455:
4447:
4441:Cratochelone
4439:
4431:
4425:Bouliachelys
4423:
4415:
4408:
4407:
4401:Alienochelys
4399:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4302:Chelydropsis
4300:
4292:
4284:
4253:
4247:Basilochelys
4245:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4171:Khunnuchelys
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4094:
4087:Trionychidae
4074:
4067:
4061:Allaeochelys
4059:
4025:
4018:
4012:Stigmochelys
4010:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3975:Megalochelys
3973:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3892:
3886:Cylindraspis
3884:
3877:
3870:
3865:Centrochelys
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:Testudinidae
3831:Platysternon
3829:
3810:Vijayachelys
3808:
3801:
3794:
3789:Rhinoclemmys
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3754:Melanochelys
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3654:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3564:Acherontemys
3562:
3530:Sternotherus
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3479:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3397:Psephophorus
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3327:
3319:
3313:Pacifichelys
3311:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3282:Lepidochelys
3280:
3273:
3265:
3259:Gigantatypus
3257:
3251:Eretmochelys
3249:
3242:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3193:Chelonioidea
3161:
3113:
3035:
3031:
3008:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2888:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2828:
2824:
2801:December 25,
2799:. Retrieved
2795:
2749:(1): 82–86.
2746:
2742:
2728:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2664:
2654:
2634:
2597:
2593:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2409:
2357:
2347:
2328:
2322:
2312:December 23,
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2299:
2253:(6): e4594.
2250:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2031:
2017:(1): 85–98.
2014:
2010:
2006:
1987:
1952:
1948:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1737:
1731:
1721:December 23,
1719:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1707:
1703:
1694:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1614:
1608:
1587:
1582:Psephophorus
1580:
1573:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1442:
1441:
1430:Paleoecology
1417:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1343:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1295:Paleobiology
1289:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1255:ichthyosaurs
1247:
1234:
1219:
1209:
1206:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1116:
1097:
1083:
1070:
1006:
1005:
989:
988:
967:Bouliachelys
965:
964:
941:
940:
917:
916:
876:
875:
874:
858:
857:
827:Alienochelys
825:
824:
808:
807:
777:
776:
760:
759:
728:
724:Chelonioidea
722:
708:phylogenetic
706:). However,
703:
693:
689:
686:sister group
683:
654:North Dakota
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
609:
605:
601:
595:
589:
573:
562:species name
553:
551:
529:
523:
517:
471:
456:South Dakota
452:Pierre Shale
437:
395:
358:
357:
348:
331:
325:
321:
317:
312:
311:
308:Pierre Shale
298:
297:
296:
280:
275:
259:
258:
238:
237:
42:
36:
5412:Wikispecies
5294:Wikispecies
5124:Stupendemys
5079:Cordichelys
4925:Mesoclemmys
4910:Hydromedusa
4832:Taphrosphys
4824:Sankuchemys
4816:Rhothonemys
4792:Polysternon
4672:Cearachelys
4656:Azabbaremys
4640:Araiochelys
4556:Ctenochelys
4548:Bashuchelys
4497:Rhinochelys
4473:Ocepechelon
4465:Notochelone
4457:Iserosaurus
4325:Macrochelys
4277:Chelydridae
4200:Palaeoamyda
4125:Cyclanorbis
3990:Psammobates
3983:Oligopherus
3946:Indotestudo
3894:Cymatholcus
3872:Chelonoidis
3858:Astrochelys
3667:Geoemydidae
3585:Deirochelys
3523:Staurotypus
3516:Kinosternon
3509:Hoplochelys
3424:Peritresius
3373:Dermochelys
3366:Cosmochelys
3358:Corsochelys
3275:Itilochelys
3267:Glarichelys
3214:Allopleuron
3204:Cheloniidae
3143:Superfamily
2937:Peritresius
2735:Hays, G. C.
1575:Stupendemys
1514:Didymoceras
1493:Xiphactinus
1478:Pseudocorax
1472:Squalicorax
1460:Platecarpus
1451:plesiosaurs
1419:Xiphactinus
1336:crustaceans
1203:Restoration
1154:jugal bones
1150:jugal bones
1142:premaxillae
1094:Description
810:Ocepechelon
720:superfamily
662:Cooperstown
628:. In 1998,
536:Cheloniidae
404:plesiosaurs
368:crustaceans
313:A. ischyros
5498:Categories
5203:Caririemys
5116:Podocnemis
5102:Latentemys
5063:Carbonemys
5003:Pelomedusa
4840:Ummulisani
4760:Kurmademys
4728:Inaechelys
4712:Galianemys
4680:Chedighaii
4618:Araripemys
4591:Pleurodira
4572:Toxochelys
4489:Protostega
4294:Chelydrops
4214:Pelodiscus
4207:Pelochelys
4155:Gilmoremys
4132:Cycloderma
4042:Trionychia
3909:Geochelone
3902:Floridemys
3768:Notochelys
3656:Wilburemys
3627:Malaclemys
3481:Dermatemys
3448:Puppigerus
3381:Eosphargis
3298:Miocaretta
3290:Mexichelys
3184:Cryptodira
3124:Testudines
3085:Testudines
3032:Toxochelys
2993:Cited text
2704:(7): 294.
2692:Protostega
2523:(3): 763.
2406:"Chelonia"
2098:Protostega
2044:Microstega
2040:Kansastega
1601:References
1531:belemnites
1526:Inoceramus
1484:Cretolamna
1396:cheloniids
1085:Protostega
860:Protostega
656:along the
638:Kansastega
634:Microstega
606:Protostega
554:A. marshii
525:Protostega
458:along the
388:nautiloids
353:sea turtle
333:Kansastega
327:Protostega
318:A. marshii
212:Cryptodira
208:Suborder:
202:Testudines
5403:Q20717056
5243:See also
5195:Caribemys
5055:Caninemys
5039:Bauruemys
4968:Rheodytes
4932:Myuchelys
4875:Chelodina
4800:Puentemys
4776:Nigeremys
4720:Ilatardia
4664:Bothremys
4371:Basilemys
4185:Nilssonia
4163:Hutchemys
4111:Axestemys
4069:Anosteira
3924:Hadrianus
3782:Pangshura
3740:Malayemys
3705:Geoclemys
3648:Trachemys
3641:Terrapene
3634:Pseudemys
3620:Graptemys
3613:Glyptemys
3606:Emydoidea
3599:Actinemys
3571:Chrysemys
3416:Euclastes
3244:Eochelone
3095:Kingdom:
3006:(1980) .
3004:Scott, R.
2922:(1): 144.
2720:134854045
2210:PaleoBios
2173:(1): 35.
2134:(1): 66.
2108:(3): 33A.
2072:261927100
1871:(3): 70A.
1641:127523816
1497:ammonites
1424:brumating
1356:jellyfish
1162:cartilage
668:Evolution
412:mosasaurs
380:jellyfish
253:Species:
168:Kingdom:
162:Eukaryota
49:Campanian
5426:BioLib:
5397:Wikidata
5308:BioLib:
5300:Archelon
5279:Wikidata
5270:Archelon
5010:Pelusios
4975:Rhinemys
4946:Platemys
4939:Phrynops
4859:Chelidae
4848:Zolhafah
4744:Jainemys
4409:Archelon
4286:Chelydra
4178:Lissemys
4020:Stylemys
4005:Solitudo
3967:Manouria
3916:Gopherus
3879:Chersina
3747:Mauremys
3726:Heosemys
3719:Hardella
3712:Geoemyda
3698:Cyclemys
3554:Emydidae
3501:Claudius
3350:Arabemys
3329:Tasbacka
3321:Syllomus
3236:Chelonia
3134:Suborder
3118:Diapsida
3109:Reptilia
3103:Chordata
3101:Phylum:
3097:Animalia
3036:Archelon
2983:29668704
2943:PLOS ONE
2773:17148134
2737:(2005).
2444:Archelon
2404:(1914).
2300:Archelon
2279:29666758
2187:85295987
2148:85998318
2094:Archelon
1893:Archelon
1695:Archelon
1568:See also
1562:Archelon
1546:Archelon
1542:Archelon
1535:nautilus
1491:such as
1443:Archelon
1414:mosasaur
1410:Archelon
1391:Archelon
1374:Archelon
1370:Archelon
1360:Archelon
1348:shearing
1344:Archelon
1340:bivalves
1332:mollusks
1316:Archelon
1273:Plastron
1270:Archelon
1261:Plastron
1243:ballasts
1235:Archelon
1215:distally
1210:Archelon
1195:Carapace
1173:Archelon
1146:maxillae
1134:Archelon
1127:Archelon
1117:Archelon
1071:Archelon
877:Archelon
779:Syllomus
729:Archelon
642:K. copei
630:A. copei
626:A. copei
622:Archelon
602:Archelon
566:plastron
510:ischyros
418:Taxonomy
396:Archelon
392:shearing
372:mollusks
363:carapace
359:Archelon
322:A. copei
299:Archelon
239:Archelon
218:Family:
192:Reptilia
182:Chordata
178:Phylum:
172:Animalia
158:Domain:
43:Archelon
5468:4948112
5455:4965003
5442:4522538
5363:4948111
5350:1310694
5337:4818914
5324:4522535
5285:Q632618
5154:Sokatra
4903:Emydura
4808:Rosasia
4704:Foxemys
4648:Arenila
4228:Trionyx
4221:Rafetus
4147:Dogania
4103:Apalone
4027:Testudo
3953:Kinixys
3939:Homopus
3796:Sacalia
3775:Orlitia
3761:Morenia
3676:Batagur
3578:Clemmys
3305:Natator
3221:Caretta
3122:Order:
3107:Class:
2974:5906092
2951:Bibcode
2868:Bibcode
2833:Bibcode
2825:Geology
2764:1629053
2602:Bibcode
2537:1444768
2458:Bibcode
2270:5898427
1957:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1794:Bibcode
1466:Squalus
1318:was an
1275:at the
1222:sutures
504:ἰσχυρός
498:chelone
376:sponges
288:Wieland
278:†
257:†
245:Wieland
231:Genus:
198:Order:
188:Class:
5481:128038
5186:
5179:
5172:
4896:Elusor
4889:Elseya
4882:Chelus
4599:
4532:Adocus
4523:
4269:
4238:
4118:Chitra
3820:
3407:
3152:Family
2981:
2971:
2771:
2761:
2718:
2642:
2535:
2517:Copeia
2416:
2365:
2335:
2277:
2267:
2185:
2146:
2070:
1752:
1639:
1629:
1533:, and
1517:, and
1481:, and
1231:stress
1148:. The
1108:sacrum
614:Kansas
570:humeri
515:family
492:χελώνη
343:. The
338:family
290:, 1896
247:, 1896
5429:60936
5376:36327
5345:IRMNG
5311:60935
4192:Palea
4096:Amyda
3997:Pyxis
3691:Cuora
3163:Genus
3114:Clade
2716:S2CID
2533:JSTOR
2298:"The
2247:PeerJ
2216:: 1.
2183:S2CID
2144:S2CID
2124:(PDF)
2068:S2CID
1715:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1637:S2CID
1416:or a
1352:squid
1250:chest
1188:ulnae
1184:radii
712:basal
660:near
640:) as
612:from
486:arkhe
450:-age
386:, or
384:squid
5450:GBIF
5332:GBIF
3592:Emys
3034:and
2979:PMID
2803:2018
2769:PMID
2640:ISBN
2521:1985
2414:ISBN
2363:ISBN
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