637:, while modern in rejecting historic revivalism, was idiosyncratic in his theory, which he conveyed in copious writing. Wright did not subscribe to the tenets of the International Style, but evolved what he hoped would be an American, in contrast to a European, progressive course. Wright's style, however, was highly personal, involving his particular views of man and nature. Wright was more poetic and firmly maintained the 19th-century view of the creative artist as unique genius. This limited the relevance of his theoretical propositions. Towards the end of the century
650:
796:
post-modernist project Sam Jacob, in the definition of new radical tendencies of architecture and its implication in the development of cities (Pier
Vittorio Aureli), in the embrace of the idea of discipline and in a new formalist approach to architecture through the appropriation of concepts from the Object Oriented philosophy. It is too early, however, to say whether any of these explorations will have widespread or lasting impact on architecture.
59:, and as publishing became more common, architectural theory gained an increased richness. Books, magazines, and journals published an unprecedented number of works by architects and critics in the 20th century. As a result, styles and movements formed and dissolved much more quickly than the relatively enduring modes in earlier history. It is to be expected that the use of the internet will further the discourse on architecture in the 21st century.
475:. The generation born during the middle-third of the 19th century was largely enthralled with the opportunities presented by Semper's combination of a breathtaking historical scope and a methodological granularity. In contrast to more recent, and thus "modern", thematically self-organized theoretical activities, this generation did not coalesce into a "movement." They did, however, seem to converge on Semper's use of the concept of
779:, which is the process of examining nature, its models, systems, processes, and elements, to emulate or take inspiration from them in order to solve human problems. Architects also design organic-looking buildings in the attempt to develop a new formal language. Another trend is the exploration of those computational techniques that are influenced by algorithms relevant to biological processes and sometimes referred to as
20:
178:(vāstu śāstra - literally "science of architecture" are texts on the traditional Indian system of architecture. These texts describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns (
73:
1569:
300:
520:
1902. (No
English edition came out until 1945.) For Sitte, the most important issue was not the architectural shape or form of a building but the quality of the urban spaces that buildings collectively enclose, the whole being more than the sum of its parts. The Modern Movement rejected these thoughts and
519:
town planning) of 19th-century urbanism. Mainly a theoretical work, it had an immediate impact on architecture, as the two disciplines of architecture and planning intertwined. Demand for it was so high that five editions appeared in German between 1889 and 1922 and a French translation came out in
734:
studies). Others, like
Beatriz Colomina and Mary McLeod, expand historical understandings of architecture to include lesser or minor discourses that have influenced the development of architectural ideas over time. Studies in feminism in architecture, and in sexuality and gender as potent cultural
657:
In contemporary architectural discourse theory has become more concerned with its position within culture generally, and thought in particular. This is why university courses on architecture theory may often spend just as much time discussing philosophy and cultural studies as buildings, and why
121:
on architecture, dedicated to the emperor
Augustus. Probably written between 27 and 23 BC, it is the only major contemporary source on classical architecture to have survived. Divided into ten sections or "books", it covers almost every aspect of Roman architecture, from town planning, materials,
791:
developed in computer science are used to evolve designs on a computer, and some of these are proposed and built as actual structures. Since these new architectural tendencies emerged, many theorists and architects have been working on these issues, developing theories and ideas such as
Patrick
795:
Contemporary architecture's theoretical world is plural and multicolored. There are different dominant schools of architectural theory which are based on linguistic analysis, philosophy, post-structuralism, or cultural theory. For instance, there is emerging interest in the re-discovery of the
739:
in the work of many other theorists and architects, such as Mark Wigley and Diana Agrest, among others. In their theories, architecture is compared to a language which can be invented and re-invented every time it is used. This theory influenced the so-called deconstructivist architecture. In
231:
Throughout the Middle Ages, architectural knowledge was passed by transcription, word of mouth and technically in master builders' lodges. Due to the laborious nature of transcription, few examples of architectural theory were penned during this time. Most written works during this period were
547:
of 1896. In this essay, Sullivan penned his famous alliterative adage "form ever follows function"; a phrase that was to be later adopted as a central tenet of Modern architectural theory. While later architects adopted the abbreviated phrase "form follows function" as a polemic in service of
195:
Brihat
Samhita dated to about the sixth century CE is among the earliest known Indian texts with dedicated chapters with principles of architecture. For example, Chapter 53 of the Brihat Samhita is titled "On architecture", and there and elsewhere it discusses elements of vastu sastra such as
735:
expressions, are also considered an integral part of the latter 20th-century theoretical discourse, and are associated with such persons as
Dolores Hayden, Catherine Ingraham, Jennifer Bloomer and Sylvia Lavin. The notion that theory entails critique also stemmed from post-structural
658:
advanced postgraduate research and doctoral dissertations focus on philosophical topics in connection with architectural humanities. Some architectural theorists aim at discussing philosophical themes, or engage in direct dialogues with philosophers, as in the case of
774:
In the past decade, there has been the emergence of the so-called "Digital" Architecture. Several currents and design methodologies are being developed simultaneously, some of which reinforce each other, whereas others work in opposition. One of these trends is
396:
published the essay "'American
Architecture" in August 1843, in which he rejected the imitation of old styles of buildings and outlined the functional relationship between architecture and decoration. These theories anticipated the development of
25:
799:
In the second decade of the twenty-first century, there is the emergence of architectural theory based on the frameworks of social reproduction theory and care ethics. This approach is introduced in
763:). Interests in fragmentation and architecture as transient objects further affected such thinking (e.g. the concern for employing high technology), but also related to general concerns such as
803:'s and Kim Trogal's edited a volume on the Social (Re)Production of Architecture and in the volume Critical Care. Architecture and Urbanism for a Broken Planet edited by Angelika Fitz and
76:
1521 Cesare
Cesariano Italian translation of De Architectura Libri Decem (The Ten Books on Architecture) by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. Preserved in the Smithsonian Museum of American History
1803:
Robin
Middleton and David Watkin, Neoclassicism and 19th-century architecture. The MIT Press, 1980 and Barry Bergdoll, European Architecture 1750–1890, Oxford University Press, 2000.l,
2070:
Stephen R. Kellert, Judith Heerwagen, and Martin Mador (eds.), "Biophilic Design: the Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life", John Wiley, New York, 2008.
1986:
Le système architectural gothique. Théologie sciences et architecture au XIII° siècle à Saint-Denis (Tome 2). Morphogenèse et modélisation de la basilique de Saint-Denis
1903:
548:
functionalist doctrine, Sullivan wrote of function with regard to biological functions of the natural order. Another influential planning theorist of this time was
196:"planning cities and buildings" and "house structures, orientation, storeys, building balconies" along with other topics. Other ancient Vastu shastra works includes
307:
The Age of the Enlightenment witnessed considerable development in architectural theory on the European continent. New archaeological discoveries (such as those of
303:
Frontispiece of Marc-Antoine Laugier's "Essai sur l'Architecture", 2nd ed. 1755 by Charles Eisen (1720–1778). Allegorical engraving of the Vitruvian primitive hut.
528:
architects and theorists from the 1970s, especially following its republication in 1986 by Rizzoli, in an edition edited by Collins and Collins (now published by
279:, which placed Vitruvius at the core of the most profound theoretical tradition of the modern ages. From Alberti, good architecture is validated through the
283:, which defines its purpose. This triplet conserved all its validity until the 19th century. A major transition into the 17th century and ultimately to the
479:, and they are thus labelled proponents of architectural realism. Among the most active Architectural Realists were: Georg Heuser, Rudolf Redtenbacher,
989:
408:
Towards the end of the century, there occurred a blossoming of theoretical activity. In England, Ruskin's ideals underpinned the emergence of the
2075:
1996:
1938:
1714:
1670:
1626:
55:. Architectural theory is often didactic, and theorists tend to stay close to or work from within schools. It has existed in some form since
232:
theological, and were transcriptions of the Bible. Since the architectural theories were on structures, fewer of them were transcribed. The
440:
provided the springboard for enormous vitality of thought dedicated to architectural innovation and the renovation of the notion of style.
702:, and in more recent years this philosophical orientation has been reinforced through the research of a new generation of theorists (E.G.
755:. By developing a new understanding of the city, many theorists developed new understandings of the urban conditions of our planet (E.G.
1979:
630:
710:). Similarly, we can refer to contemporary architects who are interested in philosophy and cultural studies. Some are interested in
2170:
2145:
2131:
2117:
2103:
2089:
2055:
2030:
2016:
1965:
1872:
1837:
1792:
1772:
89:. This does not mean, however, that such works did not exist, given that many works never survived antiquity. Vitruvius was a Roman
1730:
323:, arose to designate 18th-century architecture, which looked to these new classical precedents for inspiration in building design.
85:
There is little information or evidence about major architectural theory in antiquity, until the 1st century BC, with the work of
140:
52:
2182:
Angelika Fitz and Elke Krasny. Critical Care. Architecture and Urbanism for a Broken Planet. MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 9780262536837
1765:
A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: a Study of the Development of its Structural System and the Evolution of its Types
101:
active in the 1st century BC. He was the most prominent architectural theorist in the Roman Empire known today, having written
366:'s seminal Essai, provided the foundation for two generations of international activity around the core themes of classicism,
2213:
641:
reacted against the austerity of High Modern (International Style) principles, viewed as narrowly normative and doctrinaire.
1886:
2208:
225:
1706:
Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings
1587:
871:
745:
711:
398:
1132:
382:
335:
320:
425:
374:
1310:
699:
299:
2137:
2004:, 'On Dwelling: Heideggerian Allusions to Architectural Phenomenology', Studia UBB Philosophia 60 (2015): 5–30.
1295:
1216:
784:
723:
719:
622:
557:
515:) which was not exactly a criticism of architectural form but an aesthetic criticism (inspired by medieval and
409:
152:
917:
30:
1201:
922:
884:
638:
287:
was secured through the advanced mathematical and optical research of the celebrated architect and geometer
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1152:
217:
213:
123:
1393:
1119:
1055:
889:
846:
841:
780:
741:
610:
343:
245:
160:
649:
1142:
1014:
969:
879:
553:
363:
331:
284:
262:
43:. Architectural theory is taught in all architecture schools and is practiced by the world's leading
1346:
1849:
1574:
1499:
1279:
1173:
861:
740:
contrast, network society innovators, especially Silicon Valley software developers, have embraced
576:
402:
327:
275:
241:
1904:"The Social (Re)Production of Architecture: Politics, Values and Actions in Contemporary Practice"
1462:
1341:
1269:
1162:
1157:
1105:
937:
788:
634:
601:
565:
480:
2193:
Collection of source documents in the history, theory and criticism of 20th-century architecture
2166:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2051:
2026:
2012:
1992:
1975:
1961:
1934:
1868:
1833:
1788:
1768:
1710:
1666:
1660:
1622:
1616:
1477:
1050:
1019:
932:
912:
856:
393:
1531:
1504:
1472:
1452:
1315:
1305:
1206:
1178:
1045:
999:
994:
736:
683:
588:
437:
429:
288:
135:
1890:
1541:
1388:
1377:
1372:
1351:
1300:
1264:
1224:
1090:
1080:
851:
715:
707:
663:
614:
549:
533:
347:
280:
104:
56:
927:
831:
532:). The book is often cited anachronistically today as a vehicle for the criticism of the
488:
192:
147:
The rediscovery of Vitruvius' work in 1414 had a profound influence on architects of the
1734:
1643:
2064:
2060:
2001:
1816:
1812:
1546:
1494:
1482:
1428:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1333:
1290:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1211:
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1100:
1095:
1009:
1004:
959:
954:
902:
727:
703:
695:
691:
671:
659:
618:
540:
433:
413:
378:
748:(1979) based on pattern languages that are optimized on-site as construction unfolds.
19:
2202:
1582:
1467:
1418:
1147:
1085:
1075:
979:
974:
800:
752:
751:
Since 2000, architectural theory has also had to face the rapid rise of urbanism and
504:
472:
359:
257:
216:, dealing with domestic architecture authored by Thirumangalath Neelakanthan Musath,
209:
175:
118:
1972:
Catastrophisme architectural. L'architecture comme sémio-physique de l'espace social
1413:
1364:
1359:
1274:
1249:
1229:
1137:
1065:
894:
756:
626:
521:
252:
156:
127:
40:
2036:
291:, with an emphasis on his studies on conics, perspective and projective geometry.
212:, several scholars wrote architectural texts during medieval times which includes
191:- the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India.
167:
their rationale for raising their branch of knowledge to a scientific discipline.
1883:
1704:
1687:
2007:
Pierre Caye, Olga Medvedkova, Renaud Pleitinx and Jean Stillemans, Jean (eds.),
1515:
1447:
1254:
1060:
984:
964:
907:
804:
592:
584:
525:
492:
452:
417:
386:
367:
339:
312:
233:
148:
1928:
273:
The first great work of architectural theory of this period belongs to sabona,
122:
decorations, temples, water supplies, etc. It rigorously defines the classical
2110:
Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory
1564:
1536:
1442:
1423:
1328:
1323:
1259:
1124:
1070:
1040:
776:
768:
606:
596:
561:
524:
energetically dismissed the work. Nevertheless, Sitte's work was revisited by
187:
72:
1618:
Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India
1457:
949:
826:
731:
484:
94:
86:
44:
1927:
Fitz, Angelika; Krasny, Elke; Wien, Architekturzentrum, eds. (2019-04-30).
1689:
Architecture of Mānasāra: Text with English Translation and Critical Notes
1648:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London : Oxford University Press.
866:
197:
98:
1851:
Moderne Architektur: Seinen Schülern ein Führer auf diesem Kunstgebiete.
1568:
595:
illustrations, and didactic teachings to his students. Soon thereafter,
1865:
Modern Architecture: A Guidebook for His Students to This Field of Art.
764:
667:
516:
460:
456:
448:
444:
315:) drove new interest in Classical art and architecture. Thus, the term
308:
261:
in 1103, which was an architectural treatise that codified elements of
48:
572:
464:
179:
90:
2192:
2152:
726:, or specialize as philosophers and historians of science, such as
633:
with aims of using industrialised architecture to reshape society.
556:. This movement aimed to form communities with architecture in the
836:
679:
675:
648:
609:, his demand for "the elimination of ornament" joined the slogan "
539:
Also on the topic of artistic notions with regard to urbanism was
529:
468:
298:
221:
114:
71:
2082:
A history of architectural theory: from Vitruvius to the present
605:, and while his own style is usually seen in the context of the
144:(meaning structural adequacy, functional adequacy, and beauty).
16:
The act of thinking, discussing, and writing about architecture
1867:
Getty Center for the History of Art and the Humanities. 1988.
694:. This has also been the case with educators in academia like
443:
Semper in particular developed an international following, in
155:, which was already under way. Renaissance architects such as
1930:
Critical Care: Architecture and Urbanism for a Broken Planet
815:
579:
had many theorists and proponents. An early use of the term
51:
or dialogue, the treatise or book, and the paper project or
2096:
Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1969
421:
326:
Major architectural theorists of the Enlightenment include
587:, who gave examples of his own work representative of the
151:, adding archaeological underpinnings to the rise of the
2023:
Architectural Theory from the Renaissance to the Present
2124:
Architecture Culture 1943–1968: A Documentary Anthology
39:
is the act of thinking, discussing, and writing about
730:
who is also a notable phenomenologist (especially in
319:, exemplified by the writings of Prussian art critic
2175:
Vitruvius, Translation: Morris Hicky Morgan (1960).
1863:
Otto Wagner. Translated by Harry Francis Mallgrave.
568:
and popularised the style as domestic architecture.
509:
Der Städtebau nach seinem künstlerischen Grundsätzen
47:. Some forms that architecture theory takes are the
2161:Manfredo Tafuri, translated by Giorgio Verrecchia.
126:. It also proposes the three fundamental laws that
613:" as a principle of the architectural so-called
545:The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered
240:was an architectural document that emerged with
491:, Lawrence Harvey (architect)|Lawrence Harvey,
248:'s portfolio of drawings from about the 1230s.
1709:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
1662:Maònòdalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions
513:City Planning According to Artistic Principles
23:Architectural discourse from the illustrated
8:
2067:Footprint (#1, Autumn 2007), pp. 31–46.
1832:Courier Dover Publications, 1979. Page 202.
1621:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 19.
617:that came to dominate the mid-20th century.
583:in print occurred in the title of a book by
381:providing a moral and theoretical basis for
238:Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis
102:
2043:(Fall 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
1958:Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
653:A Cidade da Cultura / Eisenman Architects.
182:), symmetry, and directional alignments.
130:must obey, in order to be so considered:
1991:. Paris, Editions de l'Harmattan, 2013.
1884:Reading University: What is Biomimetics?
885:Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremere de Quincy
18:
2112:. Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
2084:. Princeton Architectural Press, 1994.
2065:"The Cunning of Architecture's Reason,"
2021:Bernd Evers, Christoph Thoenes, et al.
2009:Traités et autres écrits d'architecture
1819:Footprint (#1, Autumn 2007), pp. 31-46.
1817:"The Cunning of Architecture's Reason,"
1598:
629:provided the theoretical basis for the
1830:Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings.
1645:An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture
185:Vastu Shastra are the textual part of
7:
2163:Theories and History of Architecture
2098:. Cambridge University Press, 2005.
432:. On the Continent, the theories of
416:. This in turn formed the basis for
134:, translated in the 17th century by
2041:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
377:came to the fore in the 1820s with
2153:"On Architecture as a Spatial Art"
373:Reaction against the dominance of
14:
1933:. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
26:French Dictionary of Architecture
1642:Acharya, Prasanna Kumar (1946).
1567:
682:, in addition to an interest in
141:firmness, commodity, and delight
1787:. Yale University Press, 2002.
412:exemplified by the writings of
2050:. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998.
2048:Architecture Theory since 1968
1783:Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt ed.
575:, the idea of a radically new
1:
2177:The Ten Books On Architecture
1754:Evers, Thoenes, et al., p.13.
424:, exemplified by the work of
226:classical Indian architecture
111:The Ten Books of Architecture
2037:"Philosophy of Architecture"
1960:. Praeger Publishers, 1960.
1733:. 2011-07-21. Archived from
1588:Phenomenology (architecture)
872:Francesco di Giorgio Martini
811:Some architectural theorists
792:Schumacher's Parametricism.
746:The Timeless Way of Building
674:'s interest in the works of
255:China, Li Jie published the
132:firmitas, utilitas, venustas
2156:Nordic Journal of Aesthetic
2122:Joan Ockman, Edward Eigen.
1974:. Paris, L'Harmattan, 2004.
1692:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.
1114:Postmodern and contemporary
383:Gothic Revival architecture
208:Following the tradition of
2232:
2165:. Harper & Row, 1968.
1659:Bühnemann, Gudrun (2003).
370:and a "return to Nature."
336:Giovanni Battista Piranesi
321:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
1908:Routledge & CRC Press
1731:"www.keralahistory.ac.in"
426:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
375:neoclassical architecture
113:), a treatise written in
2138:A Theory of Architecture
1615:Quack, Johannes (2012).
1489:Postdigital architecture
1296:Christian Norberg-Schulz
1217:Sarah Williams Goldhagen
785:Computational creativity
724:Christian Norberg-Schulz
720:Sarah Williams Goldhagen
623:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
410:Arts and Crafts movement
138:into the English slogan
2140:". Umbau-Verlag, 2006.
2046:K. Michael Hays (ed.).
1889:March 23, 2012, at the
1287:Harry Francis Mallgrave
1202:Hal Foster (art critic)
923:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
639:postmodern architecture
224:, a poetic treatise on
1893:Retrieved 3 June 2012.
1382:Panayotis Tournikiotis
1184:Peter Cook (architect)
722:, Sarah Robinson, and
654:
495:and Richard Streiter.
392:The American sculptor
389:developed this ethos.
304:
214:Manushyalaya Chandrika
124:orders of architecture
103:
77:
33:
2214:Architectural history
2179:. Dover Publications.
1686:Panda, N. C. (2011).
1394:Oswald Mathias Ungers
1120:Christopher Alexander
1056:Steen Eiler Rasmussen
1037:Ernesto Nathan Rogers
918:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
890:Giambattista Piranesi
847:Leon Battista Alberti
781:Digital morphogenesis
742:Christopher Alexander
652:
611:form follows function
558:Arts and Crafts style
428:, and influenced the
344:Georg Friedrich Hegel
302:
246:Villard de Honnecourt
218:Samrangana Sutradhara
161:Leon Battista Alberti
75:
31:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc
22:
2209:Architectural theory
2094:Harry F. Mallgrave,
2080:Hanno-Walter Kruft.
1970:Patrizio Ceccarini,
1854:Anton Schroll. 1902.
1785:Chinese Architecture
1703:Hardy, Adam (2015).
1437:Digital architecture
1129:Pier Vittorio Aureli
970:Adolf von Hildebrand
880:Marc-Antoine Laugier
783:. Trying to utilize
554:garden city movement
364:Marc-Antoine Laugier
358:A vibrant strain of
332:Marc-Antoine Laugier
285:Age of Enlightenment
263:Chinese architecture
37:Architectural theory
2136:Nikos Salingaros. "
1984:Patrice Ceccarini,
1828:Louis H. Sullivan.
1767:. MIT press, 1984.
1575:Architecture portal
1500:Benjamin H. Bratton
1311:Alberto Pérez-Gómez
1280:David Leatherbarrow
1174:Preston Scott Cohen
944:Formalism and space
700:Alberto-Perez Gomez
631:International Style
581:modern architecture
577:modern architecture
403:modern architecture
385:, and in the 1840s
328:Julien-David Le Roy
276:De re aedificatoria
242:Gothic architecture
2151:Andrea Sauchelli,
2011:. Mardaga, 2021.
1763:Liang Ssu-ch'eng.
1527:Anti-architecture
1463:Malcolm McCullough
1342:Denise Scott Brown
1270:Catherine Ingraham
1170:Patrizio Ceccarini
1163:Tilmann Buddensieg
1158:Markus Breitschmid
1106:Frank Lloyd Wright
938:Frank Lloyd Wright
876:Teofilo Gallaccini
789:Genetic algorithms
655:
635:Frank Lloyd Wright
602:Ornament and Crime
566:Welwyn Garden City
552:, who founded the
481:Constantin Lipsius
305:
78:
34:
2126:. Rizzoli, 1993.
2076:978-0-470-16334-4
2025:. Taschen, 2003.
1997:978-2-336-30185-3
1940:978-0-262-53683-7
1716:978-93-81406-41-0
1672:978-90-04-12902-3
1628:978-0-19-981260-8
1557:
1556:
1478:Patrik Schumacher
1051:Leonardo Benevolo
1024:Hans Van der Laan
1020:Wilhelm Worringer
1015:Heinrich Wölfflin
933:Hermann Muthesius
913:Horatio Greenough
899:Francesco Milizia
857:Sebastiano Serlio
787:in architecture,
771:, and economism.
394:Horatio Greenough
362:, inherited from
153:Renaissance style
53:competition entry
2221:
1990:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1900:
1894:
1881:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1826:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1727:
1721:
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1700:
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1505:Matias del Campo
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1316:Paolo Portoghesi
1306:Juhani Pallasmaa
1207:Kenneth Frampton
1179:Beatriz Colomina
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1133:Michael Benedikt
1046:Sigfried Giedion
1000:Gottfried Semper
995:August Schmarsow
862:Gérard Desargues
816:
737:literary studies
688:Poetics of Space
684:Gaston Bachelard
589:Vienna Secession
438:Gottfried Semper
430:Vienna Secession
342:, James Stuart,
289:Girard Desargues
136:Sir Henry Wotton
109:(known today as
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1091:Ebenezer Howard
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744:'s emphasis on
716:neuroaesthetics
708:Sanford Kwinter
670:'s thought, or
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1735:the original
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1250:Rem Koolhaas
1230:Hilde Heynen
1221:Jörg Gleiter
1138:Aaron Betsky
1066:Le Corbusier
928:Paul Sédille
895:Carlo Lodoli
832:Varāhamihira
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757:Rem Koolhaas
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690:or texts by
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645:Contemporary
627:Le Corbusier
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489:Paul Sédille
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128:architecture
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41:architecture
36:
35:
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2158:, 43 (2012)
1989:(in French)
1516:Jimenez Lai
1448:Mario Carpo
1284:Marc Linder
1255:Elke Krasny
1101:Lúcio Costa
1061:Otto Wagner
985:Alois Riegl
965:Paul Frankl
908:John Ruskin
805:Elke Krasny
593:art nouveau
585:Otto Wagner
526:post-modern
493:Otto Wagner
453:Switzerland
418:Art Nouveau
387:John Ruskin
368:primitivism
340:Robert Adam
313:Herculaneum
269:Renaissance
234:Abbot Suger
220:written by
204:Middle Ages
188:Vastu Vidya
149:Renaissance
2203:Categories
1951:References
1913:2022-01-05
1741:2022-03-20
1537:Guy Debord
1443:Ole Bouman
1424:Bruno Zevi
1329:Colin Rowe
1324:Aldo Rossi
1260:Leon Krier
1153:Lori Brown
1125:Stan Allen
1071:Adolf Loos
1041:Bruno Zevi
821:Historical
777:Biomimicry
769:mass media
607:Jugendstil
597:Adolf Loos
562:Letchworth
507:published
45:architects
29:(1856) by
1665:. BRILL.
1458:Greg Lynn
1029:Modernist
950:Hans Auer
827:Vitruvius
732:Heidegger
485:Hans Auer
477:Realismus
163:found in
95:architect
87:Vitruvius
68:Antiquity
57:antiquity
1887:Archived
1561:See also
867:Filarete
503:In 1889
471:and the
198:Manasara
99:engineer
765:ecology
761:Bigness
718:, like
668:Derrida
662:'s and
517:Baroque
461:Bohemia
457:Austria
449:England
445:Germany
420:in the
330:, Abbé
309:Pompeii
63:History
49:lecture
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842:Li Jie
599:wrote
573:Vienna
465:France
180:yantra
97:, and
91:writer
1594:Notes
837:Bhoja
680:Lacan
676:Freud
591:with
530:Dover
469:Italy
200:etc.
119:Greek
115:Latin
2167:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2027:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1623:ISBN
714:and
678:and
625:and
564:and
436:and
346:and
311:and
159:and
117:and
81:Rome
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698:or
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1744:.
1719:.
1675:.
1631:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
