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years. In 2007, the minimum extent fell by more than a million square kilometers, the biggest decline since accurate satellite data has been available, to 4,140,000 km (1,600,000 sq mi). New research shows the Arctic Sea ice to be melting faster than predicted by any of the 18 computer models used by the
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A modeling study of the 52-year period from 1947 to 1999 found a statistically significant trend in Arctic ice volume of −3% per decade; splitting this into wind-forced and temperature forced components shows it to be essentially all caused by the temperature forcing. A computer-based, time-resolved
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The ice extent trends from 1979 to 2002 have been a statistically significant Arctic sea ice decrease of −2.5% ± 0.9% per decade during those 23 years. Climate models simulated this trend in 2002. The
September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32
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Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;
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depends on the thickness of the ice as well as the areal extent. While the satellite era has enabled better measurement of trends in areal extent, accurate ice thickness measurements remain a challenge. "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer's sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up
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when bare and about 80% when covered with snow. This is due to a feedback known as the albedo effect. This is much greater than the reflectivity of the sea (about 10%) and thus the ice also affects the absorption of sunlight at the surface.
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and its vicinity. The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter. Summer ice cover in the
350:(1978–87) satellites provided information that was independent of solar illumination or meteorological conditions. The frequency and accuracy of passive microwave measurements improved with the launch of the DMSP F8
100:, thicker than seasonal ice: up to 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 m (65.6 ft) thick. Besides the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of
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calculation of sea ice volume, fitted to various measurements, revealed that monitoring the ice volume is much more significant for evaluating sea ice loss than pure area considerations.
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Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van
Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).
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The development of Arctic sea ice volume as determined by measurement corrected numerical simulation shows probability of total sea ice loss in summer for the near future.
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portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin". As more and more of the sea ice is thinner
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195:) grows eastward from the main East Greenland ice edge in the vicinity of 72–74°N during the winter because of the presence of very cold polar surface water in the
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Variation of Arctic sea ice from 1984 to 2019. Younger ice (first-year ice) is shown in darker shades, while older ice (four-year or older) is shown in white.
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This visual shows the Arctic sea ice change and the corresponding absorbed solar radiation change during June, July, and August from 2000 through 2014.
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oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans. Sea ice is highly
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at that latitude. Most of the old ice continues south, driven by the wind, so a cold open water surface is exposed on which new ice forms as
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In this animation, the Earth rotates slowly as the Arctic sea ice advances over time from 21 March 2014 to 3 August 2014.
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in preparing its 2007 assessments. In 2012, a new record low of about 3,500,000 km (1,400,000 sq mi) was reached.
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Huwald, Hendrik; Higgins, Chad W.; Boldi, Marc-Olivier; Bou-Zeid, Elie; Lehning, Michael; Parlange, Marc B. (2009-08-01).
677:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"
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Modeling global sea ice with a thickness and enthalpy distribution model in generalized curvilinear coordinates
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go back to the turn of the 20th century, although the quality of the data before 1950 is debatable. Reliable
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is about 50% of winter cover. Some of the ice survives from one year to the next. Currently, 28% of Arctic
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Ice extent as of 25 August 2012. Gray area indicates ± two standard deviations from 1979 to 2000 averages.
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are estimated, with the latter being larger, as it is defined as the area of ocean with at least 15%
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604:"Arctic sea ice extent at maximum below average, thin | Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis"
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the greater effect storms have on its stability with turbulence resulting from major
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840:"NCAR and NSIDC "Arctic Ice Retreating More Quickly Than Computer Models Project""
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786:"Recent and future changes in Arctic sea ice simulated by the HadCM3 AOGCM"
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Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
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619:"Albedo effect on radiative errors in air temperature measurements"
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Cycle plot of Arctic sea ice area and extent by month, 1979 to 2015
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forms the dominant ice type over an entire region is the so-called
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The sea ice cycle is also an important source of dense (saline) "
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edge begin within the satellite era. From the late 1970s, the
826:"October | 2011 | Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis"
719:"Thermodynamics: Albedo | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
751:"Polar Science Center - APL-UW - Arctic Sea Ice Volume"
910:"Large Fractures Spotted in Vulnerable Arctic Sea Ice"
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Scientific parameter to quantify the extent of sea ice
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The sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity
233:. Extension of the ice at 15 September 2008 (36
867:. Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from
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Records of Arctic Sea ice from the United
Kingdom's
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891:"'Staggering' Arctic ice loss smashes melt records"
126:has an important effect on the heat balance of the
1009:"Ice-free Arctic could be here in 23 years" (2007)
865:"Arctic Sea Ice Extent, as of September 18, 2012"
332:Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research
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1130:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
989:Global Sea Ice Extent and Concentration (NSIDC)
960:"State of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice in 2021"
316:Extent of Arctic ice, October 1946 (U.S. Navy)
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584:Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today
492:Sea Ice Extent over the Arctic (OSI SAF data)
394:resulting in extensive fractures of sea ice.
211:Extent and volume of sea ice and their trends
199:, which diverts some water eastward from the
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302:Extent of Arctic ice, March 1946 (U.S. Navy)
1441:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
1105:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
381:In the overall mass balance, the volume of
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340:Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer
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376:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
994:Sea ice extent graphs since 1979 (NSIDC)
748:, Mon. Wea. Rev. 131(5), 681–697, 2003.
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255:, 27 August 2014: Polar ice limit
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1660:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
418:Arctic sea ice extent, 1978 to 2007
134:, reflecting about 60% of incoming
1862:Climate change and the environment
1719:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
908:Andrew Freedman (March 13, 2013).
535:Arctic sea ice ecology and history
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744:Zhang, Jinlun and D.A. Rothrock:
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1389:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
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175:In the Arctic, a key area where
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207:and pancake in the rough seas.
102:declining sea ice in the Arctic
1203:Populated places in the Arctic
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1726:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
1251:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
132:reflective of solar radiation
1431:Climate change in the Arctic
1183:Impact craters of the Arctic
790:Geophysical Research Letters
704:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
221:Climate change in the Arctic
1284:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
1226:Canadian Arctic Rift System
323:David Rumsey Map Collection
257:(Record position 85°40.7818
104:in recent decades as well.
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895:The Sydney Morning Herald
354:(SSMI) in 1987. Both the
187:. The Odden (the word is
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1426:Arctic methane emissions
623:Water Resources Research
593:, University of Illinois
161:thermohaline circulation
37:projected Arctic changes
1100:Arctic Ocean Conference
784:Gregory, J. M. (2002).
336:measurements of sea ice
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774:Cavalieri et al. 2003.
392:extratropical cyclones
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217:Arctic sea ice decline
201:East Greenland Current
113:Energy balance effects
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1371:North American Arctic
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1110:Ilulissat Declaration
999:Sea Ice Index (NSIDC)
871:on September 19, 2012
527:Global warming portal
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231:weather station Alert
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811:10.1029/2001GL014575
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289:Extent of Arctic ice
261: N, 135°38.8735
143:Hydrological effects
1685:Arctic Winter Games
1451:Polar amplification
1419:ecology and history
1178:Greenland ice sheet
1004:NOAA Arctic Program
802:2002GeoRL..29.2175G
695:2014PolGe..37..298B
635:2009WRR....45.8431H
108:Climatic importance
1774:Northern Sea Route
1404:Arctic oscillation
1148:Arctic Archipelago
1072:History of whaling
1062:Arctic exploration
966:. October 22, 2021
589:2011-02-23 at the
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1769:Northwest Passage
1764:Northeast Passage
1709:Natural resources
1600:Subarctic peoples
1572:Arctic vegetation
1436:Climate of Alaska
1256:Ungava Fault Zone
1241:Innuitian orogeny
1158:Arctic Cordillera
828:. 4 October 2011.
796:(24): 28–1–28–4.
565:Antarctic sea ice
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165:climate modelling
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1690:Quviasukvik
1479:Beluga whale
1456:Polar vortex
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1168:Arctic Ocean
968:. Retrieved
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942:. Retrieved
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153:water masses
149:bottom water
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85:Arctic Ocean
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1820:WikiProject
1399:Arctic haze
1339:Nunatsiavut
970:February 7,
944:November 8,
478:Phabricator
346:(1978) and
248:Photo from
177:pancake ice
96:sea ice is
1847:Glaciology
1836:Categories
1504:Polar bear
1474:Arctic fox
1304:Inuvialuit
1198:North Pole
1082:Government
939:MET Norway
850:2007-09-28
761:2010-08-11
728:2020-01-10
571:References
342:(SMMR) on
18:Arctic ice
1746:Transport
1630:Icelandic
1620:Karelians
1544:Snowy owl
1294:Greenland
1193:Nordicity
1140:Geography
919:March 14,
723:nsidc.org
689:(4): 14.
653:1944-7973
560:Shelf ice
252:Hanseatic
189:Norwegian
1808:Category
1680:Yukaghir
1640:Gwich'in
1610:Chukotka
1509:Reindeer
1289:Finnmark
964:EUMETSAT
587:Archived
499:See also
348:Nimbus 7
265: E)
250:MS
155:such as
1842:Sea ice
1702:Economy
1650:Koryaks
1605:Chukchi
1587:Culture
1517:bearded
1499:Narwhal
1489:Lemming
1414:decline
1381:Climate
1334:Nunavut
1329:Nunavik
1309:Karelia
1299:Iceland
1266:Regions
1218:Geology
1054:History
798:Bibcode
691:Bibcode
661:9916335
631:Bibcode
555:Polynya
545:Iceberg
480:and on
383:sea ice
364:sea ice
183:in the
124:Sea ice
81:sea ice
79:is the
1675:Yakuts
1670:Selkup
1655:Nenets
1645:Khanty
1615:Evenks
1577:Tundra
1549:Walrus
1537:ringed
1532:ribbon
1527:hooded
1494:Muskox
1208:Tundra
1047:topics
1045:Arctic
659:
651:
360:extent
344:Seasat
205:frazil
119:Albedo
90:Arctic
1635:Inuit
1559:Flora
1513:Seal
1466:Fauna
1366:Yukon
1361:Sápmi
1356:Sakha
1349:North
657:S2CID
171:Odden
128:polar
94:basin
1665:Sami
1625:Komi
1522:harp
1314:Komi
972:2022
946:2022
921:2013
877:2012
649:ISSN
358:and
219:and
191:for
75:The
35:NOAA
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