Arab migrations to the Maghreb

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Peninsula who had ﬁrst served in Egypt. It is unclear how many of these men settled in Africa, but those that did became a small hereditary ruling class composed primarily of the conquerors and their descendants with very few outsiders. Land grants were given to some of these soldiers creating a landed Arab aristocracy with extensive landholdings, cultivated in many cases by slaves from sub-Saharan Africa. The Fihrids, who were the descendants of 'Uqba b. Naﬁ', came to occupy a particularly privileged place in Ifriqiyan and Andalusi society, in part due to the huge social capital amassed by 'Uqba and his family during the conquest, but also because of his large client network and the estates that they had acquired. Members of different branches of the Fihrid family played prominent roles in the military and governance of Ifriqiya and al-Andalus. One of them, as we shall see, even sought to found his own dynasty in the troubles of the 740s. There were other powerful Arab settlers who appear brieﬂy in the sources – those of Qurashi ancestry were particularly powerful.

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populations, who are still non-Islamized, are some ancient inhabitants, wrongly called Bafours, who bring up their trained dogs and live in the city of Azougui. Living in tents, these Arab tribes are nomads, originating from the Arabian Peninsula and they adapt themselves perfectly to the climatic desert conditions of the areas situated in the south of North Africa, like Mauritania, the Western Sahara, the south-west of Algeria and the south of Morocco and Libya. Discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula, they integrate easily, without mixing, into the nomadic populations, notably composed of Arabs, who have been present in the area since the Umayyads, and Berbers in Mauritania.

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of these early arrivals had been aristocrats from Arabia who settled in the cities. The character of the Arab migrations of the eleventh century was distinctly different. The Fatimids, at this time ruling from their capital in Cairo and infuriated by Berber refusal to acknowledge to acknowledge their hegemony, encourages masses of beduin Arabs of the Beni Hilal and Beni Salim tribes to migrate into North Africa. Over a long period, they displaced the Berbers from some of the best lands or settled among them. This immigration introduced for the first time comparatively large numbers of Arabs into the Moroccan population and quickly spread the use of the Arabic language.

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depopulated again in 1197-8, when the Almohads cruelly suppressed the revolts in these regions. The Almohad government thus helped the Arabs to overcome the barriers of the Atlas mountains, and accelerated their expansion into Morocco to complete the nomads' predominance over the lowlands of the Maghrib as far as the Atlantic. The appearance of the Arabs added to the complexity of the ethnic composition of Morocco, and introduced a significant non-Berber element to the population. The Arabs also increased pasture lands at the expense of agriculture, which gradually became confined to the mountains.

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was dictated by the numerical weakness of their Zenata followers, so they welcomed the support of the Arab nomads. The Zenata themselves were to a high degree assimilated to the Arabs and the Marinid makhzan was composed of both groups. All this created the conditions for the expansion of the Arab domain in Morocco, where they settled mostly in the plains, and many Berber groups were Arabized. Contrary to the practice in the armies of the Almoravids and Almohads, where the Berber language was spoken, Arabic became both the common and the official language under the Marinids.

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resistance. By the 11th century, most Berbers had become Islamized and many Arabized. They followed a nomadic lifestyle rearing cattle and sheep. Bani Hilal and Bani Salim were unruly Arab Bedouin tribes originally from Hejaz and Najd with the "infamous reputation" of being late in conversion to Islam. At one time they had participated in the pillage of Mecca in 930. The Fatimids had to confine them in South Arabia for years before forcing them to relocate first to south Egypt, then to Libya and the rest of North Africa.

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succession of his son. Towards the end of the Almohad period, when succession disputes became more frequent, leaders of the Arab tribes supported one candidate against the other. With the decline of the Almohad army, the Arabs became the most powerful force in the Moroccan plains, and no ruler could have held authority without their support. Arab nomads, who were often joined by arabized Zanata, were given lands free of tax in return for military service, and became the tribes of the makhzin.

1588:(the highest frequency of 30%–62.5% has been observed in Muslim Arab populations in the Middle East). The study found out that the majority of Eu10 chromosomes in the Maghreb are due to the recent gene flow caused by the Arab migrations to the Maghreb in the first millennium CE. Both southern Qahtanite and northern Adnanite Arabs contributed to the diverse ethnic mix of the Maghreb. Therefore, it has been established that the Eu10 chromosome pool in the Maghreb originates not only from early 1862: 3590:

communication was rendered difficult, and transactions might not have been easy between native speakers. This diverse linguistic situation may have led to the choice of Banu Hilal's Arbaic - as a symbolically neutral lingua france - that offered other advantages among which are the shared linguistic family and typology with Punic and Tamazight. Probably, the common Bedouin way of life that Touaregs continue to practice up to now had influenced the inclination to convergence.

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personality of the Moors and continued later to influence the postcolonial identity of the new Mauritanians. Harry Norris noted that "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".

29: 1569: 1511: 1596:. The results of a more recent study from 2017 suggested that the Arab migrations to the Maghreb were mainly a demographic process that heavily implied gene flow and remodeled the genetic structure of the Maghreb, rather than a mere cultural replacement as claimed by older studies. Haplogroup J1-M267 accounts for around 30% of Maghrebis and is assumed to have spread out of the Arabia Peninsula into North Africa, second after 2137:

and branches of this tribe. The Banu Salim settled in Barqa while te Banu Hilal continued on to Tarablus and then Ifriqiya. In 443/1051 they clashed with al-Mu'izz's army at the battle of Haydaran near Kairouan and then inflicted a resounding defeat on it. Indeed, the Banu Salim and the Banu Hilal successfully destroyed the Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Atlantic coastal strip at al-Mahdiyya.

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years of Islam when an expedition of Muslim warriors from the Arab Bani Muzaina tribe under the leadership of the adopted son of the Prophet, Zaid ibn Haritha, invaded North Africa in the 7th century. All North Africa became a province of the Muslim empire in 705 under the Umayyad Caliphs. Arab Muslims had much more impact on the culture of North Africa than did the region's conquerors before and after them.

1134: 2950:états (Alger, Tunis et Tripoli). == Marmol estimates the number of individuals that the first flood poured into Africa at more than a million. Towards the end of the 15th century, the number of Arabs spread over the entire surface of the Maghreb amounted to more than four million, and the empire of Morocco alone contained twice as many as the three other states (Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli). 1352:, as well as plague and economic crisis. This encouraged Arab Bedouin tribes such as Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to settle in the Maghreb, which enjoyed a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph further persuaded them to march westwards by giving each tribesman a camel and money and helping them cross from the east to the west bank of the Nile. 2865:

predominantly Berber city. Fez experienced large waves of Arab immigration: the first, which included eight hundred Arabs from al-Andalus who were expelled after a rebellion which took place in Cordova in 817-818, and the second, comprised of another two thousand families who were banned from Qayrawan after another rebellion that occurred in 824.

585:. The structure of the Aghlabid army was largely derived from the Arab tribes that settled in Ifriqiya during the late 7th and 8th centuries. The soldiers were likely paid at specific intervals, with cavalry earning twice as much as infantry due to the higher expenses associated with their horses and equipment. These troops were called the 1464:, a variety which traces its origins to the Bedouin Arabic varieties that were introduced to the Maghreb by Hilalian tribes in the 11th century, which eventually became widely spoken by the vast majority of Maghrebis. The diverse linguistic landscape of the Maghreb led to the choice of Banu Hilal's Arabic as the 2949:

Marmol évalue à plus d'un million le nombre d'individus que le premier flot versa en Afrique. Vers la fin du xv siècle, le nombre des Arabes répartis sur toute la surface du Maghreb s'élevait à plus de quatre millions, et l'empire du Maroc en contenait à lui seul deux fois autant que les trois autres

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With the great influx of men, primarily Khurasani troops from Iraq, came a shift in the ethnic make-up of the army. The 'northern' tribe of Tamim became the majority which shifted the tribal balance in Ifriqiya to the detriment of the 'southern' tribal groups who had been more numerous in the Umayyad

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There were a number of consequences of the migration of the Banu Salim and the Banu Hilal. First, it led to a series of protracted wars that resulted in human and economic devastation in the Maghrib and the disruption of peace and stability. Second, it led to the eventual collapse of the Zirid state.

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To persuade the Arabs of the Banu Salim and the Banu Hilal to emigrate to the Maghrib, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the Nile. He also instructed them to rule the Maghrib instead of al-Mu'izz. Yazuri told them: 'I have

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On the other hand, regardless of the precise economic role of this second Arab invasion, it did have a significant cultural legacy. It accomplished what the Umayyad conquest of North Africa had not: the gradual displacement of Berber by Arabic as the lingua franca of the North African coastal plain.

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The Banu Hilal took land which they had largely destroyed, and whose cultivation then began to decline. As nomadism spread, territories of the local tribes changed and shrank; the Zenata were pushed west, the Kabyles north. Populations mixed, leading to gradual Arabisation of the plains inhabitants.

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The Banu Salim and the Banu Hilal travelled westwards until they arrived at Barqa, which they found almost empty of its inhabitants who were from the Zanata tribe which al-Mu'izz had mostly destroyed. Up to the present time, many of the springs, valleys and plains still bear the names of the leaders

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The Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the

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Berbers remaining, most of whom had been largely destroyed by Al-Mu'izz. Estimates suggest that up to 200,000 Hilalian families moved westward out of Egypt. The Banu Sulaym settled in Cyrenaica while the Hilalians continued their advance west. The influx of Arab tribes to Cyrenaica caused the region

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After the eleventh century, the balance between nomads and sedentary populations was upset in favour of the former with the arrival of the Banu Hilal, followed in the twelfth century by the Banu Sulaym. For strategic reasons, the Almohads gave over the Atlantic plains to them, while the Banu Ma'kil

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Even more important to the future of Morocco was the large-scale Arab immigration that began in the eleventh century. Before that time the Arabs in Morocco consisted mainly of the descendants of the relatively small numbers of initial invaders and of the Idrisids, who had married Berber women. Many

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The unfolding tales of Bani Hilal long journey became part of the Arab epic folk literature that recounts events in Arabia and during the march to North Africa. According to Ibn Khaldun, the Fatimids sent them to settle in the Maghreb accompanied by their wives, children and stock. After repeatedly

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According to Ch-A. Julien, a specialist in North African history, the Hilalian invasion was "the most important event of the entire medieval period in the Maghrib". It was, he writes, "an invading torrent of nomadic peoples who destroyed the beginnings of Berber organization — which might very well

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The caliph hoped to kill two birds with one stone by also ridding himself of the troublesome Banu Salim and Banu Hilal in Upper Egypt. In the eight years from 446/1054 to 454/1062, Egypt suffered from a severe drought due to a fall in the level of the Nile. This was followed by a plague that is the

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of the coastal plains of the Maghreb. This linguistic shift occurred as the increasing influx of powerful Arab tribes achieved cultural and linguistic dominance over the coastal plains, effectively transforming the region into a "cultural extension of the Arab East". Meanwhile, Berber languages and

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all scholars and men of culture, who were ordered to teach the religion of Islam. They were distributed around the regions of the Maghreb. In less than one century, the great majority of Christians converted to Islam with "great zeal that they sought martyrdom", and the final conversions took place

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About 70% of Algerians are Arab and 30% Berber. The former tend to perceive themselves as heirs to the first Arabs who invaded the country during the seventh century, while the latter pride themselves on being the original Algerians, since their origins can be traced back to the nomadic people who

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These immigrant Arab tribes accelerated and deepened the Arabization of the Maghreb since a large portion of the Berber population (in particular those living as pastoral nomads) was gradually assimilated by the newcomers who had to share with them pastures, as well as seasonal migration paths. It

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Upon their arrival between the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century in North-West Africa, and particularly in Mauritania, these Arab tribes find already highly arabized and Islamized populations there, contrary to the role that some historians give them. The only remaining

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One of the most important developments under the Marinids was the growing importance of the Arabs in Morocco; already, under the Almohads, the Arab nomads had begun to penetrate into the country and to change its hitherto exclusively Berber character. The policy of the Banu Marin towards the Arabs

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Egypt initially only had 80,000 Arabs in a population of 8 million, and the number of Arabs in the whole Maghreb was probably between 70,000 and 150,000, although later, from the 11th until 14th century, about a million Arabs migrated to the Maghreb which had consisted of five million people until

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of the Maghreb. The Banu Hilal conquered land which they largely devastated, causing a decline in its cultivation. Nomadism increased during this time. According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands "ravaged" by Banu Hilal invaders had become desertified and turned into completely arid desert. The arrival of

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also entered the Maghreb during this wave of Arabian tribal immigration in the 11th century. They later allied with the Banu Hilal and entered under their protection. They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula. In the

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The Almohad government thus helped the Arabs to overcome the barriers of the Atlas mountains, and accelerated their expansion into Morocco to complete the nomads' predominance over the lowlands of the Maghrib as far as the Atlantic. The appearance of the Arabs added to the complexity of the ethnic

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The Umayyad conquest brought in 50,000 Arab troops who had originally served in Egypt. These troops and their descendants became a hereditary ruling class, with very few elites being outsiders. These soldiers were rewarded with land grants, creating an Arab aristocracy with substantial territory,

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The 'Alawites, who rule Morocco to this day, came to power with the help of Arab tribes that had moved into Morocco in large numbers during the Almohad period. The founder of the dynasty, Mawlāy al-Rashīd, mobilized these tribes against the powerful Berber principality of the Dilā'iyyah that had

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The big migration of Arabs was when Libya fell to the Shi'a Fatimids of Egypt in the 10th century and the Berber Zirid tribes broke away from them and refused to accept their rule. The Fatimids brought the Arab tribes of Bani Hilal and Bani Salim to the country to assist in containing the Berber

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The Arabs started raiding and settling the indigenous Berber (Amazigh) territory after their Muslim armies conquered Egypt in 642. They called the area of North Africa west of Egypt, "Bilad al-Maghrib," which means (Lands of the West). The Arabs arrived from Arabia in big number during the early

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The influx of Arab tribes during the 11th century into the Maghreb brought about significant demographic and economic changes. Over a protracted period, Arab nomads gradually displaced Berber farmers, seizing their best lands and subordinating them. Berbers fled to the mountains, while those who

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The Arab impact on the central Maghreb was devastating in both demographic and economic terms. Over a long period of time Arabs displaced Berber farmers from their land and converted it to pasturage. For the first time the extensive use of Arabic spread to the countryside. Sedentary Berbers who

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The number of Hilalians that moved westward out of Egypt has been estimated as high as 200,000 families. The Beni Salim seem to have stopped in Libya, while the Beni Hilal continued across the Maghrib until they reached the Atlantic coast of Morocco and completed the arabization of the region,

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The profound process of Islamization and Arabization constitutes the core of the Moorish culture, which continues to prevail over modernity by its myths, tales, and Arab poetry (Mauritania is known as the land of one million poets). It is this Arab Islamic culture that shaped the precolonial

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The Umayyads were only able to control such a vast territory by military force. According to the fourteenth-century historian Ibn 'Idhari - a generally reliable source – the numbers were small in the seventh and early eighth centuries, perhaps 50,000 men from different tribes on the Arabian

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It is surprising to realize how irresistibly the Berbers were attracted to Islam. In the course of conquest, they adopted the Islamic faith en masse, but at first this acceptance barely constituted more than lip-service. They continued to adhere to Islam because its clear and simple doctrine

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The Arabs were soon to play an increasing role in the politics of the Almohad empire. In his efforts to establish a hereditary dynasty, 'Abd al-Mu'min expected the opposition of the Masmuda, to whom he was still a stranger. He therefore sought the support of the Arabs in order to secure the

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Camps argues that Maghrebi Arabic derives from the Bedouin language introduced in the eleventh century by the Hilalian tribes who effectively Arabized a great part of the Berbers... Our hypothesis is that, because of the great diversity of the Tamazight linguistic varieties in that period,

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In order to weaken the Arab resistance in the east, 'Abd al-Mu'min transferred the more turbulent elements to Morocco, and settled them in the Atlantic plains. This was the region of Barghawata, an area which had first been destroyed by the Almoravids in their war on those heretics. It was

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The city of Fez was first founded by Moulay Idris I in 789 and was continued by his son, Idris II (791-828), starting in 808. As a result of the establishment of a Shi'ite state in North Africa, Arab Shi'ites or Shi'ite sympathizers flocked to Fez, gradually Arabizing what was initially a

1348:, compelling them to settle in the Maghreb in search of security and stability. Arab immigration from the Mashriq to the Maghreb increased during periods of unrest and disorder. A notable example of this was during the period of severe drought in Egypt due to a fall in the level of the 3708:

The growing number of powerful Arab tribes caused their language and customs slowly to become dominant on the coastal plain, so that the region became in many ways a cultural extension of the Arab East. The majority use of Berber became confined to the mountains and the desert regions.

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boosted the expansion of Islam and spread of Arabic, and trade with the Mashriq brought several Arab groups to the Maghreb. The Arab emigrants to the Maghreb from the 15th to the 17th century were largely refugees from Al-Andalus who left Christian Spanish persecution following the

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to whom he was a stranger, so he gained Arab support to secure the succession of his son. With the decline of the Almohad army, the Arab nomads became the most powerful force in the Moroccan plains, and no ruler could have held authority there without their support. The later

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attracted them. Throughout the period of the conquest, Arab immigrants settled in all parts of North Africa. They came as peaceful newcomers, and were made welcome everywhere. Large Arab settlements were established in many areas in Cyrenaica and the provinces of Ifrikiya.

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The number of Arab immigrants concentrated in the army and the cities, chiefly Kairouan, has been estimated at one hundred thousand. Most of them had come not from Arabia, but from Syria and Iraq, regions from which from the start had supplied numerous emigrants to the

1608:, who had a Middle Eastern component frequency of 71.8%. According to a study from 2004, Haplogroup J1 had a frequency of 35% in Algerians, 33% in Moroccans and 34.2% in Tunisians. Recent genome-wide analysis of North Africans found substantial shared ancestry with the 359:. Throughout the period of conquest, Arab migrants settled in all parts of the Maghreb, arriving as peaceful newcomers that were welcomed everywhere. Large Arab settlements were established in several areas. A considerable portion of the Arab settlers belonged to the 838:

and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted".

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Ibn Khaldun used archeological evidence (the ruins that covered the region) to show that the Maghrib had had a populous and flourishing civilization before the Banu Hilal raid, and he also noted that the lands ravaged by these invaders had become completely arid

834:. The harsh drought and subsequent economic crisis in Egypt at the time further motivated these tribes to relocate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir 2134:

given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkin as-Sanhaji the runaway slave. You will want for nothing. He then wrote to al-Mu'izz saying: 'I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted.

1029:, and accelerated their expansion to Morocco to complete the nomadic Bedouin predominance over the lowlands of the Maghreb as far as the Atlantic coastal plains. The Arab tribes increasingly played an important role in the politics of the Almohad Empire. 1152:

lands in the 13th century after invading and defeating the Berber confederation. The Sanhaja has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders. The invasion was quick and effective and happened around the year 1250, by the end of the

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estimated that over a million Hilalians migrated to the Maghreb between 1051 and 1110, and estimated that the Hilalian population at his time in 1573 was 4,000,000 individuals, excluding other Arab tribes and other Arabs already present in the region.

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fighting battles against the Berbers, they eventually coexisted with them. The Arab tribes began the process of transforming North African culture into Arabic including the nomad tribal life in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.

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and the Arabic language through missionary activity. He chose seventeen religious scholars to convert the locals. Many people became Muslims at the hands of these scholars and the inhabitants of the Maghreb gradually converted to Islam. Caliph

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subject of many terrible and horrific stories. The ensuing economic crisis encouraged the Banu Salim and the Banu Hilal to embark on their celebrated westward march to the Maghrib, which at that time enjoyed a better economic situation.

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in the 7th or 8th century. The Arab Muslim conquerors left a significantly more lasting influence on the culture of the Maghreb compared to earlier and later conquerors, and by the 11th century, the Berbers had undergone significant

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The latter dynasties are responsible for the capital and one of the most important migrations in the history of North Africa. This migration corresponds to the second Arabic invasion, by the Banu Hilal and Banu Soleim from 1050

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Increasing Arab immigration towards the end of the of the seventh century finally overcame Berber and Byzantine resistance, the Berbers gradually converted to Islam and the whole of the area was incorporated into the Umayyad

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To encourage the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to migrate to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph provided each tribesman with a camel and financial support and assisted them in crossing from the eastern to the westwen bank of the

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The Arab Muslim conquerors had a much more durable impact on the culture of the Maghrib than did the region's conquerors before and after them. By the 11th century the Berbers had become Islamized and in part also

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imposing their social organization, values and language on it. The process was particularly thorough in Cyrenaica, which is said to be more Arab than any place in the Arab world except for the interior of Arabia.

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dialects of the Maghreb. This event greatly increased the process of Arabization in the Maghreb from the 15th to the 17th century. There were several Arab tribes in Al-Andalus, of which the most prominent were

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Historical accounts report that these Hassani communities enriched themselves by collecting tolls from trade caravans and extorting farming and herding villages settled in the oases. This took place during the

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composition of Morocco, and introduced a significant non-Berber element to the population. The Arabs also increased pasture lands at the expense of agriculture, which gradually became confined to the mountains.

627:, which established control over modern-day Morocco and western Algeria. The Idrisid dynasty played an important role in the early Islamization of the area, and contributed to an increase in Arab migration and 1452:

nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. These Bedouin tribes hastened and significantly intensified the Arabization process, as a substantial part of the Berber population was gradually

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Third (a positive consequence) was the Arabization of the Maghrib due to the arrival of what some sources estimate at around 1 million Arabs, who assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous peoples.

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from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary

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supporters, they welcomed the support of Arab nomads who already began to penetrate into the country under the Almohads. The Zenata were heavily assimilated into Arab culture and the Marinid

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Today, the Arabs make up the majority of the population of the countries of the Maghreb, accounting for 70% to 80% of Algeria, 92% to 97% of Libya, 67% to 70% of Morocco and 98% of Tunisia.

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which accounts for 45% of Maghrebis. According to a study from 2021, the highest frequency of the Middle Eastern component ever observed in North Africa so far was observed in the Arabs of

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were forced to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were settled by Arabs and Arabized. This led to the displacement of Berber languages by Arabic as the

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by the new settlers and had to share with them pasturelands and seasonal migration routes. By the 15th century, the area of modern-day Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.

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population underwent a process of Arabization, in which they adopted Arab culture and language. The early wave of migration prior to the 11th century contributed to the Berber adoption of

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remained sought their protection and underwent gradual Arabization. As Arab nomads spread, the territories and boundaries of the local Berber tribes were relocated and shrunk. The

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compelled the Arabs to migrate to the Maghreb in search of security and stability. Arab immigration from the Mashriq to the Maghreb increased during periods of unrest and disorder.

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into extinction in the cities. The Arabization took place around Arab major towns through the influence of Arabs in the cities and rural areas surrounding them. Additionally, the

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launched a major campaign into the western Maghreb, capturing most of its cities. This allowed him to impose his authority over the entire Maghreb, where he continued to spread

3942:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 768:. Al-Ya'qubi's information does not include the whole Maghreb, such as the western Maghreb where the Idrisids arrived with Arab tribes and encouraged other Arabs to arrive. 3623: 2901: 2421:

North Africa was conquered by the Arabs in the seventh and eighth centuries, but only some 150,000 troops settled there, while the greater number pressed on to Spain.

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North Africa was conquered by the Arabs in the seventh and eighth centuries, but only some 150,000 troops settled there, while the greater number pressed on to Spain.

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territories in the Maghreb and spreading Islam to the local populations, as well as protecting Egypt "from flank attack by Byzantine Cyrene" according to historian

1075:(government) composed of both Arabs and Zenata. This led to the expansion of Arab tribes into Morocco where they settled in the plains, and many Berber groups were 4076: 4267:

Some say that Arabs form as much as 97 percent of Libya's population, or over 5.3 million people, and that two-thirds of all Arabs in the world live in Africa.

654:, were influential in encouraging Arabization by attracting Arab migrants and by promoting Arab culture. In addition, disturbances and political unrest in the 252:

The Arab migrations to the Maghreb had a profound impact on the demographics and culture of the Maghreb. It resulted in significant Arab demographic growth,

871:, the Arab tribes were accompanied by their families and stock. They settled in the Maghreb after engaged in numerous battles with the Berbers, such as the 1879:

varieties that were introduced to the Maghreb in the 11th century by Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who effectively Arabized substantial parts of the region.

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sought their protection were gradually Arabized. Others, driven from their traditional lands, joined the Hilalians as nomads or fled to the mountains.

581:, a dynasty of emirs from the tribe of Banu Tamim. During this time, Arab migration increased in numbers due to the anti-Kharijite wars against the 3720: 1440:

in the 11th century had a much greater influence on the process of Arabization than the migrations beforehand. It played a major role in spreading

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There were multiple factors that caused Arabs to migrate to the Maghreb. The first Arabs arrived in the 7th century with the goals of conquering

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in 1149–1150 and again in 1197–1198 to suppress revolts against them in the region. The Almohads helped the Arab tribes pass the barriers of the

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swore that he would send a large army and added "I will not leave a single Berber compound without pitching beside it a tent of a tribesman from

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caliphates and later Arab dynasties. However, the most significant wave of Arab migration occurred in the 11th century with the arrival of more

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Arabs rapidly flocked to Fez, Arabizing the region. Fez experienced large waves of Arab migration, including one which involved 800 Arabs from

4319: 4289: 4260: 4230: 4200: 4169: 4059: 3760: 3700: 3669: 3582: 3548: 3518: 3491: 3464: 3437: 3410: 3336: 3302: 3148: 3103: 3045: 3014: 2980: 2857: 2803: 2776: 2745: 2718: 2687: 2655: 2605: 2517: 2474: 2444: 2414: 2383: 2352: 2296: 2265: 2238: 2193: 2164: 2123: 2078: 2048: 589:, descendants of Arab tribesmen who had participated in the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. They often rebelled against the Aghlabid regime. 3525:

The surviving Punic language of the Carthaginians was also closely related to Arabic and its continued usage eased the Arabization process.

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These Arab tribes settled in the Maghreb and emerged into several contemporary sub-tribes. The most notable Arab tribes of Morocco include

158:. The process took place over several centuries, lasting from the early 7th century to the 17th century. The Arab migrants hailed from the 794:

The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave of Arab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when the

4397: 2325: 846:

Rare Arabic manuscript of the orally transmitted epic poem about the Bedouin Banu Hilal, by Hussein Al-Ulaimi, 1849 CE, origin unknown

1126:

and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Ma'qil had already split into many tribes in the Maghreb and had given rise to the

461:

The Umayyad Caliphate was aware of the importance of the spread and settlement of Arabs in the Maghreb to the Caliph. Umayyad Caliph

4136: 1502:. The Berbers were the only people to be incorporated into the Umayyad armies and to have converted to Islam on such a large scale. 1620:. This recent gene flow caused by the Arab migrations increased genetic similarities between North Africans and Middle Easterners. 2372:

Elfasi, M.; Hrbek, Ivan; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1988-01-01).

2451:

It is estimated that Arab invasions brought about 150,000 people to North Africa during the early conquest of the seventh century

2055:

It is estimated that Arab invasions brought about 150,000 people to North Africa during the early conquest of the seventh century

3034:

Niane, Djibril Tamsir; Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1984-01-01).

4387: 4382: 3556:

seems that by around the fifteenth century, the regions occupied by modern Tunisia had already been almost completely Arabized.

1243:, expelling about 275,000 to 300,000 of them. Accustomed to urban life, they settled in urban cities in the Maghreb, including 405:. He is known for having said "I will not leave a single Berber compound without pitching beside it a tent of a tribesman from 394: 3885:"Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population" 4417: 2830: 934:. In addition, they destroyed the Berber Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Mediterranean coastal strip at 312: 302: 178: 34: 883:

to take refuge on the coast where they survived for a century. The Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym spread on the high plains of

4372: 1971: 1344:. The later Arabs that arrived in the 11th century were driven by factors such as instability and political unrest in the 1022: 185:. This initial wave of Arab migration was followed by subsequent periods of migration and settlement, notably during the 488: 482: 306: 4237:

Libya's population of over 5,700,000 is 92% Arab, 5% Berber and Teda Toubou, and 3% peoples from different countries...

4412: 4402: 4084: 4126: 1056:

came to power in the 17th century with the help of these Arab tribes, who they mobilized against the powerful Berber

966: 965:

Sources estimate that approximately 1 million Arab nomads migrated to the Maghreb during the 11th century. Historian

978: 552: 4377: 4192:

Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment

1236: 1218: 379: 3989:

Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Haber, M.; Martínez-Cruz, B.; Zalloua, P.; Benammar Elgaaied, A.; Comas, D. (November 2013).

2543: 1749:, however they are not very nomadic nowadays and they mostly live in towns. The major Arab tribes in Libya are 340: 926:, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. It played a major role in spreading 3752:

UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century

2916: 347:

to pay tribute. By the late 7th century, the surge in Arab migration eventually succeeded in overcoming both

570: 563: 462: 402: 281: 4107: 786: 3277: 2481:

The two main Arab invasions of the Maghreb brought in about 150,000 men in the seventh century A.D. and...

1766: 1421:

population of the Maghreb underwent Arabization, facilitated by the linguistic similarities between their

958:

and turned into completely arid desert. The journey of Banu Hilal is recounted in the Arabic oral poem of

835: 430:

society. There were other powerful Arab settlers who briefly appeared in the sources, especially those of

368: 182: 3749:

Africa, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of (1998-05-10).

3724: 3080:

It further suffered from a shortage of manpower, having to rely on intractable Arab nomads for soldiers.

1710: 1454: 888: 320: 1548:

the Banu Hilal, followed by the Banu Sulaym in the 12th century, broke the balance between nomads and

4002: 3896: 1976: 1305: 1260: 884: 691: 1782: 2544:"North Africa – Arab Muslim Conquest, Islamization, Arabization, and Berber Rebellion | Britannica" 1938:). In Morocco, Bedouin Arabic dialects are spoken in plains and in recently founded cities such as 1866: 1549: 1376: 1301: 730: 344: 253: 1806: 1778: 1666: 1480:

the population of the Maghreb. Umayyad campaigns into the Maghreb were highly successful. In 705,

1127: 1104: 854:, the Arab nomads discovered that the region was almost empty of its inhabitants, with only a few 28: 4112:

Détermination d'indices acoustiques robustes pour l'identification automatique des parlers arabes

4051:

The Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes

3617: 3381: 2895: 2184:

Poulton, Robin; Youssouf, Ibrahim ag; Research, United Nations Institute for Disarmament (1998).

1613: 1088: 872: 597: 415: 316: 230: 3991:"Genome-Wide and Paternal Diversity Reveal a Recent Origin of Human Populations in North Africa" 3787:"Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa" 3354:"The expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain in 1609–1614: the destruction of an Islamic periphery" 1355:

Other Arab nomads were encouraged to settle in the Maghreb by local Arab dynasties, such as the

1057: 4407: 4315: 4309: 4285: 4256: 4226: 4196: 4165: 4132: 4055: 4030: 3971: 3922: 3865: 3816: 3756: 3696: 3690: 3665: 3578: 3544: 3514: 3487: 3481: 3460: 3454: 3433: 3406: 3373: 3332: 3326: 3298: 3144: 3138: 3124:تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر 3099: 3093: 3041: 3010: 2976: 2970: 2942: 2853: 2847: 2826: 2799: 2772: 2741: 2735: 2714: 2708: 2683: 2677: 2651: 2601: 2513: 2470: 2464: 2440: 2434: 2410: 2404: 2379: 2373: 2348: 2342: 2321: 2292: 2286: 2261: 2255: 2234: 2189: 2160: 2119: 2074: 2068: 2044: 2038: 1887: 1814: 1694: 1593: 1581: 1553: 1444:

to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

1426: 1368: 1240: 1154: 1064: 1053: 1018: 998: 930:

to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the

864: 799: 761: 651: 500: 356: 328: 246: 238: 198: 190: 186: 163: 4279: 4250: 4220: 4190: 4049: 3836:"Recent Historical Migrations Have Shaped the Gene Pool of Arabs and Berbers in North Africa" 3750: 3638: 3603: 3572: 3508: 3427: 3400: 3292: 3035: 3004: 2881: 2820: 2766: 2595: 2507: 2228: 1786: 221:. These migrants established numerous Arab empires and dynasties in the Maghreb, such as the 4338: 4159: 4020: 4010: 3961: 3953: 3912: 3904: 3855: 3847: 3806: 3798: 3365: 2793: 1931: 1364: 1337: 1084: 1002: 959: 939: 647: 609: 582: 336: 234: 3328:

Modern Arabic Sociolinguistics: Diglossia, variation, codeswitching, attitudes and identity

2210: 1861: 1981: 1899: 1872: 1850: 1540: 1481: 1477: 1461: 1356: 1276: 1026: 955: 707: 624: 574: 547: 504: 242: 226: 123: 1946:'to say' (qala); they also represent the bulk of modern urban dialects, such as those of 4006: 3900: 3065: 276:

throughout the region. The descendants of the Arab settlers in the Maghreb are known as

4025: 3990: 3966: 3941: 3917: 3884: 3860: 3835: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1883: 1876: 1718: 1634: 1557: 1448:. It also heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread 1441: 1422: 1280: 1182: 1178: 1158: 1137: 1108: 1010: 927: 912: 908: 896: 447: 351:

and Byzantine resistance. This gradual process led to the conversion of the Berbers to

277: 3811: 3786: 2227:

Miller, Catherine; Al-Wer, Enam; Caubet, Dominique; Watson, Janet C. E. (2007-12-14).

288:

invasion was "the most important event of the entire medieval period in the Maghrib".

4366: 4296:

Morocco's population is approximately 67% Arab, 31% indigenous Berber and 2% Sahrawi.

3385: 2622: 1834: 1658: 1532: 1528: 1465: 1039: 795: 699: 423: 1568: 1907: 1810: 1742: 1690: 1674: 1418: 1406: 1244: 923: 617: 528: 455: 384: 375: 332: 273: 265: 135: 106: 61: 3294:

Global Restructuring and Peripheral States: The Carrot and the Stick in Mauritania

1223:

Starting from the late 15th century, a new wave of Arabs arrived as refugees from

946:. Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural, genetic and ethnic 790:

Migration routes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym from the Arabian Peninsula to Egypt

4015: 3659: 3538: 2645: 2113: 1401:

of its population. With the large-scale arrival of Arab migrants, the indigenous

1227:

in response to the persecution they faced under Christian Spanish rule after the

3119: 1915: 1826: 1714: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1638: 1609: 1585: 1510: 1437: 1398: 1381: 1372: 1341: 1321: 1317: 1232: 1228: 1076: 1021:

in their war against the heretic Barghawata, and it was depopulated again by an

954:. According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become 947: 868: 811: 781: 746: 687: 628: 621: 496: 443: 388: 257: 218: 206: 159: 102: 3908: 3353: 2186:

A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development and African Peacemaking

670:(9th century CE), there were numerous Arab tribes in the Maghreb. According to 527:

tribes who became the majority, to the detriment of the formerly more numerous

3369: 1939: 1934:

dialects (Mauritania, Western Sahara and southern Morocco; also classified as

1923: 1919: 1914:

in Libya. The Bedouin dialects can be classified into four primary varieties:

1822: 1818: 1798: 1722: 1670: 1654: 1650: 1577: 1433: 1313: 1293: 1289: 1224: 1194: 1186: 1162: 1014: 860: 807: 777: 765: 695: 683: 671: 667: 636: 632: 516: 492: 470: 439: 427: 364: 285: 214: 202: 3377: 1017:

tribal group, however this area was largely destroyed and depopulated by the

3851: 3574:

Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring

3429:

Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring

1911: 1838: 1794: 1750: 1662: 1601: 1589: 1360: 1133: 851: 734: 675: 613: 578: 556: 543: 531: 524: 451: 374:

Arabians arrived in the Maghreb in large numbers after an expedition by the

222: 4034: 3975: 3926: 3869: 3820: 3251: 3226: 3198: 3174:"Diccionario histórico-etnográfico de los pueblos de África | WorldCat.org" 3173: 1325: 802:

of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large

742: 511:

to the Maghreb. These were mostly North Arabian tribes, among them was the

426:, who occupied a privileged position in Ifriqiyan (modern-day Tunisia) and 3252:"Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East | WorldCat.org" 2157:

Linguistic Complexity: The Influence of Social Change on Verbal Inflection

1094: 814:, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a 3540:

Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches

3022:

dominated the Middle Atlas and parts of northern Morocco since the 1640s.

1875:, spoken by the vast majority of Maghrebis, traces its roots back to the 1830: 1802: 1758: 1741:. There are several tribes of Bedouin origin throughout Tunisia, such as 1698: 1264: 1190: 1170: 1067:(1244–1465), the Arabs grew in importance in Morocco. Due to the lack of 994: 916: 892: 880: 757: 738: 640: 520: 435: 371:

in the 7th to 8th centuries, about 150,000 Arabs settled in the Maghreb.

4207:

Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.

311:

Arab migration to the Maghreb first started in the 7th century with the

2880:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979).

2257:

Causes and Consequences of Human Migration: An Evolutionary Perspective

1951: 1846: 1790: 1774: 1770: 1754: 1746: 1734: 1726: 1642: 1605: 1597: 1515: 1490: 1449: 1402: 1345: 1272: 1256: 1252: 1149: 1119: 1072: 1048: 1006: 982: 951: 900: 803: 722: 655: 605: 431: 419: 348: 261: 194: 155: 151: 143: 131: 57: 3602:

Studies, American University (Washington, D. C.) Foreign Area (1979).

895:

a few decades ago. From there, they gradually gained control over the

213:. The last significant wave of Arab migration to the Maghreb was from 3066:"ʿAbd al-Wādid Dynasty | Algeria, Morocco & Tunisia | Britannica" 1842: 1762: 1738: 1706: 1702: 1617: 1524: 1499: 1445: 1410: 1083:

became both the common and official language. Like the Marinids, the

1080: 1068: 1013:

plains in the 12th century. The region was formerly inhabited by the

943: 935: 931: 876: 855: 703: 398: 324: 269: 177:

The influx of Arabs to the Maghreb began in the 7th century with the

167: 2304:

have devloped in its own way and put nothing whatever in its place".

2230:

Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation

3957: 3802: 3692:

A History of the Muslim World to 1405: The Making of a Civilization

3664:. Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 9. 2597:

The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)

1935: 1927: 1730: 1646: 1544: 1509: 1485: 1414: 1297: 1268: 1248: 1114: 1100: 841: 819: 815: 785: 753: 726: 711: 601: 559: 551: 393: 352: 210: 147: 139: 127: 98: 4308:

Son, George Philip &; Press, Oxford University (2002-12-26).

3677:

The Berber language persisted in less accessible mountain ranges.

1942:. Thus, the city Arabic dialect shares with the Bedouin dialects 1193:. The Arab nomads controlled the entire territory of present-day 741:

and other groups. In Satfura, there were people from Quraysh and

1947: 1349: 1309: 1285: 1166: 1123: 904: 831: 823: 715: 586: 512: 508: 466: 406: 360: 171: 3658:

Farida, Benouis; Houria, Chérid; Lakhdar, Drias; Amine, Semar.

1592:

migrations but also from recent expansions of Arab tribes from

1552:

populations in favor of the nomads. For strategic reasons, the

1536:

culture remained confined to the mountains and desert regions.

1375:

of the non-Arab populations. Commercial activities such as the

1095:

Ma'qil, Beni Hassan, and the Char Bouba war (13th–17th century)

1890:. These dialects are spoken in various regions, including the 679: 593: 3608:. Department of Defense, Department of the Army. p. 17. 1397:

A major effect of the Arab migrations to the Maghreb was the

1157:. Additionally, the Beni Hassan dominated the valleys of the 698:, Judham, Azd, Tujayb and others on the western mountain. In 3227:"Encyclopedia of African history and culture | WorldCat.org" 573:

was appointed as governor of Ifriqiya by the Abbasid caliph

3095:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, C.1198-c.1300

907:. In the second half of the 12th century, they went to the 3768:

settled in the south and east of the Moroccan Atlas range.

2849:

Shi'ism in the Maghrib and al-Andalus, Volume One: History

2254:

Crawford, Michael H.; Campbell, Benjamin C. (2012-11-08).

434:

ancestry. Arab settlers mostly settled in cities, such as

1576:

A study from 2002 revealed that the second most-frequent

1275:

in Tunisia. They brought with them the urban dialects of

922:

They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into

764:. In Bilizma, the population consisted of tribesmen from 1922:

dialects (central Tunisia and eastern Algeria), Central

702:, there was a group that claimed to be Yemenite, and in 355:

and the full integration of the entire Maghreb into the

33:

Map depicting the routes Umayyad armies took during the

3137:

Sabatier, Diane Himpan; Himpan, Brigitte (2019-03-31).

2318:

Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa

639:

in 818 and one which involved 2,000 Arab families from

631:

in major urban centers of the western Maghreb. Several

446:

in the 11th century. During this time, the majority of

181:, when Arab armies conquered the region as part of the 3483:

The Age of Faith: The Story of Civilization, Volume IV

1239:, which aimed to forcibly remove all Muslims from the 749:, and in Majjana there were people from Diyar Rabi'a. 2825:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 52. 3276:

Velázquez Elizarrarás, Juan Carlos (December 2014).

2463:

Mountjoy, Alan B.; Embleton, Clifford (2023-12-01).

608:

after the failed revolt against the Abbasids in the

495:

that took over the region following the fall of the

2436:

Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World

2040:

Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World

1476:The Umayyad Caliphate played a significant role in 94: 78: 67: 53: 42: 2647:Pidginization and Creolization: The Case of Arabic 1560:plains of the western Maghreb to the Arab nomads. 646:These Arab political entities, in addition to the 3199:"Historical dictionary of Morocco | WorldCat.org" 2737:The History of the Maghrib: An Interpretive Essay 2150: 2148: 1789:. The most well known Arab tribes of Algeria are 798:of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the 3661:An Architecture of Light. Islamic Art in Algeria 3037:Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century 2260:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–178. 1148:The Beni Hassan expanded southwest and occupied 3643:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 36. 3092:Abulafia, David; McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). 3009:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 54. 2713:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 364. 2375:Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century 1918:dialects (Libya and southern Tunisia), Eastern 1199: 1031: 3755:. University of California Press. p. 44. 3278:"Orígenes de la identidad del pueblo saharaui" 2852:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 249. 2822:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 2112:Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (2011-01-01). 1539:Additionally, the Bedouins contributed to the 915:coast in the western Maghreb to areas such as 772:Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym (11th–12th century) 4314:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 161. 2644:Versteegh, Kees; Versteegh, C. H. M. (1984). 1118:13th century, the Ma'qilis occupied southern 737:. In nearby Al-Jazira, there were Arabs from 378:tribe to the Maghreb under the leadership of 284:, a specialist in North African history, the 8: 4249:Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). 3622:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3507:Evans, Martin; Phillips, John (2007-01-01). 2900:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2409:. Georgetown University Press. p. 106. 2073:. Georgetown University Press. p. 106. 1882:The Arab migrations led to the emergence of 343:in the same year, forcing the new Byzantine 21: 3098:. Cambridge University Press. p. 631. 2975:. Cambridge University Press. p. 343. 2947:(in French). E. Leroux. 1886. p. 330. 2740:. Princeton University Press. p. 117. 1930:dialects (western Algeria and Morocco) and 1047:Abd al-Mu'min expected opposition from the 974:Almohad and Marinid era (12th–15th century) 323:led the invasion with 20,000 soldiers from 18:Medieval migrations of Arabs to the Maghreb 4354:Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1% 3721:"Populations Crises and Population Cycles" 3459:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 143–148. 297:Rashidun and Umayyad era (7th–8th century) 20: 4345:, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-12-02 4024: 4014: 3965: 3916: 3859: 3810: 2650:. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 64. 1091:had to rely on Arab nomads for soldiers. 1009:in large numbers and settled them in the 756:, there was Quraysh, and other Arabs. In 725:and other tribes within the groupings of 3456:Routledge Library Editions: Muslim Spain 3297:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 69. 2288:Routledge Handbook on the Modern Maghrib 2115:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World 1860: 1849:tribes in Algeria primarily live in the 1567: 1279:, which they introduced to the existing 1235:in 1492. In 1609, Spain implemented the 1132: 977: 662:Arab tribes in the Maghreb (9th century) 3543:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 2917:"Les invasions hilaliennes en Ifrîqiya" 2029: 1993: 993:To weaken resistance by Arab tribes in 818:lifestyle and were originally from the 217:in the 17th century as a result of the 4222:Almanac of African Peoples and Nations 4077:"Dialects of Arabic: Maghreb Dialects" 3615: 3566: 3564: 3221: 3219: 3168: 3166: 3164: 2893: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2589: 2587: 1926:dialects (south and central Algeria), 938:, and deeply weakened the neighboring 706:, there were Arabs from the region of 538:Aghlabid and Idrisid era (9th century) 315:. This first started in 647 under the 166:, with later groups arriving from the 4189:Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (2015-12-10). 3780: 3778: 3776: 3513:. Yale University Press. p. 20. 3320: 3318: 3126:. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 77. 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2875: 2873: 2710:Concise Encyclopeida Of World History 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2512:. Algora Publishing. pp. 81–82. 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2344:The Middle East and North Africa 2003 2291:. Taylor & Francis. p. 263. 1498:in the first two centuries after the 1213:Andalusi refugees (15th–17th century) 1202:Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen 859:to became the most Arab place in the 519:. This shifted the tribal balance of 438:, until the migration of the nomadic 7: 2969:Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975). 2771:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 89. 2621:Fenwick, Corisande (November 2020). 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 1572:Distribution of Haplogroup J (Y-DNA) 1460:This resulted in the development of 1425:and Arabic, as both belonged to the 1413:spread during this period and drove 985:riding a camel in southern Tunisia, 887:where they gradually obstructed the 694:tribes on the eastern mountain, and 4048:Weissleder, Wolfgang (2011-06-15). 3486:. Simon and Schuster. p. 286. 2915:Decret, François (September 2003). 2768:Warfare in the Norman Mediterranean 2506:el-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2019-05-01). 2211:"Islamization of Berber lifestyles" 2155:Kusters, Christiaan Wouter (2003). 1527:were displaced westward, while the 721:In Kairouan, there were Arabs from 3946:American Journal of Human Genetics 3791:American Journal of Human Genetics 3510:Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed 3325:Albirini, Abdulkafi (2016-02-08). 3143:. Vernon Press. pp. 110–111. 2846:Morrow, John Andrew (2020-11-26). 2795:State and Society in Fatimid Egypt 1886:in the Maghreb, commonly known as 14: 4054:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 13. 3399:Laughlin, Fiona Mc (2011-10-27). 2439:. Psychology Press. p. 135. 2347:. Psychology Press. p. 156. 2043:. Psychology Press. p. 135. 1865:Geographical distribution of the 1493:sent to the governor of Ifriqiya 1429:family and were closely related. 1130:along with other Ma'qili tribes. 745:, in Baja there were people from 620:in the same year. He founded the 414:cultivated mostly by slaves from 335:and then defeating a much larger 110: 3834:Evol, Mol Biol (February 2017). 2403:Bateson, Mary Catherine (1967). 2067:Bateson, Mary Catherine (1967). 1584:(Eu10), which originated in the 562:issued during the reign of Emir 27: 4284:. Oxford Business Group. 2012. 4177:initially populated the region. 4164:. Oxford Business Group. 2007. 4125:Versteegh, Kees (31 May 2014). 3840:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3689:Egger, Vernon O. (2016-06-23). 2972:The Cambridge History of Africa 2734:Laroui, Abdallah (2015-03-08). 2623:"The Umayyads and North Africa" 2002:Arab migrations to North Africa 1906:in Tunisia, and the regions of 1122:, including the oasis towns of 418:. An example of these were the 4131:. Edinburgh University Press. 3006:The History of Northern Africa 2886:. The University. p. 16. 2707:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 2676:Marsham, Andrew (2020-11-25). 2320:. Cambridge University Press. 2010:Arab settlement of the Maghreb 523:in favor of the North Arabian 503:, there was a great influx of 303:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 268:populations and spread of the 120:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 22:Arab migrations to the Maghreb 1: 4393:Arab tribes in Western Sahara 4219:Yakan, Mohamad (2017-11-30). 3785:Genet, Am J Hum (June 2002). 3405:. A&C Black. p. 64. 3402:The Languages of Urban Africa 2600:. Routledge. pp. 70–74. 2006:Arab invasions of the Maghreb 1972:Arab migrations to the Levant 1141: 986: 489:Abbasids reconquered Ifriqiya 122:involved successive waves of 46: 4114:. Université Lumière Lyon 2. 4016:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293 3940:Genet, Am J Hum (May 2004). 3723:. 2013-05-27. Archived from 3291:Ould-Mey, Mohameden (1996). 2765:Theotokis, Georgios (2020). 2466:Africa: A Geographical Study 2285:Joffé, George (2023-11-20). 760:, there were tribesmen from 483:Abbasid conquest of Ifriqiya 313:Arab conquest of the Maghreb 307:Umayyad rule in North Africa 179:Arab conquest of the Maghreb 35:Arab conquest of the Maghreb 3571:Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). 3537:Holes, Clive (2018-08-30). 3480:Durant, Will (2011-06-07). 3426:Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16). 3003:McKenna, Amy (2011-01-15). 142:), encompassing modern-day 72: 4434: 4108:"Les dialectes Maghrébins" 3909:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x 3637:Nyrop, Richard F. (1972). 3352:Jónsson, Már (July 2007). 3331:. Routledge. p. 136. 2682:. Routledge. p. 307. 2433:Spickard, Paul R. (2005). 2037:Spickard, Paul R. (2005). 2014:Arabization of the Maghreb 1216: 1098: 1058:principality of Dila'iyyah 775: 752:In al-Zab, in its capital 541: 480: 300: 49:7th century — 17th century 4398:Arab tribes in Mauritania 4148:– via Google Books. 3640:Area Handbook for Morocco 3577:. Routledge. p. 46. 3432:. Routledge. p. 94. 3370:10.1017/s1740022807002252 3358:Journal of Global History 2819:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 2316:Kaegi, Walter E. (2010). 2233:. Routledge. p. 78. 1624:Contemporary demographics 1612:, and to a lesser extent 1237:Expulsion of the Moriscos 1219:Expulsion of the Moriscos 499:. During the rule of the 477:Abbasid era (8th century) 380:Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi 369:earliest Muslim conquests 26: 4311:Encyclopedic World Atlas 4281:The Report: Morocco 2012 4161:The Report: Algeria 2007 4106:Barkat, Mélissa (2000). 3883:Rep, Sci (August 2021). 3605:Algeria, a Country Study 2469:. Taylor & Francis. 2406:Arabic Language Handbook 2070:Arabic Language Handbook 2000:also referred to as the 1902:regions in Algeria, the 806:Arab tribes, mainly the 678:were the Arab tribes of 674:, in the mountains near 616:and founded the city of 88:1,000,000 (11th century) 3120:Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman 2509:Killing the Arab Spring 2378:. UNESCO. p. 243. 2118:. UNESCO. p. 409. 1894:plains in Morocco, the 762:Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah 564:Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab 463:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 403:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik 4388:Arab tribes in Morocco 4383:Arab tribes in Algeria 4255:. Marshall Cavendish. 3453:Various (2016-07-01). 3040:. UNESCO. p. 89. 2883:Libya, a Country Study 1869: 1573: 1519: 1210: 1145: 1079:. Under the Marinids, 1045: 990: 863:after the interior of 850:Upon their arrival in 847: 791: 690:, al-Sadaf, and other 566: 410: 331:, swiftly taking over 292:History and migrations 183:early Muslim conquests 4418:Historical migrations 3852:10.1093/molbev/msw218 2209:Fentress, Elizabeth. 1864: 1571: 1513: 1136: 981: 845: 789: 571:Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab 555: 397: 85:150,000 (7th century) 4373:History of the Arabs 4326:Arab 70%, Berber 30% 3140:Nomads of Mauritania 2944:Revue d'ethnographie 2798:. BRILL. p. 4. 2792:Lev, Yaacov (1991). 2594:Duri, A. A. (2012). 1977:History of the Arabs 1491:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 1005:transferred them to 891:as they had done to 612:. He later moved to 282:Charles-André Julien 4128:The Arabic Language 4007:2013PLoSO...880293F 3901:2021NatSR..1115728E 3180:. pp. 153, 350 1867:varieties of Arabic 1767:Saʿada and Murabtin 1580:in the Maghreb was 1495:Ismail ibn Abdallah 1409:. Furthermore, the 1377:Trans-Saharan trade 666:By the 3rd century 254:forced displacement 162:, particularly the 101:population growth, 23: 4413:Bedouins in Africa 4403:Arab ethnic groups 4343:The World Factbook 3889:Scientific Reports 3070:www.britannica.com 2548:www.britannica.com 2188:. UN. p. 24. 1870: 1614:sub-Saharan Africa 1582:Haplogroup J1-M267 1574: 1520: 1146: 1089:Kingdom of Tlemcen 1023:Almohad expedition 991: 889:Qal'at Bani Hammad 873:Battle of Haydaran 848: 792: 710:and the cities of 598:Idris ibn Abdallah 567: 416:sub-Saharan Africa 411: 341:Battle of Sufetula 317:Rashidun Caliphate 126:and settlement by 37:in the 7th century 4321:978-0-19-521920-3 4291:978-1-907065-54-5 4262:978-0-7614-1702-6 4232:978-1-351-28930-6 4202:978-3-658-11633-0 4171:978-1-902339-70-2 4075:Versteegh, Kees. 4061:978-3-11-081023-3 3762:978-0-520-06699-1 3702:978-1-315-50767-5 3671:978-3-902966-14-8 3584:978-1-317-81362-0 3550:978-0-19-100506-0 3520:978-0-300-10881-1 3493:978-1-4516-4761-7 3466:978-1-134-98576-0 3439:978-1-317-81362-0 3412:978-1-4411-5813-0 3338:978-1-317-40706-5 3304:978-0-8226-3051-7 3150:978-1-62273-410-8 3105:978-0-521-36289-4 3047:978-92-3-101710-0 3016:978-1-61530-318-2 2982:978-0-521-20981-6 2859:978-1-5275-6284-4 2805:978-90-04-09344-7 2778:978-1-78327-521-2 2747:978-1-4008-6998-5 2720:978-81-269-0775-5 2689:978-1-317-43005-6 2679:The Umayyad World 2657:978-90-272-3529-9 2607:978-0-415-62286-8 2519:978-1-62894-349-8 2476:978-1-003-83813-5 2446:978-0-415-95002-2 2416:978-0-87840-386-8 2385:978-92-3-101709-4 2354:978-1-85743-132-2 2298:978-0-429-99964-2 2267:978-1-139-85150-3 2240:978-1-135-97876-1 2195:978-92-9045-125-9 2166:978-90-76864-41-9 2125:978-92-3-104153-2 2080:978-0-87840-386-8 2050:978-0-415-95002-2 1888:Hilalian dialects 1815:Awlad Sidi Shaykh 1432:The migration of 1241:Iberian Peninsula 1207:Harry T. Norris, 1169:, as well as the 1155:Almohad Caliphate 800:Fatimid Caliphate 594:Ali ibn Abi Talib 577:. He founded the 501:Abbasid Caliphate 422:, descendants of 357:Umayyad Caliphate 329:Arabian Peninsula 321:Abdallah ibn Sa'd 199:Arabian Peninsula 164:Arabian Peninsula 116: 115: 4425: 4378:Tribes of Arabia 4357: 4356: 4351: 4350: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4083:. Archived from 4081:TeachMideast.org 4072: 4066: 4065: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4028: 4018: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3952:(5): 1023–1034. 3937: 3931: 3930: 3920: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3814: 3797:(6): 1594–1596. 3782: 3771: 3770: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3613: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3263: 3256:www.worldcat.org 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3238: 3231:www.worldcat.org 3223: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3203:www.worldcat.org 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3178:www.worldcat.org 3170: 3159: 3158: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2673: 2662: 2661: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2591: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2503: 2484: 2483: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2109: 2088: 2087: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2034: 2017: 1998: 1884:Bedouin dialects 1468:of the Maghreb. 1427:Semitic language 1371:, to fulfil the 1263:in Algeria, and 1208: 1143: 1085:Zayyanid dynasty 1054:'Alawite dynasty 1043: 988: 960:Sirat Bani Hilal 940:Hammadid dynasty 610:Battle of Fakhkh 583:Rustamid dynasty 579:Aghlabid dynasty 491:in 761 from the 345:Exarch of Africa 197:tribes from the 48: 31: 24: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4172: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4090: 4088: 4087:on 15 July 2015 4074: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4047: 4046: 4042: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3784: 3783: 3774: 3763: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3672: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3551: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3305: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3261: 3259: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3162: 3151: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3048: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3017: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2860: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2748: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2675: 2674: 2665: 2658: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2593: 2592: 2565: 2552: 2550: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2505: 2504: 2487: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2417: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2386: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2355: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2299: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2167: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2111: 2110: 2091: 2081: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2051: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2020: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1982:Spread of Islam 1968: 1960: 1873:Maghrebi Arabic 1859: 1857:Arabic dialects 1851:Algerian Desert 1845:and many more. 1631: 1626: 1566: 1541:desertification 1508: 1482:Musa ibn Nusayr 1474: 1462:Maghrebi Arabic 1411:Arabic language 1395: 1390: 1382:Fall of Granada 1334: 1277:Andalusi Arabic 1229:fall of Granada 1221: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1111: 1099:Main articles: 1097: 1065:Marinid dynasty 1044: 1038: 1027:Atlas Mountains 976: 967:Mármol Carvajal 911:valley and the 867:. According to 784: 776:Main articles: 774: 664: 625:Idrisid dynasty 604:and arrived in 575:Harun al-Rashid 550: 548:Idrisid dynasty 542:Main articles: 540: 505:Khurasani Arabs 485: 479: 401:coin of caliph 309: 301:Main articles: 299: 294: 280:. According to 270:Arabic language 82:Total unknown: 38: 19: 12: 11: 5: 4431: 4429: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4330: 4320: 4300: 4290: 4271: 4261: 4241: 4231: 4211: 4201: 4181: 4170: 4151: 4137: 4117: 4098: 4067: 4060: 4040: 4001:(11): e80293. 3981: 3958:10.1086/386295 3932: 3875: 3846:(2): 318–329. 3826: 3803:10.1086/340669 3772: 3761: 3741: 3712: 3701: 3681: 3670: 3650: 3629: 3594: 3583: 3560: 3549: 3529: 3519: 3499: 3492: 3472: 3465: 3445: 3438: 3418: 3411: 3391: 3344: 3337: 3314: 3303: 3283: 3268: 3243: 3215: 3190: 3160: 3149: 3129: 3111: 3104: 3084: 3057: 3046: 3026: 3015: 2995: 2981: 2954: 2934: 2907: 2869: 2858: 2838: 2831: 2811: 2804: 2784: 2777: 2757: 2746: 2726: 2719: 2699: 2688: 2663: 2656: 2636: 2613: 2606: 2563: 2535: 2518: 2485: 2475: 2455: 2445: 2425: 2415: 2395: 2384: 2364: 2353: 2333: 2327:978-0521196772 2326: 2308: 2297: 2277: 2266: 2246: 2239: 2219: 2201: 2194: 2176: 2165: 2159:. p. 97. 2144: 2124: 2089: 2079: 2059: 2049: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1967: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1877:Bedouin Arabic 1858: 1855: 1783:Awlad Sulayman 1719:Oulad Tidrarin 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1565: 1562: 1556:gave over the 1507: 1504: 1473: 1470: 1442:Bedouin Arabic 1423:Punic language 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1333: 1330: 1281:Bedouin Arabic 1217:Main article: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1191:Sahrawi people 1183:Western Sahara 1181:in modern day 1179:Char Bouba war 1173:oasis region. 1109:Char Bouba war 1096: 1093: 1036: 975: 972: 928:Bedouin Arabic 773: 770: 663: 660: 600:fled from the 596:'s descendant 539: 536: 481:Main article: 478: 475: 448:Maghrebi Arabs 298: 295: 293: 290: 278:Maghrebi Arabs 114: 113: 96: 92: 91: 90: 89: 86: 80: 76: 75: 69: 65: 64: 55: 51: 50: 44: 40: 39: 32: 17: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4430: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4355: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225:. Routledge. 4224: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4140: 4138:9780748694600 4134: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4044: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3727:on 2013-05-27 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3695:. Routledge. 3694: 3693: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3654: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3606: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3431: 3430: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3269: 3258:. p. 470 3257: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3233:. p. 237 3232: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3205:. p. 232 3204: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3008: 3007: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2851: 2850: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2738: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2250: 2247: 2242: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2220: 2216:. p. 75. 2212: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2116: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1868: 1863: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1537: 1534: 1533:lingua franca 1530: 1526: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1466:lingua franca 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1212: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1041: 1040:Roland Oliver 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:Abd al-Mu'min 1000: 996: 984: 980: 973: 971: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 853: 844: 840: 837: 833: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:Zirid dynasty 788: 783: 779: 771: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 661: 659: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 565: 561: 558: 554: 549: 545: 537: 535: 533: 530: 529:South Arabian 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 484: 476: 474: 472: 468: 464: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 424:Uqba ibn Nafi 421: 417: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 390: 386: 381: 377: 372: 370: 367:. During the 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 308: 304: 296: 291: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 175: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 112: 108: 104: 100: 97: 93: 87: 84: 83: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 63: 59: 56: 52: 45: 41: 36: 30: 25: 16: 4353: 4347:, retrieved 4342: 4333: 4325: 4310: 4303: 4295: 4280: 4274: 4266: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4221: 4214: 4206: 4195:. Springer. 4191: 4184: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4127: 4120: 4111: 4101: 4089:. Retrieved 4085:the original 4080: 4070: 4050: 4043: 3998: 3994: 3984: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3895:(1): 15728. 3892: 3888: 3878: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3794: 3790: 3766: 3751: 3744: 3735: 3729:. 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2923:(in French) 2921:www.clio.fr 1896:High Plains 1827:Banu Sulaym 1807:Beni Hassan 1715:Oulad Delim 1687:Banu Sulaym 1683:Beni Moussa 1679:Beni Mathar 1667:Beni Ḥassān 1647:Banu Ma'qil 1639:Ahl Rachida 1629:Arab tribes 1610:Middle East 1586:Middle East 1514:A group of 1455:assimilated 1438:Banu Sulaym 1399:Arabization 1393:Arabization 1373:Arabization 1342:Will Durant 1261:Constantine 1233:Reconquista 1128:Beni Hassan 1105:Beni Ḥassān 956:desertified 948:Arabization 936:al-Mahdiyya 897:high plains 885:Constantine 869:Ibn Khaldun 812:Banu Sulaym 782:Banu Sulaym 747:Banu Hashim 629:Arabization 497:Muhallabids 444:Banu Sulaym 389:Arabization 258:Arabization 231:Sulaymanids 219:Reconquista 207:Banu Sulaym 160:Middle East 138:(excluding 128:Arab people 103:Arabization 4367:Categories 4349:2022-12-12 3731:2024-08-25 3364:(2): 195. 3262:2023-05-01 3237:2023-05-01 3209:2023-05-01 3184:2023-05-01 3075:2023-08-08 2832:0521337674 2553:2023-05-14 2024:References 1940:Casablanca 1835:Ouled Nail 1823:Banu Hilal 1819:Banu Tamim 1799:Doui-Menia 1723:Oulad Zyan 1671:Banu Hilal 1659:Beni 'Amir 1655:Beni Ahsen 1651:Banu Tamim 1578:Haplogroup 1478:Islamizing 1434:Banu Hilal 1350:Nile river 1225:Al-Andalus 1195:Mauritania 1187:Mauritania 1063:Under the 1019:Almoravids 1015:Barghawata 879:abandoned 861:Arab world 832:Nile River 808:Banu Hilal 778:Banu Hilal 766:Banu Tamim 672:al-Ya'qubi 637:Al-Andalus 517:Banu Tamim 493:Kharijites 452:Qahtanites 440:Banu Hilal 409:or Tamim". 365:Banu Tamim 215:Al-Andalus 203:Banu Hilal 201:, such as 134:region of 4339:"Tunisia" 4091:4 October 3618:cite book 3386:154793596 3378:1740-0228 2896:cite book 2559:Arabized. 1932:Hassaniya 1912:Cyrenaica 1839:Beni Amer 1795:Dhouaouda 1751:Qadhadhfa 1663:Beni Guil 1590:Neolithic 1550:sedentary 1384:in 1492. 1361:Aghlabids 1338:Byzantine 852:Cyrenaica 836:Al-Mu'izz 676:Cyrenaica 622:Hashemite 544:Aghlabids 532:Qahtanite 515:tribe of 363:tribe of 337:Byzantine 247:'Alawites 223:Aghlabids 124:migration 4408:Bedouins 4035:24312208 3995:PLOS ONE 3976:15069642 3927:34344940 3870:27744413 3821:11992266 3122:(1377). 2753:Maghrib. 2273:onwards. 1966:See also 1924:Hilalian 1920:Hilalian 1892:Atlantic 1831:Thaaliba 1803:Ghenanma 1759:Warfalla 1699:Doukkala 1602:Wesletia 1564:Genetics 1558:Atlantic 1554:Almohads 1518:in Libya 1516:Bedouins 1369:Fatimids 1365:Salihids 1357:Idrisids 1265:Kairouan 1205:— 1171:Tafilalt 1159:Moulouya 1115:Ma'qilis 1077:Arabized 1037:— 1011:Atlantic 995:Ifriqiya 942:and the 917:Doukkala 913:Atlantic 909:Moulouya 893:Kairouan 881:Kairouan 739:Banu Adi 708:Khurasan 692:Yemenite 652:Fatimids 648:Salihids 643:in 824. 641:Ifriqiya 592:In 789, 569:In 800, 557:Aghlabid 534:tribes. 525:Adnanite 521:Ifriqiya 436:Kairouan 432:Qurayshi 428:Andalusi 286:Hilalian 243:Saadians 239:Fatimids 235:Salihids 227:Idrisids 54:Location 4144:20 July 4026:3842387 4003:Bibcode 3967:1181965 3918:8333252 3897:Bibcode 3861:5644363 3737:desert. 2695:period. 2360:Empire. 2012:or the 1952:Algiers 1928:Ma'qili 1916:Sulaymi 1847:Bedouin 1791:Chaamba 1787:Abaydat 1775:Zuwayya 1771:Masamir 1755:Magarha 1747:Shammar 1727:Rahamna 1695:Chaouia 1643:Azwafit 1606:Tunisia 1598:E1b1b1b 1529:Kabyles 1450:Bedouin 1346:Mashriq 1273:Bizerte 1257:Tlemcen 1253:Tangier 1231:in the 1150:Sanhaja 1140:family 1138:Saharan 1120:Algeria 1087:of the 1073:Makhzan 1049:Masmuda 1007:Morocco 999:Almohad 983:Chaamba 952:Maghreb 950:of the 901:Algiers 816:nomadic 804:Bedouin 723:Quraysh 696:Ghassan 656:Mashriq 606:Tangier 420:Fihrids 327:in the 319:, when 260:of the 195:Bedouin 191:Abbasid 187:Umayyad 156:Tunisia 152:Morocco 144:Algeria 132:Maghreb 130:in the 95:Outcome 58:Maghreb 4318: 4288: 4259: 4229: 4199: 4168: 4135: 4058: 4033: 4023: 3974: 3964: 3925: 3915: 3868: 3858: 3819: 3812:379148 3809: 3759: 3699: 3668: 3581: 3547: 3517: 3490: 3463: 3436: 3409: 3384: 3376: 3335: 3301: 3147: 3102: 3044: 3013: 2979: 2856: 2829: 2802: 2775: 2744: 2717: 2686: 2654: 2604: 2516: 2473: 2443: 2413: 2382: 2351: 2324: 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Knowledge (XXG)

Arab migrations to the Maghreb

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