4699:
3374:
2394:
85:
4602:
8357:
7236:
4675:
1281:
36:
4687:
4393:
Tone markers act as "modifiers" of vowel diacritics. In simpler words, they are "diacritics for the diacritics". They are written "outside" of the word, meaning that they are written above the vowel diacritic if the diacritic is written above the word, and they are written below the diacritic if the
306:—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full
434:
are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and
4626:(2) and (3) 9th–10th century under Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Aswad's system established red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel; later, a second black-dot system was used to differentiate between letters like
2054:
for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of
4997:
Anatole Lyovin, Brett
Kessler, William Ronald Leben, "An Introduction to the Languages of the World", "5.6 Sketch of Modern Standard Arabic", Oxford University Press, 2017, pg. 255, Edition 2, specifically “5.6.2.2
4394:
diacritic is written below the word. They are only ever written where there are vowel diacritics. This is important to note, as without the diacritic present, there is no way to distinguish between tone markers and
1650:
It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their
2620:
4698:
4754:
However, the early manuscripts of the Qur'an did not use the vowel signs for every letter requiring them, but only for letters where they were necessary for a correct reading.
4780:
had been introduced by then, which, while they were short strokes rather than the round dots seen today, meant that without a color distinction the two could become confused.
3242:
Diacritics not used in Modern
Standard Arabic but in other languages that use the Arabic script, and sometimes to write Arabic dialects, include (the list is not exhaustive):
4714:
Abu al-Aswad's system of
Harakat was different from the system we know today. The system used red dots with each arrangement or position indicating a different short vowel.
7272:
4660:
for the task. Abu al-Aswad devised a system of dots to signal the three short vowels (along with their respective allophones) of Arabic. This system of dots predates the
975:
is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones (as in "put", or "bull"). For example:
4386:
are 3 tone markers which are part of the standardized and accepted orthographic convention of
Rohingya. It remains the only known instance of tone markers within the
4815:
The process of automatically restoring diacritical marks is called diacritization or diacritic restoration. It is useful to avoid ambiguity in applications such as
199:
4644:(4) 11th century, in al-Farāhídi's system (system we know today) dots were changed into shapes resembling the letters to transcribe the corresponding long vowels.
4378:
adopted for writing various languages of
Western Africa. However, the Arabic script never had an inherent way of representing tones until it was adapted for the
1177:
occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger
4988:
Karin C. Ryding, "A Reference
Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic", Cambridge University Press, 2005, pgs. 25-34, specifically “Chapter 2, Section 4: Vowels”
757:. A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of
5129:"Technical Practices and Recommendations Recorded by Classical and Post-Classical Arabic Scholars Concerning the Copying and Correction of Manuscripts"
5641:
5060:
4791:
with small superscript letters: small alif, yā’, and wāw for the short vowels corresponding to the long vowels written with those letters, a small
349:) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
5290:
2357:('teacher', female). Note that when the doubled consonant bears a vowel, it is the shaddah that the vowel is attached to, not the main consonant:
360:(or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the
7265:
5692:
2619:
5424:
5111:
2298:(consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which is to be doubled. It is the only
8338:
737:/), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have the more central (/
122:(in blue)—which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic—indicate short vowels, long consonants, and some other vocalizations.
192:
3016:
If the glottal stop occurs at the end of the word (ignoring any grammatical suffixes), if it follows a short vowel it is written above
6235:
5157:
1302:
1740:
Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and
Arabized Bible.
8387:
7258:
5325:
5070:
1328:
71:
5371:
333:
is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of
1647:
has a kasrah, the alif-waslah makes the sound /i/. However, when the second letter from it has a dammah, it makes the sound /u/.
5267:
5128:
681:(close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example:
5140:
Les manuscrits du Moyen-Orient: essais de codicologie et de paléographie. Actes du colloque d'Istanbul (Istanbul 26–29 mai 1986)
3360:. Often used in Iraq to represent the /g/ sound to write foreign words in Arabic script, while in Morocco the variant ݣ is seen.
8057:
6882:
1859:
6409:
5675:
1306:
423:
185:
146:
5441:
6857:
5634:
4772:
found that the task of writing using two different colours was tedious and impractical. Another complication was that the
4114:
3571:
5007:
Amine
Bouchentouf, Arabic For Dummies®, John Wiley & Sons, 2018, 3rd Edition, specifically section "All About Vowels"
8392:
6174:
5725:
5544:
Thompson, Brian; Alshehri, Ali (2021-09-28). "Improving Arabic
Diacritization by Learning to Diacritize and Translate".
2503:, and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the
1781:
It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example:
1990:
The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant
4840:
1951:), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a
8382:
6818:
6297:
4816:
4103:
3373:
6571:
6561:
6538:
5611:
Alexis Neme and Sébastien
Paumier (2019), "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup",
4657:
4064:
3427:
302:—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full
46:
8397:
7239:
7147:
6629:
5627:
3040:
the same as for a medial case; otherwise on the line (i.e. if it follows a long vowel, diphthong or consonant).
1291:
7665:
6696:
6394:
6337:
5740:
4337:
Special diacritics usually found only in dictionaries for clarification of irregular pronunciation include
3916:
3774:
2750:
that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of
1310:
1295:
168:
500:
as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks is phonetic
8095:
6502:
6462:
6387:
6382:
6146:
5682:
5076:
4828:
4590:
4525:
4460:
4272:
3990:
3417:
3346:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3165:
3136:
3123:
3110:
3075:
3052:
2980:
2937:
2930:
2926:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2646:-shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of
2472:
2459:
2380:
2367:
2320:
2029:
1908:
1862:
1474:
1429:
1417:
1387:
1380:
1376:
1117:
1053:
1033:
1020:
985:
928:
906:
893:
858:
845:
723:
709:
691:
678:
645:
622:
600:
501:
151:
5135:
1956:
7408:
7228:
7061:
7013:
6823:
6805:
6798:
6788:
6783:
6775:
6595:
6330:
6302:
6292:
6096:
5720:
4824:
4621:
2755:
2838:), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a
1641:). This is because no Arabic word can start with a vowel-less consonant: If the second letter from the
298:
is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the
84:
4674:
2393:
1440:
s are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single
8047:
7416:
6964:
6724:
6644:
6124:
5565:
Masmoudi, Abir; Aloulou, Chafik; Abdellahi, Abdel Ghader Sidi; Belguith, Lamia Hadrich (2021-08-08).
5500:
4312:
4112:
4101:
4084:
4062:
4046:
3569:
3554:
3425:
3396:
3355:
3353:
2593:
733:
Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/
512:/diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide
8361:
8324:
8170:
7496:
7458:
7310:
7023:
6833:
6706:
6529:
6080:
5994:
4848:
3285:
2643:
3139:("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with a vowel opening the syllable, and in each case,
543:, which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There is some ambiguity as to which
310:, to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries.
7680:
7541:
7412:
7191:
6877:
6793:
6590:
6515:
5594:
5545:
5526:
5469:
5284:
4586:
4521:
4456:
4314:
4308:
2717:
1775:
1681:
To replace the elided hamza whose alif-seat has assimilated to the previous vowel. For example:
4366:
Historically Arabic script has been adopted and used by many tonal languages, examples include
2886:
If the glottal stop occurs at the beginning of the word, it is always indicated by hamza on an
745:/) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as
8256:
8052:
6938:
6691:
6611:
6551:
6314:
6221:
6206:
6117:
5586:
5518:
5489:"Automatic Methods and Neural Networks in Arabic Texts Diacritization: A Comprehensive Survey"
5461:
5420:
5314:
5263:
5153:
5107:
5099:
5066:
4928:
4764:
4379:
3688:
3556:
3543:
3398:
3290:
1486:
1774:). It indicates that the consonant to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e.,
8042:
7651:
7598:
7583:
7579:
7511:
7101:
6959:
6757:
6738:
6701:
6580:
6510:
6453:
6438:
6365:
6211:
6196:
6141:
6103:
5807:
5750:
5710:
5578:
5508:
5453:
4832:
4371:
3312:
3303:
2589:
2033:
287:
8155:
8112:
7724:
7647:
7435:
7325:
7142:
7071:
7008:
7002:
6871:
6746:
6686:
6546:
6490:
6475:
6470:
6443:
6433:
6377:
6350:
6325:
6260:
6254:
6240:
6226:
6183:
6165:
5765:
5755:
5735:
5670:
5396:
5253:
5152:
Alkalesi, Yasin M. (2001) "Modern iraqi arabic: A textbook". Georgetown University Press.
4958:
4942:
4922:
4904:
4886:
4868:
4860:
4836:
4785:
4774:
4765:
4744:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4662:
4636:
4628:
3379:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3299:
3294:
3226:
3141:
3080:
3058:
3045:
3034:
3026:
3018:
2995:
2985:
2960:
2952:
2942:
2919:
2911:
2888:
2876:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2840:
2828:
2610:
2602:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2553:
2538:
2524:
2513:
2497:
2488:
2441:
2433:
2411:
2403:
2342:
2325:
2300:
2281:
2260:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2140:
2111:
2091:
2058:
2047:
2018:
2002:
1995:
1958:
1931:
1922:
1895:
1885:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1831:
1812:
1804:
1793:
1753:
1730:
1716:
1704:
In hamza-initial imperative forms following a vowel, especially following the conjunction
1695:
1668:
1656:
1642:
1617:
1599:
1591:
1574:
1557:
1548:
1530:
1513:
1496:
1458:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1392:
1369:
1349:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1179:
1171:
1160:
1142:
1123:
1110:
1091:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1011:
993:
960:
941:
933:
920:
911:
885:
866:
829:
767:
758:
696:
670:
652:
628:
605:
580:
561:
553:
545:
532:
514:
506:
494:
482:
441:
428:
416:
408:
387:
375:
354:
343:
335:
327:
292:
273:
250:
236:
222:
129:
2065:
varies from country to country, and there is a trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar.
753:
286:, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and
5504:
5360:
5020:
4601:
2439:) are the diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form (
8230:
8107:
7526:
7348:
7222:
7152:
7086:
6991:
6765:
6654:
6649:
6634:
6619:
6585:
6370:
5745:
5687:
5038:
4820:
4367:
3281:
2486:
did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the
2110:
173:
17:
5969:
5879:
5852:
1929:
1677:
It occurs in phrases and sentences (connected speech, not isolated/dictionary forms):
8376:
8315:
8271:
8117:
7184:
7179:
7165:
7111:
7046:
7028:
6914:
6899:
6893:
6862:
6681:
6676:
6661:
6624:
6485:
6480:
6404:
6360:
6216:
6190:
5931:
5922:
5715:
5702:
5598:
5530:
4387:
3321:
2495:
Vowel pointing was introduced first, as a red dot placed above, below, or beside the
2220:
2040:
only). In a vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see
382:
213:
137:
5473:
4807:(short consonant; no longer used). His system is essentially the one we know today.
4686:
2638:
was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack
8343:
7881:
7492:
7454:
7306:
7157:
7116:
7056:
7036:
6996:
6909:
6904:
6671:
6666:
6556:
6279:
6265:
6057:
6039:
5832:
5200:
4375:
2835:
1651:
1373:
6981:
4867:
4844:
4545:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a fish-like looping line that is placed on top of
2561:
2057:
2046:
2037:
1116:), is written as short vertical stroke on top of a consonant. It indicates a long
5414:
5226:
939:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word
702:
is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah is placed before the letter ⟨
8350:
7051:
6943:
6887:
6639:
6048:
5800:
5610:
5513:
5488:
4006:
3224:), the situation is different, as noted above. See the comprehensive article on
2666:), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as
2565:
1280:
1087:
436:
5951:
5897:
5582:
5172:
2817:
Although normally it is sometimes not considered a letter of the alphabet, the
520:
as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription.
109:
99:
8140:
7473:
7393:
6201:
6110:
5457:
5056:
3826:
3527:
2552:
2295:
1952:
448:
5590:
5566:
5522:
5465:
8200:
7613:
7281:
7106:
4398:
i.e. dots that are used for purpose of phonetic distinctions of consonants.
2307:
2028:
These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in
217:
7560:
4614:
2944:
2550:) in handwriting and in print. This practice is also used in copies of the
504:
of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with
361:
6982:
6067:
6058:
6049:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5967:
5959:
5949:
5941:
5932:
5923:
5914:
5905:
5895:
5887:
5877:
5869:
5860:
5850:
5842:
5833:
5824:
5315:"Proposal to add Arabic script characters for African and Asian languages"
848:(as in "me", "be") and its allophones (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example:
7842:
7773:
7695:
7091:
7081:
6974:
5784:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3387:
1976:
1605:
is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example:
1064:
should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation.
8300:
8018:
7378:
7126:
5790:
4606:
2847:
It may appear as a letter by itself or as a diacritic over or under an
1075:, since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic.
677:) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long
468:
8215:
7969:
7556:
7041:
6969:
6021:
5665:
5650:
4951:
4935:
4903:
4743:
4415:
as it is called in Rohingya, is a single dot that's placed on top of
2233:
394:
4480:
as it is called in Rohingya, is two dots that are placed on top of
2987:
1887:
1013:
747:
742:
5567:"Automatic diacritization of Tunisian dialect text using SMT model"
5550:
4762:
The precursor to the system we know today is Al Farahidi's system.
4620:(1) Early 9th century, script with no dots or diacritic marks (see
8286:
8185:
7900:
7710:
7628:
7363:
7344:
7121:
7076:
7066:
5985:
5940:
5913:
5886:
5859:
5823:
5795:
5619:
4610:
4092:
in Azerbaijani, used only on top of ye: یٛ is equivalent to Latin
3228:
2809:
2776:
2720:, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without
2618:
2483:
2398:
2392:
2142:
2090:
2041:
1547:
1365:
1269:
1187:
1122:
669:
627:
283:
161:
5062:
What the Koran Really Says : Language, Text & Commentary
8063:
7096:
6066:
6012:
6003:
5976:
5958:
5904:
5868:
5767:
4885:
4268:
4097:
4058:
4054:
3546:
written in Arabic script includes the diacritic or "wavy hamza".
3392:
3342:
3334:
2731:
2705:
2693:
2688:
were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly
2443:
1830:
1023:(like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example:
919:
884:
738:
734:
90:
7254:
5623:
4827:. Automatic diacritization algorithms have been developed. For
3352:
When writing Arabic, often used in Iraq to represent the sound
2642:
in pointed text, the letter could be marked with a small v- or
488:
In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful.
6030:
5841:
5065:. Translated by Ibn Warraq. New York: Prometheus. p. 64.
4653:
4605:
Evolution of early Arabic calligraphy (9th–11th century). The
3338:
1274:
29:
7250:
5774:
5173:"Arabic Range: 0600–06FF The Unicode Standard, Version 15.1"
5142:. p. 57 (§ 8. Diacritical marks and vowelisation).
4648:
According to tradition, the first to commission a system of
4431:(vowel diacritics unique to Rohinghya), or their respective
3513:
also used in Quranic text in African and other orthographies
1928:
may have also an alternative form of the small high head of
635:(henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples):
2627:
and without top stroke next to initial kāf with top stroke.
567:, for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants.
5361:"Proposal to encode the Hanifi Rohingya script in Unicode"
4307: written above or below other diacritics to mark a
2762:
was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for
2724:), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small
4668:, dots used to distinguish between different consonants.
4093:
2754:, when that letter was written without the stroke on its
2288:
621:
and refers to the opening of the mouth when producing an
603:(like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word
447:
might be used simply because their writing is considered
5442:"A survey of automatic Arabic diacritization techniques"
5397:"Proposal of Inclusion of Certain Characters in Unicode"
4917:), the phonetic rules of recitation of Qur'an in Arabic
2017:, or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right,
53:
4984:
4982:
4980:
2909:
If the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word,
2479:
are not considered diacritics but part of the letter.
1368:-shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an
2608:
in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as
2287:), is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin "
2156:
should always be written (except for words ending in
426:. Another use is in children's literature. Moreover,
4839:(WER) of 4.79%. The most common mistakes are proper
4733:, a dot on the side of a letter stood for the vowel
2958:
is used (the two dots which are usually beneath the
2306:
that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid
1768:
is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter (
8298:
8242:
8126:
8030:
7722:
7663:
7288:
7200:
7135:
7022:
6952:
6931:
6856:
6774:
6756:
6717:
6610:
6570:
6537:
6528:
6501:
6461:
6452:
6426:
6313:
6173:
6164:
6155:
6134:
6088:
6079:
5816:
5701:
5658:
5313:Priest, Lorna A.; Hosken, Martin (10 August 2010).
3732:miniature Arabic letter hah (initial form) ﺣ above
3147:is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the
2925:is used only if it is not preceded or followed by
1810:may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A
2522:Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final
5779:
5262:] (in Urdu and Burushaski). pp. 28–29.
3953:
3944:
3935:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3816:
3807:
3798:
1207:) is usually produced automatically by entering
7920:
7823:
7764:
5440:Azmi, Aqil M.; Almajed, Reham S. (2013-10-10).
4053:used only on top of vav: ۆ equivalent to Latin
2882:depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels;
2814:ئ ؤ إ أ ء
896:(as in the English word "steed"). For example:
8085:
8073:
7872:
7833:
7989:
7960:
7950:
7940:
7793:
7744:
7266:
5635:
3238:Diacritics not used in Modern Standard Arabic
2511:became black dots about the same time as the
2078:is most commonly written in combination with
1044:is usually not written in such cases, but if
917:is usually not written in such cases, but if
492:Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use
352:The bulk of Arabic script is written without
248:). The latter include the vowel marks termed
193:
8:
7930:
7862:
7813:
5419:. Columbia University Press. pp. 56ff.
4912:
4894:
4876:
3568:when below the alif: اٟ to create the sound
3553:when used above alif: ٲ to create the vowel
3214:
3201:
3188:
3171:
3158:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3089:
3067:
3004:
2969:
2821:
2739:
2725:
2703:
2691:
2681:
2659:
2649:
2545:
2531:
2465:
2452:
2426:
2373:
2360:
2350:
2333:
2313:
2272:
2251:
2131:
2121:
2101:
2081:
2071:
2010:
1902:
1876:
1845:
1821:
1784:
1769:
1761:
1723:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1626:
1608:
1582:
1565:
1538:
1521:
1504:
1467:
1401:
1357:
1192:
1151:
1133:
1101:
1026:
1002:
978:
968:
899:
875:
851:
837:
717:
703:
684:
660:
638:
612:
588:
538:
476:
399:
366:
321:
266:
257:
243:
229:
220:, which include consonant pointing known as
113:
103:
98:(in red) were added so that letters such as
8009:
5104:Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers
1309:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7999:
7803:
7754:
7273:
7259:
7251:
6534:
6458:
6170:
6161:
6085:
5642:
5628:
5620:
5571:International Journal of Speech Technology
4028:
4018:
3372:
2874:Which letter is to be used to support the
2674:, was used for a contracted (assimilated)
200:
186:
125:
8325:combining character § Unicode ranges
5549:
5512:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5015:
5013:
4717:A dot above a letter indicated the vowel
3647:inverted and regular curly dammahs above
1329:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:), and supplementary diacritics known as
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
5167:
5165:
4899:), the basic system of Arabic consonants
4600:
3244:
2716:, are still occasionally used in modern
1666:of the definite article is considered a
290:are not generally indicated in writing.
83:
4976:
4956:the Hebrew diacritic similar to Arabic
4670:
2983:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2940:is before or after the glottal stop, a
2519:became small black letters or strokes.
716:"); and when placed before the letter ⟨
478:بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ
135:
128:
5282:
4585:) This tone marker indicates a
4520:) This tone marker indicates a
4455:) This tone marker indicates a
3521:Variants of standard Arabic diacritics
2180:endings in indefinite triptote forms:
1949:ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH
1456:above it, the combination known as an
1130:is normally not written. For example:
5377:from the original on 12 December 2019
4847:. Similar algorithms exist for other
4569:versions, and it's placed underneath
4504:versions, and it's placed underneath
4439:versions, and it's placed underneath
4013:, which in medial form is written as
3432:) contains a vertical line above the
2770:was distinguished with a superscript
2712:. These signs, collectively known as
2209:, also serves as an adverbial marker;
263:
7:
8339:English terms with diacritical marks
5359:Pandey, Anshuman (27 October 2015).
3755:miniature Arabic letter tah ط above
3549:In Kashmiri the diacritic is called
3155:syllables "beginning" with a vowel:
1994:. They may or may not be considered
1307:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Diacritics used in the Arabic script
5331:from the original on 8 October 2022
5289:: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (
4913:
4895:
4877:
3215:
3202:
3189:
3172:
3159:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3090:
3068:
3051:s in succession are never allowed:
3005:
2970:
2822:
2740:
2726:
2704:
2692:
2682:
2660:
2650:
2546:
2532:
2466:
2453:
2427:
2374:
2361:
2351:
2334:
2314:
2273:
2252:
2132:
2122:
2102:
2082:
2011:
1903:
1877:
1846:
1822:
1785:
1762:
1724:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1627:
1609:
1583:
1566:
1539:
1522:
1505:
1468:
1402:
1358:
1193:
1152:
1134:
1102:
1027:
1003:
979:
969:
900:
876:
852:
838:
718:
704:
685:
661:
639:
613:
589:
539:
477:
400:
367:
322:
267:
258:
244:
230:
114:
104:
7227:Languages between parentheses are
4725:, a dot below indicated the vowel
4294:دࣤ࣬ دࣥ࣬ دࣦ࣯
3968:Present in the Burushaski letters
3897:Present in the Burushaski letters
3848:Eastern Arabic numeral 3: ٣ above
3833:Present in the Burushaski letters
3782:Eastern Arabic numeral 2: ٢ above
3505:ٜ بٜ
2894:: above if the following vowel is
2600:", that looks exactly the same as
1736:) 'rise and then drink the water'.
25:
4119:) contains the v shape above the
2631:سۡ سۜ سۣ سٚ ڛ
1390:could also be represented by two
599:a letter, and represents a short
385:. It is also quite common to add
8356:
8355:
7235:
7234:
5021:"Introduction to Written Arabic"
4697:
4685:
4673:
2736:in its final and isolated forms
1408:, where a hamza above the first
1279:
999:is placed before a plain letter
872:is placed before a plain letter
657:is placed before a plain letter
595:is a small diagonal line placed
282:The Arabic script is a modified
34:
5613:Lang Resources & Evaluation
4271:with ring (ګ) is used for IPA /
3151:beginning). But if we consider
1071:(ضَمَّة) in this context means
88:Early written Arabic used only
7231:of the language on their left.
5025:University of Victoria, Canada
4609:was taken as an example, from
4111:in Uyghur, the letter ئۆ (IPA
3564:Kashmiri calls the wavy hamza
3100:Consider the following words:
2172:is not. Grammatical cases and
484:bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
43:This article needs editing to
1:
8318:(placeholder glyph character)
4783:Accordingly, he replaced the
4741:, and two dots stood for the
2616:in final and isolated forms.
2128:(alif hamzah) or stand-alone
1386:In theory, the same sequence
1052:is pronounced as a diphthong
927:is pronounced as a diphthong
7289:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
5726:Ancient South Arabian script
5693:Influence on other languages
5446:Natural Language Engineering
5413:Versteegh, C. H. M. (1997).
4881:), the case system of Arabic
4622:image of early Basmala Kufic
2656:; three dots were used with
2536:), which looks exactly like
6983:
6068:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6023:
6014:
6005:
5996:
5987:
5978:
5968:
5960:
5950:
5942:
5933:
5924:
5915:
5906:
5896:
5888:
5878:
5870:
5861:
5851:
5843:
5834:
5825:
5766:
5514:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3122977
4959:
4943:
4905:
4887:
4869:
4786:
4775:
4766:
4745:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4663:
4637:
4629:
4019:
3702:diagonal tilde shape below
3677:diagonal tilde shape above
3501:ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW
3227:
3142:
3081:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3035:
3027:
3019:
2996:
2986:
2961:
2953:
2943:
2920:
2912:
2889:
2877:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2841:
2829:
2611:
2603:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2554:
2539:
2525:
2514:
2498:
2489:
2442:
2434:
2412:
2404:
2343:
2326:
2301:
2282:
2261:
2214:
2200:
2186:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2141:
2112:
2092:
2059:
2048:
2019:
2003:
1996:
1959:
1932:
1923:
1896:
1886:
1868:
1853:
1840:
1832:
1813:
1805:
1794:
1754:
1731:
1717:
1696:
1669:
1657:
1643:
1618:
1600:
1592:
1575:
1558:
1549:
1531:
1514:
1497:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1393:
1350:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1143:
1124:
1111:
1092:
1059:
1047:
1039:
1012:
994:
961:
942:
934:
921:
912:
886:
867:
830:
768:
759:
697:
671:
653:
629:
606:
581:
562:
554:
546:
533:
526:Harakat (short vowel marks)
515:
507:
495:
483:
442:
429:
417:
409:
388:
376:
355:
344:
336:
328:
293:
274:
251:
237:
223:
8414:
5583:10.1007/s10772-021-09864-6
5260:Burushaski–Urdu Dictionary
5059:(2002). Ibn Warraq (ed.).
4817:Arabic machine translation
4234:greater than sign - above
4192:greater than sign - below
3954:
3945:
3936:
3883:
3874:
3865:
3817:
3808:
3799:
2807:
2572:. The same unification of
2231:
1974:
1850:) indicates the diphthong
1545:looks like a small letter
1484:
1267:
797:ARABIC FATHA ISOLATED FORM
118:) could be distinguished.
8333:
8086:
8074:
8010:
8000:
7990:
7961:
7951:
7941:
7931:
7921:
7873:
7863:
7834:
7824:
7814:
7804:
7794:
7765:
7755:
7745:
7214:
7207:Islam and Arabic language
5458:10.1017/S1351324913000284
5201:"Vowel 04: ٲ / ä – (aae)"
4940:the Hebrew equivalent of
4582:
4517:
4452:
4304:
4281:
4240:
4219:
4198:
4177:
4156:
4135:
4027:, Unicode U+0658) above:
3984:Shapes like Latin letters
3982:
3973:
3969:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3875:
3866:
3838:
3834:
3818:
3809:
3800:
3772:
3760:
3737:
3724:
3707:
3682:
3669:
3652:
3629:
3588:
3519:
3475:
3458:
3454:
3441:
3264:
2966:disappear in this case):
2482:Early manuscripts of the
2072:
1914:
1873:, followed by the letter
1770:
8388:Arabic words and phrases
8287:tilde § Mathematics
8127:Marks used as diacritics
7148:Arabic script in Unicode
6883:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
6243:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
5254:
5039:"Arabic character notes"
4811:Automatic diacritization
4076:invered "v" shape above
2431:; sometimes also called
1432:. However, consecutive
1268:Not to be confused with
1089:superscript (or dagger)
1019:), it represents a long
892:), it represents a long
823:A similar diagonal line
810:ARABIC FATHA MEDIAL FORM
45:comply with Knowledge's
6410:Western Egyptian Bedawi
5487:Almanea, Manar (2021).
5227:"Vowel07: اٟ / ü ( ι )"
4931:, the Hebrew equivalent
4213:less than sign - above
4171:less than sign - below
4043:ۆ ؤیٛ
3775:Eastern Arabic numerals
3481:Sindhi, Old Hindustani
3078:is written with a free
2774:or a small superscript
2598:Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh
2294:It is used to indicate
1818:followed by the letter
1725:قُمْ وَٱشْرَبِ ٱلْمَاءَ
1722:) 'and'. For example: َ
844:and designates a short
722:⟩ (wāw), it creates an
708:⟩ (yā’), it creates an
320:The literal meaning of
18:Arabic vowel diacritics
7676: ◌҄
7594: ◌͂
7469: ◌̉
7340: ◌̑
5368:The Unicode Consortium
5322:The Unicode Consortium
5106:. BRILL. p. 286.
4829:Modern Standard Arabic
4757:
4709:
4704:Modern Kufic in Qur'an
4658:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
4645:
4577:, or their respective
4561:, or their respective
4512:, or their respective
4496:, or their respective
4447:, or their respective
3391:, equivalent to Latin
2628:
2418:
1572:(also indicated by an
1224:+ ligature of doubled
454:An example of a fully
123:
7522: ◌ͅ
7014:Quranic Arabic Corpus
5721:Ancient North Arabian
5252:Mirza, Umair (2006).
4825:information retrieval
4710:Abu al-Aswad's system
4604:
4453:دً࣪ / دٌ࣪ / دࣨ࣪ / دٍ࣭
4362:Rohingya tone markers
3367:horizontal bar above
3181:("hearts"—notice the
2634:At the time when the
2622:
2396:
2164:or diptotes) even if
1597:). It means that the
1216:The word consists of
827:a letter is called a
87:
8362:Category: Diacritics
8166: ◌:
6965:Sun and moon letters
6125:Pre-classical Arabic
5127:Gacek, Adam (1989).
5098:Gacek, Adam (2009).
4799:(geminate), a small
4758:Al Farahidi's system
3919:4: ۴ above or below
3624:double dammah above
3409:vertical line above
2670:, resembling a long
2594:the Unicode Standard
2592:, resulting in what
2160:tā’ marbūṭah, hamzah
1732:qum wa-shrab-i l-mā’
1372:(آ) and indicates a
1303:improve this section
625:. For example, with
8393:Quranic orthography
8096:dakuten, handakuten
8048:Gurmukhī diacritics
6819:Judeo-Tripolitanian
6298:Judeo-Tripolitanian
5615:, Vol. 53, pp. 1-65
5505:2021IEEEA...9n5012A
5416:The Arabic Language
5231:Kashmiri Dictionary
5205:Kashmiri Dictionary
5100:"Unpointed letters"
4849:varieties of Arabic
4680:Early Basmala Kufic
4289:"fish" shape above
4017:with the diacritic
3583:curly dammah above
3424:the letter ئۈ (IPA
3333:Diagonal bar above
3272:diagonal bar above
3211:("heads", singular
3185:syllable; singular
2902:and below if it is
2788:with a superscript
2401:script without any
1379:followed by a long
94:(in black). Later,
54:improve the content
8243:Non-diacritic uses
7192:MacArabic encoding
4646:
4150:circle with fatha
4009:is represented by
4007:Vowel nasalization
3993:, "u" shape above
3748:Sukun (zero-vowel)
3508:African languages
3449:2 dots (vertical)
3234:for more details.
2746:was originally an
2718:Arabic calligraphy
2629:
2623:Isolated kāf with
2419:
1103:أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة
947:means 'breaking'.
466:) Arabic from the
124:
8383:Arabic diacritics
8370:
8369:
8351:Punctuation marks
8257:caret (computing)
8113:Syriac diacritics
8058:diacritics in IPA
8053:Hebrew diacritics
8038:Arabic diacritics
7248:
7247:
7223:extinct languages
7162:MS-DOS codepages
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6606:
6605:
6524:
6523:
6422:
6421:
6118:Old Hijazi Arabic
5499:: 145012–145032.
5426:978-0-231-11152-2
5233:. 6 February 2021
5207:. 31 January 2021
5136:Déroche, François
5113:978-90-04-17036-0
4929:Hebrew diacritics
4522:long falling tone
4380:Rohingya language
4359:
4358:
3544:Kashmiri language
2000:and are known as
1487:Wasla (diacritic)
1420:while the second
1339:
1338:
1331:
210:
209:
82:
81:
74:
16:(Redirected from
8405:
8359:
8358:
8320:
8319:
8312:
8290:
8289:
8283:
8275:
8274:
8268:
8260:
8259:
8253:
8234:
8233:
8227:
8226: ◌′
8219:
8218:
8212:
8211: ◌˗
8204:
8203:
8201:full stop/period
8197:
8196: ◌.
8189:
8188:
8182:
8181: ◌,
8174:
8173:
8167:
8159:
8158:
8152:
8151: ◌̸
8144:
8143:
8137:
8136: ◌’
8108:Khmer diacritics
8099:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8080:
8078:
8077:
8076:
8043:Greek diacritics
8031:In other scripts
8022:
8021:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7983:
7973:
7972:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7916:
7914:
7904:
7903:
7897:
7895:
7885:
7884:
7878:
7876:
7875:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7858:
7856:
7846:
7845:
7839:
7837:
7836:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7809:
7807:
7806:
7799:
7797:
7796:
7789:
7787:
7777:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7740:
7738:
7714:
7713:
7707:
7706: ◌҃
7699:
7698:
7692:
7691: ◌҇
7684:
7683:
7677:
7655:
7654:
7652:smooth breathing
7644:
7643: ◌᾿
7640:
7639: ◌῾
7632:
7631:
7625:
7624: ◌̃
7617:
7616:
7610:
7609: ◌͗
7602:
7601:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7576:
7575: ◌̥
7572:
7571: ◌̊
7564:
7563:
7553:
7552: ◌̨
7545:
7544:
7538:
7537: ◌̄
7530:
7529:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7508:
7507: ◌̛
7500:
7499:
7489:
7488: ◌̢
7485:
7484: ◌̡
7477:
7476:
7470:
7462:
7461:
7451:
7450: ◌̏
7447:
7446: ◌̀
7439:
7438:
7432:
7431: ◌̣
7428:
7427: ◌̇
7420:
7419:
7405:
7404: ◌̈
7397:
7396:
7390:
7389: ◌̂
7382:
7381:
7375:
7374: ◌̧
7367:
7366:
7360:
7359: ◌̌
7352:
7351:
7341:
7337:
7336: ◌̆
7329:
7328:
7322:
7321: ◌᷄
7314:
7313:
7303:
7302: ◌̋
7299:
7298: ◌́
7275:
7268:
7261:
7252:
7238:
7237:
6986:
6535:
6459:
6395:Western Algerian
6342:Eastern Algerian
6338:Algerian Saharan
6268:(Lesser Kabylia)
6171:
6162:
6104:Nabataean Arabic
6086:
6071:
6062:
6053:
6044:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6008:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5973:
5963:
5955:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5901:
5891:
5883:
5873:
5864:
5856:
5846:
5837:
5828:
5808:Maltese alphabet
5771:
5751:Algerian Braille
5741:Eastern numerals
5711:Nabataean script
5644:
5637:
5630:
5621:
5603:
5602:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5516:
5484:
5478:
5477:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5376:
5365:
5356:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5319:
5310:
5295:
5294:
5288:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5255:بروشسکی اردو لغت
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5169:
5160:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5079:on 11 April 2019
5075:. Archived from
5053:
5047:
5046:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5017:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4962:
4946:
4916:
4915:
4908:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4835:algorithm has a
4833:state-of-the-art
4789:
4778:
4769:
4748:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4701:
4689:
4677:
4666:
4640:
4632:
4592:
4587:long rising tone
4584:
4581:version. (e.g.
4527:
4519:
4516:version. (e.g.
4462:
4454:
4451:version. (e.g.
4372:Mandarin Chinese
4347:dammah-e-majhool
4343:fathah-e-majhool
4339:kasrah-e-majhool
4318:
4309:long rising tone
4306:
4274:
4244:
4242:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4200:
4181:
4179:
4160:
4158:
4139:
4137:
4118:
4107:
4068:
4038:"v" shape above
4030:
4022:
3975:
3971:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3840:
3836:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3762:
3739:
3709:
3684:
3654:
3631:
3590:
3575:
3560:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3460:
3456:
3431:
3402:
3376:
3359:
3348:
3245:
3232:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3055:is written with
3054:
3049:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2982:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2880:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2748:‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl
2745:
2743:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2714:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2711:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2625:‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl
2614:
2606:
2599:
2588:has happened in
2586:
2578:
2570:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2542:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2517:
2501:
2492:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2415:
2407:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2062:
2051:
2034:classical Arabic
2024:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1962:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1935:
1926:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1672:
1660:
1646:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1283:
1275:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1211:alif lām lām hāʾ
1206:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1175:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1127:
1120:sound for which
1119:
1114:
1112:alif khanjarīyah
1107:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1079:Alif Khanjariyah
1062:
1055:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
987:
984:
982:
981:
974:
972:
971:
964:
945:
937:
930:
924:
915:
908:
905:
903:
902:
895:
889:
881:
879:
878:
870:
860:
857:
855:
854:
847:
843:
841:
840:
833:
811:
808:
805:
803:
798:
795:
792:
790:
785:
782:
779:
777:
771:
762:
725:
721:
720:
711:
707:
706:
700:
693:
690:
688:
687:
680:
674:
666:
664:
663:
656:
647:
644:
642:
641:
632:
624:
616:
615:
609:
602:
594:
592:
591:
584:
565:
557:
549:
542:
541:
536:
518:
510:
498:
486:
480:
479:
445:
432:
420:
412:
405:
403:
402:
391:
379:
372:
370:
369:
358:
347:
339:
331:
325:
324:
296:
288:consonant length
277:
270:
269:
265:
261:
260:
254:
247:
246:
240:
233:
232:
226:
202:
195:
188:
126:
117:
116:
107:
106:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
38:
37:
30:
21:
8413:
8412:
8408:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8402:
8398:Phonetic guides
8373:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8329:
8314:
8311: ◌
8310:
8308:
8294:
8285:
8282: ~
8281:
8279:
8270:
8267: °
8266:
8264:
8255:
8252: ^
8251:
8249:
8238:
8229:
8225:
8223:
8214:
8210:
8208:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8184:
8180:
8178:
8169:
8165:
8163:
8154:
8150:
8148:
8139:
8135:
8133:
8122:
8118:Thai diacritics
8094:
8084:
8082:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8064:kana diacritics
8026:
8017:
8007:
7997:
7987:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7968:
7958:
7948:
7938:
7928:
7918:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7899:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7880:
7870:
7860:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7841:
7831:
7821:
7811:
7801:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7742:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7718:
7709:
7705:
7703:
7694:
7690:
7688:
7679:
7675:
7673:
7659:
7648:rough breathing
7646:
7642:
7638:
7636:
7627:
7623:
7621:
7612:
7608:
7606:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7525:
7521:
7519:
7510:
7506:
7504:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7472:
7468:
7466:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7443:
7434:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7407:
7403:
7401:
7392:
7388:
7386:
7377:
7373:
7371:
7362:
7358:
7356:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7333:
7324:
7320:
7318:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7295:
7284:
7279:
7249:
7244:
7210:
7196:
7143:Arabic keyboard
7131:
7026:
7018:
7003:Mater lectionis
6997:Triliteral root
6948:
6919:
6860:
6852:
6770:
6752:
6713:
6602:
6566:
6520:
6497:
6448:
6418:
6309:
6289:Judeo-Maghrebi
6157:
6151:
6147:Modern Standard
6130:
6075:
5812:
5756:Maltese Braille
5736:Arabic numerals
5697:
5654:
5648:
5607:
5606:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5543:
5542:
5538:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5394:
5390:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5298:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5163:
5151:
5147:
5131:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4978:
4973:
4861:Arabic alphabet
4857:
4837:word error rate
4813:
4760:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4693:
4690:
4681:
4678:
4643:
4625:
4619:
4599:
4583:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4539:
4518:دَ࣫ / دُ࣫ / دِ࣮
4474:
4457:short high tone
4409:
4364:
4320:
4305:دࣤ࣬ / دࣥ࣬ / دࣦ࣯
4239:
4218:
4197:
4176:
4155:
4134:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3325:
3316:
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:Arabic (Iraq),
3240:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3169:
3156:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3087:
3065:
3002:
2967:
2815:
2812:
2804:
2741:ك ـك
2737:
2701:
2689:
2679:
2657:
2647:
2632:
2597:
2463:
2450:
2391:
2371:
2358:
2348:
2340:('school') vs.
2331:
2311:
2310:. For example:
2270:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2207:accusative case
2193:nominative case
2129:
2119:
2099:
2079:
2069:
2030:Literary Arabic
2008:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1918:
1874:
1819:
1782:
1759:
1749:
1746:
1705:
1624:
1606:
1580:
1563:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1465:
1464:. For example:
1428:represents the
1416:represents the
1399:
1355:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1300:
1284:
1273:
1266:
1190:
1149:
1131:
1099:
1084:
1081:
1024:
1000:
976:
966:
956:
953:
897:
873:
849:
835:
821:
818:
809:
806:
801:
800:
796:
793:
788:
787:
783:
780:
775:
774:
682:
658:
636:
586:
576:
573:
528:
490:
487:
481:
397:
364:
318:
206:
152:Transliteration
136:
130:Arabic alphabet
78:
67:
61:
58:
51:
47:Manual of Style
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8411:
8409:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8375:
8374:
8368:
8367:
8365:
8364:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8305:
8303:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8277:
8262:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8237:
8236:
8221:
8206:
8191:
8176:
8161:
8146:
8130:
8128:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8101:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8025:
8024:
7975:
7906:
7887:
7848:
7779:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7701:
7686:
7670:
7668:
7666:Early Cyrillic
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7634:
7619:
7604:
7589:
7566:
7547:
7532:
7527:iota subscript
7517:
7502:
7497:retroflex hook
7479:
7464:
7441:
7422:
7399:
7384:
7369:
7354:
7349:inverted breve
7331:
7316:
7292:
7290:
7286:
7285:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7232:
7225:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7198:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7160:
7155:
7153:ISO/IEC 8859-6
7150:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Naskh (script)
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6867:
6865:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6824:Judeo-Tunisian
6821:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6806:Judeo-Moroccan
6803:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6789:Judeo-Egyptian
6786:
6784:Judeo-Algerian
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6766:Bedouin Arabic
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6583:
6577:
6575:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6465:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6413:
6412:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6378:Moroccan koiné
6375:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6351:Tunisian koiné
6347:Eastern Hilal
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6331:Judeo-Algerian
6326:Algerian koiné
6322:Central Hilal
6319:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6303:Judeo-Tunisian
6300:
6295:
6293:Judeo-Moroccan
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6277:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6263:
6258:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6187:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6092:
6090:
6083:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6064:
6055:
6046:
6037:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5947:
5938:
5929:
5920:
5911:
5902:
5893:
5884:
5875:
5866:
5857:
5848:
5839:
5830:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5746:Arabic Braille
5743:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5557:
5536:
5479:
5452:(3): 477–495.
5432:
5425:
5405:
5388:
5342:
5296:
5268:
5244:
5218:
5192:
5161:
5158:978-0878407880
5145:
5119:
5112:
5090:
5071:
5048:
5030:
5009:
5000:
4990:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4948:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4900:
4882:
4856:
4853:
4821:text-to-speech
4812:
4809:
4759:
4756:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4672:
4656:who appointed
4598:
4595:
4537:
4472:
4407:
4384:Rohingya Fonna
4363:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4109:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3964:
3961:
3933:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3893:
3890:
3862:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3824:
3796:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:Arabic letters
3722:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3562:
3547:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478: ٿ ڐ ڙ
3473:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3382:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3350:
3329:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3266:Bars and lines
3262:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3239:
3236:
3098:
3097:
3041:
3014:
3013:
3012:
2979:Otherwise, if
2977:
2907:
2813:
2808:Main article:
2803:
2798:
2630:
2390:
2387:
2237:
2232:Main article:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2196:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1975:Main article:
1972:
1969:
1913:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1702:
1490:
1485:Main article:
1482:
1479:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1265:
1262:
1256:, followed by
1082:
1080:
1077:
954:
952:
949:
819:
817:
814:
773:s are encoded
574:
572:
569:
527:
524:
474:
317:
312:
208:
207:
205:
204:
197:
190:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
154:
149:
141:
140:
133:
132:
80:
79:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8410:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8378:
8363:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8317:
8316:dotted circle
8307:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8297:
8288:
8278:
8273:
8272:degree symbol
8263:
8258:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8241:
8232:
8222:
8217:
8207:
8202:
8192:
8187:
8177:
8172:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8142:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8097:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8029:
8020:
7976:
7971:
7907:
7902:
7888:
7883:
7849:
7844:
7780:
7775:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7721:
7712:
7702:
7697:
7687:
7682:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7662:
7653:
7649:
7635:
7630:
7620:
7615:
7605:
7600:
7590:
7585:
7581:
7567:
7562:
7558:
7548:
7543:
7533:
7528:
7518:
7513:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7480:
7475:
7465:
7460:
7456:
7442:
7437:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7395:
7385:
7380:
7370:
7365:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7332:
7327:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7241:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7216:
7213:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7112:Sini (script)
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7102:Ruqʿah script
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7047:Hijazi script
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6725:Central Asian
6723:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6697:Taʽizzi-Adeni
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6504:
6500:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6281:
6278:
6276:Traras-Msirda
6275:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5957:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5937:
5935:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5716:Arabic script
5714:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5417:
5409:
5406:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5286:
5271:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5248:
5245:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5181:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5078:
5074:
5072:1-57392-945-X
5068:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4994:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4883:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4715:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4388:Arabic script
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4361:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4246:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4129:dotted fatha
4128:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4026:
4023:(also called
4021:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3357:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3113:("brother"),
3085:
3083:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3050:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3015:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2978:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2908:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2612:alif maqṣūrah
2607:
2605:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2564:) scribed by
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2543:
2541:
2540:alif maqṣūrah
2529:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2347:
2345:
2330:
2328:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2263:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2221:genitive case
2218:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:-an, -in, -un
2007:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1912:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1777:
1771: ْ
1758:
1756:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1701:) 'in Yemen'.
1700:
1698:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1560:
1555:on top of an
1554:
1553:
1551:
1540:هَمْزَة وَصْل
1535:
1533:
1523:أَلِف وَصْلَة
1518:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1395:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1288:This section
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1240:and a dagger
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1145:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1018:
1016:
1015:
998:
996:
989:
965:
963:
950:
948:
946:
944:
938:
936:
926:
925:
923:
916:
914:
891:
890:
888:
871:
869:
862:
834:
832:
826:
815:
813:
772:
770:
764:
761:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
741:/) or back (/
740:
736:
731:
729:
715:
701:
699:
676:
675:
673:
655:
649:
634:
633:
631:
620:
610:
608:
598:
585:
583:
570:
568:
566:
564:
558:
556:
550:
548:
537:
535:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
511:
509:
503:
499:
497:
489:
485:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
449:aesthetically
446:
444:
438:
433:
431:
425:
421:
419:
413:
411:
396:
392:
390:
384:
380:
378:
363:
359:
357:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
332:
330:
316:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
295:
289:
285:
280:
278:
276:
255:
253:
241:
239:
227:
225:
219:
216:has numerous
215:
214:Arabic script
203:
198:
196:
191:
189:
184:
183:
181:
180:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:Arabic script
134:
131:
127:
121:
111:
101:
97:
93:
92:
86:
76:
73:
65:
55:
50:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
8344:Metal umlaut
8037:
7882:chandrabindu
7493:palatal hook
7459:double grave
7364:caron, háček
7311:double acute
7218:
7158:Windows-1256
7117:Taliq script
7057:Jeli Thuluth
7037:Ajami script
7001:
6905:Pidgin madam
6892:
6870:
6834:Judeo-Yemeni
6776:Judeo-Arabic
6758:Sociological
6745:
6707:Judeo-Yemeni
6530:Mesopotamian
6405:Libyan koiné
6189:
6182:
6175:Pre-Hilalian
6123:
6116:
6109:
6102:
6097:Proto-Arabic
6095:
5760:
5730:Zabūr script
5683:Romanization
5612:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5539:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5449:
5445:
5435:
5415:
5408:
5391:
5379:. Retrieved
5367:
5333:. Retrieved
5321:
5273:. Retrieved
5269:969-404-66-0
5259:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5230:
5221:
5209:. Retrieved
5204:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:
5148:
5139:
5122:
5103:
5093:
5081:. Retrieved
5077:the original
5061:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5003:
4993:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4934:
4902:
4884:
4866:
4845:case endings
4814:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4692:Middle Kufic
4661:
4649:
4647:
4635:
4627:
4618:manuscripts.
4613:
4578:
4575:curly Kasrah
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:curly Ḍammah
4558:
4555:curly Fatḥah
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4513:
4510:curly Kasrah
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:curly Ḍammah
4493:
4490:curly Fatḥah
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4448:
4445:curly Kasrah
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4429:curly Ḍammah
4428:
4425:curly Fatḥah
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4383:
4376:Ajami script
4365:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4300:
4283:Other shapes
4282:
4120:
4024:
4014:
4010:
3983:
3972: and
3905: and
3837: and
3773:
3725:
3670:
3565:
3550:
3520:
3442:
3433:
3386:
3265:
3257:Language(s)
3248:Description
3241:
3225:
3168:("origin"),
3152:
3148:
3140:
3126:("Ismael"),
3124:/ʔismaːʕiːl/
3099:
3086:on the line
3079:
3056:
3044:
3033:
3025:
3017:
2994:
2984:
2959:
2951:
2941:
2918:
2910:
2887:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2839:
2836:glottal stop
2827:
2818:
2816:
2805:
2800:
2794:lam-alif-mim
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2732:
2721:
2713:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2609:
2601:
2584:alif maqṣūrā
2581:
2573:
2568:‘Uthman Ṭāhā
2551:
2537:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2475:. Typically
2440:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2410:
2402:
2397:7th-century
2385:
2341:
2324:
2299:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2259:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2212:
2198:
2184:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2139:
2113:tā’ marbūṭah
2109:
2089:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2027:
2020:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1967:
1957:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1907:) indicates
1894:
1884:
1866:
1851:
1829:
1811:
1803:
1801:
1792:
1780:
1752:
1750:
1739:
1729:
1715:
1694:
1684:فِي ٱلْيَمَن
1676:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1652:verbal nouns
1649:
1638:
1634:
1616:
1598:
1590:
1573:
1556:
1546:
1529:
1512:
1495:
1493:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1391:
1385:
1374:glottal stop
1348:
1346:
1325:
1316:
1301:Please help
1289:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1159:
1141:
1121:
1109:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1045:
1037:
1010:
992:
990:
959:
957:
940:
932:
918:
910:
883:
865:
863:
828:
824:
822:
784:ARABIC FATHA
766:
765:
752:
746:
732:
727:
713:
695:
668:
650:
626:
618:
604:
596:
579:
577:
560:
552:
544:
531:
529:
522:
513:
505:
502:romanisation
493:
491:
475:
467:
463:
459:
455:
453:
440:
427:
415:
407:
386:
374:
353:
351:
342:
334:
326:
319:
314:
307:
303:
299:
291:
281:
272:
249:
235:
221:
211:
156:
119:
95:
89:
68:
59:
52:Please help
44:
7599:perispomene
7052:Jawi script
7024:Calligraphy
6953:Linguistics
6878:Gulf Pidgin
6794:Judeo-Iraqi
6735:Kashkadarya
6591:Judeo-Iraqi
6516:Palestinian
6427:Nile Valley
6089:Pre-Islamic
5801:Dagger alif
5493:IEEE Access
4964:and shaddah
4767:al-Farāhīdī
4374:as well as
4368:Xiao'erjing
4351:alif-e-wavi
4096:, Cyrillic
4085:Azerbaijani
4057:, Cyrillic
4047:Azerbaijani
3963:Burushaski
3917:Urdu number
3892:Burushaski
3663:Latin "ouñ"
3060:alif maddah
2449:), such as
1532:hamzat waṣl
1515:alif waṣlah
1481:Alif waslah
1460:alif maddah
1169:The dagger
437:calligraphy
8377:Categories
8335:See also:
8141:apostrophe
7474:hook above
7394:circumflex
7282:Diacritics
6939:Literature
6612:Peninsular
6552:Khuzestani
6282:(Mountain)
6202:Australian
6111:Old Arabic
5761:Diacritics
5688:Numerology
5577:: 89–104.
5551:2109.14150
5057:Ibn Warraq
4971:References
4011:nun ghunna
3827:Burushaski
3640:Latin "uñ"
3617:Latin "oñ"
3599:Latin "ou"
3528:wavy hamza
3488:dot below
3337:to create
3286:Burushaski
2730:above the
2683:ڛ سۣ سۡ سٚ
2352:مُدَرِّسَة
2344:mudarrisah
2296:gemination
1953:circumflex
1697:fi l-Yaman
1589:without a
1475:/qurˈʔaːn/
1398:s, as in *
1319:April 2023
451:pleasing.
422:) and the
414:; plural:
218:diacritics
174:Numeration
157:Diacritics
8062:Japanese
7614:sicilicus
7584:underring
7409:diaeresis
7229:varieties
7221:indicate
7136:Technical
7107:Shahmukhi
7062:Kairouani
6960:Phonology
6739:Khorasani
6729:Bakhtiari
6581:Anatolian
6511:Jordanian
6491:Damascene
6454:Levantine
6366:Hassaniya
6207:Cottenera
6142:Classical
6081:Varieties
5659:Overviews
5599:238782966
5591:1572-8110
5531:240011970
5523:2169-3536
5466:1351-3249
5285:cite book
4297:Rohingya
4087:, Uyghur
4081:ئۆ
4025:ulta jazm
4020:maghnoona
3991:Nūn ġuṇnā
3901:,
3743:Rohingya
3718:Latin "e"
3713:Rohingya
3695:Latin "o"
3658:Rohingya
3635:Rohingya
3612:Rohingya
3594:Rohingya
3551:āmālü mad
3537:Kashmiri
3179:/ʔafʔida/
3118:إسْماعِيل
3001:is used:
2335:مَدْرَسَة
2308:ambiguity
2068:The sign
2038:triptotes
1960:nastaʿlīq
1893:) with a
1844:over it (
1838:) with a
1290:does not
1186:The word
1067:The word
726:(as in "c
712:(as in "l
551:are also
469:Bismillah
460:vowelised
456:vocalised
418:al-ḥādīth
410:al-ḥadīth
401:ٱلْحَدِيث
377:al-Qurʾān
368:ٱلْقُرْآن
62:June 2024
7843:avagraha
7774:anusvara
7696:pokrytie
7580:overring
7240:Category
7092:Nastaliq
7082:Muhaqqaq
7072:Maghrebi
6932:Academic
6872:Bimbashi
6828:Tunisene
6799:Baghdadi
6747:Shirvani
6687:Hadhrami
6645:Bahraini
6596:Baghdadi
6547:Baghdadi
6486:Aleppine
6476:Lebanese
6471:Cilician
6444:Sudanese
6434:Egyptian
6315:Hilalian
6273:Western
6251:Eastern
6248:Village
6227:Żurrieqi
6191:Sicilian
6184:Andalusi
6166:Maghrebi
6135:Literary
5787:(tanwin)
5785:Nunation
5671:Alphabet
5666:Language
5653:language
5474:31560671
5372:Archived
5326:Archived
4914:تَجْوِيد
4878:إِعْرَاب
4855:See also
4579:Kasratan
4567:Ḍammatan
4563:Fatḥatan
4514:Kasratan
4502:Ḍammatan
4498:Fatḥatan
4449:Kasratan
4437:Ḍammatan
4433:Fatḥatan
4325:Various
4250:Latin ó
4229:Latin o
4208:Latin é
4187:Latin e
4166:Latin ë
4145:Latin à
3763:
3740:
3710:
3689:Rohingya
3685:
3655:
3632:
3591:
3461:
3457:
3388:zwarakay
3291:Kashmiri
3254:Example
3251:Unicode
3219:⟩
3213:⟨
3209:/ruʔuːs/
3206:⟩
3200:⟨
3196:/fuʔaːd/
3193:⟩
3187:⟨
3176:⟩
3173:أَفْئِدة
3170:⟨
3163:⟩
3157:⟨
3134:⟩
3128:⟨
3121:⟩
3115:⟨
3108:⟩
3102:⟨
3094:⟩
3088:⟨
3072:⟩
3066:⟨
3009:⟩
3003:⟨
2974:⟩
2968:⟨
2756:ascender
2744:⟩
2738:⟨
2710:⟩
2702:⟨
2700:and not
2698:⟩
2690:⟨
2686:⟩
2680:⟨
2664:⟩
2658:⟨
2654:⟩
2648:⟨
2507:. These
2470:⟩
2464:⟨
2457:⟩
2451:⟨
2428:إِعْجَام
2378:⟩
2372:⟨
2365:⟩
2359:⟨
2355:⟩
2349:⟨
2338:⟩
2332:⟨
2327:madrasah
2318:⟩
2312:⟨
2277:⟩
2274:تَشْدِيد
2271:⟨
2256:⟩
2250:⟨
2136:⟩
2130:⟨
2126:⟩
2120:⟨
2106:⟩
2100:⟨
2086:⟩
2080:⟨
2076:⟩
2070:⟨
2015:⟩
2012:تَنْوِين
2009:⟨
1977:Nunation
1881:⟩
1875:⟨
1826:⟩
1820:⟨
1789:⟩
1783:⟨
1778:-vowel.
1766:⟩
1760:⟨
1712:⟩
1706:⟨
1690:في اليمن
1631:⟩
1628:ٱمْشُوا۟
1625:⟨
1613:⟩
1607:⟨
1587:⟩
1581:⟨
1570:⟩
1564:⟨
1543:⟩
1537:⟨
1526:⟩
1520:⟨
1509:⟩
1503:⟨
1472:⟩
1466:⟨
1406:⟩
1400:⟨
1362:⟩
1356:⟨
1197:⟩
1191:⟨
1156:⟩
1153:رَحْمَٰن
1150:⟨
1138:⟩
1132:⟨
1106:⟩
1100:⟨
1073:rounding
1031:⟩
1025:⟨
1007:⟩
1001:⟨
983:⟩
977:⟨
973:⟩
967:⟨
904:⟩
898:⟨
880:⟩
874:⟨
856:⟩
850:⟨
842:⟩
836:⟨
807:ﹷ
794:ﹶ
689:⟩
683:⟨
665:⟩
659:⟨
651:When a
643:⟩
637:⟨
617:) means
611:itself (
593:⟩
587:⟨
540:حَرَكَات
464:vowelled
404:⟩
398:⟨
371:⟩
365:⟨
323:تَشْكِيل
259:حَرَكَات
245:تَشْكِيل
231:إِعْجَام
169:Numerals
8301:Unicode
8091:
8083:
8079:
8071:
8019:visarga
8014:
8008:
8004:
7998:
7994:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7965:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7945:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7915:
7911:
7896:
7892:
7877:
7871:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7853:
7838:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7818:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7769:
7763:
7759:
7753:
7749:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7379:cedilla
7219:Italics
7127:Thuluth
6992:Grammar
6863:pidgins
6858:Creoles
6847:Sanʽani
6732:Bukhara
6692:Sanʽani
6655:Kuwaiti
6650:Emirati
6635:Dhofari
6620:Bahrani
6586:Cypriot
6574:(Qeltu)
6401:Sulaym
6388:Western
6383:Eastern
6261:Sfaxian
6257:(Sahel)
6212:Gozitan
6197:Maltese
5817:Letters
5791:Shaddah
5780:Harakat
5775:Tashkil
5703:Scripts
5676:History
5501:Bibcode
5275:13 July
5237:11 July
5211:11 July
5185:10 July
5180:Unicode
5138:(ed.).
5083:9 April
4998:Vowels”
4944:ḥarakāt
4797:shaddah
4787:ḥarakāt
4650:harakat
4607:basmala
4597:History
4538:◌࣬ / ◌࣯
4473:◌࣫ / ◌࣮
4408:◌࣪ / ◌࣭
4303:, e.g.
4263:Pashto
4243:
4222:
4201:
4180:
4159:
4138:
4100:, IPA /
4061:, IPA /
3976:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3909:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3841:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3498:ٜ
3470:4 dots
3313:Persian
3304:Kurdish
3166:/naʃʔa/
2993:with a
2950:with a
2842:tashkīl
2784:), and
2766:, thus
2758:. When
2678:. Thus
2644:seagull
2596:calls "
2590:Persian
2515:ḥarakāt
2405:ḥarakāt
2302:ḥarakah
2283:tashdīd
2268:tashdid
2262:shaddah
2247:shaddah
2228:Shaddah
2044:). See
1997:ḥarakāt
1955:⟨ˆ⟩ in
1946:ۡ
1917:
1763:سُكُونْ
1662:). The
1623:), but
1610:بِٱسْمِ
1506:وَصْلَة
1448:with a
1311:removed
1296:sources
1236:shaddah
1232:with a
991:When a
864:When a
839:كَسْرَة
781:َ
619:opening
614:فَتْحَة
590:فَتْحَة
555:ḥarakāt
547:tashkīl
534:ḥarakāt
516:ḥarakāt
508:ḥarakāt
496:ḥarakāt
443:ḥarakāt
430:ḥarakāt
395:hadiths
389:ḥarakāt
356:ḥarakāt
345:ḥarakāt
337:tashkīl
329:tashkīl
315:Tashkīl
308:tashkīl
304:tashkīl
294:Tashkīl
275:ḥarakah
268:حَرَكَة
252:ḥarakāt
238:tashkīl
147:History
120:Ḥarakāt
8360:
8321:
8313:
8309:
8291:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8254:
8250:
8235:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8216:hyphen
8213:
8209:
8205:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8153:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8134:
8100:
8093:
8081:
8069:
8023:
8016:
8006:
7996:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7970:virama
7967:
7957:
7947:
7937:
7927:
7917:
7909:
7905:
7898:
7890:
7886:
7879:
7869:
7859:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7830:
7820:
7810:
7800:
7790:
7782:
7778:
7771:
7761:
7751:
7741:
7733:
7715:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:kamora
7678:
7674:
7656:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:nosinė
7557:ogonek
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:macron
7539:
7535:
7531:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7413:umlaut
7406:
7402:
7398:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7042:Diwani
7029:Script
6987:(case)
6984:ʾIʿrāb
6970:Tajwid
6915:Bongor
6894:Maridi
6844:Habban
6718:Others
6702:Tihami
6682:Yemeni
6677:Shihhi
6662:Hejazi
6630:Bedawi
6625:Bareqi
6481:Syrian
6439:Saʽidi
6371:Nemadi
6357:Maqil
6255:Sahili
6222:Żejtun
6158:spoken
6156:Modern
5651:Arabic
5597:
5589:
5529:
5521:
5472:
5464:
5423:
5266:
5156:
5110:
5069:
4952:Dagesh
4936:Niqqud
4923:Hebrew
4906:Tajwīd
4831:, the
4823:, and
4805:khafīf
4793:s(h)īn
4746:tanwīn
4615:Qur'an
4571:Kasrah
4551:Ḍammah
4547:Fatḥah
4506:Kasrah
4486:Ḍammah
4482:Fatḥah
4441:Kasrah
4421:Ḍammah
4417:Fatḥah
4413:Hārbāy
4403:Hārbāy
4382:. The
4349:, and
4247:Wolof
4226:Wolof
4205:Wolof
4184:Wolof
4163:Wolof
4142:Wolof
3952:
3943:
3931:U+077D
3927:U+077C
3923:U+0777
3881:
3872:
3860:U+077B
3856:U+0779
3852:U+0776
3815:
3806:
3794:U+077A
3790:U+0778
3786:U+0775
3671:Tildes
3495:
3493:U+065C
3418:Uyghur
3395:, IPA
3380:Pashto
3327:Uyghur
3318:Sindhi
3309:Kyrgyz
3300:Khowar
3295:Kazakh
3260:Notes
3229:hamzah
3222:/raʔs/
3203:رُؤُوس
3160:نَشْأة
3153:middle
3149:actual
3137:/ʔumm/
3082:hamzah
2997:hamzah
2954:hamzah
2917:above
2913:hamzah
2878:hamzah
2830:hamzah
2823:هَمْزة
2782:nabrah
2672:fatħah
2668:jarrah
2562:Qurʾān
2555:muṣḥaf
2266:), or
2253:شَدَّة
2243:shadda
2234:Shadda
2176:tanwīn
2143:hamzah
2004:tanwīn
1971:Tanwin
1943:
1941:U+06E1
1869:fatḥah
1814:fatḥah
1670:waṣlah
1658:maṣdar
1644:waṣlah
1593:hamzah
1498:waṣlah
1469:قُرْآن
1452:maddah
1359:مَدَّة
1351:maddah
1264:Maddah
1248:above
1162:raḥmān
1135:هَٰذَا
1069:ḍammah
1060:fatḥah
1040:ḍammah
1036:. The
995:ḍammah
970:ضَمَّة
962:ḍammah
951:Ḍammah
943:kasrah
935:fatḥah
913:kasrah
909:. The
868:kasrah
831:kasrah
816:Kasrah
804:
802:U+FE77
791:
789:U+FE76
778:
776:U+064E
769:Fatḥah
760:fatḥah
698:fatḥah
694:. The
654:fatḥah
607:fatḥah
582:fatḥah
571:Fatḥah
563:tanwīn
559:; the
383:poetry
381:) and
362:Qur'an
108:) and
8231:prime
8186:comma
8171:colon
7901:nuqta
7725:Indic
7711:titlo
7629:tilde
7455:grave
7417:other
7345:breve
7307:acute
7201:Other
7122:Tawqi
7077:Mashq
7067:Kufic
6975:Imāla
6944:Names
6910:Turku
6838:Adeni
6672:Omani
6667:Najdi
6572:North
6562:South
6557:Shawi
6539:Gilit
6503:South
6463:North
6361:Fessi
6280:Jebli
6266:Jijel
6241:Tunis
6236:Urban
6217:Qormi
5826:ʾAlif
5796:Hamza
5768:i‘jām
5595:S2CID
5546:arXiv
5527:S2CID
5470:S2CID
5400:(PDF)
5381:5 May
5375:(PDF)
5364:(PDF)
5335:5 May
5329:(PDF)
5318:(PDF)
5258:[
5176:(PDF)
5134:. In
5132:(PDF)
4960:i‘jām
4896:رَسْم
4870:I‘rāb
4841:nouns
4776:i‘jām
4664:i‘jām
4611:Kufic
4553:, or
4488:, or
4423:, or
4396:I‘jām
4332:Urdu
4255:ring
4001:Urdu
3766:Urdu
3534:ٲ اٟ
3345:(IPA
3282:Balti
3216:رَأْس
3190:فُؤاد
3111:/ʔax/
3076:/aːʔ/
3053:/ʔaː/
3032:, or
2863:, or
2819:hamza
2810:Hamza
2801:Hamza
2790:l-a-m
2777:hamza
2722:i‘jām
2640:i‘jām
2636:i‘jām
2509:i‘jām
2484:Quran
2477:i‘jām
2435:nuqaṭ
2423:i‘jām
2413:i‘jām
2399:kufic
2389:I‘jām
2381:/ddi/
2368:/dda/
2060:i‘rāb
2049:i‘rāb
2042:pausa
1924:sukūn
1897:sukūn
1865:). A
1841:sukūn
1806:sukūn
1755:sukūn
1744:Sukūn
1635:imshū
1619:bismi
1388:/ʔaː/
1366:tilde
1364:is a
1270:Tilde
1203:Allāh
1188:Allah
1148:) or
1144:hādhā
1034:/duː/
907:/diː/
825:below
799:, or
751:, or
692:/daː/
597:above
424:Bible
341:(and
300:i‘jām
284:abjad
224:iʻjām
162:Hamza
96:i‘jām
7512:horn
7326:apex
7097:Rasm
6900:Nubi
6888:Juba
6861:and
6841:Beda
6813:Wqal
6810:Kjal
6640:Gulf
5988:Ġayn
5979:ʿAyn
5587:ISSN
5519:ISSN
5462:ISSN
5421:ISBN
5383:2023
5337:2023
5291:link
5277:2024
5264:ISBN
5239:2024
5213:2024
5187:2024
5154:ISBN
5108:ISBN
5085:2019
5067:ISBN
5043:r12a
4888:Rasm
4843:and
4803:for
4801:khā’
4795:for
4652:was
4634:and
4591:/˨˦/
4565:and
4557:and
4549:and
4543:Ṭāna
4541:The
4533:Ṭāna
4526:/˥˩/
4500:and
4492:and
4484:and
4478:Ṭelā
4476:The
4468:Ṭelā
4435:and
4427:and
4419:and
4411:The
4370:for
4301:Ṭāna
3542:The
3443:Dots
3322:Urdu
3183:/ʔi/
3143:alif
3131:أُمّ
3074:and
3047:alif
3043:Two
3020:alif
2921:alif
2890:alif
2851:alif
2580:and
2505:rasm
2499:rasm
2490:rasm
2473:/dˤ/
2460:/sˤ/
2444:rasm
2421:The
2321:/dd/
2241:The
2152:Alif
2093:alif
1920:The
1909:/aw/
1904:ـَوْ
1863:/aj/
1847:ـَيْ
1802:The
1786:دَدْ
1776:zero
1751:The
1664:alif
1639:mshū
1637:not
1601:alif
1576:alif
1559:alif
1494:The
1444:alif
1436:alif
1430:/aː/
1424:alif
1412:alif
1394:alif
1381:/aː/
1370:alif
1347:The
1294:any
1292:cite
1244:alif
1220:alif
1194:الله
1181:alif
1173:alif
1125:alif
1118:/aː/
1093:alif
1086:The
1054:/aw/
1021:/uː/
986:/du/
958:The
929:/aj/
894:/iː/
859:/di/
730:").
724:/aw/
710:/aj/
679:/aː/
672:alif
646:/da/
578:The
530:The
212:The
91:rasm
8299:In
8156:bar
7723:In
7664:In
7436:dot
7185:864
7180:720
7176:711
7173:710
7170:709
7166:708
7009:IPA
6069:Yāʾ
6060:Wāw
6051:Hāʾ
6042:Nūn
6033:Mīm
6024:Lām
6015:Kāf
6006:Qāf
5997:Fāʾ
5970:Ẓāʾ
5961:Ṭāʾ
5952:Ḍād
5943:Ṣād
5934:Šīn
5925:Sīn
5916:Zāy
5907:Rāʾ
5898:Ḏāl
5889:Dāl
5880:Ḫāʾ
5871:Ḥāʾ
5862:Ǧīm
5853:Ṯāʾ
5844:Tāʾ
5835:Bāʾ
5579:doi
5509:doi
5454:doi
4654:Ali
4638:qāf
4630:fā’
4593:).
4573:or
4528:).
4508:or
4463:).
4461:/˥/
4443:or
4269:kaf
4241:◌ࣸ
4220:◌ࣷ
4199:◌ࣺ
4178:◌ࣹ
4157:◌ࣴ
4121:vav
4015:nun
3998:ن٘
3566:sāȳ
3434:vav
3414:ئۈ
3339:gaf
3335:kaf
3198:),
3105:أَخ
3028:wāw
2988:wāw
2981:/u/
2962:yāʾ
2945:yāʼ
2938:/i/
2936:If
2931:/u/
2929:or
2927:/i/
2904:/i/
2900:/u/
2898:or
2896:/a/
2859:wāw
2796:).
2786:lam
2772:kaf
2768:kaf
2764:lam
2760:kaf
2752:kāf
2733:kāf
2676:sin
2526:yā’
2409:or
2375:دِّ
2362:دَّ
2291:".
2245:or
2238:ـّـ
2219::
2215:-in
2205::
2201:-an
2191::
2187:-un
2148:).
2118:),
2098:),
2083:ـًا
2032:or
1965:).
1933:ḥāʾ
1915:ـۡـ
1901:, (
1888:wāw
1860:IPA
1833:yā’
1799:).
1795:dad
1748:ـْـ
1718:wa-
1687:or
1550:ṣād
1528:or
1418:/ʔ/
1403:أَا
1377:/ʔ/
1305:by
1258:ha'
1252:lām
1228:lām
1166:).
1083:ــٰ
1048:wāw
1028:دُو
1014:wāw
922:yā’
901:دِي
887:yā’
846:/i/
754:rā’
748:qāf
686:دَا
648:.
630:dāl
623:/a/
601:/a/
462:or
393:to
279:).
264:sg.
110:ḍād
100:ṣād
8379::
8087:◌゚
8075:◌゙
7650:,
7582:,
7559:,
7495:,
7457:,
7415:,
7411:,
7347:,
7309:,
7027:·
5593:.
5585:.
5575:25
5573:.
5569:.
5525:.
5517:.
5507:.
5495:.
5491:.
5468:.
5460:.
5450:21
5448:.
5444:.
5370:.
5366:.
5345:^
5324:.
5320:.
5299:^
5287:}}
5283:{{
5229:.
5203:.
5178:.
5164:^
5102:.
5041:.
5023:.
5012:^
4979:^
4925::
4863::
4851:.
4819:,
4751:.
4624:);
4390:.
4345:,
4341:,
4319:).
4315:˨˦
4260:ګ
4136:◌ࣵ
4029:ن٘
3929:,
3925:,
3858:,
3854:,
3792:,
3788:,
3738:◌ۡ
3708:◌ࣦ
3683:◌ࣤ
3653:◌ࣨ
3630:◌ࣱ
3589:◌ࣥ
3572:ɨː
3557:əː
3341::
3320:,
3311:,
3302:,
3293:,
3284:,
3277:گ
3091:اء
3036:yā
3024:,
2933::
2871:.
2867:yā
2855:,
2834:,
2604:yā
2576:yā
2462:,
2383:.
2370:,
2323:;
2315:دّ
2168:an
2133:ءً
2123:أً
2103:ةً
2073:ـً
2025:.
1987:ـً
1984:ـٍ
1981:ـٌ
1911:.
1854:ay
1674:.
1511:,
1477:.
1383:.
1341:ـٓ
1260:.
1056:,
988:.
980:دُ
955:ـُ
931:,
861:.
853:دِ
820:ـِ
812:.
786:,
763:.
728:ow
714:ie
640:دَ
575:ـَ
472::
439:,
271:,
262:;
8011:ஃ
8001:ଃ
7991:ঃ
7982:ः
7962:်
7952:්
7942:್
7932:్
7922:്
7913:्
7894:़
7874:ྃ
7864:ఁ
7855:ँ
7835:྅
7825:ഽ
7815:ఽ
7805:ଽ
7795:ঽ
7786:ऽ
7766:ം
7756:ଂ
7746:ং
7737:ं
7274:e
7267:t
7260:v
5643:e
5636:t
5629:v
5601:.
5581::
5554:.
5548::
5533:.
5511::
5503::
5497:9
5476:.
5456::
5429:.
5402:.
5385:.
5339:.
5293:)
5279:.
5241:.
5215:.
5189:.
5116:.
5087:.
5045:.
5027:.
4954:,
4938:,
4911:(
4893:(
4875:(
4737:u
4729:i
4721:a
4642:;
4589:(
4524:(
4459:(
4353:.
4317:/
4313:/
4311:(
4275:/
4273:ɡ
4117:/
4115:ø
4113:/
4108:/
4106:/
4104:ɯ
4102:/
4098:ы
4094:ı
4069:/
4067:/
4065:y
4063:/
4059:ү
4055:ü
4031:.
3974:ݽ
3970:ݼ
3956:ݽ
3947:ݼ
3938:ݷ
3907:ݻ
3903:ݹ
3899:ݶ
3885:ݻ
3876:ݹ
3867:ݶ
3839:ݺ
3835:ݸ
3819:ݺ
3810:ݸ
3801:ݵ
3761:ݲ
3576:.
3574:/
3570:/
3561:.
3559:/
3555:/
3476:ڐ
3459:ݙ
3455:ݭ
3430:/
3428:y
3426:/
3401:/
3399:ə
3397:/
3393:ə
3358:/
3356:ɡ
3354:/
3349:)
3347:g
3343:گ
3324:,
3315:,
3306:,
3297:,
3288:,
3096:.
3069:آ
3011:.
3006:ؤ
2976:.
2971:ئ
2906:.
2845:.
2826:(
2792:(
2780:(
2727:ک
2706:ش
2694:س
2661:س
2651:ح
2560:(
2547:ى
2544:(
2533:ي
2530:(
2493:.
2467:ض
2454:ص
2425:(
2417:.
2289:w
2279:(
2258:(
2223:.
2195:;
2138:(
2108:(
2088:(
2036:(
1992:n
1938:(
1883:(
1878:ﻭ
1858:(
1828:(
1823:ﻱ
1791:(
1728:(
1714:(
1709:و
1693:(
1654:(
1633:(
1615:(
1584:ا
1567:ٱ
1491:ٱ
1344:آ
1332:)
1326:(
1321:)
1317:(
1313:.
1299:.
1272:.
1214:.
1199:(
1184:.
1158:(
1140:(
1108:(
1009:(
1004:و
882:(
877:ﻱ
743:ɑ
739:ä
735:æ
719:و
705:ﻱ
667:(
662:ا
458:(
406:(
373:(
256:(
242:(
228:(
201:e
194:t
187:v
115:ض
112:(
105:ص
102:(
75:)
69:(
64:)
60:(
56:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
