1190: "caller" > "telephone"). Structural influence from foreign languages or from the vernaculars has also affected Modern Standard Arabic: for example, MSA texts sometimes use the format "A, B, C and D" when listing things, whereas Classical Arabic prefers "A and B and C and D", and subject-initial sentences may be more common in MSA than in Classical Arabic. For these reasons, Modern Standard Arabic is generally treated separately in non-Arab sources. Speakers of Modern Standard Arabic do not always observe the intricate rules of Classical Arabic grammar. Modern Standard Arabic principally differs from Classical Arabic in three areas: lexicon, stylistics, and certain innovations on the periphery that are not strictly regulated by the classical authorities. On the whole, Modern Standard Arabic is not homogeneous; there are authors who write in a style very close to the classical models and others who try to create new stylistic patterns. Add to this regional differences in vocabulary depending upon the influence of the local Arabic varieties and the influences of foreign languages, such as French in Africa and Lebanon or English in Egypt, Jordan, and other countries.
2648:
2651:
2655:
2654:
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2649:
3732:…there is no chronological point at which CLA turned into MSA, still less any agreed set of linguistic criteria that could differentiate the two. MSA is merely a handy label used in western scholarship to denote the written language from about the middle of the nineteenth century, when concerted efforts began to modernize it lexically and phraseologically. Most western scholars refer to the formal written language before that date, and par excellence before the eclipse of Arab political power in the fifteenth century, as "Classical Arabic".
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172:
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49:
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Because MSA speech occurs in fields with novel concepts, including technical literature and scientific domains, the need for terms that did not exist in the time of CA has led to coining new terms. Arabic
Language Academies had attempted to fulfill this role during the second half of the 20th century
843:) – the written language prior to the mid-19th century – although there is no agreed moment at which CA turned into MSA. There are also no agreed set of linguistic criteria which distinguish CA from MSA; however, MSA differs most markedly in that it either synthesizes words from Arabic roots (such as
1149:
if they speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. Modern
Standard Arabic is also spoken by people of Arab descent outside the Arab world when people of Arab descent speaking different dialects communicate to each other.
2459:
MSA tends to use simplified sentence structures and drop more complicated ones commonly used in
Classical Arabic. Some examples include reliance on verb sentences (sentences that begin with a verb) instead of noun phrases and semi-sentences, as well as avoiding phrasal adjectives and accommodating
1215:
Pronunciation of native words, loanwords, and foreign names in MSA is loose. Names can be pronounced or even spelled differently in different regions and by different speakers. Pronunciation also depends on the person's education, linguistic knowledge, and abilities. There may be sounds used which
2547:
and the exact value of vowels and the pronunciation of other consonants. People who speak MSA also mix vernacular and
Classical in pronunciation, words, and grammatical forms. Classical/vernacular mixing in formal writing can also be found (e.g., in some Egyptian newspaper editorials); others are
2504:
MSA is loosely uniform across the Middle East as it is based on the convention of Arabic speakers rather than being a regulated language which rules are followed (that is despite the number of academies regulating Arabic). It can be thought of as being in a continuum between CA (the regulated
970:
times (7th to 9th centuries). Many
Muslims study Classical Arabic in order to read the Quran in its original language. Written Classical Arabic underwent fundamental changes during the early Islamic era, adding dots to distinguish similarly written letters and adding the
3653:
3224:
347:
1016:(1798–1801) is generally considered to be the starting point of the modern period of the Arabic language, when the intensity of contacts between the Western world and Arabic culture increased. Napoleon introduced a
1126:. Translated versions of the Bible which are used in Arabic-speaking countries are mostly written in MSA, aside from Classical Arabic. Muslims recite prayers in it; revised editions of numerous literary texts from
1272:(both short and long). There are no special letters in Arabic to distinguish between and pairs but the sounds o and e (short and long) exist in the colloquial varieties of Arabic and some foreign words in MSA.
1114:
if people speak other languages native to their particular country. They are not normally written, although a certain amount of literature (particularly plays and poetry, including songs) exists in many of them.
1153:
Classical Arabic is considered normative; a few contemporary authors attempt (with varying degrees of success) to follow the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as
1212:
is omitted, making it closer to spoken varieties of Arabic. It depends on the speaker's knowledge and attitude to the grammar of
Classical Arabic, as well as the region and the intended audience.
1193:
As MSA is a revised and simplified form of
Classical Arabic, MSA in terms of lexicon omitted the obsolete words used in Classical Arabic. As diglossia is involved, various Arabic dialects freely
2103:
are perceived as separate phonemes in most of modern Arabic dialects and they are used when speaking Modern
Standard Arabic as part of foreign words or when speaking it with a colloquial tone.
2405:
While there are differences between Modern
Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, Arabic speakers tend to find these differences unimportant, and generally refer to both by the same name:
1172:
However, the exigencies of modernity have led to the adoption of numerous terms which would have been mysterious to a classical author, whether taken from other languages (e. g.
821:
that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the
1122:
countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages. Additionally, some members of religious minorities recite prayers in it, as it is considered the
2581:
579:
908:), meaning "the most eloquent Arabic". They consider the two forms to be two historical periods of one language. When the distinction is made, they do refer to MSA as
7083:
4040:
617:
1150:
As there is a prestige or standard dialect of vernacular Arabic, speakers of standard colloquial dialects code-switch between these particular dialects and MSA.
1062:(1889). The Western–Arabic contacts and technological developments in especially the newspaper industry indirectly caused the revival of Arabic literature, or
890:
Native speakers of Arabic generally do not distinguish between "Modern
Standard Arabic" and "Classical Arabic" as separate languages; they refer to both as
5916:
4125:
4082:
2610:, 24% of respondents (young urban Arabs aged 18 to 24) agreed with the statement: "On a daily basis, I use English more than Arabic." They were 56% in
4285:
2570:. It is compulsory in schools of most of the Arab League to learn Modern Standard Arabic. People who are literate in the language are usually more so
2520:, are ordered to give up national or ethnic pronunciations by changing their pronunciation of certain phonemes (e.g. the realization of the Classical
1205:(most literate Romance speakers were also literate in Latin); educated speakers of standard colloquial dialects speak in this kind of communication.
1141: – the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts. This diglossic situation facilitates
6484:
1145:
in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two dialects of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. People speak MSA as a
594:
6441:
6416:
607:
584:
66:
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1910:
1066:, in the late 19th and early 20th century. Another important development was the establishment of Arabic-only schools in reaction against the
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3725:
3627:
3229:
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4191:
Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles
3860:, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 8(4)1-22, December 2009.
3805:
Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles
3556:
2564:
speakers in the world. They add that: "In most Arab countries, only the well-educated have adequate proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic."
1024:, who also sent students to Italy, France and England to study military and applied sciences in 1809, reintroduced it a few years later in
1935:
6504:
6499:
1894:
1637:
1102:—including most books, newspapers, magazines, official documents, and reading primers for small children—is written in MSA.
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to preserve the correct form and pronunciation of the Quran and to defend the Arabic language against linguistic corruption. It was the
522:
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3590:
2320:
1013:
4099:
113:
4217:
4199:
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132:
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Reading out loud in MSA for various reasons is becoming increasingly simpler, using less strict rules compared to CA, notably the
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2621:
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1235:
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92:
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of commerce, media, and education. Content in Modern Standard Arabic is also under-represented online and in literature.
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99:
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1725:
564:
3234:
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Several reports mentioned that the use of Modern Standard Arabic was on the decline in the Arab world, especially in
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4941:
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2080:
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refers to the many regional dialects derived from Classical Arabic spoken daily across the region and learned as a
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59:
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1314:
1137:
The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of
978:
589:
254:
4115:
Sabbah, Sabah. (2015). Is Standard Arabic Dying?. Arab World English Journal. 6. 54-65. 10.24093/awej/vol6no2.4.
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with neologisms with Arab roots, but MSA typically borrows terms from other languages to coin new terminology.
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can also have different realizations, i.e. . Sometimes with one value for each vowel in both short and long
1808:
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1521:
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6390:
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Yamli Editor - The Smart Arabic Keyboard (with automatic conversions and dictionary for better selections)
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196:
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106:
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5173:
4724:
4638:
3209:
2513:
2506:
1964:
Modern Standard Arabic, like Classical Arabic before it, has three pairs of long and short vowels:
1103:
1044:
in 1702). The first Arabic printed newspaper was established in 1828: the bilingual Turkish-Arabic
818:
3720:. Georgetown classics in Arabic language and linguistics. Georgetown University Press. p. 5.
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5835:
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803:
431:
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where foreign workers make up more than 80% of the population and where English has become the
1216:
are missing in Classical Arabic but exist in colloquial varieties. For example, the consonants
6959:
6784:
6663:
6536:
6361:
6319:
6184:
5977:
5925:
5582:
5335:
5255:
5195:
4958:
4865:
4850:
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4423:
4418:
4411:
4404:
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4195:
3809:
3769:
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1341:
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1123:
972:
822:
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756:
244:
3763:
3750:
Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said M. Badawi
2423:), meaning "the most eloquent Arabic". When the distinction is made, they do refer to MSA as
7039:
6994:
6980:
6813:
6772:
6735:
6640:
6626:
6592:
6562:
6543:
6338:
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6237:
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6125:
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5603:
5401:
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5154:
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3715:
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3195:
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1331:
1304:
1299:
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955:
950:
829:
811:
441:
303:
31:
4041:
Remplacer le français par l’anglais à l’université ? Polémique linguistique en Algérie
171:
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People who are literate in Modern Standard Arabic are primarily found in countries of the
2561:
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2411:
1843:
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1202:
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177:
160:
17:
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3606:
Giolfo and, Manuela E.B.; Sinatora, Francesco L. (27 April 2018), Keskin, Tugrul (ed.),
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5014:
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1142:
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1091:
1071:
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799:
527:
319:
184:
4613:
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683:
674:
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6822:
6584:
6164:
5828:
5823:
5809:
5755:
5690:
5672:
5558:
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differs in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions as Yemen. It is always undotted
6846:
5801:
5760:
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5640:
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5315:
5310:
5200:
4923:
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4701:
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2607:
2603:
2560:
there are no native speakers of Modern Standard Arabic, but a total of 273,989,700
2151:
1498:
1087:
1050:
had great influence in the formation of Modern Standard Arabic. It was followed by
994:
447:
288:
5625:
4248:
3870:
Alan S. Kaye (1991). "The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic".
770:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of
4189:
3803:
3608:"Orientalism and Neo-Orientalism: Arabic Representations and the Study of Arabic"
1020:
in Egypt in 1798; it briefly disappeared after the French departure in 1801, but
6403:
6223:
5695:
5587:
5531:
5283:
4692:
4444:
3219:
3167:
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2017:
2005:
1995:
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990:
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517:
48:
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6085:
6036:
4845:
4754:
4103:
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3619:
3528:
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by Egyptians), though other traits may show the speaker's region, such as the
2069:
2010:
2000:
998:
815:
787:
775:
767:
457:
416:
293:
208:
6050:
5750:
4160:
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2548:
written in Modern Standard/vernacular mixing, including entertainment news.
2048:
1599:
1594:
1418:
1209:
1138:
667:
635:
1157:) and to use the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the
5626:
4711:
4702:
4693:
4684:
4675:
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4657:
4648:
4639:
4630:
4621:
4611:
4603:
4593:
4585:
4576:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4539:
4531:
4521:
4513:
4504:
4494:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4023:
3523:
2574:, as they mostly use the language in reading and writing, not in speaking.
642:
6767:
6633:
6092:
6078:
6064:
5735:
5725:
5618:
4428:
4065:
4001:
1194:
1154:
1052:
1009:
779:
731:
719:
492:
488:
376:
4156:
2509:
while leaning much more to CA in its written form than its spoken form.
1256:) (which may or may not be written with special letters) and the vowels
6809:
6244:
6207:
6071:
5770:
4434:
3454:
3438:
2157:
In Egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial:
1131:
1127:
1033:
967:
963:
727:
473:
452:
421:
401:
371:
361:
356:
3891:
3837:"2023 Best Academy To Learn Quran And Arabic Online - Surah Institute"
3225:
List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
1032:. (Previously, Arabic-language presses had been introduced locally in
7013:
6013:
5685:
5613:
4665:
4309:
4294:
4100:
The uncertain future of Modern Standard Arabic: A language in decline
3430:
3311:
3204:
2688:
1037:
1025:
774:
that approximates this written standard. MSA is the language used in
763:
553:
396:
391:
259:
35:
5894:
4083:
Standard Arabic is on the decline: Here's what's worrying about that
977:(diacritical markings that guide pronunciation) by scholars such as
3883:
3744:
3742:
3740:
2628:
did not have "professional proficiency" in Modern Standard Arabic.
5765:
5720:
5710:
4629:
4584:
4557:
4530:
4503:
4467:
4439:
4263:
3474:
3466:
3442:
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2111:
may be realized as before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
1063:
1041:
1029:
959:
483:
468:
463:
436:
406:
381:
30:"Standard Arabic" redirects here. For the classical language, see
4243:
1082:
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the literary standard across the
5740:
4710:
4656:
4647:
4620:
4602:
4548:
4512:
3470:
3434:
3286:
2530:
2437:), meaning "Contemporary Fuṣḥā" or "Modern Fuṣḥā", and to CA as
922:), meaning "Contemporary Fuṣḥā" or "Modern Fuṣḥā", and to CA as
426:
411:
386:
366:
5898:
4267:
4253:
2401:
Differences between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic
4674:
4485:
3836:
791:
42:
3307:
Pronunciation varies regionally. The following are examples:
4259:
Rule-based analysis and generation of Modern Standard Arabic
3858:
Arabic Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Solutions
3581:
Gully, Adrian; Carter, Mike; Badawi, Elsaid (29 July 2015).
2576:
In Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, French is the language of
958:, also known as Quranic Arabic, is the language used in the
3550:"Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People"
3417:
The standard consonant varies regionally, most prominently
2095:
although not part of Standard Arabic phonology, the vowels
4238:
730:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4077:
4075:
2516:. TV hosts who read prepared MSA scripts, for example in
2666:"What does the Wikimedia Foundation do" narrated in MSA
2477:
MSA includes two sounds not present in CA, particularly
2154:
or two different values for each short and long lengths.
1181:) or coined from existing lexical resources (e. g.
3661:
Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics
1201:, wherein scores of words were borrowed directly from
1118:
Literary Arabic (MSA) is the official language of all
810:
standard language taught throughout the Arab world in
3927:
https://asianabsolute.co.uk/arabic-language-dialects/
3293:
3284:
2451:), meaning "Hereditary Fuṣḥā" or "Historical Fuṣḥā".
2432:
936:), meaning "Hereditary Fuṣḥā" or "Historical Fuṣḥā".
917:
871:
862:
153:
4172:
Battling to Preserve Arabic From English's Onslaught
6958:
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6793:
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6751:
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6697:
6688:
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5779:
5666:
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5254:
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5070:
4957:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4778:
4732:
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4460:
4345:
4302:
4210:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
4157:
Education in the Arab world needs more Arab culture
3717:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
665:
649:
633:
628:
563:
536:
337:
332:
316:
281:
228:
220:
203:
192:
147:
73:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1094:, and is one of the six official languages of the
861:) or adapts words from foreign languages (such as
4174:, D. D. Guttenplan, June 11, 2012, New York Times
2582:science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
580:Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria
3938:Wolfdietrich Fischer. 1997. "Classical Arabic,"
2584:(STEM), while in the Gulf region it is English.
2512:Regional variations exist due to influence from
828:Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from
4055:
4053:
3961:(in Arabic). University of New York. p. 80
704: Co-official language, minority Arabophone
698: Co-official language, majority Arabophone
3808:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 25–27.
3583:Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar
2341:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
2278:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
2223:before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and
5910:
4279:
2505:language described in grammar books) and the
840:al-Lughah al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā at-Turāthīyah
8:
3654:"The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?"
3495:
3127:
3101:
3075:
3049:
3023:
2997:
2971:
2945:
2919:
2893:
2867:
2841:
2813:
2787:
2761:
2729:
2723:
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2528:
2446:
2418:
1941:
1925:
1900:
1859:
1830:
1814:
1788:
1772:
1756:
1731:
1715:
1699:
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1659:
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1577:
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1486:
1470:
1450:
1434:
1388:
1370:
1182:
1173:
931:
903:
853:
844:
833:
962:as well as in numerous literary texts from
6797:
6757:
6748:
6694:
6212:
6203:
6018:
6009:
5917:
5903:
5895:
5178:
5102:
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4272:
4264:
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3793:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
1292:Modern Standard Arabic consonant phonemes
682:
170:
144:
3952:al Nassir, Abdulmunʿim Abdulamir (1985).
3672:
2107:Across North Africa and West Asia, short
798:, though it is generally not spoken as a
133:Learn how and when to remove this message
3872:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2669:
2460:feminine forms of ranks and job titles.
1978:
1290:
595:Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel
3709:
3707:
3516:
3267:
1197:from MSA. This situation is similar to
724:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
608:Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat
604:Academy of the Arabic Language in Libya
585:Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo
575:
551:
510:
354:
4225:The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
3979:
3612:Middle East Studies after September 11
3503:('The God') and words derived from it.
3360:
3354:
1980:Modern Standard Arabic vowel phonemes
4159:, RYM TINA GHAZAL, October 05, 2019,
3916:from the original on 13 October 2023.
3748:Alaa Elgibali and El-Said M. Badawi.
3402:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3368:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3230:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
2380:are most often shortened or reduced:
1296:
7:
3768:. Taylor & Francis. p. 51.
3647:
3645:
3585:(2 ed.). Routledge. p. 2.
3294:
3285:
2620:reported that most Arab students of
2433:
918:
872:
863:
814:, differing significantly from many
154:
71:adding citations to reliable sources
4227:, New York: Oxford University Press
3496:
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2447:
2419:
2180:In some other particular dialects,
1942:
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1371:
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1166:
1005:Emergence of Modern Standard Arabic
932:
904:
854:
845:
834:
523:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
7045:Languages between parentheses are
5871:Languages between parentheses are
3562:from the original on 10 April 2021
25:
4085:", 21 May 2018, Hossam Abouzahr,
2079:
2039:
2032:
1934:
1918:
1909:
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1363:
27:Formal literary variety of Arabic
5879:
5878:
3534:
3188:
3174:
3160:
2622:Northwestern University in Qatar
1282:Modern Standard Arabic phonology
162:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā al-Ḥadītha
47:
4212:. Georgetown University Press.
4102:", Sawsan Khalaf, 22 May 2018,
3701:. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 24.
3384:[ælʕɑrˤɑˈbeːjælˈfʊsˤħæ]
3370:[ælʕɑrˤɑˈbijjælˈfusˤħæ]
2795:Peace with you (lit. upon you)
1134:times are also written in MSA.
1098:. Most printed material in the
1070:of Arabic-majority areas under
983:Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi
58:needs additional citations for
34:. For the general article, see
7049:of the language on their left.
5875:of the language on their left.
4244:Online Classical Arabic Reader
4194:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
3356:[ælʕɑɾɑˈbejjɑlˈfosˤħɑ]
3342:[ælʢɑrɑˈbɪjjɐlˈfʊsˤʜɐ]
3334:[alʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħa]
3317:[alʕaraˈbɪjjalˈfʊsˤħa]
3274:Spelling for the final letter
2626:Georgetown University in Qatar
1:
7084:Verb–subject–object languages
4063:", Tom Hundley, 24 Feb 2010,
3942:. London: Routledge. Pg 189.
3714:Holes, C.; Allen, R. (2004).
3398:[ælʕɑrˤɑbijjælfusˤħæ]
2493:, which occur in loanwords.
835:اللغة العربية الفصحى التراثية
4370:Ancient South Arabian script
4337:Influence on other languages
4223:Watson, Janet C. E. (2002),
3277:
2473:Differences in pronunciation
2426:
997:during classic times and in
911:
692: Sole official language
214:Middle East and North Africa
161:
5627:
4712:
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4694:
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4532:
4522:
4514:
4505:
4495:
4487:
4478:
4469:
4410:
4061:Is Arabic a dying language?
3765:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
3144:
3125:
3118:
3099:
3092:
3073:
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3047:
3040:
3021:
3014:
2995:
2988:
2969:
2962:
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2884:
2865:
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2785:
2778:
2759:
2752:
2721:
2714:
2695:
2523:
2440:
2412:
1014:campaign in Egypt and Syria
925:
897:
839:
504:International Organizations
178:
7100:
3856:Farghaly, A., Shaalan, K.
3652:Kamusella, Tomasz (2017).
2683:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2635:
2464:Differences in terminology
1279:
948:
29:
18:Arabic language (standard)
7031:
5858:
5851:Islam and Arabic language
3620:10.1163/9789004359901_005
3614:, BRILL, pp. 81–99,
3555:. Knesset. 19 July 2018.
2078:
2073:
2026:
2021:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1883:
1842:
1800:
1685:
1593:
1569:
1412:
1357:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
710:
681:
590:Iraqi Academy of Sciences
339:Official language in
169:
152:
7042:or historical languages.
5792:Arabic script in Unicode
5527:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
4887:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
4126:"Arab Youth Survey 2017"
3955:Sibawayh the Phonologist
3929:Arabic Language Dialects
3906:"Modern Standard Arabic"
3494:only occurs in the word
2143:depending on the accent.
823:Arabic dialect continuum
618:Bayt al-Hikma Foundation
613:Arab Academy of Damascus
600:Jordan Academy of Arabic
82:"Modern Standard Arabic"
5054:Western Egyptian Bedawi
3762:Leaman, Oliver (2006).
3674:10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006
2744:/alʔing(i)li(ː)ˈzij.ja/
460:(partially recognised)
444:(partially recognised)
224:330 million (2023)
197:/alʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħaː/
4239:Modern Standard Arabic
4188:van Mol, Mark (2003).
3802:van Mol, Mark (2003).
3698:Modern Standard Arabic
3524:Modern Standard Arabic
3235:Arabic–English Lexicon
2667:
2602:According to the 2017
2514:the spoken vernaculars
2378:/aː, iː, uː/
2376:Unstressed final long
1047:Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya
1001:before classic times.
979:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
766:that developed in the
741:Modern Standard Arabic
712:This article contains
265:Modern Standard Arabic
155:العربية الفصحى الحديثة
148:Modern Standard Arabic
6332:Christian Palestinian
6044:Ancient North Arabian
5658:Quranic Arabic Corpus
4365:Ancient North Arabian
4249:Learn Arabic WikiBook
4208:Holes, Clive (2004).
3940:The Semitic Languages
3910:London Arabic Tuition
3486:The marginal phoneme
3339:East central Arabia:
3255:Pluricentric language
2853:/ˈkajfaˈħaːluk,-luki/
2799:/assaˈlaːmuʕaˈlajkum/
2665:
2606:done by polling firm
2455:Differences in syntax
2413:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
898:al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā
749:Modern Written Arabic
6432:Koy Sanjaq Christian
6109:Pre-classical Arabic
5609:Sun and moon letters
4769:Pre-classical Arabic
4043:", Madjid Zerrouky,
3695:Alhawary, Mohammad.
2676:English translation
2593:United Arab Emirates
755:) is the variety of
479:United Arab Emirates
299:Pre-classical Arabic
67:improve this article
6275:Ashurian and Hatran
5463:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4942:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4004:on 23 February 2018
3210:Varieties of Arabic
2859:kayfa ḥāluk, ḥāluki
1981:
1293:
1240:(often realized as
1104:"Colloquial" Arabic
819:varieties of Arabic
538:Recognised minority
183:written in Arabic (
7069:Standard languages
6346:Jewish Palestinian
5836:MacArabic encoding
3395:Algeria, Morocco:
3057:How much/How many?
2821:What is your name?
2805:as-salāmu ʻalaykum
2668:
2507:spoken vernaculars
2188:completely become
1979:
1291:
1022:Muhammad Ali Pasha
804:Contemporary Latin
7056:
7055:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6522:
6521:
6485:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
6282:Jewish Babylonian
6193:
6192:
5926:Semitic languages
5892:
5891:
5867:extinct languages
5806:MS-DOS codepages
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5250:
5249:
5168:
5167:
5066:
5065:
4762:Old Hijazi Arabic
4026:", 24th Edition,
3775:978-0-415-32639-1
3752:, 1996. Page 105.
3727:978-1-58901-022-2
3629:978-90-04-28153-0
3532:(27th ed., 2024)
3427:Arabian Peninsula
3215:Arabic literature
3151:
3150:
2825:
2753:al-ing(i)līziyyah
2750:
2742:
2663:
2604:Arab Youth Survey
2500:Regional variants
2087:
2086:
1957:
1956:
1199:Romance languages
1124:literary language
1078:Current situation
738:
737:
720:rendering support
716:phonetic symbols.
565:Regulated by
143:
142:
135:
117:
16:(Redirected from
7091:
7074:Arabic languages
6798:
6758:
6749:
6695:
6563:northern dialect
6238:Biblical Aramaic
6231:Imperial Aramaic
6213:
6204:
6102:Nabataean Arabic
6019:
6010:
5985:Canaano-Akkadian
5919:
5912:
5905:
5896:
5882:
5881:
5630:
5179:
5103:
5039:Western Algerian
4986:Eastern Algerian
4982:Algerian Saharan
4912:(Lesser Kabylia)
4815:
4806:
4748:Nabataean Arabic
4730:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4617:
4607:
4599:
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4571:
4562:
4553:
4545:
4535:
4527:
4517:
4508:
4500:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4452:Maltese alphabet
4415:
4395:Algerian Braille
4385:Eastern numerals
4355:Nabataean script
4288:
4281:
4274:
4265:
4228:
4205:
4175:
4169:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4131:. Archived from
4130:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4090:
4087:Atlantic Council
4079:
4070:
4057:
4048:
4037:
4031:
4024:Arabic, Standard
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4000:. Archived from
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3960:
3949:
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3936:
3930:
3924:
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3493:
3484:
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3464:
3457:and the Levant,
3455:Northwest Africa
3452:
3424:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3401:, colloquially:
3400:
3392:
3387:, colloquially:
3386:
3378:
3373:, colloquially:
3372:
3364:
3359:, colloquially:
3358:
3350:
3345:, colloquially:
3344:
3336:
3325:
3320:, colloquially:
3319:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3280:
3272:
3245:Arabic phonology
3198:
3196:Languages portal
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3192:
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2957:/maʕas.saˈlaːma/
2950:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2913:
2906:
2905:/ʔahlanwasahlan/
2898:
2897:
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2887:
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2578:higher education
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1223:
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1177:
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1168:
1036:in 1610, and in
956:Classical Arabic
951:Classical Arabic
945:Classical Arabic
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934:
928:
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920:
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907:
906:
900:
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848:
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842:
837:
836:
830:Classical Arabic
812:formal education
703:
697:
691:
686:
677:
661:
645:
638:
540:language in
442:Sahrawi Republic
322:
304:Classical Arabic
234:
199:, see variations
198:
181:
174:
164:
157:
156:
145:
138:
131:
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118:
116:
75:
51:
43:
32:Classical Arabic
21:
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7052:
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6789:
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6701:
6676:
6614:
6518:
6460:Urmia Christian
6376:
6369:
6256:
6250:
6189:
6149:Egyptian Arabic
6135:
6131:Modern Standard
6114:
5999:
5961:
5928:
5923:
5893:
5888:
5854:
5840:
5787:Arabic keyboard
5775:
5670:
5662:
5647:Mater lectionis
5641:Triliteral root
5592:
5563:
5504:
5496:
5414:
5396:
5357:
5246:
5210:
5164:
5141:
5092:
5062:
4953:
4933:Judeo-Maghrebi
4801:
4795:
4791:Modern Standard
4774:
4719:
4456:
4400:Maltese Braille
4380:Arabic numerals
4341:
4298:
4292:
4235:
4222:
4202:
4187:
4184:
4182:Further reading
4179:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4138:on 10 July 2021
4135:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4097:
4093:
4080:
4073:
4058:
4051:
4047:, 30 July 2019.
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3508:
3507:
3485:
3481:
3437:, and northern
3429:, parts of the
3416:
3412:
3323:[(e)l-]
3306:
3302:
3291:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3250:Help:IPA/Arabic
3194:
3187:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3126:
3100:
3074:
3048:
3022:
2996:
2970:
2963:maʻa as-salāmah
2944:
2918:
2911:ahlan wa-sahlan
2892:
2866:
2840:
2812:
2786:
2760:
2722:
2709:/alʕaraˈbij.ja/
2696:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2565:
2562:second language
2554:
2502:
2496:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2441:Fuṣḥā at-Turāth
2403:
2384: → ,
1962:
1939:
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1167:لِسَان الْعَرَب
1112:second language
1080:
1007:
953:
947:
942:
926:Fuṣḥā at-Turāth
885:post-industrial
718:Without proper
706:
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689:
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333:Official status
327:Arabic alphabet
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255:Central Semitic
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232:Language family
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6245:Middle Aramaic
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6141:Dialect groups
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5797:ISO/IEC 8859-6
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5731:Naskh (script)
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5495:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5486:
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5475:
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5473:
5468:Judeo-Tunisian
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5450:Judeo-Moroccan
5447:
5446:
5445:
5435:
5433:Judeo-Egyptian
5430:
5428:Judeo-Algerian
5424:
5422:
5416:
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5413:
5412:
5410:Bedouin Arabic
5406:
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5398:
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5380:
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5029:
5022:Moroccan koiné
5019:
5018:
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5007:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4995:Tunisian koiné
4991:Eastern Hilal
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4975:Judeo-Algerian
4970:Algerian koiné
4966:Central Hilal
4963:
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4955:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4947:Judeo-Tunisian
4944:
4939:
4937:Judeo-Moroccan
4931:
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4921:
4915:
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4390:Arabic Braille
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4367:
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4233:External links
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4149:
4117:
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4015:
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3972:
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3931:
3919:
3897:
3884:10.2307/604273
3878:(3): 572–574.
3862:
3849:
3828:
3814:
3781:
3774:
3754:
3736:
3726:
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3688:
3667:(2): 117–145.
3641:
3628:
3598:
3592:978-0415667494
3591:
3573:
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3509:
3506:
3505:
3479:
3473:, and coastal
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2931:/ʔilal.liqaːʔ/
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2638:Arabic grammar
2636:Main article:
2633:
2630:
2617:New York Times
2589:Gulf countries
2553:
2550:
2501:
2498:
2474:
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2420:العربية الفصحى
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2396: → .
2374:
2313:Allophones of
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2258:Allophones of
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2199:Allophones of
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1280:Main article:
1277:
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1147:third language
1143:code-switching
1108:first language
1096:United Nations
1092:Horn of Africa
1079:
1076:
1018:printing press
1006:
1003:
949:Main article:
946:
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905:العربية الفصحى
879:) to describe
800:first language
736:
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722:, you may see
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6867:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6845:
6840:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:Ethio-Semitic
6750:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6301:
6300:Judeo-Aramaic
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6196:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6165:Siculo-Arabic
6162:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5920:
5915:
5913:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5897:
5885:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Sini (script)
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5746:Ruqʿah script
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Hijazi script
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:Central Asian
5367:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:Taʽizzi-Adeni
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4925:
4922:
4920:Traras-Msirda
4919:
4918:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:Arabic script
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4284:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4219:
4218:1-58901-022-1
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4201:9789042911581
4197:
4193:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4134:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:"White Paper"
3988:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3815:9789042911581
3811:
3807:
3806:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3558:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3394:
3391:
3390:[el-]
3385:
3380:
3377:
3376:[əl-]
3371:
3366:
3363:
3362:[el-]
3357:
3352:
3349:
3348:[el-]
3343:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3271:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3182:Africa portal
3172:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2983:/minˈfadˤlik/
2981:
2978:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2736:
2720:
2716:
2715:al-ʻArabiyyah
2712:
2707:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2642:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:GCC countries
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2597:lingua franca
2594:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2556:According to
2551:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2444:
2442:
2430:
2428:
2427:Fuṣḥā al-ʻAṣr
2416:
2414:
2408:
2400:
2388: →
2375:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2198:
2196:respectively.
2179:
2173:← instead of
2170:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1977:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1826:
1822:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1784:
1780:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1635:
1623:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1283:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1159:Lisan al-Arab
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:Turkification
1065:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:lingua franca
984:
980:
976:
975:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
944:
939:
937:
929:
927:
915:
913:
912:Fuṣḥā al-ʻAṣr
901:
899:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
869:
860:
851:
841:
831:
826:
824:
820:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:, similar to
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:spoken Arabic
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
715:
709:
685:
680:
676:
672:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
653:
652:Linguist List
648:
644:
640:
637:
632:
627:
619:
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513:African Union
511:
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195:
193:Pronunciation
191:
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151:
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137:
134:
126:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84: –
83:
79:
78:Find sources:
72:
68:
62:
61:
56:This article
54:
50:
45:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7035:
7012:
6993:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6886:
6869:
6827:East Gurage
6669:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6554:
6542:
6535:
6500:Urmia Jewish
6409:Northeastern
6389:
6360:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6280:
6273:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6180:Mesopotamian
6163:
6130:
6107:
6100:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6030:Proto-Arabic
6028:
5992:
5983:
5976:
5966:
5862:
5802:Windows-1256
5761:Taliq script
5701:Jeli Thuluth
5681:Ajami script
5645:
5549:Pidgin madam
5536:
5514:
5478:Judeo-Yemeni
5420:Judeo-Arabic
5402:Sociological
5389:
5351:Judeo-Yemeni
5174:Mesopotamian
5049:Libyan koiné
4833:
4826:
4819:Pre-Hilalian
4790:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4741:Proto-Arabic
4739:
4374:Zabūr script
4327:Romanization
4224:
4209:
4190:
4167:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4133:the original
4120:
4111:
4094:
4064:
4044:
4035:
4018:
4006:. Retrieved
4002:the original
3998:msarabic.com
3997:
3992:Arabic, AL.
3987:
3980:Watson (2002
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3954:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3922:
3909:
3900:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3804:
3764:
3757:
3749:
3731:
3716:
3696:
3691:
3664:
3660:
3633:, retrieved
3611:
3601:
3582:
3576:
3564:. Retrieved
3544:
3527:
3519:
3482:
3413:
3404:[l-]
3303:
3275:
3270:
3009:/laːˈʔaʕrif/
3005:I don't know
2937:ila al-liqāʼ
2895:أهلاً وسهلاً
2849:How are you?
2827:/masmuk,-ki/
2789:السلام عليكم
2685:Romanization
2615:
2608:PSB Insights
2601:
2591:such as the
2586:
2555:
2521:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2438:
2424:
2410:
2407:Fuṣḥā Arabic
2406:
2404:
2092:
2089:
2088:
1963:
1214:
1207:
1203:formal Latin
1195:borrow words
1192:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1158:
1152:
1136:
1117:
1088:North Africa
1081:
1072:Ottoman rule
1057:
1051:
1045:
1008:
995:North Africa
973:
954:
923:
909:
895:
892:Fuṣḥā Arabic
891:
889:
876:
867:
858:
849:
827:
808:pluricentric
757:standardized
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
711:
666:
502:
448:Saudi Arabia
346:
289:Proto-Arabic
264:
250:West Semitic
240:Afro-Asiatic
207:
179:al-ʻArabīyah
176:
159:
129:
120:
110:
103:
96:
89:
77:
65:Please help
60:verification
57:
40:
6974:Hadramautic
6960:Old Arabian
6899:West Gurage
6823:East Gurage
6702:ern Arabian
6404:Neo-Mandaic
6326:Palestinian
6224:Old Aramaic
5696:Jawi script
5668:Calligraphy
5597:Linguistics
5522:Gulf Pidgin
5438:Judeo-Iraqi
5379:Kashkadarya
5235:Judeo-Iraqi
5160:Palestinian
5071:Nile Valley
4733:Pre-Islamic
4445:Dagger alif
3453:in most of
3220:Arab League
3168:Asia portal
2568:Arab League
2448:فصحى التراث
2175:/i, u/
1885:Approximant
1120:Arab League
1100:Arab League
1084:Middle East
1059:al-Muqattam
1056:(1875) and
991:Middle East
989:across the
933:فصحى التراث
796:legislation
726:instead of
518:Arab League
283:Early forms
7063:Categories
7003:Rijal Alma
6988:Qatabanian
6657:Himyaritic
6600:Phoenician
6413:Christian
6216:Historical
6185:Peninsular
6086:Taymanitic
6037:Old Arabic
6022:Historical
5583:Literature
5256:Peninsular
5196:Khuzestani
4926:(Mountain)
4846:Australian
4755:Old Arabic
4405:Diacritics
4332:Numerology
4104:Qantara.de
4028:Ethnologue
3566:13 January
3529:Ethnologue
3511:References
3031:That (one)
2989:min faḍlik
2947:مع السلامة
2921:إلى اللقاء
2773:/marħaban/
2749:(may vary)
2731:الإنكليزية
2725:الإنجليزية
2558:Ethnologue
2518:Al Jazeera
2434:فصحى العصر
2255:elsewhere.
1337:Pharyngeal
1287:Consonants
1210:inflection
999:Al-Andalus
919:فصحى العصر
881:industrial
816:vernacular
806:. It is a
788:mass media
776:literature
768:Arab world
458:Somaliland
417:Mauritania
294:Old Arabic
209:Arab world
93:newspapers
7079:Diglossia
7047:varieties
7038:indicate
6919:Sebat Bet
6883:Tt-group
6698:Eastern (
6650:Deir Alla
6528:Canaanite
6495:Trans-Zab
6480:Inter-Zab
6362:Palmyrene
6353:Samaritan
6320:Nabataean
6199:Northwest
6154:Levantine
6126:Classical
6051:Dadanitic
5873:varieties
5865:indicate
5780:Technical
5751:Shahmukhi
5706:Kairouani
5604:Phonology
5383:Khorasani
5373:Bakhtiari
5225:Anatolian
5155:Jordanian
5135:Damascene
5098:Levantine
5010:Hassaniya
4851:Cottenera
4786:Classical
4725:Varieties
4303:Overviews
4161:Arab News
4008:22 August
3683:158624482
3501:/aɫ.ɫaːh/
3381:Tunisia:
3295:عربى فصيح
3240:Diglossia
3087:/maː.ðaː/
3035:/ˈðaːlik/
2879:/ˈʃukran/
2843:كيف حالك؟
2572:passively
2093:Footnote:
1600:voiceless
1595:Fricative
1419:voiceless
1276:Phonology
1139:diglossia
1110:, and as
859:steamship
668:Glottolog
636:ISO 639-3
432:Palestine
348:27 states
123:July 2020
6995:Awsanian
6866:N-group
6785:Tigrinya
6664:Samalian
6641:Galilean
6634:Ugaritic
6579:Medieval
6572:Mishnaic
6556:Biblical
6537:Ammonite
6490:Sanandaj
6475:Betanure
6454:Chaldean
6451:Assyrian
6437:Qaraqosh
6427:Hértevin
6339:Galilean
6313:Lebanese
6159:Maghrebi
6119:Literary
6093:Thamudic
6079:Safaitic
6065:Hasaitic
6058:Dumaitic
5978:Akkadian
5933:Branches
5884:Category
5736:Nastaliq
5726:Muhaqqaq
5716:Maghrebi
5576:Academic
5516:Bimbashi
5472:Tunisene
5443:Baghdadi
5391:Shirvani
5331:Hadhrami
5289:Bahraini
5240:Baghdadi
5191:Baghdadi
5130:Aleppine
5120:Lebanese
5115:Cilician
5088:Sudanese
5078:Egyptian
4959:Hilalian
4917:Western
4895:Eastern
4892:Village
4871:Żurrieqi
4835:Sicilian
4828:Andalusi
4810:Maghrebi
4779:Literary
4431:(tanwin)
4429:Nunation
4315:Alphabet
4310:Language
4297:language
4066:MinnPost
4045:Le Monde
3965:23 April
3914:Archived
3557:Archived
3292:, hence
3154:See also
3113:/na.ʕam/
3015:lā aʻrif
2815:ما اسمك؟
2779:marḥaban
2741:(varies)
2552:Speakers
2317:include
2262:include
2207:include
1946:⟩
1940:⟨
1930:⟩
1924:⟨
1905:⟩
1899:⟨
1864:⟩
1858:⟨
1835:⟩
1829:⟨
1819:⟩
1813:⟨
1793:⟩
1787:⟨
1777:⟩
1771:⟨
1761:⟩
1755:⟨
1736:⟩
1730:⟨
1720:⟩
1714:⟨
1704:⟩
1698:⟨
1680:⟩
1674:⟨
1664:⟩
1658:⟨
1648:⟩
1642:⟨
1632:⟩
1626:⟨
1616:⟩
1610:⟨
1582:⟩
1576:⟨
1566:⟩
1560:⟨
1550:⟩
1544:⟨
1532:⟩
1526:⟨
1509:⟩
1503:⟨
1491:⟩
1485:⟨
1475:⟩
1469:⟨
1455:⟩
1449:⟨
1439:⟩
1433:⟨
1393:⟩
1387:⟨
1375:⟩
1369:⟨
1352:emphatic
1317:alveolar
1155:Sibawayh
1053:Al-Ahram
1010:Napoleon
877:Internet
868:workshop
780:academia
761:literary
732:Help:IPA
675:stan1318
493:Tanzania
489:Zanzibar
377:Djibouti
7040:extinct
7036:Italics
6981:Minaean
6908:Endegen
6835:Inneqor
6814:Argobba
6810:Amharic
6773:Dahalik
6745:Western
6736:Soqotri
6716:Ḥarsusi
6711:Baṭḥari
6627:Amorite
6593:Moabite
6544:Edomite
6514:Western
6470:Barzani
6466:Jewish
6385:Central
6377:Aramaic
6306:Western
6288:Mandaic
6269:Eastern
6264:Armazic
6255:Dialect
6208:Aramaic
6171:Maltese
6072:Hismaic
6005:Central
5994:Eblaite
5950:Central
5863:Italics
5771:Thuluth
5636:Grammar
5507:pidgins
5502:Creoles
5491:Sanʽani
5376:Bukhara
5336:Sanʽani
5299:Kuwaiti
5294:Emirati
5279:Dhofari
5264:Bahrani
5230:Cypriot
5218:(Qeltu)
5045:Sulaym
5032:Western
5027:Eastern
4905:Sfaxian
4901:(Sahel)
4856:Gozitan
4841:Maltese
4461:Letters
4435:Shaddah
4424:Harakat
4419:Tashkil
4347:Scripts
4320:History
4142:10 July
3842:27 June
3635:14 June
3439:Algeria
3425:in the
3367:Libya:
3353:Egypt:
2999:لا أعرف
2973:من فضلك
2953:Goodbye
2927:See you
2901:Welcome
2885:shukran
2737:English
2699:العربية
2673:Phrase
2632:Grammar
2165:,
2152:lengths
1342:Glottal
1322:Palatal
1315:Palato-
1132:Abbasid
1128:Umayyad
1034:Lebanon
974:tashkīl
968:Abbasid
964:Umayyad
940:History
728:Unicode
659:arb-mod
474:Tunisia
453:Somalia
422:Morocco
402:Lebanon
372:Comoros
362:Bahrain
357:Algeria
245:Semitic
187:script)
107:scholar
7014:Sabaic
7008:Razihi
6914:Mesqan
6888:Mesmes
6841:Wolane
6838:Ulbare
6831:Siltʼe
6819:Harari
6803:versal
6801:Trans-
6731:Shehri
6721:Hobyot
6671:Sutean
6619:Others
6585:Modern
6550:Hebrew
6442:Senaya
6422:Bohtan
6417:Barwar
6397:Turoyo
6391:Mlaḥsô
6293:Syriac
6257:groups
6014:Arabic
5686:Diwani
5673:Script
5631:(case)
5628:ʾIʿrāb
5614:Tajwid
5559:Bongor
5538:Maridi
5488:Habban
5362:Others
5346:Tihami
5326:Yemeni
5321:Shihhi
5306:Hejazi
5274:Bedawi
5269:Bareqi
5125:Syrian
5083:Saʽidi
5015:Nemadi
5001:Maqil
4899:Sahili
4866:Żejtun
4802:spoken
4800:Modern
4295:Arabic
4216:
4198:
3892:604273
3890:
3821:9 July
3812:
3772:
3724:
3681:
3626:
3589:
3431:Levant
3312:Levant
3205:Arabic
3041:dhālik
2979:Please
2875:Thanks
2763:مرحباً
2705:Arabic
2689:ALA-LC
2643:Sample
2614:. The
2545:stress
2239:; and
2146:Short
1987:Short
1972:, and
1960:Vowels
1743:voiced
1516:voiced
1348:plain
1332:Uvular
1305:Dental
1300:Labial
1163:Arabic
1038:Aleppo
1026:Boulaq
887:life.
873:إنترنت
764:Arabic
702:
696:
690:
554:Israel
397:Kuwait
392:Jordan
260:Arabic
204:Region
109:
102:
95:
88:
80:
36:Arabic
6968:Faifi
6937:Gyeto
6931:Gumer
6924:Chaha
6894:Muher
6877:Soddo
6871:Gafat
6860:Outer
6794:South
6778:Tigre
6768:Geʽez
6761:North
6726:Mehri
6690:South
6607:Punic
6505:Zakho
6447:Suret
5955:South
5845:Other
5766:Tawqi
5721:Mashq
5711:Kufic
5619:Imāla
5588:Names
5554:Turku
5482:Adeni
5316:Omani
5311:Najdi
5216:North
5206:South
5201:Shawi
5183:Gilit
5147:South
5107:North
5005:Fessi
4924:Jebli
4910:Jijel
4885:Tunis
4880:Urban
4861:Qormi
4470:ʾAlif
4440:Hamza
4412:i‘jām
4136:(PDF)
4129:(PDF)
3959:(PDF)
3888:JSTOR
3679:S2CID
3657:(PDF)
3560:(PDF)
3553:(PDF)
3475:Yemen
3467:Egypt
3463:]
3459:[
3451:]
3447:[
3443:Sudan
3423:]
3419:[
3329:Hejaz
3262:Notes
3139:/laː/
3119:naʿam
3093:māḏā?
3083:What?
3077:ماذا؟
3061:/kam/
2869:شكراً
2769:Hello
2541:]
2537:[
2371:]
2367:[
2363:]
2359:[
2355:]
2351:[
2347:]
2343:[
2339:]
2335:[
2331:]
2327:[
2323:]
2319:[
2308:]
2304:[
2300:]
2296:[
2292:]
2288:[
2284:]
2280:[
2276:]
2272:[
2268:]
2264:[
2253:]
2249:[
2245:]
2241:[
2237:]
2233:[
2229:]
2225:[
2221:]
2217:[
2213:]
2209:[
2186:/u~ʊ/
2182:/i~ɪ/
2171:]
2167:[
2163:]
2159:[
2141:]
2137:[
2133:]
2129:[
2125:]
2121:[
2117:]
2113:[
2018:Close
2006:Front
1996:Front
1990:Long
1844:Trill
1359:Nasal
1327:Velar
1270:]
1266:[
1262:]
1258:[
1254:]
1250:[
1246:]
1242:[
1188:hātif
1064:Nahda
1042:Syria
1030:Cairo
960:Quran
855:باخرة
846:سيارة
832:(CA;
784:print
747:) or
484:Yemen
469:Syria
464:Sudan
437:Qatar
407:Libya
382:Egypt
221:Users
185:Naskh
114:JSTOR
100:books
6934:Gura
6928:Ezha
6904:Inor
6700:Mod-
6375:Neo-
5968:East
5945:West
5940:East
5741:Rasm
5544:Nubi
5532:Juba
5505:and
5485:Beda
5457:Wqal
5454:Kjal
5284:Gulf
4632:Ġayn
4623:ʿAyn
4214:ISBN
4196:ISBN
4144:2021
4010:2016
3982::16)
3967:2024
3844:2023
3823:2020
3810:ISBN
3770:ISBN
3722:ISBN
3637:2023
3624:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3568:2021
3497:الله
3471:Oman
3441:and
3435:Iraq
3310:The
3067:kam?
2624:and
2485:and
2394:/uː/
2386:/iː/
2382:/aː/
2315:/uː/
2260:/iː/
2247:and
2215:and
2205:/aː/
2203:and
2192:and
2184:and
2101:/oː/
2099:and
2097:/eː/
2070:Open
2011:Back
2001:Back
1414:Stop
1184:هاتف
1179:film
1175:فيلم
1130:and
1090:and
993:and
981:and
966:and
883:and
864:ورشة
794:and
786:and
572:List
548:List
427:Oman
412:Mali
387:Iraq
367:Chad
86:news
6847:Zay
5829:864
5824:720
5820:711
5817:710
5814:709
5810:708
5653:IPA
4713:Yāʾ
4704:Wāw
4695:Hāʾ
4686:Nūn
4677:Mīm
4668:Lām
4659:Kāf
4650:Qāf
4641:Fāʾ
4614:Ẓāʾ
4605:Ṭāʾ
4596:Ḍād
4587:Ṣād
4578:Šīn
4569:Sīn
4560:Zāy
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