543:
126:
66:
322:
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100:
534:
games or cooking. These birds usually would have come from the North
African subspecies rather than from the Arabian one, as the latter was only found in the unruly frontier regions of the Roman Empire, although it is to be noted that much later, the plumes of the Arabian ostrich were considered
659:
The widespread introduction of firearms and, later, motor vehicles marked the start of the decline towards extinction of the subspecies. Earlier hunting methods with bow, arrows and dogs had allowed most animals of a group to escape, but rifles and cars enabled
474:
view of this bird was less favorable. The fact that the female ostrich may leave the nest unattended (because the eggs are too thick-shelled to be easily broken open by predators) is the reason why the bird is contrasted with the parental care of the
712:
in 1966. Remains of old eggs are still found in the former range of the southern subpopulation, which disappeared between the 1900s and the 1920s, probably mainly because of increasing
602:
439:
The
Arabian ostrich has long had a significant place in the culture of the region. An adult with 11 offspring is featured on the famous prehistoric "Graffiti Rock I" near
1553:
664:
and excessive game hunting to diminish the species into extinction. By the early 20th century, the
Arabian ostrich had become rare. Its main stronghold was the northern
558:, the Arabian ostrich came to represent wealth and elegance; ostrich hunting became a popular pastime for the rich and noble (if slaughtered properly, ostrich meat is
704:
in the early 1940s (some sources specifically state 1941), two apocryphal records of birds suffering the same fate in 1948, and a dying individual found in the upper
411:
between the two. Almost indistinguishable from that subspecies, the females were possibly of a slightly lighter coloration. The only certain way to distinguish
1050:
1558:
1419:
1523:
1445:
266:
1483:
1026:
came to light at ʿIbrī/Selme, Maṣīrah grave Mas22, Samad al-Shan graves S101110, S2174, S2184, S21112, S21118, mostly of the 2nd millennium BC
568:) and eggs, feathers and leather were extensively used in handicraft. Arabian ostrich products, as well as live birds, were exported as far as
1533:
1503:
1498:
1145:
1034:
495:) refers to the female ostrich as heartless. The Arabian ostrich is possibly among the birds forbidden to Jews as unclean under the
1548:
1543:
1493:
1450:
582:
and more in height, its feet resembling those of a camel; its neck is very strong, and men are able to ride on its back...".
911:
Seddon, Philip J.; Soorae, Pritpal S. (1999). "Guidelines for
Subspecific Substitutions in Wildlife Restoration Projects".
1361:
578:
696:, animals that are now extinct or very rare respectively. Some of the last sightings include an individual east of the
30:
351:: a smaller one in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula and a larger one in the area where today the borders of
1219:
125:
1518:
1513:
1313:
Ostrich egg-shell cups of
Mesopotamia and the ostrich in ancient and modern times by Berthold Laufer, 1874-1934
1091:
767:
506:
335:
The
Arabian ostrich's range seems to have been continuous in prehistoric times, but with the drying-up of the
1528:
1236:
632:
542:
1508:
1323:
870:
Robinson, Terence J.; Matthee, Conrad A. (1999). "Molecular genetic relationships of the extinct ostrich,
247:
1538:
739:
400:
985:
1162:
1406:
1375:
1027:
920:
883:
732:
697:
513:
would just as likely have known the birds from the North
African subspecies, which was extant in the
488:
463:, an ostrich was a welcome exotic gift fit for an emperor: ostriches figure in the decoration of the
380:
451:
and featured in artwork, painted on cups and other objects made from ostrich eggs, traded as far as
777:
594:
89:
1563:
1118:
936:
899:
815:
807:
652:
464:
120:
1022:, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orient-Abteilung, Orient-Archäologie vol. 4, Rahden 2001.
700:
at the
Jordanian-Iraqi border in 1928, a bird shot and eaten by pipeline workers in the area of
849:
586:
The
Arabian ostrich was also discussed in Mesopotamian scholarly writings from the time of the
1488:
1383:
1312:
1215:
1141:
1030:
420:
336:
306:
65:
639:
as a peace offering. It is mentioned that the ostrich is plentiful in the tribe's territory.
492:
1222:
1110:
980:
928:
891:
836:
799:
685:
636:
448:
348:
344:
321:
187:
1460:
395:, though this is likely not an introduction to the island, but a type of religious burial.
717:
962:
484:
924:
887:
840:
1020:
Die Gräberfelder in Samad al-Shān (Sultanat Oman) Materialien zu einer
Kulturgeschichte
1015:
895:
743:
628:
408:
340:
302:
221:
1477:
971:
932:
819:
772:
689:
669:
197:
177:
110:
940:
903:
857:
Rothschild, Walter (1919). "Description of a new subspecies of Ostrich from Syria".
647:
1388:
751:
705:
693:
525:
460:
352:
1296:
1432:
1355:
1023:
598:
514:
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371:, ostriches became extinct in the region in the 1920s as a result of widespread
329:
1266:
617:
510:
298:
104:
1346:
735:
681:
677:
590:
536:
502:
310:
137:
1076:
Dan Potts, Ostrich distribution and exploitation in the Arabian peninsula,
758:
in 1994. A failed reintroduction was attempted in Israel's Negev in 2004.
572:. A Tang dynasty source states that the "camel bird" inhabiting Arabia is
1340:
1197:
Although with a nod to the beauty of the bird's plumes: כְּנַף-רְנָנִים (
673:
665:
661:
613:
608:
157:
78:
74:
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713:
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530:
497:
456:
452:
392:
372:
325:
295:
207:
1437:
1214:), "daughter of the desert", as ostrich is not certain; it may be the
829:
All the birds of the Bible;: Their stories, identification and meaning
811:
701:
565:
560:
440:
388:
356:
347:. In historic times, the bird seems to have occurred in two discrete
147:
1317:
1114:
419:
was the smaller size of the latter, with only marginal overlap: the
803:
755:
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646:
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476:
396:
376:
368:
364:
320:
1411:
848:. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.
384:
360:
167:
1321:
1297:"Common Ostrich (Megafauna Parks (W Palearctic)) · iNaturalist"
1092:"Phylogeographic patterns in mitochondrial DNA of the Ostrich (
790:
Aharoni, I. (1938). "On Some Animals Mentioned in the Bible".
471:
1265:
Philby, St. John (1933) The Empty Quarter. Constable and Co.
874:: consequences for ostrich introductions into Saudi Arabia".
738:
that confirmed the close relationship of the Arabian and the
34:
1090:
Freitag, Stephanie & Robinson, Terence J. (1993).
391:. Eggshells of Arabian ostriches have been found on
339:, it disappeared from the inhospitable areas of the
234:
1330:
1210:
The correct identification of the בַּת הַיַּעֲנָה (
539:compared to those of the North African subspecies.
986:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45020636A132189458.en
528:times, there was a demand for ostriches to use in
399:studies have shown a close relationship to the
1044:
1042:
8:
1140:(2 ed.). Children's Press. p. 29.
859:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
716:. Some eggshell fragments were collected by
603:'Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat
18:
1318:
1184:
1182:
1051:"The Bitter Fate of Ostriches in the Wild"
720:from Mahadir Summan, Arabia, around 1931.
98:
64:
55:
1277:Robinson, T.J. & Matthee, C.A. (1999)
984:
1554:Species made extinct by human activities
635:, when one Arabian tribe brings eggs to
24:This is an accepted version of this page
953:
20:
1286:Seddon, P.J. & Soorae, P.S. (1999)
328:attacking an ostrich on a mosaic from
684:Valley, and it was most plentiful in
7:
688:, where it associated with herds of
627:The Arabian ostrich is mentioned by
1049:Rinat, Zafrir (December 25, 2007).
972:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
487:.) This is also the reason why the
896:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00062.x
49:
407:, indicating there may have been
961:BirdLife International. (2018).
933:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97414.x
651:Engraving of an ostrich hunt in
124:
1559:Taxa named by Walter Rothschild
842:Checklist of Birds of the World
467:, completed and closed in 706.
1524:Birds of the Arabian Peninsula
1235:Smith, Caroline (March 1982).
1167:The Saudi Arabia Tourism Guide
1163:"Musayqirah – Graffiti Rock 1"
73:Arabian ostrich painting from
1:
1484:IUCN Red List extinct species
423:was 390–465 mm long in
313:until the mid-20th century.
1534:Bird extinctions since 1500
1580:
1237:"The Camel Bird of Arabia"
1218:(Aharoni 1938 and compare
427:versus 450–530 mm in
1362:Struthio camelus syriacus
1332:Struthio camelus syriacus
979:: e.T45020636A132189458.
872:Struthio camelus syriacus
375:. It was also present in
367:meet. Once common in the
283:Struthio camelus syriacus
260:Struthio camelus syriacus
253:
246:
121:Scientific classification
119:
96:
87:
72:
63:
58:
1504:Birds of the Middle East
1499:Extinct flightless birds
827:Parmelee, Alice (1959).
768:Wildlife of Saudi Arabia
740:North African subspecies
435:Relationship with humans
383:(in prehistoric times),
31:latest accepted revision
1549:Birds described in 1919
1544:1966 in the environment
1136:Heinrichs, Ann (2002).
724:Reintroduction attempts
633:Seven Pillars of Wisdom
612:("Book of Animals") of
1201:), "the charming wing"
831:. Harper. p. 207.
728:Following analyses of
680:38°E eastwards to the
656:
584:
551:
535:superior material for
332:
292:Middle Eastern ostrich
1494:Extinct birds of Asia
1241:Aramco World Magazine
650:
574:
545:
324:
83:Syria, 14th century.
489:Book of Lamentations
381:United Arab Emirates
1188:Parmelee, A. (1959)
1006:Peters, J.L. (1931)
925:1999ConBi..13..177S
888:1999AnCon...2..165R
876:Animal Conservation
773:South Asian ostrich
595:Zakariya al-Qazwini
447:, it was used as a
239:S. c. syriacus
90:Conservation status
75:The Book of Animals
21:Page version status
778:East Asian ostrich
676:34°N and 25°N and
668:northwards to the
657:
554:After the rise of
552:
465:Qianling Mausoleum
449:sacrificial animal
349:relict populations
333:
305:that lived on the
51:Subspecies of bird
27:
1471:
1470:
1324:Taxon identifiers
1216:pharaoh eagle owl
1080:75, 2001, 182-90.
837:Peters, James Lee
397:Mitochondrial DNA
337:Arabian Peninsula
307:Arabian Peninsula
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39:14 September 2024
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546:Depiction from
507:Leviticus 11:16
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278:Arabian ostrich
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733:control region
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629:T. E. Lawrence
620:'s dictionary
521:at that time.
509:), though the
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409:intergradation
343:, such as the
341:Arabian Desert
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1249:. Retrieved
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1060:. Retrieved
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1024:Ostrich eggs
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485:Job 39:13–18
469:
457:Neo-Assyrian
438:
428:
424:
416:
412:
404:
353:Saudi Arabia
334:
317:Distribution
291:
287:
282:
281:
277:
275:
259:
254:
238:
237:
230:Subspecies:
220:
208:
174:Infraclass:
53:
38:
29:This is the
23:
1433:iNaturalist
1356:Wikispecies
1062:November 7,
798:: 461–478.
599:cosmography
515:Nile Valley
481:Book of Job
459:period. In
455:during the
445:Mesopotamia
403:subspecies
330:Roman Syria
309:and in the
1478:Categories
1247:(2): 10–11
1172:2023-06-07
784:References
736:haplotypes
672:, between
643:Extinction
618:Ibn Manzur
593:, such as
511:Israelites
461:Tang China
299:subspecies
267:Rothschild
1564:Ostriches
1251:6 October
1078:Antiquity
1016:Paul Yule
949:Footnotes
820:144823945
708:north of
682:Euphrates
678:longitude
674:latitudes
655:from 1877
653:Palestine
591:Caliphate
537:hatmaking
503:Leviticus
311:Near East
216:Species:
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
1489:Struthio
1341:Wikidata
941:84578693
904:85959044
865:: 81–83.
839:(1931).
762:See also
666:An Nafud
662:poaching
614:Al-Jahiz
550:, Jordan
425:syriacus
417:syriacus
209:Struthio
194:Family:
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
111:IUCN 3.1
79:al-Jahiz
35:reviewed
1425:6175925
1412:1231748
1371:Avibase
1347:Q624287
1123:4088425
1103:The Auk
1056:Haaretz
992:4 April
921:Bibcode
884:Bibcode
714:aridity
588:Baghdad
566:Muslims
531:venatio
498:kashrut
479:in the
453:Etruria
429:camelus
413:camelus
405:camelus
393:Bahrain
373:hunting
326:Leopard
303:ostrich
301:of the
296:extinct
257:†
204:Genus:
184:Order:
164:Class:
109: (
105:Extinct
1458:uBio:
1451:202220
1438:372668
1396:ECOS:
1144:
1121:
1033:
939:
902:
818:
812:301571
810:
792:Osiris
702:Jubail
606:, the
576:"four
561:halaal
472:Jewish
441:Riyadh
421:tarsus
389:Kuwait
387:, and
379:, the
357:Jordan
294:is an
269:, 1919
1461:23083
1389:5LC45
1119:JSTOR
1099:(PDF)
937:S2CID
900:S2CID
846:(PDF)
816:S2CID
808:JSTOR
756:Qatar
730:mtDNA
710:Petra
616:, or
570:China
556:Islam
548:Petra
526:Roman
519:Egypt
477:stork
443:. In
377:Qatar
369:Negev
365:Syria
290:, or
1446:ITIS
1420:GBIF
1399:3091
1253:2023
1142:ISBN
1064:2023
1031:ISBN
994:2021
977:2018
754:and
742:, a
692:and
470:The
415:and
385:Oman
363:and
361:Iraq
276:The
168:Aves
1407:EoL
1384:CoL
1220:NIV
1111:doi
1107:110
981:doi
929:doi
892:doi
800:doi
631:in
597:'s
579:chi
564:to
524:In
517:of
501:in
286:),
77:by
37:on
1480::
1448::
1435::
1422::
1409::
1386::
1373::
1358::
1343::
1245:33
1243:.
1239:.
1225:).
1181:^
1165:.
1117:.
1105:.
1101:.
1096:)"
1053:.
1041:^
1018:,
975:.
969:.
935:.
927:.
917:13
915:.
898:.
890:.
878:.
863:39
861:.
814:.
806:.
794:.
624:.
431:.
359:,
355:,
33:,
1299:.
1255:.
1175:.
1150:.
1125:.
1113::
1066:.
996:.
983::
967:"
963:"
943:.
931::
923::
906:.
894::
886::
880:2
852:.
850:4
822:.
802::
796:5
505:(
491:(
483:(
280:(
235:†
113:)
81:.
41:.
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