1158:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1150:
1721:
1313:
3555:
1969:
1837:
1762:
2448:
2434:
1142:
740:
1919:
1994:
945:, while the "rhythmic-temporal component" is "subjected to no definite organization". A maqam does not have an "established, regularly recurring bar scheme nor an unchanging meter. A certain rhythm does sometimes identify the style of a performer, but this is dependent upon their performance technique and is never characteristic of the maqam as such." The
1787:
3606:
1944:
1812:
1894:
1370:
1862:
1325:
2426:
In an experiment where maqam Saba was played to an equal number of Arabs and non-Arabs who were asked to record their emotions in concentric circles with the weakest emotions in the outer circles, Arab subjects reported experiencing Saba as "sad", "tragic", and "lamenting", while only 48 percent of
3062:
1388:
1352:
2422:
and the nucleus, with different maqams sharing the same tone row but differing in nucleus and thus emotion. Maqam Rast is said to evoke pride, power, and soundness of mind. Maqam Bayati: vitality, joy, and femininity. Sikah: love. Saba: sadness and pain. Hijaz: distant desert.
2493:
evoking 'love', 'femininity', 'pride' or 'distant desert'). However, there has not been any serious research using scientific methodology on a diverse sample of listeners (whether Arab or non-Arab) proving that they feel the same emotion when hearing the same
2427:
the non-Arabs described it thus with 28 percent of non-Arabs describing feelings such as "seriousness", "longing", and tension", and 6 percent experienced feelings such as "happy", "active", and "very lively" and 10 percent identified no feelings.
1348:
The central tones of a maqam are created from two different intervals. The eleven central tones of the maqam used in the phase sequence example above may be reduced to three, which make up the "nucleus" of the maqam:
3733:
1221:
The 24-tone system is entirely a notational convention and does not affect the actual precise intonation of the notes performed. Practicing Arab musicians, while using the nomenclature of the 24-tone system
1307:
Each passage consists of one or more phases that are sections "played on one tone or within one tonal area," and may take from seven to forty seconds to articulate. For example, a tone level centered on g:
3113:
2430:
These emotions are said to be evoked in part through change in the size of an interval during a maqam presentation. Maqam Saba, for example, contains in its first four notes, D, E
1961:
953:
aspect of the maqam is the tonal-spatial organization, including the number of tone levels, and the improvisational aspect is the construction of the rhythmic-temporal scheme.
1829:
1754:
3106:
1804:
1779:
1322:
pitches, begin in the lower register and gradually rise to the highest at the climax before descending again, for example (in
European-influenced notation):
2836:
Fritz, Thomas; Jentschke, Sebastian; Gosselin, Nathalie; Sammler, Daniela; Peretz, Isabelle; Turner, Robert; Friederici, Angela D.; Koelsch, Stefan (2009).
1936:
1960:
1886:
3122:
3099:
1952:
1911:
770:
1986:
1854:
1828:
1753:
1636:
1653:
1583:
3586:
1706:
1600:
1803:
1778:
1689:
1672:
1619:
1561:
1935:
1820:
2444:, two medium seconds one larger (160 cents) and one smaller (140 cents) than a three quarter tone, and a minor second (95 cents). Further, E
3738:
1885:
1745:
1910:
1417:
are made up of smaller sets of consecutive notes that have a very recognizable melody and convey a distinctive mood. Such a set is called
1985:
1853:
2591:. Although such combinations are often documented in musical references, most experienced musicians learn them by extensive listening.
3024:
3008:
2959:
2944:
2919:
221:
83:
1795:
1770:
1291:, for example). For this reason, and because it is not common to notate precisely and accurately microtonal variations from a
1927:
1312:
1340:"When all possibilities of the musical structuring of such a tone level have been fully explored, the phase is complete."
763:
1391:
1373:
1355:
1328:
3743:
3169:
2603:
this system influenced musical systems in various places. Some notable examples of this are the influence it had in the
1877:
1273:
510:
108:
3052:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1157:
1149:
1902:
1230:), often still perform the finer microtonal details which have been passed down through oral tradition to this day.
3579:
3294:
3074:
1977:
1845:
1182:
73:
1730:
78:
1130:
This system of notation is not exact since it eliminates many details, but is very practical because it allows
756:
445:
2579:-based melody. Modulations that are pleasing to the ear are created by adhering to compatible combinations of
3082:
2113:
3728:
3723:
3139:
2278:
801:
711:
535:
435:
3489:
3091:
1385:
but be distinguished by different nuclei. Bayati is shown in the example above, while 'ushshaq turki is:
3572:
3514:
3299:
2255:
2130:
1178:
911:
494:
470:
460:
123:
1005:
of successive pitches are not necessarily identical. A maqam also determines other things, such as the
2222:
3164:
1116:
1108:
966:
937:
An essential factor in performance is that each maqam describes the "tonal-spatial factor" or set of
490:
407:
118:
98:
93:
88:
64:
2418:
It is sometimes said that each maqam evokes a specific emotion or set of emotions determined by the
1720:
1260:), or on instruments that allow a sufficient degree of tunability and microtonal control (e.g. the
946:
927:
907:
860:
856:
505:
464:
156:
103:
3504:
2907:
2600:
1394:
1376:
1358:
1331:
1265:
903:
555:
550:
520:
515:
480:
450:
440:
421:
166:
2879:
2398:
2080:
3209:
3020:
3004:
2988:
2971:
2955:
2940:
2915:
2861:
2604:
1237:
1045:
998:
989:. Three main musical cultures belong to the maqam modal family: Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.
565:
530:
525:
500:
485:
475:
430:
412:
264:
3344:
3224:
2851:
2665:
1635:
1550:
1503:
1288:
1287:
changes with the historical period, as well as the geographical region (as is the case with
1135:
1100:
1096:
1041:
1010:
950:
875:
864:
570:
545:
540:
455:
387:
348:
259:
245:
216:
3414:
3244:
3229:
3204:
3086:
2842:
2628:
2506:
2502:
2447:
2433:
1652:
1582:
1424:
1367:
The tone rows of maqamat may be identical, such as maqam bayati and maqam 'ushshaq turki:
1174:
1141:
1104:
1052:
792:
692:
560:
146:
57:
2372:
2316:
2124:
1705:
1599:
3655:
3539:
3519:
3494:
3444:
3289:
3234:
3194:
2680:
2650:
2612:
2067:
1688:
1671:
1618:
1560:
1064:
1048:
1002:
883:
392:
206:
141:
49:
1537:, their names or their sizes. However the majority of references agree on the basic 9
941:
and the relationships between them, including traditional patterns and development of
3717:
3692:
3650:
3625:
3469:
3464:
3449:
3409:
3334:
3324:
3319:
3199:
2620:
2545:
1507:
1482:. In most cases maqams are classified into families or branches based on their lower
1244:, however such instruments cannot faithfully reproduce the microtonal details of the
1060:
1021:
1006:
895:
871:
852:
848:
832:
716:
706:
638:
608:
579:
362:
334:
231:
176:
31:
3509:
1103:
system was adopted in Arabic music at the turn of the 20th century. Starting with a
3640:
3544:
3484:
3214:
2624:
2588:
2509:
2337:
2297:
2173:
2054:
2017:
1968:
1084:
1025:
986:
978:
974:
938:
899:
879:
828:
784:
744:
633:
196:
113:
35:
3439:
2473:
of the same family are said to share a common mood since they start with the same
2465:
is said to evoke a different emotion in the listener. At a more basic level, each
965:
appeared for the first time in the treatises written in the fourteenth century by
2344:
2184:
2030:
1984:
1959:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1852:
1827:
1802:
1777:
1752:
3665:
3660:
3645:
3635:
3595:
3529:
3394:
3354:
3329:
2517:
2513:
2023:
1319:
1181:
than scales in
Western music, primarily because of the technical limitations of
1013:
note. It also determines which notes should be emphasized and which should not.
923:
844:
377:
372:
367:
357:
226:
191:
132:
39:
2575:
Modulation adds a lot of interest to the music, and is present in almost every
1083:
scales are mostly taught orally, and by extensive listening to the traditional
3702:
3499:
3479:
3364:
3314:
3179:
3134:
3068:
2856:
2837:
2645:
2608:
2005:
1836:
1457:
1445:
721:
683:
673:
382:
1236:
that do not include quarter tones (e.g. Nahawand, ‘Ajam) can be performed on
618:
17:
3524:
3379:
3339:
2992:
2975:
1761:
982:
701:
678:
294:
284:
3554:
3239:
2865:
2556:(in rare cases the purpose of the modulation is to actually end with a new
289:
3459:
3219:
3189:
3144:
2660:
2640:
2615:
liturgy also follows the maqam system. The weekly maqam is chosen by the
2419:
1460:) also exist. In addition to other exceptional ajnas of undefined sizes.
1453:
1269:
1120:
1112:
1076:
887:
867:
653:
319:
309:
201:
1918:
1529:
References on Arabic music theory often differ on the classification of
1276:, microtonal control can be achieved by string bending, as when playing
3615:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3389:
3184:
3159:
2655:
2205:
1993:
1068:
898:, and carries a tradition that defines its habitual phrases, important
668:
658:
628:
603:
598:
402:
329:
236:
1811:
1786:
3682:
3672:
3534:
3454:
3399:
3384:
3309:
3279:
3274:
3259:
3045:
2670:
2616:
2529:
1292:
1257:
1252:
can be faithfully performed either on fretless instruments (e.g. the
1029:
942:
931:
726:
648:
613:
397:
324:
314:
304:
299:
274:
211:
181:
161:
3003:. Publisher: Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1943:
1518:
that start on notes other than the tonic or the dominant. Secondary
1036:
have 2 or more alternative scales (e.g. Rast, Nahawand and Hijaz).
969:, and has since been used as a technical term in Arabic music. The
3687:
3677:
3620:
3474:
3404:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3304:
3284:
3269:
3254:
3249:
3079:
2914:. Translated by Laurie Schwartz. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
2359:
1893:
1277:
1241:
588:
339:
279:
269:
254:
186:
151:
3001:
Making Music in the Arab World: The
Culture and Artistry of Ṭarab
1494:
or on the note following that. In some cases the upper and lower
3697:
3605:
3264:
3174:
3149:
2675:
2469:
is claimed to convey a different mood or color. For this reason
1506:, and is the second most important note in that scale after the
1419:
1409:
663:
623:
171:
3568:
3564:
3095:
2619:
based on the emotional state of the congregation or the weekly
1861:
2458:
may vary slightly, said to cause a "sad" or "sensitive" mood.
1261:
1253:
977:
structure that characterizes the art of music of countries in
593:
3040:
2987:(Ph.D. dissertation). Los Angeles: University of California.
3734:
Masterpieces of the Oral and
Intangible Heritage of Humanity
2627:. There is also a notable influence of the Arabic maqam on
1166:
scales happen to include quarter tones, while others don't.
2937:
La musique arabe : structures, historique, organologie
3057:
2477:. There is no consensus on exactly what the mood of each
1393:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
1375:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
1357:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
1330:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
2838:"Universal Recognition of Three Basic Emotions in Music"
2489:
moods using very vague and subjective terminology (e.g.
839:
in Arabic means place, location or position. The Arabic
2939:. Paris, France: Alphonse Leduc, Editions Musicales.
2756:
2754:
1553:(all notes are rounded to the nearest quarter tone):
2560:). A more subtle form of modulation within the same
1533:. There is no consensus on a definitive list of all
806:
1545:families. The following is the list of the basic 9
1162:). When transcribed with this notation system some
863:and is "unique to Arabian art music". There are 72
821:
3080:Chazzanut Sephardic Yerushalmi, Rabbi Hagay Batzri
3058:Sephardic Pizmonim Project – Jewish use of Maqamat
2501:Attempting the same exercise in more recent tonal
1138:. Quarter tones can be notated using half-flats (
2512:. In that case there is some consensus that the
1440:), meaning "gender" or "kind". In most cases, a
3123:UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
3063:Historical audio examples from different maqams
1185:. For this reason, half-sharps rarely occur in
2970:. Lebanon: Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik.
2548:. A long musical piece can modulate over many
3580:
3107:
2536:. In simple terms it means changing from one
1111:), where a quarter tone equals one-half of a
1107:, the octave is divided into 24 equal steps (
997:The notes of a maqam are not always tuned in
967:al-Sheikh al-Safadi and Abdulqadir al-Maraghi
914:in traditional Arabic music are based on the
764:
8:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2364:
2350:
2342:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2122:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2028:
1711:
1694:
1677:
1658:
1641:
1624:
1605:
1588:
1566:
1498:may overlap. The starting note of the upper
1435:
1299:are mostly learned auditorally in practice.
815:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2540:to another (compatible or closely related)
3587:
3573:
3565:
3114:
3100:
3092:
3015:Farraj, Johnny; Abu Shumays, Sami (2019).
2807:
2805:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2528:Modulation is a technique used during the
1992:
1967:
1942:
1917:
1892:
1860:
1835:
1810:
1785:
1760:
1490:may start on the ending note of the lower
1189:scales, and the most used half-flats are E
1009:(starting note), the ending note, and the
771:
757:
44:
2855:
1127:are rounded to the nearest quarter tone.
1095:Since accurately notating every possible
1555:
2692:
1040:scales in traditional Arabic music are
874:of maqamat. These are constructed from
691:
578:
420:
347:
244:
131:
63:
56:
2985:Arab music theory in the modern period
2003:
1444:is made up of four consecutive notes (
1099:interval is impractical, a simplified
1071:are perfect. The remaining notes in a
2823:
2811:
2796:
2777:
2760:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2704:
1075:scale may or may not exactly land on
7:
2552:but usually ends with the starting
2405:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2365:
2351:
2329:
2323:
2309:
2303:
2289:
2283:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2215:
2197:
2191:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2073:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2037:
1712:
1695:
1678:
1659:
1642:
1625:
1606:
1589:
1567:
1436:
1428:
816:
796:
34:. For Sephardic Jewish maqams, see
2954:. Cité de la musique / Actes Sud.
2564:is to shift the emphasis from one
2505:would mean relating a mood to the
2004:Problems playing these files? See
25:
1522:are highlighted in the course of
1051:system, as is the case in modern
3604:
3553:
2587:long established in traditional
2568:to another so as to imply a new
2446:
2432:
1982:
1957:
1932:
1907:
1882:
1850:
1825:
1800:
1775:
1750:
1719:
1704:
1687:
1670:
1651:
1634:
1617:
1598:
1581:
1559:
1541:, which also make up the main 9
1311:
1293:twelve-tone equal tempered scale
1207:
1199:
1191:
1156:
1148:
1140:
738:
30:For Ottoman Turkish maqams, see
2623:. This variation is called the
1523:
1514:scales often include secondary
1272:). On fretted instruments with
3070:Illustration of popular maqams
2968:History of Arabic music theory
1283:The exact intonation of every
812:
1:
3046:Maqam World: What is a Maqam?
2485:is. Some references describe
1474:scale has a lower (or first)
1466:are the building blocks of a
1456:) or five consecutive notes (
1044:, not based on a twelve-tone
2983:Marcus, Scott Lloyd (1989).
2544:. This involves using a new
1452:of three consecutive notes (
1390:
1372:
1354:
1327:
1177:keys, and are more rigid to
930:music, and do not include a
922:can be realized with either
3739:Maqam-based music tradition
3200:Bumba-meu-boi from Maranhão
3140:Albanian folk iso-polyphony
3019:. Oxford University Press.
2950:Lagrange, Frédéric (1996).
2607:while under Muslim rule of
822:
807:
3760:
2595:Influence around the world
1407:
902:, melodic development and
29:
3611:
3602:
3551:
3130:
2966:Maalouf, Shireen (2002).
2857:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.058
2461:Generally speaking, each
2397:
2371:
2343:
2315:
2221:
2183:
2123:
2079:
2029:
1551:Western standard notation
1478:and an upper (or second)
1173:are not performed in all
1136:standard Western notation
3295:Georgian vocal polyphony
2999:Racy, Ali Jihad (2003).
2935:el-Mahdi, Salah (1972).
2880:"Sicilia regional songs"
1303:Phases and central tones
1240:instruments such as the
1117:12 tone equally-tempered
847:. It is "a technique of
2119:Phrygian Dominant Scale
1395:download the audio file
1377:download the audio file
1359:download the audio file
1332:download the audio file
38:. For Iraqi maqam, see
2912:The Music of the Arabs
2601:the Islamic golden age
2227:), Nahawand Murassah (
811:, literally "ascent";
3515:The Song of the Sibyl
2884:www.italyheritage.com
2103:), Huseini Ushayran (
1729:(for more detail see
1318:The tonal levels, or
1205:and less frequently A
3165:Ashiqs of Azerbaijan
2516:is "sadder" and the
1134:to be notated using
1109:24 equal temperament
1028:that repeats at the
27:Mode in Arabic music
3744:Arabic music theory
3017:Inside Arabic Music
2908:Touma, Habib Hassan
2629:the music of Sicily
2530:melodic development
2389:), Rahat al-Arwah (
2189:), Hijaz Kar Kurd (
1067:(or both), and all
1001:, meaning that the
851:" that defines the
827:) is the system of
712:Karagöz and Hacivat
3085:2017-09-13 at the
2707:, pp. 38, 203
2245:), Sultani Yakah (
1731:Arabic Maqam Ajnas
1289:linguistic accents
1183:Arabic instruments
1154:) or half-sharps (
1079:. For this reason
831:, which is mainly
147:Azerbaijani carpet
3711:
3710:
3562:
3561:
3210:Dainichido Bugaku
2952:Musiques d'Égypte
2736:, pp. 38–39.
2605:Iberian peninsula
2414:Emotional content
2403:), Sikah Baladi (
2239:), ‘Ushaq Masri (
2139:), Shad ‘Araban (
2085:), Bayati Shuri (
1987:
1962:
1953:Husayni ‘Ushayran
1937:
1912:
1887:
1855:
1830:
1805:
1780:
1755:
1727:
1726:
1399:
1381:
1363:
1336:
1059:scales include a
999:equal temperament
805:
781:
780:
16:(Redirected from
3751:
3646:Ladder of thirds
3608:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3490:Slovácko Verbuňk
3360:Khorasan Bakhshi
3225:Cante Alentejano
3116:
3109:
3102:
3093:
3071:
3030:
2996:
2979:
2925:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2800:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2666:The Weekly Maqam
2613:Sephardic Jewish
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2363:– Bastah Nikar (
2354:
2353:
2349:), Saba Zamzam (
2348:
2347:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2217:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1896:
1889:
1888:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1832:
1831:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1315:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1144:
1101:musical notation
1003:frequency ratios
961:The designation
951:precompositional
855:, patterns, and
825:
819:
818:
814:
810:
800:
798:
773:
766:
759:
745:Islam portal
743:
742:
741:
45:
21:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3609:
3598:
3593:
3563:
3558:
3549:
3425:Ojkanje singing
3325:Jongmyo Jereyak
3245:Cremona violins
3230:Cantonese opera
3205:Byzantine music
3170:Azerbaijani tar
3126:
3120:
3087:Wayback Machine
3069:
3037:
3027:
3014:
2982:
2965:
2932:
2930:Further reading
2922:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2843:Current Biology
2835:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2784:
2776:
2767:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2689:
2651:The Iraqi Maqam
2637:
2597:
2526:
2507:major and minor
2503:classical music
2454:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2416:
2265:), Nawa Athar (
2041:), Shawq Afza (
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1717:
1709:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1639:
1630:
1622:
1611:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1305:
1219:
1206:
1198:
1190:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1123:all notes in a
1121:notation system
1119:scale. In this
1105:chromatic scale
1093:
1020:are based on a
995:
959:
783:In traditional
777:
739:
737:
109:Sudano-Sahelian
58:Islamic culture
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3661:Shout-and-fall
3658:
3656:Melodic motion
3653:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Tumba francesa
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:Song of Sana'a
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Qudud Halabiya
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3290:Garifuna music
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Cantu a tenore
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Bistritsa Babi
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3077:
3066:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3035:External links
3033:
3032:
3031:
3026:978-0190658359
3025:
3012:
2997:
2980:
2963:
2948:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2896:
2895:
2871:
2850:(7): 573–576.
2828:
2816:
2801:
2782:
2765:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2709:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2681:Harmonic minor
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2596:
2593:
2525:
2522:
2520:is "happier".
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2356:
2334:
2294:
2259:– Athar Kurd (
2252:
2202:
2179:Phrygian Scale
2170:
2110:
2064:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1834:
1824:
1821:Rahat al-Arwah
1819:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:Maqam families
1735:
1725:
1724:
1702:
1701:starting on D
1685:
1684:starting on C
1667:
1666:
1665:starting on C
1649:
1648:starting on C
1632:
1631:starting on D
1614:
1613:
1612:starting on D
1596:
1595:starting on D
1579:
1502:is called the
1405:
1402:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1304:
1301:
1238:equal-tempered
1218:
1215:
1092:
1089:
1065:perfect fourth
1049:musical tuning
1046:equal-tempered
994:
991:
958:
955:
912:improvisations
894:is built on a
861:piece of music
779:
778:
776:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
748:
747:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
696:
695:
689:
688:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
583:
582:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
425:
424:
418:
417:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
352:
351:
345:
344:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
249:
248:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
232:Turkish carpet
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Persian carpet
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
142:Arabian carpet
136:
135:
129:
128:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
68:
67:
61:
60:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3756:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:Modes (music)
3727:
3725:
3724:Persian music
3722:
3721:
3719:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3556:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3470:Samba de roda
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Istrian scale
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Hudhud chants
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Beijing opera
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3135:Aka polyphony
3133:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3009:0-521-30414-8
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2961:
2960:2-7427-0711-5
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2945:2-85689-029-6
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:0-931340-88-8
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:, p. 41.
2762:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2748:, p. 40.
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Torah reading
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:musical scale
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2400:
2383:), Musta‘ar (
2374:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2318:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2280:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2224:
2219:), Nahawand (
2212:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2163:), Hijazain (
2157:), Zanjaran (
2132:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2082:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2055:Ajam Ushayran
2035:), Jiharkah (
2032:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
1995:
1979:
1970:
1954:
1945:
1929:
1920:
1904:
1895:
1879:
1863:
1847:
1838:
1822:
1813:
1797:
1788:
1772:
1763:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1718:starting on E
1707:
1703:
1699:) tetrachord,
1690:
1686:
1682:) tetrachord,
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:) pentachord,
1654:
1650:
1646:) tetrachord,
1637:
1633:
1629:) tetrachord,
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:) tetrachord,
1601:
1597:
1593:) tetrachord,
1584:
1580:
1573:starting on B
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:notated with
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1386:
1378:
1368:
1360:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:steel strings
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:In practice,
1167:
1165:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:perfect fifth
1058:
1054:
1053:Western music
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:musical scale
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:Tuning system
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
956:
954:
952:
948:
947:compositional
944:
940:
939:musical notes
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
888:minor seconds
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:improvisation
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:melodic modes
826:
824:
809:
803:
794:
790:
786:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
754:
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639:Mappilappattu
637:
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612:
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609:Gendang beleq
607:
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446:Crimean Tatar
444:
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195:
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185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Iznik pottery
175:
173:
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158:
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66:
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59:
55:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:Turkish makam
19:
18:Arabian maqam
3641:Double tonic
3630:
3596:Melody types
3545:Xoan singing
3535:Wayang kulit
3485:Silbo Gomero
3300:Gong culture
3155:Arabic maqam
3154:
3053:Arab Maqamat
3016:
3000:
2984:
2967:
2951:
2936:
2911:
2900:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2847:
2841:
2831:
2826:, p. 45
2819:
2814:, p. 44
2799:, p. 43
2780:, p. 42
2741:
2729:
2724:, p. 38
2625:Weekly Maqam
2598:
2589:Arabic music
2584:
2580:
2576:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2392:راحة الأرواح
2358:
2336:
2296:
2254:
2248:سلطاني ياكاه
2230:نهاوند مرصّع
2210:
2204:
2192:حجاز كار كرد
2178:
2172:
2151:), Suzidil (
2145:), Shahnaz (
2118:
2112:
2106:حسيني عشيران
2091:), Husayni (
2071:– Bayatayn (
2066:
2022:
2016:
1746:Shad ‘Araban
1728:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:. The upper
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1448:), although
1441:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1384:
1366:
1347:
1339:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1284:
1282:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1186:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1094:
1087:repertoire.
1085:Arabic music
1080:
1072:
1056:
1037:
1033:
1017:
1015:
996:
987:Central Asia
979:North Africa
970:
962:
960:
936:
928:instrumental
919:
915:
908:compositions
891:
840:
836:
820:
788:
785:Arabic music
782:
643:
634:Madih nabawi
197:Oriental rug
79:Indo-Islamic
65:Architecture
36:Weekly Maqam
3666:Tune-family
3636:Modal frame
3540:Xi'an guyue
3530:Vedic chant
3395:Morin khuur
3355:Koodiyattam
3330:Iraqi Maqam
3041:Maqam World
2518:major scale
2514:minor scale
2321:), Suznak (
2307:), Nairuz (
2236:نهاوند مرصع
2213:Farahfaza (
2211:Minor Scale
2209:– Also the
2177:– Also the
2117:– Also The
2097:), Nahfat (
2077:), Bayati (
2024:Major Scale
2021:– Also The
1716:) trichord,
1571:) trichord,
1228:half-sharps
934:component.
857:development
845:melody type
835:. The word
536:South Asian
436:Azerbaijani
368:Chaand Raat
227:Turkmen rug
157:Calligraphy
74:Azerbaijani
40:Iraqi maqam
3718:Categories
3703:Shashmaqam
3505:Sutartinės
3500:Sosso Bala
3480:Shashmaqam
3475:Seto Leelo
3365:Kumi odori
3175:Baul music
2889:2021-04-25
2824:Touma 1996
2812:Touma 1996
2797:Touma 1996
2778:Touma 1996
2761:Touma 1996
2746:Touma 1996
2734:Touma 1996
2722:Touma 1996
2705:Touma 1996
2687:References
2646:Ali Merdan
2609:Al-Andalus
2524:Modulation
2438:, F, and G
2406:سيكاه بلدي
2395:), Sikah (
2377:), ‘Iraq (
2369:), Huzam (
2327:), Yakah (
2287:), Hisar (
2256:Nawa Athar
2088:بياتي شوري
2060:عجم عشيران
2006:media help
1796:Nawa Athar
1640:Nahawand (
1524:modulation
1458:pentachord
1446:tetrachord
1408:See also:
1224:half-flats
1217:Intonation
1097:microtonal
1042:microtonal
957:Background
949:or rather
904:modulation
865:heptatonic
684:Tambourine
461:Indonesian
422:Literature
383:Imamat Day
167:Embroidery
84:Indonesian
3525:Vallenato
3380:Long song
3340:Kgal Laox
3065:, Arabic.
2366:بسته نكار
2313:), Rast (
2301:– Mahur (
2242:عشاق مصري
2195:), Lami (
2131:Hijaz Kar
1268:, or the
1179:transpose
1175:chromatic
1077:semitones
983:Near East
876:augmented
868:tone rows
802:romanized
702:Bangsawan
679:Talempong
491:Malaysian
363:al-Ghadir
295:Jellabiya
285:Headscarf
192:Miniature
3460:Rebetiko
3415:Nhã nhạc
3220:Candombe
3190:Biyelgee
3145:Angklung
3083:Archived
2993:20767535
2976:52037253
2910:(1996).
2866:19303300
2661:Pizmonim
2641:Mujawwad
2635:See also
2455:♭
2441:♭
2420:tone row
2352:صبا زمزم
2341:– Saba (
2206:Nahawand
2142:شد عربان
2136:حجاز كار
2050:شوق أفزا
2044:شوق افزا
1928:Jiharkah
1657:Nikriz (
1587:Bayati (
1576:♭
1504:dominant
1454:trichord
1270:clarinet
1113:semitone
1091:Notation
1011:dominant
932:rhythmic
918:system.
506:Nigerian
471:Kashmiri
465:Javanese
388:New Year
358:Arba'een
349:Holidays
310:Keffiyeh
246:Clothing
202:Paan dan
50:a series
48:Part of
3616:Dastgah
3510:Táncház
3440:Quan họ
3435:Pirekua
3430:Pansori
3390:Meshrep
3345:Khuumii
3185:Bigwala
3180:Bećarac
3160:Arirang
3125:: Music
3075:YouTube
2901:Sources
2656:Melisma
2599:During
2585:maqamat
2550:maqamat
2274:نوى اثر
2268:نوى أثر
2262:أثر كرد
2121:Hijaz (
2038:جهاركاه
2027:‘Ajam (
1710:Sikah (
1604:Hijaz (
1565:‘Ajam (
1415:Maqamat
1344:Nucleus
1297:maqamat
1256:or the
1250:Maqamat
1248:scale.
1234:Maqamat
1171:maqamat
1132:maqamat
1069:octaves
1055:. Most
1034:maqamat
1032:. Some
1018:maqamat
1016:Arabic
920:Maqamat
906:. Both
890:. Each
884:neutral
853:pitches
833:melodic
823:maqāmāt
804::
722:Ta'zieh
693:Theatre
669:Qawwali
659:Nasheed
604:Gamelan
599:Dastgah
556:Turkmen
551:Turkish
521:Punjabi
516:Persian
481:Kurdish
451:Gambian
441:Bengali
413:Raghaib
408:Bara’at
403:Ramadan
393:al-Qadr
378:al-Adha
373:al-Fitr
330:Songkok
237:Zardozi
119:Swahili
99:Persian
94:Ottoman
89:Moorish
3683:Pathet
3673:Mugham
3455:Reggae
3420:Nongak
3410:Nanyin
3400:Mugham
3385:Maloya
3315:Hua'er
3280:Gagaku
3275:Fujara
3260:Eshuva
3240:Ca trù
3023:
3007:
2991:
2974:
2958:
2943:
2918:
2864:
2671:Taqsim
2617:cantor
2491:maqams
2471:maqams
2386:مستعار
2324:سوزناك
2279:Nikriz
2223:نهاوند
2216:فرحفزا
2181:Kurd (
2166:حجازين
2160:زنجران
2074:بیاتین
2068:Bayati
1878:Bayati
1693:Saba (
1676:Rast (
1643:نهاوند
1623:Kurd (
1431:; pl.
1425:Arabic
1264:, the
1258:violin
1030:octave
981:, the
943:melody
886:, and
872:scales
817:مقامات
793:Arabic
727:Wayang
614:Ghazal
566:Uyghur
531:Somali
526:Sindhi
511:Pashto
501:Malian
486:Kyrgyz
476:Kazakh
431:Arabic
398:Mawlid
335:Taqiya
325:Salwar
315:Kupiah
305:Kameez
300:Kaftan
290:Jilbab
275:Chador
265:Boubou
217:Suzani
212:Soumak
182:Khatam
162:Damask
124:Yemeni
104:Somali
3693:Radif
3688:Qupai
3678:Muqam
3651:Level
3631:Maqam
3626:Makam
3621:Echos
3450:Radif
3405:Muqam
3375:Lhamo
3370:Kunqu
3350:Klapa
3310:Gwoka
3305:Guqin
3285:Gagok
3270:Frevo
3255:Duduk
3250:Doina
2581:ajnas
2577:maqam
2570:maqam
2562:maqam
2558:maqam
2554:maqam
2542:maqam
2538:maqam
2534:maqam
2532:of a
2510:modes
2496:maqam
2487:maqam
2479:maqam
2463:maqam
2452:and G
2399:سيكاه
2360:Sikah
2310:نيروز
2304:ماهور
2284:نكريز
2154:سوزدل
2148:شهناز
2114:Hijaz
2094:حسيني
2081:بياتي
2018:‘Ajam
1903:Hijaz
1771:Huzam
1713:سيكاه
1660:نكريز
1590:بياتي
1547:ajnas
1543:maqam
1539:ajnas
1535:ajnas
1531:ajnas
1520:ajnas
1516:ajnas
1512:Maqam
1508:tonic
1496:ajnas
1472:maqam
1468:maqam
1464:Ajnas
1450:ajnas
1437:أجناس
1433:ajnās
1404:Ajnas
1320:axial
1285:maqam
1278:blues
1266:qanun
1246:maqam
1242:piano
1187:maqam
1164:maqam
1125:maqam
1115:in a
1081:maqam
1073:maqam
1063:or a
1057:maqam
1038:Maqam
1026:notes
1024:of 7
1007:tonic
975:modal
973:is a
971:maqam
963:maqam
924:vocal
916:maqam
900:notes
896:scale
892:maqam
880:major
859:of a
843:is a
841:maqam
837:maqam
808:maqām
789:maqam
654:Naʽat
649:Mugam
644:Maqam
619:Haḍra
589:Ashik
580:Music
571:Uzbek
546:Tatar
541:Tajik
495:Malay
456:Hausa
340:Thawb
320:Niqāb
280:Hijab
270:Burqa
255:Abaya
222:Tapis
187:Kilim
152:Batik
114:Tatar
3698:Raga
3465:Sama
3265:Fado
3150:Aqyn
3021:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2989:OCLC
2972:OCLC
2956:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2862:PMID
2676:Raga
2583:and
2566:jins
2483:jins
2475:jins
2467:jins
2380:عراق
2373:هزام
2338:Saba
2330:يكاه
2317:راست
2298:Rast
2290:حصار
2198:لامي
2174:Kurd
2125:حجاز
2100:نهفت
1978:Rast
1846:Saba
1679:راست
1607:حجاز
1500:jins
1492:jins
1488:jins
1484:jins
1480:jins
1476:jins
1470:. A
1442:jins
1420:jins
1410:Jins
1226:and
985:and
910:and
797:مقام
717:Sama
674:Sufi
664:Noha
629:Jari
624:Hamd
561:Urdu
260:Agal
172:Ikat
3073:on
2852:doi
2481:or
2345:صبا
2277:),
2271:or
2233:or
2185:كرد
2129:),
2053:),
2047:or
2031:عجم
1696:صبا
1626:كرد
1568:عجم
1429:جنس
1262:nay
1254:oud
1197:, B
1146:or
926:or
870:or
813:pl.
707:Cem
594:Daf
133:Art
3720::
2882:.
2860:.
2848:19
2846:.
2840:.
2804:^
2785:^
2768:^
2753:^
2712:^
2695:^
2631:.
2611:.
2572:.
2498:.
2109:),
1733:)
1526:.
1510:.
1427::
1295:,
1280:.
1213:.
882:,
878:,
799:,
795::
787:,
52:on
3588:e
3581:t
3574:v
3115:e
3108:t
3101:v
3029:.
3011:.
2995:.
2978:.
2962:.
2947:.
2924:.
2892:.
2868:.
2854::
2409:)
2355:)
2333:)
2293:)
2281:(
2251:)
2201:)
2169:)
2133:(
2063:)
2057:(
2008:.
1423:(
1397:.
1379:.
1361:.
1334:.
1222:(
791:(
772:e
765:t
758:v
497:)
493:(
467:)
463:(
42:.
20:)
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