313:
estimated to be 5% of the ethnic population. There are small communities of semi-speakers who have varying degrees of comprehension and fluency in Lokono that keep the language alive. It is estimated that there are around 2,500 remaining speakers (including fluent and semi-fluent speakers). The decline in the use of Lokono as a language of communication is due to its lack of transmission from older speakers to the next generation. The language is not being passed to young children, as they are taught to speak the official languages of their countries.
2854:
2684:
217:
229:
333:
is a tribal name in reference to the main crop food, the cassava root, commonly known as manioc. The cassava root is a popular staple for millions of people in South
America, Asia and Africa. It is a woody shrub grown in tropical or subtropical regions. Speakers of Arawak also identify themselves as
361:
Lokono is an
Arawakan language most commonly found to be spoken in eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. It was also formerly spoken on Caribbean islands such as Barbados and other neighboring countries. There are approximately 2,500 native speakers today. The following are regions
312:
Lokono is a critically endangered language. The Lokono language is most commonly spoken in South
America. Some specific countries where this language is spoken include Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and Venezuela. The percentage of living fluent speakers with active knowledge of the language is
321:
The Lokono language is part of the larger
Arawakan language family spoken by indigenous people in South and Central America along with the Caribbean. The family spans four countries of Central America — Belize, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua — and eight of South America — Bolivia, Guyana, French
1919:
Arawak nouns are fragmented into inalienably and alienably possessed. Inalienably crossed nouns include things such as body parts, terms for kinship and common nouns like food selections. Deverbal nominalization belong to that grouping. Both forms of possession are marked with prefixes (A/Sa).
1887:
In the Arawak language, there are two distinct genders of masculine and feminine. They are used in cross-referencing affixes, in demonstratives, in nominalization and in personal pronouns. Typical pronominal genders, for example, are feminine and non-feminine. The markers go back to Arawak
3248:
4585:
2229:, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian-English. Some American English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "hurting."
3143:
322:
Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Brazil (and also formerly
Argentina and Paraguay). With about 40 extant languages, it is the largest language family in Latin America.
3462:
3116:
De
Carvalho, Fernando O. (2016). "The diachrony of person-number marking in the Lokono-Wayuunaiki subgroup of the Arawak family: reconstruction, sound change and analogy".
950:, pronounced with the tongue touching the back of the palate. It is found in Indian-English. Some English speakers also pronounce this sound in the middle of the word "
2943:
3754:
2964:
3414:
3590:
353:
Alternative names of the same language include Arawák, Arahuaco, Aruak, Arowak, Arawac, Araguaco, Aruaqui, Arwuak, Arrowukas, Arahuacos, Locono, and
Luccumi.
3917:
239:
1048:
3455:
3151:
3378:
2000:
The Arawak language system has an alphabetical system similar to the Roman
Alphabet with some minor changes and new additions to letters.
1203:
582:
4600:
3747:
3448:
2104:
This sound does not exist in
English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute.
914:
800:
This sound does not exist in
English. It is pronounced by narrowing your lips and blowing through them, as if you were playing a flute.
589:
3583:
3242:
3069:
2937:
1903:
Arawak Languages do distinguish singular and plural, however plural is optional unless the referent is a person. Markers used are
3910:
1119:
724:
4605:
3232:
1458:
1424:
1311:
4595:
3740:
4159:
4122:
3205:
2903:
1920:
Inalienably possessed nouns have what is known as an "unpossessed" form (also known as "absolute") marked with the suffix
1626:
1593:
1295:
757:
4590:
3721:
3576:
1568:
1526:
1320:
1086:
794:
526:
519:
203:
3365:
4580:
3903:
3423:
3075:
1651:
are shown below. The forms on the left are free forms, which can stand alone. The forms on the right are bound forms (
1505:
1479:
1288:
812:
539:
4350:
4331:
4197:
3471:
1403:
1377:
1336:
1111:
1023:
837:
598:
430:
4536:
4519:
1534:
3346:
863:
749:
698:
641:
497:
490:
441:
162:
4500:
4374:
4339:
3716:
3521:
2853:
1530:
1348:
1161:
1115:
753:
669:
4060:
3942:
3763:
998:
973:
940:
653:
625:
560:
553:
4480:
4475:
3367:
La langue arawak de Guyane: présentation historique et dictionnaires arawak-français et français-arawak
4495:
4407:
4321:
4142:
3798:
3695:
3557:
3013:
Harbert, Wayne; Pet, Willem (1988). "Movement and Adjunct Morphology in Arawak and Other Languages".
3201:
A Brief Introduction to Some Aspects of the Culture and Language of the Guyana Arawak (Lokono) Tribe
4543:
4397:
4392:
4170:
4153:
4006:
3823:
3599:
3531:
3526:
1165:
1157:
889:
472:
461:
451:
393:
301:
4311:
4202:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4080:
4050:
4016:
3970:
3926:
3674:
3516:
3090:
3030:
2995:
2958:
388:
383:
4453:
4402:
4269:
4164:
4085:
3869:
3659:
3629:
2926:"7. Areal Diffusion, Genetic Inheritance and Problems of Subgrouping: A north Arawak Case Study"
4490:
4485:
4457:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4345:
4279:
4253:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4148:
4090:
4045:
4040:
4034:
3980:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3859:
3813:
3654:
3374:
3288:
Lokono dian: the Arawak language of Surinam: a sketch of its grammatical structure and lexicon
3238:
3065:
2933:
2925:
2683:
1648:
482:
408:
398:
274:
3234:
Comparative Arawakan Histories : Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia
4557:
4550:
4529:
4438:
4316:
4243:
4207:
4137:
4132:
4029:
4024:
4001:
3975:
3864:
3808:
3803:
3777:
3649:
3639:
3613:
3536:
3326:
3181:
3125:
3057:
3022:
2987:
610:
3172:
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1995). "Person marking and discourse in North Arawak languages".
4610:
4467:
4355:
4181:
4176:
4127:
4102:
4075:
3884:
3874:
3844:
3818:
3793:
3700:
3669:
3541:
3506:
3485:
3102:
2680:
The letters in brackets under each alphabetical letter is the IPA symbol for each letter.
615:
547:
403:
97:
3350:
4505:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4384:
4274:
4223:
4096:
3985:
3879:
3854:
3679:
3664:
3644:
3511:
3185:
415:
134:
1741:
All verbs are sectioned into transitive, active transitive, and stative intransitive.
216:
195:
4574:
4417:
4412:
3061:
3034:
1270:
294:
37:
3828:
2446:
1664:
1238:
1231:
141:
3129:
3895:
3199:
1282:
1265:
576:
228:
208:
113:
2895:
2846:
1328:
1275:
3440:
3351:"The Arawack language of Guiana in its linguistic and ethnological relations"
2841:
2978:
Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979). "An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana".
2930:
Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics
1305:
513:
421:
282:
188:
172:
154:
49:
3049:
179:
1964:
Tenses are added at the end of a sentence: past tense is indicated with
1652:
290:
105:
57:
45:
3732:
3331:
67:
53:
3568:
2999:
3373:(in French). Marseille: Institut de recherche pour le développement.
3314:
286:
278:
236:
77:
41:
3026:
2991:
2682:
1660:
1656:
297:. It is the eponymous language of the Arawakan language family.
3899:
3736:
3572:
3444:
1745:
Prefixes (A/Sa) and Suffixes (O/So) of Cross-Reference Affixes
2225:
No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex
946:
No exact equivalent in American English. This is a retroflex
342:, which translates as "the people". They call their language
3315:"State-of-the-Art in the Development of the Lokono Language"
3204:. Amerindian Languages Project, University of Guyana. 1980.
2687:
Writing System & Language of Arawak(Lokono) Language
2928:. In Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.; Dixon, R. M. W. (eds.).
2878:
Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds.,
362:
where Arawak has been found spoken by native speakers.
235:
Arawak is classified as Critically Endangered by the
221:
Arawakan languages in South America and the Caribbean
4586:
Indigenous languages of the South American Northeast
3416:
A Grammar Sketch and Lexicon of Arawak (Lokono Dian)
273:, literally "people's talk" by its speakers), is an
4518:
4466:
4426:
4383:
4330:
4304:
4297:
4262:
4216:
4190:
4068:
4059:
4015:
3994:
3941:
3934:
3837:
3786:
3770:
3709:
3688:
3622:
3606:
3550:
3494:
3478:
2449:), like the one in the middle of the word "uh-oh."
1924:Alienably possessed nouns take one of the suffixes
202:
186:
170:
152:
147:
131:
94:
84:
73:
63:
33:
21:
1888:third-person singular cross-referencing: feminine
3422:. SIL eBook 30. SIL International. Archived from
2705:Western Arawak (Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname)
1956:("a woman with bad eyes", i.e., a blind woman).
3911:
3748:
3584:
3456:
3015:International Journal of American Linguistics
1605:
1440:
1243:
1214:
1068:
957:
951:
8:
1655:), which must be attached to the front of a
344:
336:
281:(Arawak) people of South America in eastern
260:
254:
4301:
4065:
3938:
3918:
3904:
3896:
3755:
3741:
3733:
3591:
3577:
3569:
3463:
3449:
3441:
2963:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
227:
215:
18:
3330:
3319:Language Documentation & Conservation
2402:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
2368:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
2083:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
1183:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
1137:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
775:the Arawak pronunciation sounds like the
16:Arawakan language spoken in South America
2695:
2454:
2002:
1984:"after"), present continuous tense uses
1940:Arawak languages have a negative prefix
1743:
1669:
1353:
1259:
674:
374:
240:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3226:
3224:
3222:
2829:
2656:, only pronounced higher in the mouth.
1347:Pet notes that phonetic realization of
3353:. Philadelphia, McCalla & Stavely.
3267:
3265:
3098:
3088:
2956:
1911:(inanimate/animate non-human plural).
3281:
3279:
2890:
2888:
2837:
2835:
2833:
1749:
7:
3300:
3271:
2866:
1932:All suffixes used as nominalizers.
668:William Pet observes an additional
3186:10.1111/j.1467-9582.1995.tb00469.x
3085:– via Oxford Bibliographies.
14:
3394:Trevino, David (2016). "Arawak".
3290:(PhD thesis). Cornell University.
2924:Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (2006).
2523:sound in Spanish, similar to the
1625:
1592:
1567:
1533:
1525:
1504:
1478:
1457:
1434:sound in Spanish, similar to the
1423:
1402:
1376:
1335:
1319:
1310:
1294:
1287:
1230:
1202:
1164:
1156:
1118:
1110:
1085:
1047:
1022:
997:
972:
939:
913:
888:
862:
836:
811:
793:
756:
748:
723:
697:
652:
624:
597:
588:
581:
559:
552:
538:
525:
518:
496:
489:
471:
460:
440:
429:
3237:. University of Illinois Press.
2852:
1944:and attributive-relative prefix
3251:from the original on 2024-05-26
3208:from the original on 2024-05-26
3078:from the original on 2018-01-06
2946:from the original on 2024-05-26
2906:from the original on 2018-01-06
2702:Eastern Arawak (French Guiana)
1952:("a woman with good eyes") and
3231:Hill, Johnathon (2010-10-01).
3062:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0119
3048:Aikhenvald, Alexandra (2013).
1873:O=So= cross referencing suffix
1868:A= Sa=cross referencing prefix
1:
3130:10.1016/j.langsci.2016.02.001
1976:"before"), future tense with
1241:, like the pause in the word
3722:South Rupununi Sign Language
3364:Patte, Marie-France (2011).
2900:Endangered Languages Project
3056:. Oxford University Press.
2932:. Oxford University Press.
1907:(animate/human plural) and
4627:
4601:Languages of French Guiana
3472:Languages of French Guiana
3413:Pet, Willem J. A. (2011).
1948:An example of the use is
1926:*-ne/ni, *-te, *-re, *i/e
1848:
1807:
1790:
1773:
1754:
1751:
1737:Cross-referencing affixes
1606:
1244:
1215:
1069:
958:
952:
609:
575:
546:
512:
414:
380:
350:, "the people's speech".
226:
214:
26:
3396:Salem Press Encyclopedia
3347:Brinton, Daniel Garrison
3398:– via ebescohost.
2880:The Amazonian Languages
357:Geographic distribution
345:
337:
261:
255:
90:(2,500 cited 1990–2012)
4606:Languages of Venezuela
3717:Guyanese Sign Language
3313:Rybka, Konrad (2015).
2688:
1441:
1351:varies between and .
4596:Languages of Suriname
3929:(Maipurean) languages
3764:Languages of Suriname
3286:Pet, William (1988).
2686:
2467:Arawak Pronunciation
2015:Arawak Pronunciation
1366:Arawak Pronunciation
1066:in American English "
687:Arawak Pronunciation
4217:Central Upper Amazon
3838:Indigenous languages
3799:Caribbean Hindustani
3696:Caribbean Hindustani
3623:Indigenous languages
3558:French Sign Language
2317:in American English
2313:, somewhat like the
1636:, only held longer.
1062:, somewhat like the
4591:Languages of Guyana
3600:Languages of Guyana
1746:
377:
4581:Arawakan languages
3787:Regional languages
3174:Studia Linguistica
3144:"Arawak languages"
3050:"Arawak Languages"
2689:
2674:only held longer.
2635:only held longer.
2588:only held longer.
2549:only held longer.
2506:only held longer.
1744:
1578:only held longer.
1515:only held longer.
1468:only held longer.
1413:only held longer.
375:
4568:
4567:
4514:
4513:
4332:Central Maipurean
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4234:Baniwa of Guainia
3893:
3892:
3771:Official language
3730:
3729:
3607:Official language
3566:
3565:
3479:Official language
3380:978-2-7099-1715-5
3118:Language Sciences
2850:(25th ed., 2022)
2819:
2818:
2678:
2677:
2461:Additional Usage
2453:
2452:
2186:sound in English
2164:sound in English
2009:Additional Usage
1865:
1864:
1734:
1733:
1649:personal pronouns
1640:
1639:
1360:Additional Usage
1345:
1344:
1253:
1252:
899:sound in English
873:sound in English
681:Additional Usage
666:
665:
644:
618:
485:
454:
424:
275:Arawakan language
265:), also known as
248:
247:
4618:
4302:
4066:
3939:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3897:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3570:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3421:
3400:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3310:
3304:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3274:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3150:. Archived from
3140:
3134:
3133:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2892:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2839:
2696:
2455:
2003:
1832:
1813:
1747:
1670:
1629:
1609:
1608:
1596:
1571:
1537:
1532:
1529:
1508:
1482:
1461:
1444:
1427:
1406:
1380:
1354:
1350:
1339:
1323:
1314:
1298:
1291:
1260:
1247:
1246:
1234:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1089:
1072:
1071:
1051:
1026:
1001:
976:
961:
960:
955:
954:
943:
917:
892:
866:
840:
815:
797:
760:
755:
752:
727:
701:
675:
671:
656:
642:
628:
616:
601:
592:
585:
563:
556:
542:
529:
522:
500:
493:
483:
475:
464:
452:
444:
433:
420:
378:
348:
340:
264:
258:
242:
231:
219:
198:
182:
175:
166:
165:
157:
137:
100:
19:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4538:Candoshi-Shapra
4510:
4462:
4422:
4379:
4326:
4285:
4258:
4212:
4186:
4055:
4011:
3990:
3930:
3924:
3894:
3889:
3833:
3782:
3766:
3761:
3731:
3726:
3705:
3701:Guyanese Creole
3689:Other languages
3684:
3618:
3602:
3597:
3567:
3562:
3546:
3522:Guianese Creole
3495:Local languages
3490:
3474:
3469:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3370:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2831:
2826:
2694:
2458:Character Used
2445:A pause sound (
2006:Character Used
1998:
1962:
1938:
1917:
1901:
1885:
1880:
1830:
1811:
1739:
1645:
1632:Like the above
1357:Character Used
1258:
678:Character Used
373:
368:
359:
328:
319:
310:
244:
243:
234:
222:
194:
178:
171:
161:
160:
153:
138:
133:
127:
101:
98:Language family
96:
87:
86:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4521:Macro-Arawakan
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4427:Bolivia–Parana
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4191:Eastern Nawiki
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4069:Western Nawiki
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3710:Sign languages
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3551:Sign languages
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3386:
3379:
3356:
3338:
3305:
3293:
3275:
3261:
3243:
3218:
3191:
3180:(2): 152–195.
3164:
3135:
3108:
3099:|journal=
3070:
3040:
3027:10.1086/466095
3021:(4): 416–435.
3005:
2992:10.2307/481091
2970:
2938:
2916:
2884:
2871:
2859:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2390:Like the hard
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2356:Like the soft
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2284:Like the soft
2282:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2182:Like the hard
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2160:Like the soft
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1997:
1996:Writing system
1994:
1961:
1958:
1937:
1934:
1922:*-tfi or *-hV.
1916:
1913:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1171:Like the hard
1169:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1125:Like the soft
1123:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1029:Like the soft
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1002:
995:
993:
989:
988:
977:
970:
968:
964:
963:
944:
937:
934:
930:
929:
918:
911:
909:
905:
904:
895:Like the hard
893:
886:
883:
879:
878:
869:Like the soft
867:
860:
857:
853:
852:
841:
834:
831:
827:
826:
816:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
791:
789:
785:
784:
761:
746:
744:
740:
739:
728:
721:
718:
714:
713:
702:
695:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
672:in loanwords.
664:
663:
661:
659:
657:
650:
648:
646:
638:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
622:
620:
613:
607:
606:
604:
602:
595:
593:
586:
579:
573:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
557:
550:
544:
543:
536:
534:
532:
530:
523:
516:
510:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
494:
487:
479:
478:
476:
469:
467:
465:
458:
456:
448:
447:
445:
438:
436:
434:
427:
425:
418:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
372:
369:
367:
364:
358:
355:
327:
324:
318:
317:Classification
315:
309:
306:
302:active–stative
277:spoken by the
246:
245:
233:
232:
224:
223:
220:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
176:
168:
167:
158:
150:
149:
148:Language codes
145:
144:
139:
135:Writing system
132:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
123:
122:
121:
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4623:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Nomatsiguenga
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:Agavotaguerra
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3459:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3429:on 2016-12-13
3425:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3250:
3246:
3244:9780252091506
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3154:on 2016-08-28
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3071:9780199772810
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2945:
2941:
2939:9780199283088
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:'impersonal'
1847:
1843:
1841:-thu,-ru, -u
1840:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:
971:
969:
966:
965:
949:
945:
942:
938:
935:
932:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
912:
910:
907:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
861:
858:
855:
854:
850:
846:
842:
839:
835:
832:
829:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
759:
751:
747:
745:
742:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
673:
662:
660:
658:
655:
651:
649:
647:
645:
640:
639:
636:
634:
632:
630:
627:
623:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
580:
578:
574:
571:
569:
567:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
533:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
515:
511:
508:
506:
504:
502:
499:
495:
492:
488:
486:
481:
480:
477:
474:
470:
468:
466:
463:
459:
457:
455:
450:
449:
446:
443:
439:
437:
435:
432:
428:
426:
423:
419:
417:
413:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
370:
365:
363:
356:
354:
351:
349:
347:
341:
339:
332:
325:
323:
316:
314:
307:
305:
303:
300:Lokono is an
298:
296:
295:French Guiana
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
257:
252:
241:
238:
230:
225:
218:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
174:
169:
164:
159:
156:
151:
146:
143:
140:
136:
130:
120:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
103:
99:
93:
89:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:French Guiana
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4520:
4351:Enawenê-Nawê
4061:Upper Amazon
3950:
3849:
3829:Sranan Tongo
3634:
3501:
3431:. Retrieved
3424:the original
3415:
3407:Bibliography
3395:
3389:
3366:
3359:
3341:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3303:, p. 12
3296:
3287:
3253:. Retrieved
3233:
3210:. Retrieved
3200:
3194:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:the original
3148:Research@JCU
3147:
3138:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3080:. Retrieved
3053:
3043:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2983:
2980:Ethnohistory
2979:
2973:
2948:. Retrieved
2929:
2919:
2908:. Retrieved
2899:
2879:
2874:
2862:
2845:
2820:
2679:
2671:
2653:
2649:
2632:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2585:
2567:
2563:
2546:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2503:
2485:
2481:
2447:glottal stop
2429:
2425:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2340:
2336:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2268:
2264:
2247:
2243:
2226:
2208:
2204:
2187:
2183:
2165:
2161:
2143:
2139:
2123:
2119:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2033:
2029:
1999:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1740:
1728:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1686:
1665:postposition
1646:
1633:
1620:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1575:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1512:
1490:
1486:
1465:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1410:
1388:
1384:
1346:
1242:
1239:glottal stop
1213:
1209:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1097:
1093:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1034:
1030:
1009:
1005:
984:
980:
947:
925:
921:
900:
896:
874:
870:
848:
844:
823:
819:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
735:
731:
709:
705:
667:
360:
352:
343:
335:
330:
329:
320:
311:
299:
270:
266:
250:
249:
187:
142:Latin script
118:
27:
4496:Matsiguenga
4408:Mashco Piro
3332:10125/24635
3325:: 110–133.
3054:Linguistics
2869:, p. 2
2464:IPA Symbol
2309:in Spanish
2012:IPA symbol
1808:3rd person
1791:2nd person
1777:nu- or ta-
1774:1st person
1713:3rd Person
1698:2nd Person
1683:1st Person
1363:IPA Symbol
1058:in Spanish
684:IPA symbol
577:Approximant
376:Consonants
346:Lokono Dian
271:Lokono Dian
114:Ta-Arawakan
4575:Categories
4506:Pucapucari
4375:Yawalapití
3824:Saramaccan
3532:Saramaccan
3433:2014-10-24
3255:2020-11-24
3212:2020-11-24
3158:2018-07-10
3082:2018-01-05
2986:(2): 161.
2950:2020-11-24
2910:2018-01-05
2847:Ethnologue
2824:References
1954:ma-witti-w
1915:Possession
1892:masculine
1878:Vocabulary
1835:thu-, ru-
1812:non-formal
371:Consonants
304:language.
4545:Guajiboan
4481:Ashéninga
4476:Asháninka
4312:Chamicuro
4203:Kurripako
4118:Mandawaca
4113:Mainatari
4108:Kawishana
4081:Amarizana
4051:Wapishana
3995:Palikuran
3971:Parauhano
3943:Caribbean
3675:Wapishana
3517:Emerillon
3101:ignored (
3091:cite book
3035:144291701
2959:cite book
2648:Like the
2562:Like the
2519:Like the
2480:Like the
2398:. Before
2387:t ~ t͡ʃʰ
2364:. Before
2335:Like the
2305:Like the
2176:k, c, qu
2079:. Before
1950:ka-witi-w
1783:-na, -te
1755:suffixes
1752:prefixes
1722:tho, thy-
1675:Singular
1599:Like the
1485:Like the
1430:Like the
1383:Like the
1179:. Before
1133:. Before
1092:Like the
1054:Like the
885:k, c, qu
771:. Before
514:Fricative
453:aspirated
422:voiceless
394:Retroflex
366:Phonology
326:Etymology
283:Venezuela
189:Glottolog
173:ISO 639-3
155:ISO 639-2
74:Ethnicity
50:Venezuela
4491:Caquinte
4486:Axininca
4418:Kanamaré
4370:Mehináku
4361:Saraveca
4346:Custenau
4322:Yanesha'
4298:Southern
4280:Shiriana
4254:Yavitero
4149:Warekena
4143:Resígaro
4091:Cabiyari
4046:Parawana
4041:Mawayana
4035:Mapidian
4017:Pidjanan
3966:Kalinago
3961:Garífuna
3956:Caquetio
3935:Northern
3927:Arawakan
3860:Mawayana
3814:Javanese
3660:Patamona
3655:Mapidian
3349:(1871).
3301:Pet 2011
3272:Pet 2011
3249:Archived
3206:Archived
3124:: 1–15.
3076:Archived
2944:Archived
2904:Archived
2896:"Lokono"
2867:Pet 2011
2815:Vuniabu
2699:English
2692:Examples
2353:t ~ t͡ʃ
2068:d ~ d͡ʒ
1936:Negation
1905:*-na/-ni
1766:singular
1760:singular
1653:prefixes
1619:y:, uu,
389:Alveolar
384:Bilabial
291:Suriname
196:araw1276
110:Northern
106:Arawakan
80:(Arawak)
58:Barbados
46:Suriname
4559:Puquina
4552:Munichi
4439:Lapachu
4398:Iñapari
4393:Apurinã
4317:Morique
4305:Western
4244:Maipure
4208:Tariana
4171:Yabaâna
4160:Wainumá
4154:Waraikú
4138:Piapoco
4123:Mariaté
4030:Atorada
4025:Aroaqui
4007:Palikúr
4002:Marawan
3976:Shebaya
3865:Sikiana
3809:English
3804:Chinese
3650:Macushi
3640:Atorada
3630:Akawaio
3614:English
3537:Wayampi
3527:Palikúr
2882:, 1999.
2793:Hadali
2790:Hadali
2760:Wadili
2757:Wadili
2625:o·, o:
2578:i·, i:
2539:e·, e:
2219:rh, lh
1822:ri, -i
1816:ri-, i
1769:plural
1763:plural
1729:ne, na-
1717:li, ly-
1707:hi, hy-
1702:bi, by-
1692:we, wa-
1687:de, da-
1678:Plural
1663:, or a
1643:Grammar
1564:o·, o:
1501:i·, i:
1454:e·, e:
1271:Central
720:ch, tj
409:Glottal
399:Palatal
308:History
68:Guianas
54:Jamaica
4611:Lokono
4531:Arauán
4454:Terêna
4403:Cararí
4356:Paresí
4270:Kariaí
4249:Marawá
4239:Guinao
4198:Baniwa
4182:Yumana
4177:Yucuna
4165:Wiriná
4128:Mepuri
4086:Anauyá
4076:Achawa
3951:Lokono
3885:Wayana
3875:Waiwai
3850:Arawak
3845:Akurio
3819:Kwinti
3670:Waiwai
3635:Arawak
3542:Wayana
3502:Arawak
3486:French
3377:
3241:
3068:
3033:
3000:481091
2998:
2936:
2842:Arawak
2809:Water
2804:Kathi
2782:Péero
2779:Péero
2771:Hiaro
2768:Hiaro
2765:Woman
2749:Bithi
2738:Kabyn
2735:Kabun
2732:Three
2727:Biama
2598:o ~ u
2568:police
2486:father
2319:butter
2154:c, qu
1980:(from
1972:(from
1960:Tenses
1899:Number
1890:-(r)u,
1883:Gender
1831:formal
1797:(h)i-
1794:(p)i-
1724:(she)
1491:police
1389:father
1256:Vowels
1212:as in
1070:better
956:" or "
953:better
859:c, qu
611:Rhotic
484:voiced
338:Lokono
331:Arawak
293:, and
287:Guyana
279:Lokono
267:Lokono
256:Arowak
251:Arawak
237:UNESCO
209:Lokono
119:Arawak
78:Lokono
64:Region
42:Guyana
28:Lokono
22:Arawak
4468:Campa
4458:Chané
4449:Pauna
4444:Moxos
4434:Baure
4366:Waura
4275:Manao
4263:Manao
4224:Avane
4103:Guarú
4097:Cabre
3986:Wayuu
3981:Taíno
3880:Warao
3855:Carib
3794:Aukan
3778:Dutch
3680:Warao
3665:Pemon
3645:Carib
3512:Carib
3507:Aukan
3427:(PDF)
3420:(PDF)
3371:(PDF)
3031:S2CID
2996:JSTOR
2812:Uini
2801:Kati
2798:Moon
2746:Biti
2743:Four
2724:Bian
2670:Like
2631:Like
2615:flute
2601:Like
2584:Like
2545:Like
2502:Like
2424:Like
2408:cheek
2374:cheek
2329:z, c
2269:night
2263:Like
2242:Like
2209:light
2203:Like
2138:Like
2118:Like
2071:Like
2056:chair
2050:Like
2028:Like
1982:adiki
1978:dikki
1974:ubura
1930:*-na.
1928:, or
1894:-(r)i
1719:(he)
1607:roses
1574:Like
1554:flute
1540:Like
1511:Like
1464:Like
1409:Like
1283:Close
1266:Front
1245:uh-oh
1189:cheek
1143:cheek
1082:z, c
1010:night
1004:Like
979:Like
959:party
926:light
920:Like
843:Like
818:Like
763:Like
736:chair
730:Like
704:Like
617:trill
548:Nasal
404:Velar
262:Aruák
4413:Piro
4385:Piro
4229:Baré
4133:Pasé
3870:Trió
3375:ISBN
3239:ISBN
3103:help
3066:ISBN
2965:link
2934:ISBN
2787:Sun
2776:Dog
2754:Man
2721:Two
2716:Aba
2713:Ábą
2710:One
2654:upon
2607:note
2529:gate
2362:star
2311:pero
2290:spin
2248:moon
2124:hay.
2089:jeep
2047:t͡ʃ
1990:roko
1986:loko
1970:bora
1966:bura
1946:ka-.
1909:*-pe
1852:pa-
1844:-na
1838:na-
1825:-na
1819:na-
1803:-hi
1800:-pi
1786:-wa
1780:wa-
1661:noun
1659:, a
1657:verb
1647:The
1546:note
1442:gate
1329:Open
1276:Back
1166:t͡ʃʰ
1131:star
1060:pero
1035:spin
985:moon
824:hay.
781:jeep
416:Stop
4342:(?)
4282:(?)
4173:(?)
4167:(?)
4156:(?)
4145:(?)
4099:(?)
4093:(?)
4037:(?)
3327:hdl
3182:doi
3126:doi
3058:doi
3023:doi
2988:doi
2844:at
2667:ɨː
2664:y:
2661:yy
2652:in
2628:oː
2622:oo
2613:in
2609:or
2605:in
2581:iː
2575:ii
2566:in
2542:eː
2536:ee
2527:in
2499:aː
2496:a·
2493:aa
2484:in
2430:way
2428:in
2415:hu
2406:in
2396:tar
2394:in
2381:th
2372:in
2360:in
2341:sun
2339:in
2288:in
2267:in
2246:in
2207:in
2188:key
2173:kh
2166:ski
2144:yes
2142:in
2122:in
2087:in
2077:day
2075:in
2054:in
2044:tj
2034:boy
2032:in
1988:or
1968:or
1942:ma-
1616:yy
1603:in
1586:u,
1561:oo
1552:in
1548:or
1544:in
1498:ii
1489:in
1451:ee
1438:in
1399:a·
1396:aa
1387:in
1349:/o/
1306:Mid
1216:way
1196:hu
1187:in
1177:tar
1175:in
1150:th
1141:in
1129:in
1120:t͡ʃ
1098:sun
1096:in
1074:".
1033:in
1008:in
983:in
962:".
933:lh
924:in
901:key
882:kh
875:ski
849:yes
847:in
822:in
779:in
769:day
767:in
758:d͡ʒ
734:in
725:t͡ʃ
710:boy
708:in
670:/p/
643:tap
204:ELP
180:arw
163:arw
4577::
3321:.
3317:.
3278:^
3264:^
3247:.
3221:^
3178:49
3176:.
3146:.
3122:55
3120:.
3095::
3093:}}
3089:{{
3074:.
3064:.
3052:.
3029:.
3019:54
3017:.
2994:.
2984:26
2982:.
2961:}}
2957:{{
2942:.
2902:.
2898:.
2887:^
2832:^
2645:ɨ
2640:y
2617:.
2593:o
2570:.
2559:i
2554:i
2531:.
2516:e
2511:e
2488:.
2477:a
2472:a
2442:ʔ
2437:'
2432:.
2421:w
2418:w
2410:.
2404:ch
2384:t
2376:.
2370:ch
2348:t
2343:.
2332:s
2326:s
2321:.
2315:tt
2302:ɾ
2297:r
2292:.
2281:p
2276:p
2271:.
2260:n
2255:n
2250:.
2239:m
2234:m
2222:ɽ
2216:ř
2211:.
2200:l
2195:l
2190:.
2179:k
2168:.
2157:k
2151:k
2146:.
2135:j
2130:j
2115:h
2112:h
2109:x
2101:ɸ
2096:f
2091:.
2063:d
2058:.
2052:ch
2041:č
2036:.
2025:b
2020:b
1992:.
1861:-
1858:-
1855:-
1667:.
1627:ɨː
1621:ii
1611:.
1583:y
1569:oː
1556:.
1520:o
1506:iː
1493:.
1473:i
1459:eː
1446:.
1418:e
1404:aː
1391:.
1371:a
1249:.
1237:A
1225:'
1220:.
1199:w
1191:.
1185:ch
1158:tʰ
1153:t
1145:.
1139:ch
1105:t
1100:.
1079:s
1064:tt
1042:r
1037:.
1017:p
1012:.
992:n
987:.
967:m
936:ř
928:.
908:l
903:.
890:kʰ
877:.
856:k
851:.
833:y
830:j
808:x
805:h
788:f
783:.
743:d
738:.
732:ch
717:č
712:.
692:b
473:kʰ
462:tʰ
289:,
285:,
259:,
56:,
52:,
48:,
44:,
40:,
4456:–
4368:–
3919:e
3912:t
3905:v
3756:e
3749:t
3742:v
3592:e
3585:t
3578:v
3464:e
3457:t
3450:v
3436:.
3383:.
3335:.
3329::
3323:9
3258:.
3215:.
3188:.
3184::
3161:.
3132:.
3128::
3105:)
3060::
3037:.
3025::
3002:.
2990::
2967:)
2953:.
2913:.
2672:y
2650:u
2633:o
2611:u
2603:o
2586:i
2564:i
2547:e
2525:a
2521:e
2504:a
2482:a
2426:w
2400:i
2392:t
2366:i
2358:t
2337:s
2307:r
2286:p
2265:n
2244:m
2227:r
2205:l
2184:k
2162:k
2140:y
2120:h
2085:j
2081:i
2073:d
2030:b
1634:y
1601:e
1594:ɨ
1588:i
1576:o
1550:u
1542:o
1535:u
1531:~
1527:o
1513:i
1487:i
1480:i
1466:e
1436:a
1432:e
1425:e
1411:a
1385:a
1378:a
1337:a
1321:o
1312:e
1296:ɨ
1289:i
1232:ʔ
1210:w
1204:w
1181:i
1173:t
1162:~
1135:i
1127:t
1116:~
1112:t
1094:s
1087:s
1056:r
1049:ɾ
1031:p
1024:p
1006:n
999:n
981:m
974:m
948:r
941:ɽ
922:l
915:l
897:k
871:k
864:k
845:y
838:j
820:h
813:h
795:ɸ
777:j
773:i
765:d
754:~
750:d
706:b
699:b
654:ɽ
626:r
599:j
590:l
583:w
561:n
554:m
540:h
527:s
520:ɸ
498:d
491:b
442:k
431:t
269:(
253:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
