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fortifications made of stone. The western edge was a long ridge, while the eastern flank was situated on a basalt outcrop. Parallel to the longer sides of the rectangle were the irrigation canals ordered by
Argishti I. Various town buildings have been found scattered across the local hills, situated within the economic zone of Argištiḫinili, the total area of which was about 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres). The total length of the irrigation canals is no less than 40 kilometres (25 mi). Argištiḫinili was possibly the largest Urartian city in Armenia.
1481:
533:
524:
705:
104:, the legendary ancestor of the Armenians. Old Armavir, as was demonstrated by archaeological digs in the 20th century, was located atop the erstwhile Argištiḫinili from the 4th century BC onwards. In the 1830s, the Swiss traveller Marie-Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux had suggested that a mound near the village of Nor Armavir could be the ancient fortress of Armavir. Interest in the site increased with the discovery in 1869 of
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442:
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31:
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time the main military centre in the Ararat Plain) on tactical grounds, and joined the main forces at the great fortress of
Teishebiani, thereby putting Argištiḫinili at risk of attack. Indeed, around 600 BC, this town was captured and torched. Archaeologists have discovered evidence of assault weapons, major conflagration and extensive deaths of residents. Argištiḫinili was probably destroyed by the
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716:
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nearly 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) of land. The wine stores of the city could hold about 160,000 litres (42,000 US gal), implying the use of about 1,250 hectares (3,100 acres) of vineyards. In addition, many citizens owned their own plots of land. There are also preserved remains of domestic animals, such as poultry and pigs.
410:. However, to protect itself from unorganised attack, walls in the classic Urartian pattern were constructed along the mounds surrounding it. These were of mud brick atop a foundation of massive basalt blocks. The facade of the walls was divided by buttresses, and at each corner of the fortress there was a massive tower.
255:, speaks. I built a majestic fortress and gave it a name from my own, Argishtihinili. The land was wilderness: nothing was built there. Out of the rivers I built four canals; the vineyards and the orchards were divided. I have accomplished the deeds there...Argishti, son of Menua, mighty King, great King, King of
467:. Their entrance was to the north on a packed mud ramp. The fortress comprised three units, each consisting of small rooms spread out around a central yard. Movement between the units was ostensibly regulated, given the narrow single paths that connected them, whereas within a unit, movement was free.
475:
On the fertile lands of the Ararat Plain, wheat and other grains were cultivated. Vineyards and wineries were an important occupation. Archaeologists estimate that the granaries at Argištiḫinili could store at least 5000 tonnes of produce, while the state-sponsored cultivation of grain crops occupied
211:
remains dating between the 3rd and the 1st millennia BC. No documents pertaining to the
Urartian campaigns against the Azzi survive; it is conjectured that following years of warfare in the Ararat Plain, the inhabitants of Azzi may have abandoned their township before its occupation by the Urartians.
668:
Rusa II attempted to stem the decline of Urartu but was largely unsuccessful. A new granary, mentioned in an inscription by king Rusa III, was probably the large major building works in Argištiḫinili. Shortly thereafter, civilians and the army appear to have abandoned the fortress of
Erebuni (at the
685:
After the completion of excavations under the leadership of A. A. Martirosyan in the 1970s, Argištiḫinili was conserved with the major digs being covered up with earth. Some of the fortifications and foundations were strengthened and surface-cleaned. On the Argištiḫinili mound, a memorial stone was
150:
conducted researches at Argištiḫinili. Their translations of
Urartian texts contributed enormously to the understanding of Urartu in general, and Argištiḫinili in particular. Between 1962 and 1971, there were two simultaneous digs at the Argištiḫinili mound under the aegis of the Armenian Institute
187:
at the south-western frontier of Urartu. During
Argishti's reign, Urartu was the zenith of its powers, and was able to easily overcome the armies of its neighbours, including the Assyrians. After four years of warfare, Argishti was able to occupy the Ararat plain, and by 776 BC was able to found a
293:
The town of Argištiḫinili occupied an elongated rectangular area with dimensions of about 5 by 2 kilometres (3.1 by 1.2 mi). It was between the western outskirts of Nor
Armavir and the central part of the village of Armavir. Along the eastern and western sides of the rectangle were powerful
377:
The city was apparently more important for its administrative and economic control over the Ararat Plain. Indeed, it was the northern administrative and cultural capital of Urartu. Argištiḫinili's administrators oversaw the construction of the irrigation canals and regulated the distribution of
159:
Urartian documents indicate that Argištiḫinili was founded in 776 BC following the command of
Argishti I, in the eleventh year of his reign. The establishment of the town was preceded by a long-term Urartian expansion into the Transcaucasus, which was aimed at controlling the fertile
638:, a sheep to the armour of the god Ḫaldi, a sheep to the gates of the god Ḫaldi, a sheep to the god Iuarsha... ...I made all this. Rusa, son of Argishti says: He who destroys this stele, he who profanes it, he who steals it, he who buries it in the earth, ... he who proclaims "
304:
and its tributary the Kasakh, is contemporaneous with the town itself. Several canals visible to this day. Their construction required the excavation of about 160,000 cubic metres (5,700,000 cu ft) of earth, while the fortifications needed over 40,000 cubic metres
550:
a Karas, or clay-pot, found at a vine-vault at Argištiḫinili. Karases were dug into the ground to about 80% of their height; the buried parts of the pots have survived better than their exposed necks. In such karases were stored nearly 160,000 litres of wine at
614:, ruled c. 605–595 BC) have been found. Rusa II, intending to restore the glory of the cult of Ḫaldi, constructed similar temples at Argištiḫinili, Erebuni and Teishebaini, decorated with identical inscriptions that reinforce the Urartian gods by including the
269:
Through the greatness of the God Ḫaldi, Argishti, son of Menua, built this canal. The land was uninhabited, no one was to be found here. By the grace of Ḫaldi
Argishti made this canal. Argishti son of Menua, mighty King, great King, King of Bianiili, ruler of
491:
Metalwork was heavily developed in Argištiḫinili. Numerous articles of iron and bronze have been discovered - agricultural implements, weapons, armour, jewelry, and so on. Archaeologists have also discovered stone and ceramic moulds for the casting of metal.
565:
Other items include lamps, cups, phials, interment urns, and medical karases with lids. Ceremonial (religious) vessels have been found in Argištiḫinili, decorated with triangles, zigzag lines, or with stylised pictures of bird or dragon heads.
191:
According to archaeologists, Argištiḫinili was intended to be an administrative centre rather than a military base, as from a military standpoint, its location was less than optimal. Argishti was then able to control the metalworking area of
598:. The intensive construction that characterised the reigns of previous kings of Urartu slowed down severely, with some amount of building work continuing only in the Transcaucasus. In Argištiḫinili, building inscriptions from the reigns of
561:
Beer vessels with short necks and elongated trunks, clay censers, cheese-making vats, and jugs of various shapes have also been found. The jugs have been decorated with house fronts, geometric patterns, or leaf-shaped folds.
393:
Unlike many other
Urartian cities, Argištiḫinili was not located at an elevation, and thus its military value was small. The low flat hills upon which the town was built did not allow such mighty fortresses as protected
488:) were used for the storage of various products such as flour and wine, which were regularly traded with neighbouring countries. Wine storage demanded huge pots which were partially buried into the ground.
484:
Many stone and clay manufactures have been found at Argištiḫinili, mainly for agricultural use. General- and special-purpose ovens were built of stone, as were grain mills of various types. Clay pots (
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285:
642:", and who replaces his own in place of my name, may he be destroyed by the gods Ḫaldi, Teisheba, Shivini, Marduk; may there not be either his name nor his family under the sun...
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594:, killed himself. During his invasion of Urartu in 714 BC, Sargon dealt a serious blow to the Urartian religion, with his destruction of its chief god Ḫaldi's shrine at
378:
economic goods in the region. Within the fortifications have been found large storage areas for wine and grains, as well as homes of civil servants and the military.
646:
Under Rusa II, much attention was lavished on the fortress of Teishebaini; indeed, treasures from lesser towns, including Argištiḫinili, were transferred there.
305:(1,400,000 cu ft) of basalt. Archaeologists believe that prisoners were used as forced labour in the construction of both the canals and the fortress.
123:
Assyriologist M.V. Nikolsky conjectured that beneath the ruins of Armavir is an even more ancient Urartian township. This was confirmed by later excavations.
989:
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1480:
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Buildings in Argištiḫinili included palaces, temples and dwellings, which were continued to be used without much change into the post-Urartian period.
1373:
112:. In 1880, excavations at the Armavir hill began, conducted by imperial Russian archaeologists ahead of the Fifth Russian Archaeological Congress at
1553:
188:
town in the middle of the valley. This appears to have been part of Argishti's grand plan to have a fortress on each corner of the Ararat Plain.
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of Archaeology: one, investigating the remains of ancient Argištiḫinili, was led by A.A. Martirosyan, while the other investigated old Armavir.
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The agricultural vessels appear in various types and sizes, with swollen or stretched trunks, and with design patterns such as chariots.
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posted along with a plan of the town during its heyday. Most of the artefacts found in Argištiḫinili were transferred to the
626:
In the new temple, let a goat be slaughtered to the god Ḫaldi, let a bull be sacrificed to the god Ḫaldi, a sheep to the god
951:
164:. From about 786 BC, the first year of his reign, Argishti I had begun a series of raids into the Ararat plain, the
1366:
61:. The ruins of the Argištiḫinili fortifications are 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of the present-day town of
546:
stone mills for grinding wheat into flour. On the left is a handheld tool, on the right is an industrial version.
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was also active in Argištiḫinili, constructing places of worship and greatly expanding the fortifications.
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Borders of old Armavir, built on the ruins of Argishtikinili, about 200 years after its fall.
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of Argištiḫinili is intimately tied with that of old Armavir, one of the capitals of Armenia.
42:
1177:
846:
463:
The better excavated western fortifications are on biggest of five elevations comprising the
80:. Over the centuries, the river channel has shifted to several kilometres south of the town.
1420:
905:
802:
772:
Negotiating the Past in the Past: Identity, Memory, and Landscape in Archaeological Research
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According to the chronicles of Argishti I, Argištiḫinili was constructed in the land of the
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93:
73:
62:
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was unable to withstand the Assyrians either, and after a terrible defeat at the hands of
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The expansion into the Ararat plain was briefly interrupted by minor clashes with the
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1345:(in Russian). St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg State University Faculty of Philology.
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208:
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134:, systematic investigations at Armavir began only in 1927, under the leadership of
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The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities
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169:
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54:
1519:
1506:
1020:
A view from the highlands: archaeological studies in honour of Charles Burney
1400:
896:
Smith, A. T. (2006). "Prometheus Unbound: Southern Caucasia in Prehistory".
670:
657:
591:
105:
768:"Unforgettable Landscapes: Attachments to the past in Hellenistic Armenia"
1435:
661:
627:
607:
193:
109:
1460:
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954:; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; E. Sollberger (5 August 1982).
635:
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184:
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57:, and named in his honour. It lasted between the 8th and 6th centuries
1492:
First capital city until 832 B.C. Second capital city from 832 B.C.
1465:
1383:
1343:
History of Media from the Earliest Times to the Late 4th Century B.C.
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271:
260:
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120:
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76:. The town was founded on the left bank of the middle reaches of the
46:
931:
Nikolsky, M.V. (1896). "Cuneiform Inscriptions from the Caucasus".
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Argishti I's network of irrigation canals, constructed between the
674:
586:
began the decline of the Urartian kingdom. The next Urartian king
252:
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tablets, which turned out to date from the time of Argishti I and
416:
Remains of basalt foundations of the Argištiḫinili fortification
101:
1355:
1073:(in Russian). Ереван: Издательство Академии наук Армянской ССР.
885:(in Russian). Ереван: Издательство Академии наук Армянской ССР.
997:
ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad
45:: ar-gi-iš-ti-ḫi-ni-li) was a town in the ancient kingdom of
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451:
440:
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49:, established during the expansion of the Urartians in the
1218:. Archaeology and Ethnography of Abkhazia. Archived from
935:. Vol. 5. Imperial Archaeological Society of Moscow.
65:, between the villages of Nor-Armavir and Armavir in the
1297:(in Russian). Москва: Издательство Восточной литературы.
1153:. Project ArAGATS, University of Chicago. Archived from
218:
Urartian inscriptions on the foundation of Argištiḫinili
946:
944:
942:
207:), and indeed, archaeological digs have demonstrated
1122:. University of California Press. pp. 241–243.
512:
1312:. Ереван: Издательство Академии наук Армянской ССР.
341:
Western fortification (on a mound near Nor-Armavir)
100:of the founding of Armavir by Aramais, grandson of
1176:Manaseryan, N.; Balyan, L. (November 29, 2002).
361:Approximate boundary of Argishtikinili farmland.
317:Records of Nor-Armavir Archaeological Expedition
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34:View of mound above the ruins of Argištiḫinili
1367:
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876:
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774:. University of Arizona Press. pp. 58–.
346:Eastern fortification (on a mound by Armavir)
8:
1564:Buildings and structures in Armavir Province
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1208:
1206:
933:Materials on the archaeology of the Caucasus
761:
759:
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1245:. Издательство Академии наук Армянской ССР.
1090:Contributions to the archaeology of Armenia
1374:
1360:
1352:
1058:. Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР.
696:Museum buildings on the Argištiḫinilimound
688:Sardarapat Ethnographic Museum of Armenia
582:The Assyrian defeat of the Urartian king
739:plan of Argištiḫinili during its heyday.
692:
677:, and thus lasted fewer than 200 years.
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494:
422:After archaeological works in the 1970s.
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29:
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505:Ethnographic Museum of Armenia, Armavir
138:. Between 1944 and 1970, the academics
1262:. Psychology Press. pp. 100–101.
1071:Кармир-Блур IV, Архитектура Тейшебаини
988:Karapetyan, I.; Kanetsyan, A. (2004).
702:
7:
808:История Армении (History of Armenia)
640:It is I who carried out these works
498:Household products in Argištiḫinili
180:as a base for military operations.
25:
1323:Lehmann-Haupt C. F. (1910–1931).
1259:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
1479:
811:(in Russian). Yerevan: Айастан.
1554:Archaeological sites in Armenia
1056:Урартские клинообразные надписи
1178:"The birds of ancient Armenia"
1151:"Argishtihinili West (Detail)"
960:. Cambridge University Press.
381:Following Argishti I, his son
27:Archaeological site in Armenia
1:
1327:(in German). Berlin: B. Behr.
1023:. Peeters. pp. 206–207.
957:The Cambridge Ancient History
832:Boyajian, Zabelle C. (1916).
664:of a granary at Argištiḫinili
530:
265:
244:
233:
172:. In 782 BC, he founded the
1185:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
898:Journal of World Prehistory
766:Khatchadourian, L. (2007).
570:During the Urartian decline
1580:
881:Мартиросян, А. А. (1974).
835:Armenian Legends and Poems
770:. In Norman Yoffee (ed.).
333:
1488:
1477:
1391:
1382:Cities and fortresses of
1325:Armenien, einst und jetzt
1293:Piotrovsky, B.B. (1959).
1054:Меликишвили Г.А. (1960).
910:10.1007/s10963-006-9005-9
735:.
439:
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311:Location of Argištiḫinili
1295:Ванское царство (Урарту)
1017:; Sagona, A. G. (2004).
711:
606:, ruled 685–639 BC) and
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437:
1308:Арутюнян Н. В. (1970).
1243:Новые урартские надписи
1241:Арутюнян Н. В. (1966).
1069:Оганесян К. А. (1955).
634:, a cow to the goddess
1116:Adam T. Smith (2003).
990:"Pre-Urartian Armavir"
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289:Ruins on the hilltop
1520:40.1025°N 43.9883°E
1516: /
1222:on January 12, 2006
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578:Ruins of the temple
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174:fortress of Erebuni
144:Giorgi Melikishvili
96:has written in his
1256:M. Chahin (2001).
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98:History of Armenia
84:History of studies
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1310:Биайнили (Урарту)
1269:978-0-7007-1452-0
1030:978-90-429-1352-3
967:978-0-521-22496-3
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852:on 2016-03-04
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39:Argištiḫinili
32:
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1501:
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1273:. Retrieved
1258:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1220:the original
1193:. Retrieved
1188:
1184:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1118:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1097:. p. 15
1089:
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1034:. Retrieved
1019:
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854:. Retrieved
847:the original
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785:. Retrieved
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653:Fragment of
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267:Translation:
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246:Translation:
245:
217:
204:
198:
190:
182:
162:Ararat plain
158:
125:
118:
87:
38:
37:
1523: /
1456:Teishebaini
1226:December 9,
1195:December 9,
1161:December 9,
604:Argishti II
471:Agriculture
408:Teishebaini
259:, ruler of
168:valley and
128:World War I
1543:Categories
1511:43°59′18″E
1508:40°06′09″N
1446:Rusahinili
1275:8 December
1135:9 December
1101:9 December
1036:8 December
973:8 December
856:2012-12-08
843:J. M. Dent
841:. London:
787:9 December
747:References
733:Argishti I
616:Babylonian
584:Sarduri II
404:Rusahinili
383:Sarduri II
356:Outer town
351:Inner town
209:Bronze Age
170:Lake Sevan
78:Aras River
55:Argishti I
1416:Çavuştepe
1406:Altıntepe
1401:Arzashkun
1216:"Aragats"
918:162335762
671:Scythians
658:cuneiform
592:Sargon II
281:Town plan
185:Assyrians
126:Owing to
106:cuneiform
1436:Kelashin
1341:(2008).
1087:(1968).
805:(1990).
662:Rusa III
655:Urartian
628:Teisheba
610:(son of
608:Rusa III
602:(son of
335:Numbers:
257:Biainili
249:Argishti
203:(or the
194:Metsamor
155:Founding
130:and the
110:Rusa III
67:Armenian
43:Urartian
1461:Teyseba
1451:Sugunia
1441:Musasir
1421:Erebuni
673:or the
636:Arubani
632:Shivini
612:Erimena
600:Rusa II
596:Musasir
486:karases
400:Erebuni
251:son of
178:Yerevan
121:Russian
74:Armavir
1466:Tushpa
1411:Bastam
1384:Urartu
1266:
1126:
1027:
964:
916:
815:
778:
737:Above:
620:Marduk
588:Rusa I
544:Above:
480:Crafts
396:Tushpa
272:Tushpa
261:Tushpa
114:Tiflis
47:Urartu
1431:Horom
1426:Garni
1191:: 406
1181:(PDF)
1003:: 61.
993:(PDF)
914:S2CID
850:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
729:Left:
675:Medes
548:Left:
253:Menua
1277:2012
1264:ISBN
1228:2012
1197:2012
1163:2012
1137:2012
1124:ISBN
1103:2012
1038:2012
1025:ISBN
975:2012
962:ISBN
813:ISBN
789:2012
776:ISBN
618:god
302:Aras
201:Azzi
146:and
102:Hayk
88:The
70:marz
1471:Van
906:doi
406:or
369:7.
364:6.
359:5.
354:4.
349:3.
344:2.
339:1.
205:Aza
72:of
1545::
1285:^
1205:^
1189:45
1187:.
1183:.
1093:.
1046:^
999:.
995:.
941:^
912:.
902:19
900:.
865:^
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690:.
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263:.
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142:,
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59:BC
1375:e
1368:t
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1001:7
977:.
920:.
908::
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622::
319:.
41:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
