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473:
the system'. What has really happened is simply that too many people have started buying their albums so that listening to them no longer serves as a source of distinction. The real rebels therefore have to go off and find some new band to listen to that nobody else knows about in order to preserve this distinction and their sense of superiority over others."
225:
the idea that "Y people believe X": "Y people believe in X as true, purely because Y people believe in it, and not because of any further considerations. Therefore X must be false." While Y people can believe X to be true for fallacious reasons, X might still be true. Their motivations for believing X do not affect whether X is true or false.
472:
For example, everybody would love to listen to fabulous underground bands that nobody has ever head of before, but not all of us can do this. Once too many people find out about this great band, then they are no longer underground. And so we say that it's sold out or 'mainstream' or even 'co-opted by
224:
fallacy given that it invokes a person's contempt for the general populace or something about the general populace to persuade them that most are wrong about X. This ad populum reversal commits the same logical flaw as the original fallacy given that the idea "X is true" is inherently separate from
498:
may have been wrong about many or most things, she was not speaking foolishly when she spoke of the middle-aged folk of her era as "the
Auschwitz generation". Not all of them had been Nazis, of course, but a great many had supported Hitler. Many had been in the Hitler Youth and served in the armed
290:
is not to be confused with the ad populum reversal. Chronological snobbery is the claim that if belief in both X and Y was popularly held in the past and if Y was recently proved to be untrue then X must also be untrue. That line of argument is based on a belief in historical progress and not—like
173:
The fallacy is similar in structure to certain other fallacies that involve a confusion between the "justification" of a belief and its "widespread acceptance" by a given group of people. When an argument uses the appeal to the beliefs of a group of experts, it takes on the form of an appeal to
310:
argue that correct grammar, spelling, and expressions are defined by the language's speakers, especially in languages which do not have a central governing body. According to this viewpoint, if an incorrect expression is commonly used, it becomes correct. In contrast,
162:
Appeals to popularity are common in commercial advertising that portrays products as desirable because they are used by many people or associated with popular sentiments instead of communicating the merits of the products themselves.
360:
503:... many of the people who joined what would come to be known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang were motivated by an unconscious desire to prove to themselves that they would have risked their lives to defeat Nazism
159:). It uses an appeal to the beliefs, tastes, or values of a group of people, stating that because a certain opinion or attitude is held by a majority, or even everyone, it is therefore correct.
507:... West Germans well knew. Many of them had relatives in East Germany and were well aware that life under communism was regimented and puritanical at best and often monstrously oppressive.
499:
forces, fighting Nazi wars of conquest. A minority had ineffectively resisted Nazism but, as a whole, it was a generation coping with an extraordinary burden of guilt and shame
299:
Appeals to public opinion are valid in situations where consensus is the determining factor for the validity of a statement, such as linguistic usage and definitions of words.
174:
authority; if the appeal relates to the beliefs of a group of respected elders or the members of one's community over a long time, then it takes on the form of an
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that have well-established names and mathematical notations due to their significance in mathematics and other scientific fields.
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differently from an appeal to popular opinion itself, as an attempt to rouse the "emotions and enthusiasms of the multitude".
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267:, with every person in power being guilty in some way. How on earth can we buy the generally held propaganda that the
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argues that appeals to popular opinion can be logically valid in some cases, such as in political dialogue within a
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274:"Everyone loves <A actor>. <A actor> must be nowhere near as talented as the devoted and serious
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In some circumstances, a person may argue that the fact that Y people believe X to be true implies that X is
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which is based on claiming a truth or affirming something is good or correct because many people think so.
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and that probably means that they didn't have nearly as much talent as <Y band>, which didn't
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There is no formal definition of what makes a function a special function; instead, the term
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argument, that something that is unpopular must be flawed, is also a form of this fallacy.
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believe that incorrect expressions are incorrect regardless of how many people use them.
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is defined by consensus. Functions generally considered to be special functions include
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drinking milk and water like everyone else, or will you wake up and drink my product?"
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1998:
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19:"Appeal to the people" redirects here. For the Japanese communist document, see
228:
Y=most people, a given quantity of people, people of a particular demographic.
2474:
2379:
2323:
2131:
2125:
2052:
1964:
571:
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the ad populum reversal is—on whether or not X and/or Y is currently popular.
264:
239:
1188:
2238:
2022:
2006:
1689:
964:
On
Reasoning and Argument: Essays in Informal Logic and on Critical Thinking
338:
261:
205:
2168:
934:
1238:
2504:
2369:
2116:
2275:
1196:
834:
Bad
Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy
284:
Most people believe A and B are both true. B is false. Thus, A is false.
2494:
2354:
1270:
442:
50:
489:
2589:
638:(5th ed.). Socorro, N.M.: Advanced Reasoning Forum. p. 76.
463:
361:
50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong: Elvis' Gold
Records, Volume 2
26:"Ad populum" redirects here. For the Catholic liturgical term, see
2579:
982:
883:
653:
46:
1120:
1048:
1004:. Handbook of the History of Logic. North-Holland. p. 561.
784:
606:(2nd ed.). Wadsworth Publishing Company. pp. 127–128.
556:
2279:
1242:
1233:"Philosophy 103: Introduction to Logic: Argumentum Ad Populum"
1067:"The Appeal to Popularity and Presumption by Common Knowledge"
271:
is imperialistic and totalitarian? Clearly, it must not be."
572:"Falacia ad populum: definiciĂłn, caracterĂsticas, ejemplos"
541:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 61–62.
1105:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 66–7.
832:. In Arp, Robert; Barbone, Steven; Bruce, Michael (eds.).
1073:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 266.
1000:. In Gabbay, D.M.; Pelletier, F.J.; Woods, J. (eds.).
1031:
Informal Logic: A Handbook for
Critical Argumentation
766:
Fallacies and
Pitfalls of Language: The Language Trap
595:
593:
2115:
2103:
1962:
1953:
1862:
1837:
1812:
1736:
1688:
1624:
1599:
1571:
1536:
1486:
1440:
1431:
1369:
1335:
1291:
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16:Fallacy of claiming the majority is always correct
220:. This line of thought is closely related to the
1147:"Editing Tips: Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism"
769:. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 145–6.
1069:. In Hansen, Hans V.; Pinto, Robert C. (eds.).
693:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 162.
1379:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1071:Fallacies: Classical and Contemporary Readings
2291:
1384:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1254:
998:"A History of the Fallacies in Western Logic"
632:Epstein, Richard L.; Rooney, Michael (2017).
527:
525:
278:that aren't so popular like <B actor>."
8:
857:
855:
853:
1218:"Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to Numbers)"
868:. University Press of America. p. 20.
836:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 112–114.
804:. Eugene, Ore.: Wipf and Stock Publishers.
192:
137:
121:
38:
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2284:
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2112:
1959:
1834:
1437:
1288:
1261:
1247:
1239:
1060:
1058:
1033:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84.
411:Hurting the feelings of the Chinese people
907:
905:
865:Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide
823:
821:
627:
625:
623:
231:X=a statement that can be true or false.
1002:Logic: A History of its Central Concepts
679:
677:
675:
933:Rescher, Nicholas; Schagrin, Morton L.
755:
753:
751:
749:
521:
455:
282:In general, the reversal usually goes:
1229:, Excelsior College Online Writing Lab
1133:
896:
740:
717:Critical Thinking: An Appeal to Reason
666:
600:Conway, David; Munson, Ronald (1997).
61:Other names for the fallacy include:
484:These ideas are paraphrased from the
126:(Latin for 'agreement of the people')
7:
1206:from the original on March 29, 2016.
1168:"Why Is the 'ad Populum' a Fallacy?"
919:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
368:A Hundred Authors Against Einstein
14:
570:Ayala, Maite (January 11, 2021).
462:These ideas are paraphrased from
49:for "appeal to the people") is a
2260:
2259:
1103:The Place of Emotion in Argument
1757:Correlation implies causation
467:Andrew Potter and Joseph Heath
1:
912:Hansen, Hans (May 29, 2015).
690:A Practical Study of Argument
2570:Rally 'round the flag effect
2445:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
862:Van Vleet, Jacob E. (2011).
828:McCraw, Benjamin W. (2018).
464:this presentation by authors
401:Fundamental attribution bias
2651:Majority–minority relations
1025:Walton, Douglas N. (1989).
2667:
2181:I'm entitled to my opinion
1065:Freeman, James B. (1995).
720:. Routledge. p. 136.
313:linguistic prescriptivists
25:
18:
2313:
2255:
2164:
2037:
1176:Philosophy & Rhetoric
967:. Springer. p. 406.
961:Hitchcock, David (2017).
603:The Elements of Reasoning
538:Appeal to Popular Opinion
391:Consensus theory of truth
308:Linguistic descriptivists
240:mindless conformist drone
157:argumentum ad verecundiam
67:appeal to (common) belief
2207:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1307:Affirming the consequent
2375:Cartographic propaganda
2227:Two wrongs make a right
1558:Denying the correlative
1099:"Argumentum Ad Populum"
940:Encyclopædia Britannica
798:Hinderer, Drew (2005).
343:trigonometric functions
286:The similar fallacy of
238:"Are you going to be a
153:argument from authority
151:, and is similar to an
87:argument from consensus
2560:Propaganda of the deed
2530:New generation warfare
2480:Historical negationism
2318:Accusation in a mirror
2212:Psychologist's fallacy
2149:Argument to moderation
2139:Argument from anecdote
2089:Chronological snobbery
1713:Quoting out of context
1680:Overwhelming exception
1563:Suppressed correlative
1463:Quoting out of context
1338:quantificational logic
1312:Denying the antecedent
922:. Stanford University.
830:"Appeal to the People"
328:mathematical functions
288:chronological snobbery
260:today consists of the
193:
138:
122:
77:appeal to the majority
39:
2646:Propaganda techniques
2641:Latin logical phrases
2555:Psychological warfare
2520:Monumental propaganda
2470:Glittering generality
2450:Firehose of falsehood
2307:Propaganda techniques
2175:The Four Great Errors
2155:Argumentum ad populum
2144:Argument from silence
1848:Argumentum ad baculum
1626:Faulty generalization
1317:Argument from fallacy
486:'Baader Meinhof Gang'
469:in which they state:
194:argumentum ad populum
139:Argumentum ad populum
102:common belief fallacy
92:authority of the many
41:argumentum ad populum
2395:Demonizing the enemy
2193:Invincible ignorance
1999:Reductio ad Stalinum
1985:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1941:Wisdom of repugnance
1708:Moving the goalposts
1573:Illicit transference
1498:Begging the question
1419:Undistributed middle
1327:Mathematical fallacy
1302:Affirming a disjunct
1027:"Appeals to emotion"
996:Woods, John (2012).
714:Tittle, Peg (2011).
428:Scientific consensus
422:Reductio ad Hitlerum
381:Cognitive dissonance
149:fallacy of relevance
117:truth by association
82:appeal to the masses
72:appeal to popularity
35:argumentation theory
21:Appeal to the People
2585:Shooting and crying
2415:Emotive conjugation
2390:Cult of personality
2340:Atrocity propaganda
1926:Parade of horribles
1902:In-group favoritism
1728:Syntactic ambiguity
1371:Syllogistic fallacy
1294:propositional logic
1235:, Lander University
1227:"Bandwagon Fallacy"
438:Wisdom of the crowd
396:Conventional wisdom
176:appeal to tradition
51:fallacious argument
2545:Oversimplification
2525:Moralistic fallacy
2012:Poisoning the well
1829:Proof by assertion
1804:Texas sharpshooter
1738:Questionable cause
1675:Slothful induction
1634:Anecdotal evidence
1494:Circular reasoning
1389:Exclusive premises
1351:Illicit conversion
1164:Walton, Douglas N.
1095:Walton, Douglas N.
801:Building Arguments
743:, pp. 81, 85.
533:Walton, Douglas N.
490:True Crime Library
107:democratic fallacy
2636:Genetic fallacies
2631:Consensus reality
2618:
2617:
2510:Managing the news
2335:Appeal to emotion
2273:
2272:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2187:Ignoratio elenchi
2099:
2098:
1949:
1948:
1911:Not invented here
1616:Converse accident
1538:Correlative-based
1515:Compound question
1458:False attribution
1453:False equivalence
1427:
1426:
1149:. April 15, 2021.
1011:978-0-08-093170-8
974:978-3-319-53561-6
875:978-0-7618-5432-6
843:978-1-119-16790-7
811:978-1-59752-076-8
727:978-0-203-84161-7
700:978-0-495-60340-5
645:978-1-938421-32-7
635:Critical Thinking
416:List of fallacies
386:Consensus reality
324:Special functions
202:Douglas N. Walton
147:, specifically a
123:consensus gentium
97:bandwagon fallacy
57:Alternative names
2658:
2610:White propaganda
2565:Public relations
2540:Overcomplication
2425:False accusation
2360:Black propaganda
2350:Beautiful people
2345:Bandwagon effect
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2263:
2262:
2234:Special pleading
2113:
1974:Appeal to motive
1960:
1936:Stirring symbols
1916:Island mentality
1854:Wishful thinking
1835:
1551:Perfect solution
1528:No true Scotsman
1523:Complex question
1508:Leading question
1487:Question-begging
1473:No true Scotsman
1438:
1361:Quantifier shift
1356:Proof by example
1289:
1263:
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761:Engel, S. Morris
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492:, which states:
482:
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347:Bessel functions
335:special function
245:"Everyone likes
196:
186:The philosopher
145:informal fallacy
141:
125:
44:
2666:
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2500:Loaded language
2309:
2304:
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2217:Rationalization
2160:
2107:
2095:
2033:
1955:Genetic fallacy
1945:
1858:
1833:
1808:
1732:
1723:Sorites paradox
1703:False precision
1684:
1665:Double counting
1620:
1595:
1567:
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1519:Loaded question
1503:Loaded language
1482:
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1365:
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1203:
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1162:
1159:
1157:Further reading
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488:article at the
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321:
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222:appeal to spite
214:
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134:
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59:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2490:Indoctrination
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2400:Disinformation
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2385:Cherry picking
2382:
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2332:
2330:Appeal to fear
2327:
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2049:
2047:Accomplishment
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2026:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1995:
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1993:
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1670:False analogy
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1639:Sampling bias
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1546:False dilemma
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1414:Illicit minor
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2605:Whataboutism
2575:Scapegoating
2535:Obscurantism
2515:Minimisation
2420:Exaggeration
2322:
2202:Naturalistic
2185:
2173:
2154:
2153:
2124:
2108:of relevance
2051:
2029:Whataboutism
2021:
1997:
1991:Godwin's law
1983:
1963:
1846:
1839:Consequences
1820:Law/Legality
1794:Single cause
1767:
1760:
1600:
1468:Loki's Wager
1448:Equivocation
1441:Equivocation
1221:
1180:
1174:
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1129:
1102:
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946:December 21,
944:. Retrieved
938:
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736:
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689:
662:
634:
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580:. Retrieved
578:(in Spanish)
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433:Social proof
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269:Soviet Union
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2600:Weasel word
2550:Plain folks
2465:Gish gallop
2455:Flag-waving
2410:Doublespeak
2405:Dog whistle
2365:Blood libel
2222:Red herring
1979:Association
1660:Conjunction
1581:Composition
1478:Reification
1394:Existential
1346:Existential
914:"Fallacies"
319:Mathematics
247:The Beatles
188:Irving Copi
182:Scholarship
132:Description
2625:Categories
2475:Half-truth
2380:Censorship
2324:Ad hominem
2198:Moralistic
2132:Sealioning
2126:Ad nauseam
2053:Ipse dixit
1965:Ad hominem
1789:Regression
1591:Ecological
1404:Four terms
1322:Masked man
1222:ThoughtCo.
983:2017930649
884:2016448028
654:2017471425
517:References
406:Groupthink
375:Ad hominem
345:, and the
339:logarithms
295:Valid uses
265:generation
234:Examples:
112:mob appeal
2485:Ideograph
2440:Fake news
2239:Straw man
2117:Arguments
2106:fallacies
2080:Tradition
2070:Etymology
2042:Authority
2023:Tu quoque
2007:Bulverism
1777:Gambler's
1746:Animistic
1690:Ambiguity
1656:Base rate
1399:Necessity
1271:fallacies
1189:0031-8213
935:"Fallacy"
582:August 1,
262:Auschwitz
212:Reversals
206:democracy
2505:Newspeak
2370:Buzzword
2265:Category
1897:Ridicule
1882:Flattery
1872:Children
1769:Post hoc
1649:McNamara
1611:Accident
1586:Division
1433:Informal
1201:Archived
1197:40237163
1166:(1980).
1121:91030515
1097:(1992).
1049:88030762
785:94019770
763:(1994).
687:(2009).
557:98031384
535:(1999).
353:See also
303:Language
251:sell out
190:defined
2495:Lawfare
2460:Framing
2355:Big lie
2084:Novelty
2059:Poverty
1921:Loyalty
1887:Novelty
1864:Emotion
1813:Appeals
1782:Inverse
1762:Cum hoc
1751:Furtive
1269:Common
576:Lifeder
443:Kayfabe
168:inverse
2590:Slogan
2169:Cliché
2104:Other
2075:Nature
2063:Wealth
1698:Accent
1284:Formal
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2580:Senbu
1931:Spite
1825:Stone
1204:(PDF)
1193:JSTOR
1171:(PDF)
450:Notes
256:"The
218:false
47:Latin
37:, an
2595:Spin
2017:Tone
1892:Pity
1877:Fear
1275:list
1185:ISSN
1117:LCCN
1107:ISBN
1075:ISBN
1045:LCCN
1035:ISBN
1006:ISBN
979:LCCN
969:ISBN
948:2019
880:LCCN
870:ISBN
838:ISBN
806:ISBN
781:LCCN
771:ISBN
722:ISBN
695:ISBN
650:LCCN
640:ISBN
608:ISBN
584:2021
553:LCCN
543:ISBN
326:are
166:The
1336:In
1292:In
178:.
33:In
2627::
2200:/
2082:/
2061:/
1909:/
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1521:/
1517:/
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1181:13
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1057:^
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524:^
349:.
341:,
253:."
208:.
2299:e
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155:(
45:(
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23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.