Conformity - Knowledge (XXG)

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the line task, each confederate had already decided what response they would give. The real members of the experimental group sat in the last position, while the others were pre-arranged experimenters who gave apparently incorrect answers in unison; Asch recorded the last person's answer to analyze the influence of conformity. Surprisingly, about one third (32%) of the participants who were placed in this situation sided with the clearly incorrect majority on the critical trials. Over the 12 critical trials, about 75% of participants conformed at least once. After being interviewed, subjects acknowledged that they did not actually agree with the answers given by others. The majority of them, however, believe that groups are wiser or do not want to appear as mavericks and choose to repeat the same obvious misconception. It is clear from this that conformity has a powerful effect on human perception and behavior, even to the extent that it can be faked against a person's basic belief system.

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to group opinions. They discovered that among participants that were 19 years or older, females conformed to group opinions more so than males when under surveillance (i.e., anticipated that their responses would be shared with group members). However, there were no gender differences in conformity among participants who were under 19 years of age and in surveillance conditions. There were also no gender differences when participants were not under surveillance. In a subsequent research article, Eagly suggests that women are more likely to conform than men because of lower status roles of women in society. She suggests that more submissive roles (i.e., conforming) are expected of individuals that hold low status roles. Still, Eagly and Chrvala's results do conflict with previous research which have found higher conformity levels among younger rather than older individuals.

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the situation in which Asch's subjects find themselves they find that the situation places multiple demands on participants: They include truth (i.e., expressing one's own view accurately), trust (i.e., taking seriously the value of others' claims), and social solidarity (i.e., a commitment to integrate the views of self and others without deprecating). In addition to these epistemic values, there are multiple moral claims as well: These include the need for participants to care for the integrity and well-being of other participants, the experimenter, themselves, and the worth of scientific research.

293:. The participants stated estimates ranging from 1–10 inches. On the first day, each person perceived different amounts of movement, but from the second to the fourth day, the same estimate was agreed on and others conformed to it. Over time, the personal estimates converged with the other group members' estimates once discussing their judgments aloud. Sherif suggested this was a simulation for how social norms develop in a society, providing a common frame of reference for people. His findings emphasize that people rely on others to interpret ambiguous stimuli and new situations. 372:

situation they were put in made them act accordingly to their role. Furthermore, this study elucidates the idea that humans conform to expected roles. Good people (i.e. the guards before the experiment) were transformed into perpetrators of evil. Healthy people (i.e. the prisoners before the experiment) were subject to pathological reactions. These aspects are also traceable to situational forces. This experiment also demonstrated the notion of the banality of evil which explains that evil is not something special or rare, but it is something that exists in all ordinary people.

490:, doing or saying something without believing in it. The experiment of Asch in 1951 is one example of normative influence. Even though John Turner et al. argued that the post experimental interviews showed that the respondents were uncertain about the correct answers in some cases. The answers might have been evident to the experimenters, but the participants did not have the same experience. Subsequent studies pointed out the fact that the participants were not known to each other and therefore did not pose a threat against social rejection. See: 580: 730:

the time in Norway during critical trials. Milgram also conducted the same experiment once more, but told participants that the results of the study would be applied to the design of aircraft safety signals. His conformity estimates were 56% in Norway and 46% in France, suggesting that individuals conformed slightly less when the task was linked to an important issue. Stanley Milgram's study demonstrated that Asch's study could be replicated with other stimuli, and that in the case of tones, there was a high degree of conformity.

558:, a special case of informational influence. Minority influence is most likely when people can make a clear and consistent case for their point of view. If the minority fluctuates and shows uncertainty, the chance of influence is small. However, a minority that makes a strong, convincing case increases the probability of changing the majority's beliefs and behaviors. Minority members who are perceived as experts, are high in status, or have benefited the group in the past are also more likely to succeed. 353:

factors of the experiment is the position of the authority figure relative to the subject (the shocker) along with the position of the learner (the one getting shocked). There is a reduction in conformity depending on if the authority figure or learner was in the same room as the subject. When the authority figure was in another room and only phoned to give their orders the obedience rate went down to 20.5%. When the learner was in the same room as the subject the obedience rate dropped to 40%.

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variants for the experiment, one of the actors was supposed to give the correct answer, being an "ally" to the participant. With an ally, the participant was more likely to give the correct answer than he was before the ally. In addition, if the participant was able to write down the answer, instead of saying out loud, he was also more likely to put the correct answer. The reason for that is because he was not afraid of being different from the rest of the group since the answers were hidden.

788:(OFC) in conformity not only at the time of social influence, but also later on, when participants are given an opportunity to conform by selecting an action. In particular, Charpentier et al. found that the OFC mirrors the exposure to social influence at a subsequent time point, when a decision is being made without the social influence being present. The tendency to conform has also been observed in the structure of the OFC, with a greater 666:

there was a discrepancy amongst group members, and thus the subjects reported that they doubted their own judgments. Sistrunk and McDavid made the argument that women conformed more because of a methodological bias. They argued that because stereotypes used in studies are generally male ones (sports, cars..) more than female ones (cooking, fashion..), women are feeling uncertain and conformed more, which was confirmed by their results.

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very important and would be used by the legal community. To the other it was simply a trial. Being more motivated to get the right answer increased the tendency to conform. Those who wanted to be more accurate conformed 51% of the time as opposed to 35% in the other group. Sherif's study provided a framework for subsequent studies of influence such as Solomon Asch's 1955 study.

6067: 6055: 566:" (an inconsiderate or negligent group member) can substantially increase conflicts and reduce performance in work groups. Bad apples often create a negative emotional climate that interferes with healthy group functioning. They can be avoided by careful selection procedures and managed by reassigning them to positions that require less social interaction. 73:. People display conformity in response to informational influence when they believe the group is better informed, or in response to normative influence when they are afraid of rejection. When the advocated norm could be correct, the informational influence is more important than the normative influence, while otherwise the normative influence dominates. 368:

pretend prison setting on the Stanford University Campus. The study was set to be over the course of two weeks but it was abruptly cut short because of the behaviors the subjects were exuding. It was terminated due to the "guards" taking on tyrannical and discriminatory characteristics while "prisoners" showed blatant signs of depression and distress.

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conform to that majority. Similarly, the less ambiguous the task or decision is, the more likely someone will conform to the group. When tasks are ambiguous people are less pressured to conform. Task difficulty also increases conformity, but research has found that conformity increases when the task is difficult but also important.

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they are more likely to depend on others for the answer; and during a crisis when immediate action is necessary, in spite of panic. Looking to other people can help ease fears, but unfortunately, they are not always right. The more knowledgeable a person is, the more valuable they are as a resource. Thus, people often turn to

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one series the size of the opposition was varied from one to 15 persons." The results clearly showed that as more people opposed the subject, the subject became more likely to conform. However, the increasing majority was only influential up to a point: from three or more opponents, there is more than 30% of conformity.

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Research has found different group and situation factors that affect conformity. Accountability increases conformity, if an individual is trying to be accepted by a group which has certain preferences, then individuals are more likely to conform to match the group. Similarly, the attractiveness

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Researchers have also reported an interaction of gender and age on conformity. Eagly and Chrvala examined the role of age (under 19 years vs. 19 years and older), gender and surveillance (anticipating responses to be shared with group members vs. not anticipating responses being shared) on conformity

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Societal norms often establish gender differences and researchers have reported differences in the way men and women conform to social influence. For example, Alice Eagly and Linda Carli performed a meta-analysis of 148 studies of influenceability. They found that women are more persuadable and more

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found that individuals in Norway (from a collectivistic culture) exhibited a higher degree of conformity than individuals in France (from an individualistic culture). Similarly, Berry studied two different populations: the Temne (collectivists) and the Inuit (individualists) and found that the Temne

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Normative social influence occurs when one conforms to be liked or accepted by the members of the group. This need of social approval and acceptance is part of our state of humans. In addition to this, we know that when people do not conform with their group and therefore are deviants, they are less

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Informational social influence occurs when one turns to the members of one's group to obtain and accept accurate information about reality. A person is most likely to use informational social influence in certain situations: when a situation is ambiguous, people become uncertain about what to do and

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in order to portray obedience to authority. They measured the willingness of participants (men aged 20 to 50 from a diverse range of occupations with different levels of education) to obey the instructions from an authority figure to supply fake electric shocks that would gradually increase to fatal

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Solomon E. Asch conducted a modification of Sherif's study, assuming that when the situation was very clear, conformity would be drastically reduced. He exposed people in a group to a series of lines, and the participants were asked to match one line with a standard line. All participants except one

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Subsequent experiments were based on more realistic situations. In an eyewitness identification task, participants were shown a suspect individually and then in a lineup of other suspects. They were given one second to identify him, making it a difficult task. One group was told that their input was

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Changing one's behaviors to match the responses of others, which is conformity, can be conscious or not. People have an intrinsic tendency to unconsciously imitate other's behaviors such as gesture, language, talking speed, and other actions of the people they interact with. There are two other main

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Research has also found that as individuals become more aware that they disagree with the majority they feel more pressure, and hence are more likely to conform to the decisions of the group. Likewise, when responses must be made face-face, individuals increasingly conform, and therefore conformity

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In the same way that gender has been viewed as corresponding to status, age has also been argued to have status implications. Berger, Rosenholtz and Zelditch suggest that age as a status role can be observed among college students. Younger students, such as those in their first year in college, are

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found that the percentage of conformity errors within the Asch paradigm was significantly lower in Japan than in the United States, especially in the prize condition. Another study published in 2008, which compared the level of conformity among Japanese in-groups (peers from the same college clubs)

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as compared to six-person groups of strangers. Because friends already know and accept each other, there may be less normative pressure to conform in some situations. Field studies on cigarette and alcohol abuse, however, generally demonstrate evidence of friends exerting normative social influence

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Hodges and Geyer (2006) found that Asch's subjects were not so conformist after all: The experiments provide powerful evidence for people's tendency to tell the truth even when others do not. They also provide compelling evidence of people's concern for others and their views. By closely examining

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After his first test, Asch wanted to investigate whether the size or unanimity of the majority had greater influence on test subjects. "Which aspect of the influence of a majority is more important – the size of the majority or its unanimity? The experiment was modified to examine this question. In

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There is also the factor that the mere presence of a person can influence whether one is conforming or not. Norman Triplett (1898) was the researcher that initially discovered the impact that mere presence has, especially among peers. In other words, all people can affect society. We are influenced

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demonstrates how much influence conformity has on people. In a laboratory experiment, Asch asked 50 male students from Swarthmore College in the US to participate in a 'vision test'. Asch put a naive participant in a room with seven confederates/stooges in a line judgment task. When confronted with

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In 1961 Stanley Milgram published a study in which he utilized Asch's conformity paradigm using audio tones instead of lines; he conducted his study in Norway and France. He found substantially higher levels of conformity than Asch, with participants conforming 50% of the time in France and 62% of

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treated as lower-status individuals and older college students are treated as higher-status individuals. Therefore, given these status roles, it would be expected that younger individuals (low status) conform to the majority whereas older individuals (high status) would be expected not to conform.

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The composition of the group plays a role in conformity as well. In a study by Reitan and Shaw, it was found that men and women conformed more when there were participants of both sexes involved versus participants of the same sex. Subjects in the groups with both sexes were more apprehensive when

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that focused on normative influence. In this version, the task was easier. Each participant had five seconds to look at a slide instead of just one second. Once again, there were both high and low motives to be accurate, but the results were the reverse of the first study. The low motivation group

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Muzafer Sherif was interested in knowing how many people would change their opinions to bring them in line with the opinion of a group. In his experiment, participants were placed in a dark room and asked to stare at a small dot of light 15 feet away. They were then asked to estimate the amount it

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This experiment, led by psychology professor Philip G. Zimbardo, recruited Stanford students using a local newspaper ad, who he checked to be both physically and mentally healthy. Subjects were either assigned the role of a "prisoner" or "guard" at random over an extended period of time, within a

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Besides that, this experiment proved that conformity is powerful, but also fragile. It is powerful because just by having actors giving the wrong answer made the participant to also give the wrong answer, even though they knew it was not correct. It is also fragile, however, because in one of the

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Conformity has also been shown to be linked to cohesiveness. Cohesiveness is how strongly members of a group are linked together, and conformity has been found to increase as group cohesiveness increases. Similarly, conformity is also higher when individuals are committed and wish to stay in the

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In this experiment, the subjects did not have punishments or rewards if they chose to disobey or obey. All they might receive is disapproval or approval from the experimenter. Since this is the case they had no motives to sway them to perform the immoral orders or not. One of the most important

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Some adolescents gain acceptance and recognition from their peers by conformity. This peer moderated conformity increases from the transition of childhood to adolescence. It follows a U-shaped age pattern wherein conformity increases through childhood, peaking at sixth and ninth grades and then

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Accuracy also effects conformity, as the more accurate and reasonable the majority is in their decision than the more likely the individual will be to conform. As mentioned earlier, size also effects individuals' likelihood to conform. The larger the majority the more likely an individual will

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Moreover, a study suggests that the effects of group size depend on the type of social influence operating. This means that in situations where the group is clearly wrong, conformity will be motivated by normative influence; the participants will conform in order to be accepted by the group. A

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Research has noted age differences in conformity. For example, research with Australian children and adolescents ages 3 to 17 discovered that conformity decreases with age. Another study examined individuals that were ranged from ages 18 to 91. The results revealed a similar trend – older

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According to Deutsch and Gérard (1955), conformity results from a motivational conflict (between the fear of being socially rejected and the wish to say what we think is correct) that leads to normative influence, and a cognitive conflict (others create doubts in what we think) which leads to

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In essence, this study showed us a lot about conformity and power imbalance. For one, it demonstrates how situations determines the way our behavior is shaped and predominates over our personality, attitudes, and individual morals. Those chosen to be "guards" were not mean-spirited. But, the

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may manifest negatively, conformity can be regarded as either good or bad. Driving on the conventionally-approved side of the road may be seen as beneficial conformity. With the appropriate environmental influence, conforming, in early childhood years, allows one to learn and thus, adopt the

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in 1951 stated that increasing the size of the group will have no additional impact beyond a majority of size three. Brown and Byrne's 1997 study described a possible explanation that people may suspect collusion when the majority exceeds three or four. Gerard's 1968 study reported a linear

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Bond and Smith compared 134 studies in a meta-analysis and found that there is a positive correlation between a country's level of collectivistic values and conformity rates in the Asch paradigm. Bond and Smith also reported that conformity has declined in the United States over time.

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The results showed a surprisingly high degree of conformity: 74% of the participants conformed on at least one trial. On average people conformed one third of the time. A question is how the group would affect individuals in a situation where the correct answer is less obvious.

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relationship between the group size and conformity when the group size ranges from two to seven people. According to Latane's 1981 study, the number of the majority is one factor that influences the degree of conformity, and there are other factors like strength and immediacy.

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or "true conformity", involves both publicly and privately agreeing with the group's decision. In the case of private acceptance, the person conforms to the group by changing their beliefs and attitudes. Thus, this represents a true change of opinion to match the majority.

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levels. Regardless of these instructions going against their personal conscience, 65% of the participants shocked all the way to 450 volts, fully obeying the instruction, even if they did so reluctantly. Additionally, all participants shocked to at least 300 volts.

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conforming than men in group pressure situations that involve surveillance. Eagly has proposed that this sex difference may be due to different sex roles in society. Women are generally taught to be more agreeable whereas men are taught to be more independent.

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declines. Adolescents often follow the logic that "if everyone else is doing it, then it must be good and right". However, it is found that they are more likely to conform if peer pressure involves neutral activities such as those in sports, entertainment, and

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is how close the group is in time and space when the influence is taking place. Psychologists have constructed a mathematical model using these three factors and are able to predict the amount of conformity that occurs with some degree of accuracy.

644:, along with Eiko Osaka reviewed four behavioral studies and found that the rate of conformity errors that the Japanese subjects manifested in the Asch paradigm was similar with that manifested by Americans. The study published in 1970 by 532:

conformed 33% of the time (similar to Asch's findings). The high motivation group conformed less at 16%. These results show that when accuracy is not very important, it is better to get the wrong answer than to risk social disapproval.

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by people doing things beside us, whether this is in a competitive atmosphere or not. People tend to be influenced by those who are their own age especially. Co-actors that are similar to us tend to push us more than those who are not.

245:, can be defined as the unwillingness to bend to group pressures. Thus, this individual stays true to his or her personal standards instead of the swaying toward group standards. Secondly, a nonconformist could be displaying 199:, after submitting to group pressures, individuals may find themselves facing one of several responses to conformity. These types of responses to conformity vary in their degree of public agreement versus private agreement. 764:

have also been found to be recruited when individuals participated in a social manipulation experiment involving long-term memory. Several other areas have further been suggested to play a role in conformity, including the

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which involves the taking of opinions that are opposite to what the group believes. This type of nonconformity can be motivated by a need to rebel against the status quo instead of the need to be accurate in one's opinion.

183:. Researchers have found that peer conformity is strongest for individuals who reported strong identification with their friends or groups, making them more likely to adopt beliefs and behaviors accepted in such circles. 2003: 590:

worldwide (5 August 2020) Description: countries colored with green have cultures that are more individualistic than the world average. Countries colored in red have relatively collectivistic

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participant may not feel much pressure to conform when the first person gives an incorrect response. However, conformity pressure will increase as each additional group member also gives the same incorrect response.

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Robinson, Eric; Thomas, Jason; Aveyard, Paul; Higgs, Suzanne (March 2014). "What Everyone Else Is Eating: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Informational Eating Norms on Eating Behavior".

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is conforming to someone who is liked and respected, such as a celebrity or a favorite uncle. This can be motivated by the attractiveness of the source, and this is a deeper type of conformism than compliance.

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group. Conformity is also higher when individuals are in situations involving existential thoughts that cause anxiety, in these situations individuals are more likely to conform to the majority's decisions.

166:. Norms are implicit, specific rules shared by a group of individuals on how they should behave. People may be susceptible to conform to group norms because they want to gain acceptance from their group. 1136:

Campbell, Jennifer D.; Fairey, Patricia J. (September 1989). "Informational and normative routes to conformity: The effect of faction size as a function of norm extremity and attention to the stimulus".

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Another form of minority influence can sometimes override conformity effects and lead to unhealthy group dynamics. A 2007 review of two dozen studies by the University of Washington found that a single

636:. Modern scientific studies comparing conformity in Japan and the United States show that Americans conform in general as much as the Japanese and, in some situations, even more. Psychology professor 7059: 6112: 504:

Deutsch & Gérard (1955) designed different situations that variated from Asch' experiment and found that when participants were writing their answer privately, they were giving the correct one

7069: 7064: 628:, many scholars of Japanese studies speculated that there would be a higher propensity to conform in Japanese culture than in American culture. However, this view was not formed on the basis of 554:

Although conformity generally leads individuals to think and act more like groups, individuals are occasionally able to reverse this tendency and change the people around them. This is known as

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Berns, G. S.; Chappelow, J.; Zink, C. F.; Pagnoni, G.; Martin-Skurski, M. E.; Richards, J. (2005). "Neurobiological correlates of social conformity and independence during mental rotation".

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To conclude, social responses to conformity can be seen to vary along a continuum from conversion to anticonformity. For example, a popular experiment in conformity research, known as the

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rather than to pursue personal desires – because it is often easier to follow the path others have made already, rather than forging a new one. Thus, conformity is sometimes a product of

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to receiving or losing the object in question, in proportion to how susceptible the person is to social influence. Having similar opinions to others can also generate a reward response.

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is accepting the belief or behavior and conforming both publicly and privately, if the source is credible. It is the deepest influence on people, and it will affect them for a long time.

210:. This is also referenced as apparent conformity. This type of conformity recognizes that behavior is not always consistent with our beliefs and attitudes, which mimics Leon Festinger's 53:. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or when watching television, even if alone. 2785:

Eagly, A. H; Carli, L. L (1981). "Sex of researchers and sex-typed communications as determinants of sex differences in influenceability: A meta-analysis of social influence studies".

49:. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or in society as a whole and may result from subtle unconscious influences (predisposed state of mind), or from direct and overt 3106:

Campbell, J. D.; Fairey, P. J. (1989). "Informational and normative routes to conformity: The effect of faction size as a function of norm extremity and attention to the stimulus".

436:. In Kelman's terminology, these correspond to internalization and compliance, respectively. There are naturally more than two or three variables in society influential on human 202:

When an individual finds themselves in a position where they publicly agree with the group's decision yet privately disagrees with the group's consensus, they are experiencing

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Baron, Robert S.; Vandello, Joseph A.; Brunsman, Bethany (November 1996). "The forgotten variable in conformity research: Impact of task importance on social influence".

230:. In this type of social response, the group member agrees with the group's decision from the outset and thus does not need to shift their opinion on the matter at hand. 6553: 6105: 233:

In addition, Forsyth shows that nonconformity can also fall into one of two response categories. Firstly, an individual who does not conform to the majority can display

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Kiesler, Charles A.; Zanna, Mark; Desalvo, James (1966). "Deviation and conformity: Opinion change as a function of commitment, attraction, and presence of a deviate".

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is public conformity, while possibly keeping one's own original beliefs for yourself. Compliance is motivated by the need for approval and the fear of being rejected.

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increases as the anonymity of the response in a group decreases. Conformity also increases when individuals have committed themselves to the group making decisions.

124:. Conformity was found to impair group performance in a variable environment, but was not found to have a significant effect on performance in a stable environment. 890: 142:

Major factors that influence the degree of conformity include culture, gender, age, size of the group, situational factors, and different stimuli. In some cases,

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Quinn, Andrew; Schlenker, Barry R. (April 2002). "Can Accountability Produce Independence? Goals as Determinants of the Impact of Accountability on Conformity".

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Takano, Yohtaro; Sogon, Shunya (May 2008). "Are Japanese More Collectivistic Than Americans?: Examining Conformity in In-Groups and the Reference-Group Effect".

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Felps, Will; Mitchell, Terence R.; Byington, Eliza (2006). "How, When, and Why Bad Apples Spoil the Barrel: Negative Group Members and Dysfunctional Groups".

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Urberg, Kathryn A.; Değirmencioğlu, Serdar M.; Pilgrim, Colleen (1997). "Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use".

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Neuroscience has also shown how people quickly develop similar values for things. Opinions of others immediately change the brain's reward response in the

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with that found among Americans found no substantial difference in the level of conformity manifested by the two nations, even in the case of in-groups.

146:, a special case of informational influence, can resist the pressure to conform and influence the majority to accept the minority's belief or behaviors. 3350:

Renkema, Lennart J.; Stapel, Diederik A.; Van Yperen, Nico W. (June 2008). "Go with the flow: conforming to others in the face of existential threat".

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are implicit, specific rules, guidance shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. People often choose to conform to

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appropriate behaviors necessary to interact and develop "correctly" within one's society. Conformity influences the formation and maintenance of

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Bond, Rod; Smith, Peter B. (January 1996). "Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task".

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Bond, Rod; Smith, Peter B. (January 1996). "Culture and conformity: A meta-analysis of studies using Asch's (1952b, 1956) line judgment task".

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on the pMFC, participants reduced their tendency to conform to the group, suggesting a causal role for the brain region in social conformity.

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Sasaki, Shusaku (2017). "Group size and conformity in charitable giving: Evidence from a donation-based crowdfunding platform in Japan".

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Deutsch, Morton; Gerard, Harold B. (November 1955). "A study of normative and informational social influences upon individual judgment".

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Takano, Yohtaro; Osaka, Eiko (December 1999). "An unsupported common view: Comparing Japan and the U.S. on individualism/collectivism".

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Clement, Russell W.; Sinha, Rashmi R.; Krueger, Joachim (April 1997). "A Computerized Demonstration of the False Consensus Effect".

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Brown, Bradford (1986). "Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents".

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Influenced by the writings of late-19th- and early-20th-century Western travelers, scholars or diplomats who visited Japan, such as

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and conformity; the notion of "varieties" of conformity based upon "social influence" is ambiguous and indefinable in this context.

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for help. But once again people must be careful, as experts can make mistakes too. Informational social influence often results in

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Eagly, A.H.; Wood, W. (1982). "Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence".

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of group members increases conformity. If an individual wishes to be liked by the group, they are increasingly likely to conform.

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Evidence has been found for the involvement of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) in conformity, an area associated with

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Spencer, Roger W.; Huston, John H. (December 1993). "Rational forecasts: On confirming ambiguity as the mother of conformity".

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Cooper, H.M. (1979). "Statistically combining independent studies: A meta-analysis of sex differences in conformity research".

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Hodges, B. H.; Geyer, A. L. (2006). "A Nonconformist Account of the Asch Experiments: Values, Pragmatics, and Moral Dilemmas".

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Eagly, Alice H.; Chrvala, Carole (September 1986). "Sex Differences in Conformity: Status and Gender Role Interpretations".

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An experiment using procedures similar to Asch's found that there was significantly less conformity in six-person groups of

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Pasupathi, Monisha (1999). "Age differences in response to conformity pressure for emotional and nonemotional material".

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Campbell-Meiklejohn, Daniel K.; Bach, Dominik R.; Roepstorff, Andreas; Dolan, Raymond J.; Frith, Chris D. (July 2010).

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Kelman, Herbert C. (March 1958). "Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change".

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Campbell-Meiklejohn, D. K.; Kanai, R.; Bahrami, B.; Bach, D. R.; Dolan, R. J.; Roepstorff, A.; Frith, C. D. (2012).

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Myers, David G.; Twenge, Jean M. (2019). "Social Facilitation: How are we influenced by the presence of others?".

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in the group has a surprising effect. As the number increases, each person has less of an impact. A group's

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is the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behaviors in ways that are consistent with

81: 46: 1736: 632:, but rather on the basis of anecdotes and casual observations, which are subject to a variety of 7097: 6835: 6813: 6808: 6726: 6721: 6677: 6404: 6137: 5988: 5921: 5769: 5729: 5649: 5511: 5491: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5386: 5315: 5290: 5260: 5240: 5235: 5203: 5105: 4903: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4810: 4800: 4781: 4633: 4590: 4529: 4431: 4307: 4161: 3921: 3729: 3470: 3367: 3272: 3150: 3085: 2998: 2582: 2547: 2485: 2290: 2226: 2191: 2094: 1985: 1838: 1408: 1252: 947: 549: 519:

is how important the group is to a person. Groups we value generally have more social influence.

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moved. The trick was, there was no movement, it was caused by a visual illusion known as the

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Although conformity pressures generally increase as the size of the majority increases,

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participants displayed less conformity when compared to younger participants.

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liked and even punished by the group. Normative influence usually results in

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According to Herbert Kelman, there are three types of conformity: 1)

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were accomplices and gave the wrong answer in 12 of the 18 trials.

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Klucharev, V.; Munneke, M. A.; Smidts, A.; Fernández, G. (2011).

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Abofol, Taher; Erev, Ido; Sulitzeanu-Kenan, Raanan (2023-08-05).

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conformed more than the Inuit when exposed to a conformity task.

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How Consumer Culture Controls Our Kids: Cashing in on Conformity

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has focused primarily on two varieties of conformity. These are

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Although Kelman's distinction has been influential, research in

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Burke, C. J.; Tobler, P. N.; Schultz, W.; Baddeley, M. (2010).

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This experiment was conducted by Yale University psychologist

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Aronson, Elliot; Wilson, Timothy D.; Akert, Robin M. (2007).

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is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to

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Normative influence vs. referent informational influence

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In a reinterpretation of the original data from these

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Which line matches the first line, A, B, or C? In the

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or educational status. This is often referred to as

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Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 2772:10.1037/0033-2909.85.1.86 2287:10.2466/pr0.1988.62.3.759 1974:10.1007/s10892-009-9052-4 1249:10.1080/01619563109535026 1089:Burger, Jerry M. (2019). 833:Authoritarian personality 444:informational influence. 7187:Violence and video games 7165:Social impact of YouTube 7045:Knowledge gap hypothesis 6968:Social-desirability bias 6861:Information–action ratio 6499:Suicide and the Internet 6489:Social media and suicide 6236:Media naturalness theory 5969:Living things in culture 5959:Intercultural competence 5862:Culture and menstruation 5361:Trans-cultural diffusion 4555:Preference falsification 3910:10.1177/0956797611411057 3815:10.3389/fnhum.2010.00048 3672:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00168 3621:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00050 3147:10.1177/0146167202287005 2799:10.1037/0033-2909.90.1.1 2544:10.1177/0022022107313902 2310:Developmental Psychology 1937:www.simplypsychology.org 1637:. ABC-CLIO. p. 92. 1506:Developmental Psychology 885:Preference falsification 771:temporoparietal junction 432:conformity, also called 301:Asch's experiment (1951) 65:reasons for conformity: 7218:Organizational behavior 7140:Mass shooting contagion 6588:Evolutionary psychology 6320:Social anxiety disorder 6153:Online problem gambling 5780:Cultural homogenization 5010:Individualistic culture 4944:Popular culture studies 4929:Intercultural relations 4217:Tyranny of the majority 3853:Journal of Neuroscience 3563:10.1126/science.1203557 2517:10.1111/1467-839X.00043 1856:Guimond, Serge (2010). 1714:. New York: Wadsworth. 1710:Forsyth, D. R. (2013). 875:Knowledge falsification 448:Informational influence 67:informational influence 7130:Fascination with death 6993:Political polarization 6921:Availability heuristic 6886:Television consumption 6477:Television consumption 6432:Evolution of cognition 6357:Body image disturbance 6298:psychiatric conditions 6226:Engineering psychology 6148:Internet sex addiction 6129:Proposed or recognised 5715:Archaeological culture 5462:Cultural globalization 5331:Organizational culture 5179:Cultural communication 5137:Cultural appropriation 4924:Intercultural learning 4852:Cross-cultural studies 4520:Communal reinforcement 4273:False consensus effect 4004:Quotations related to 3257:Teaching of Psychology 3045:ISER Discussion Papers 2787:Psychological Bulletin 2760:Psychological Bulletin 2567:Psychological Bulletin 2470:Psychological Bulletin 1602:10.1123/jsep.2017-0339 608:Basil Hall Chamberlain 592: 320: 150:Definition and context 37:or being like-minded. 7093:Criticism of Facebook 6973:Social influence bias 6856:Information pollution 6846:Information explosion 6829:Texting while driving 6785:Low information voter 6683:Pink-slime journalism 6521:Texting while driving 6452:Promotion of anorexia 6437:Evolutionary mismatch 6400:Criticism of Facebook 6131:diagnostic categories 5984:Participatory culture 5775:Cultural evolutionism 5599:Multiracial democracy 5477:Cultural intelligence 5422:Cultural conservatism 5412:Cultural backwardness 5402:Cultural assimilation 5276:Cultural reproduction 5132:Cultural appreciation 5084:Far-right subcultures 4974:Transcultural nursing 4939:Philosophy of culture 4816:Cultural neuroscience 4796:Cultural anthropology 4624:Anti-social behaviour 4619:Anti-authoritarianism 4358:Pluralistic ignorance 4205:National conservatism 4200:Left-wing nationalism 4183:Governmental pressure 3898:Psychological Science 3706:Biological Psychiatry 3057:– via EconStor. 2812:Eagly, A. H. (1987). 2275:Psychological Reports 2211:American Psychologist 1962:The Journal of Ethics 1193:"What is Conformity?" 1191:McLeod, Saul (2016). 863:Cultural assimilation 582: 383:Harvard psychologist 314: 267:, primarily includes 218:, otherwise known as 181:anti-social behaviors 7110:Criticism of Netflix 6916:Availability cascade 6851:Information overload 6760:Attention management 6755:Attention inequality 6651:Human-interest story 6593:Behavioral modernity 6578:Cognitive psychology 6390:Behavioral modernity 6385:Behavioral addiction 6211:Cognitive ergonomics 6196:Digital anthropology 6189:Disciplines involved 6180:Video game addiction 6175:Television addiction 5979:Oppositional culture 5949:Emotions and culture 5857:Cultural sensibility 5847:Cultural translation 5785:Cultural institution 5765:Cultural determinism 5487:Cultural nationalism 5472:Cultural imperialism 5432:Cultural deprivation 5326:Non-material culture 4959:Sociology of culture 4954:Semiotics of culture 4586:Breaching experiment 4373:Operant conditioning 4318:Mere exposure effect 3070:Psychological Review 2891:Psychology and Aging 2441:(4, Pt.1): 415–418. 1903:Asch, A. E. (1951). 1881:Asch, S. E. (1952). 1737:"Autokinetic Effect" 1430:. Cengage Learning. 843:Behavioral contagion 786:orbitofrontal cortex 622:'s influential book 612:George Trumbull Ladd 509:social impact theory 212:cognitive dissonance 19:For other uses, see 7023:Post-truth politics 6953:Mean world syndrome 6442:Fear of missing out 5830:Culture speculation 5825:Cultural relativism 5755:Cultural competence 5645:Cultural Christians 5517:Cultural Revolution 5507:Cultural radicalism 5482:Cultural liberalism 5417:Cultural Bolshevism 5392:Consumer capitalism 5346:Relational mobility 5286:Cultural technology 5194:Cultural dissonance 5111:Culture by location 5074:Alternative culture 4990:Constructed culture 4969:Theology of culture 4909:Cultural psychology 4889:Cultural entomology 4466:Individual pressure 4343:Passing (sociology) 4278:Fear of missing out 4243:Closure (sociology) 4157:Enemy of the people 3957:2012CBio...22.R123C 3555:2011Sci...333..108E 3500:(33): 11934–11940. 3406:2010CBio...20.1165C 2412:1961SciAm.205f..45M 2400:Scientific American 1827:1955SciAm.193e..31A 1815:Scientific American 1288:2020NatSR..10.8694K 853:Conventional wisdom 704:Situational factors 642:University of Tokyo 570:Specific predictors 475:Normative influence 177:prosocial behaviors 82:normative influence 71:normative influence 47:group communication 6836:Influence-for-hire 6814:Media multitasking 6809:Human multitasking 6727:Tabloid television 6678:Media manipulation 6138:Computer addiction 5989:Permission culture 5922:Disability culture 5902:Children's culture 5770:Cultural diversity 5730:Circuit of culture 5512:Cultural retention 5492:Cultural pessimism 5447:Cultural exception 5437:Cultural diplomacy 5427:Cultural contracts 5387:Colonial mentality 5316:Manuscript culture 5291:Cultural universal 5261:Cultural pluralism 5241:Cultural landscape 5236:Cultural invention 5204:Cultural framework 5106:Vernacular culture 4904:Cultural mediation 4884:Cultural economics 4879:Cultural analytics 4811:Cultural geography 4801:Cultural astronomy 4634:Civil disobedience 4591:Milgram experiment 4530:Creeping normality 4432:Social integration 4368:Psychosocial issue 4308:Invented tradition 4162:Enemy of the state 1276:Scientific Reports 779:cingulate cortices 593: 556:minority influence 550:Minority influence 544:Minority influence 469:private acceptance 321: 291:autokinetic effect 220:private acceptance 144:minority influence 7195: 7194: 7018:Fake news website 6978:Spiral of silence 6931:Confirmation bias 6750:Attention economy 6732:Yellow journalism 6620:Social psychology 6529: 6528: 6201:Digital sociology 6088: 6087: 5917:Death and culture 5810:Cultural movement 5800:Cultural literacy 5660:Eastern Orthodoxy 5572:Dominator culture 5567:Deculturalization 5467:Cultural hegemony 5457:Cultural genocide 5452:Cultural feminism 5271:Cultural property 5266:Cultural practice 5251:Cultural leveling 5246:Cultural learning 5231:Cultural industry 5226:Cultural identity 5209:Cultural heritage 5199:Cultural emphasis 5184:Cultural conflict 5157:Cultural behavior 5147:Cultural artifact 5059:Primitive culture 5035:Political culture 4734: 4733: 4614:Alternative media 4503: 4502: 4442:Spiral of silence 4313:Memory conformity 4253:Consensus reality 4146:Persona non grata 4067:Damnatio memoriae 3859:(17): 5816–5823. 3549:(6038): 108–111. 3400:(13): 1165–1170. 3336:978-1-133-95653-2 3214:978-1-133-95653-2 3047:. No. 1004. 3024:Simply Psychology 2354:978-0-528-62955-6 2259:978-1-84169-038-4 1918:978-0-608-11271-8 1885:Social Psychology 1867:978-2-8047-0032-4 1765:Social psychology 1721:978-1-133-95653-2 1688:Simply Psychology 1669:978-1-260-39711-6 1660:Social Psychology 1644:978-1-4408-3482-0 1570:978-0-495-60169-2 1545:978-0-306-48480-3 1437:978-1-305-58022-0 1428:Social Psychology 1221:978-0-13-233487-7 1212:Social Psychology 1197:Simply Psychology 1177:978-0-674-01382-7 1122:978-0-8400-3172-3 1113:Social Psychology 1072:978-3-319-12696-8 976:978-0-7575-5989-1 897:Spiral of silence 869:Honne and tatemae 848:Convention (norm) 810:Psychology portal 734:Neural correlates 725:Different stimuli 693:Asch's experiment 687:Size of the group 488:public compliance 418:social psychology 253:counterconformity 214:theory. In turn, 7235: 7228:Social agreement 7223:Social influence 7040:Knowledge divide 6936:Crowd psychology 6926:Bandwagon effect 6693:Public relations 6610:Media psychology 6556: 6549: 6542: 6533: 6352:Anorexia nervosa 6337:Bipolar disorder 6305:Anxiety disorder 6115: 6108: 6101: 6092: 6069: 6068: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6044: 5934:Drinking culture 5887:Culture industry 5835:Cultural tourism 5815:Cultural mulatto 5790:Cultural jet lag 5725:Cannabis culture 5682:Cultural Muslims 5604:Pluriculturalism 5587:Multiculturalism 5577:Interculturalism 5552:Culture minister 5542:Cultural Zionism 5537:Cultural subsidy 5532:Cultural silence 5407:Cultural attaché 5366:Transculturation 5321:Material culture 5311:Interculturality 5167:Cultural capital 5152:Cultural baggage 5089:Youth subculture 5030:Official culture 4995:Dominant culture 4934:Internet culture 4899:Cultural mapping 4894:Cultural history 4821:Cultural studies 4806:Cultural ecology 4780: 4779: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4738: 4659:Devil's advocate 4629:Auto-segregation 4525:Countersignaling 4452:Toxic positivity 4427:Social influence 4388:Social contagion 4233:Bandwagon effect 4190:Authoritarianism 4054: 4036: 4029: 4022: 4013: 4003: 3987: 3986: 3976: 3951:(4): R123–R124. 3936: 3930: 3929: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3876: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3817: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3759:(3): 2687–2696. 3744: 3738: 3737: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3674: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3517: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3364:10.1002/ejsp.468 3347: 3341: 3340: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3304:10.1037/h0023027 3287: 3281: 3280: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3182:10.1037/h0022730 3165: 3159: 3158: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3016: 3007: 3006: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2841:10.1037/h0030382 2824: 2818: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2710:10.1037/h0041274 2693: 2687: 2686: 2675:10.1037/h0046604 2658: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2447:10.1037/h0025231 2430: 2424: 2423: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2145:10.1037/h0062326 2128: 2122: 2121: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2083:10.1037/h0046408 2066: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2048:. 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102:social rejection 7245: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7213:Group processes 7198: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7076: 6991: 6982: 6958:Negativity bias 6906: 6897: 6866:One weird trick 6780:Cognitive miser 6736: 6629:Media practices 6624: 6569: 6560: 6530: 6525: 6373: 6347:Eating disorder 6297: 6291: 6241:Neuroergonomics 6221:Cyberpsychology 6184: 6130: 6124: 6119: 6089: 6084: 6033: 6024:Western culture 6019:Welfare culture 5944:Eastern culture 5805:Cultural mosaic 5760:Cultural critic 5750:Cultural center 5698: 5672:Cultural Hindus 5618: 5609:Polyculturalism 5582:Monoculturalism 5557:Culture of fear 5527:Cultural safety 5522:Cultural rights 5502:Cultural racism 5497:Cultural policy 5375: 5281:Cultural system 5256:Cultural memory 5189:Cultural cringe 5115: 5047:Popular culture 4978: 4914:Cultural values 4835: 4784: 4770: 4765: 4735: 4730: 4701:Insubordination 4649:Culture jamming 4639:Cosmopolitanism 4600: 4569: 4540:Internalization 4499: 4461: 4221: 4212:Totalitarianism 4178: 4045: 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465:internalization 456: 450: 424:conformity, or 409:Internalization 381: 375: 365: 359: 346:Stanley Milgram 342: 309: 303: 286: 281: 193: 172: 157: 152: 137:internalization 122:unwritten rules 51:social pressure 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7081:Related topics 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7025: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7008: 6997: 6995: 6988:Digital divide 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6903:Cognitive bias 6899: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6893:Sticky content 6890: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6881:Binge-watching 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6792:Digital zombie 6789: 6788: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6765:Attention span 6762: 6757: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6710:Sensationalism 6707: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6656:Junk food news 6653: 6643: 6638: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6561: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6544: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:Binge-watching 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6427:Digital zombie 6424: 6419: 6417:Cyberpathology 6414: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6381: 6379: 6378:Related topics 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6250: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 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5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5371:Visual culture 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351:Safety culture 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5172:Cross-cultural 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4833: 4831:Culture theory 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4644:Counterculture 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4606:Anticonformity 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4565:Social reality 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4457:Untouchability 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4395: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4323:Milieu control 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4303:Indoctrination 4300: 4295: 4293:Herd mentality 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4226:Group pressure 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4149: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:Cancel culture 4101: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3995: 3994:External links 3992: 3989: 3988: 3931: 3904:(7): 894–900. 3888: 3839: 3788: 3739: 3712:(3): 245–253. 3696: 3645: 3594: 3529: 3480: 3453:(3): 456–462. 3437: 3377: 3358:(4): 747–756. 3342: 3335: 3327:Group Dynamics 3317: 3298:(4): 458–467. 3282: 3263:(2): 131–135. 3247: 3236:(4): 697–709. 3220: 3213: 3205:Group Dynamics 3195: 3176:(6): 890–895. 3160: 3141:(4): 472–483. 3125: 3114:(3): 457–468. 3095: 3076:(5): 438–453. 3060: 3035: 3008: 2989:(3): 203–220. 2973: 2962:(5): 915–928. 2943: 2932:(1): 479–508. 2916: 2897:(1): 170–174. 2881: 2862:(3): 367–372. 2846: 2835:(2): 200–207. 2819: 2804: 2777: 2750: 2723: 2704:(1): 120–122. 2688: 2653: 2638: 2600: 2573:(1): 111–137. 2557: 2538:(3): 237–250. 2522: 2511:(3): 311–341. 2495: 2476:(1): 111–137. 2460: 2425: 2387: 2360: 2353: 2335: 2316:(5): 834–844. 2300: 2281:(3): 759–762. 2265: 2258: 2236: 2217:(4): 343–356. 2201: 2158: 2139:(2): 190–208. 2123: 2104: 2077:(3): 629–636. 2058: 2055:on 2023-05-20. 2032:(2): 243–256. 2009: 1995: 1948: 1924: 1917: 1892: 1873: 1866: 1848: 1800: 1789:(5): 915–927. 1770: 1750: 1727: 1720: 1712:Group dynamics 1699: 1675: 1668: 1650: 1643: 1625: 1596:(3): 117–127. 1576: 1569: 1551: 1544: 1523: 1512:(4): 521–530. 1496: 1451: 1436: 1418: 1378: 1339:(3): 381–399. 1319: 1262: 1227: 1220: 1202: 1183: 1176: 1156: 1145:(3): 457–468. 1128: 1121: 1100: 1078: 1071: 1045: 1034:(4): 163–168. 1018: 999:(3): 414–429. 982: 975: 957: 930:(1): 591–621. 913: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904: 902:Social inertia 899: 894: 887: 882: 880:Milieu control 877: 872: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 829: 828: 827: 824:Society portal 813: 797: 794: 735: 732: 726: 723: 705: 702: 688: 685: 671: 668: 658: 655: 638:Yohtaro Takano 576: 573: 571: 568: 548:Main article: 545: 542: 479:Main article: 476: 473: 452:Main article: 449: 446: 414: 413: 405: 401:Identification 397: 385:Herbert Kelman 380: 377: 361:Main article: 358: 355: 341: 338: 305:Main article: 302: 299: 285: 282: 280: 277: 261:Asch situation 248:anticonformity 192: 189: 171: 168: 156: 153: 151: 148: 133:identification 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7241: 7240: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7088:Computer rage 7086: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7060:United States 7058: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7035:Filter bubble 7033: 7029: 7028:United States 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6963:Peer pressure 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6804:Doomscrolling 6802: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6615:Media studies 6613: 6611: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6568: 6567:human factors 6564: 6557: 6552: 6550: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6422:Digital detox 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6412:Cyberbullying 6410: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6294: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6109: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6029:Youth culture 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6014:Urban culture 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5999:Remix culture 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5974:Media culture 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5964:Languaculture 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5892:Culture shock 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852:Cultural turn 5850: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Bennett scale 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5650:Protestantism 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5592:Biculturalism 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Technoculture 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5336:Print culture 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5301:Enculturation 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221:Cultural icon 5219: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Cultural bias 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Cultural area 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Acculturation 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Super culture 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5015:Legal culture 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4964:Sound culture 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Individualism 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4535:Herd behavior 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4490:Control freak 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437:Socialization 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353:Peer pressure 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4333:Normalization 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Culture shock 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4114:Deplatforming 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3997: 3993: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3251: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669:(1): 99–104. 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2119: 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