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554:
578:
224:
414:
398:
368:
34:
20:
188:
491:
by adding a brace consisting of a fibre or leather strap between the low end of the pole and the body. The brace was later made out of wood and became important, not only on bow ards but also body ards. Today, a wooden brace between the draft-pole and upper stilt is a particular feature of body ards in Syria, central
133:. Cross-ploughing is often necessary to break the soil up better, where the soil is tilled twice at right angles to the original direction (lengthwise and across). This usually results in square or diamond-shaped fields and is effective at clearing annual weeds. The ard's shallow furrows are ideal for most
490:
The first bow ards were likely adapted from hoes and like instruments and therefore suffered from poor balance due to their narrow bodies with only one point in the soil. This restricted their use to obstacle-free soils such as along irrigated canals. The stress between body and pole was neutralized
750:
A valuable reference book is Ard og Plov I Nordens Oldtid (with an extensive
English summary)published by the Jutland Archeological Society of Aarhus University in 1951. The book is illustrated including maps showing the archaeological sites in Northern Europe that have provided evidence of the use
314:, Spain) for better mixing of soil and cutting of weeds. It had a short portion of the body which was first made to slide on the furrow bottom and gradually developed into a horizontal body. The body ard dominates in Portugal, western Spain, the Balkans,
475: BC both in Assyria and 3rd-dynasty Egypt. In Europe, the earliest known wooden ard (at Lavagone in Italy) dates from around 2300-2000 BC, but the earliest scratch marks date from 3500-3000 BC. All of these were bow ards, also depicted in the
461:. It probably spread with animal traction in general across the cereal-growing cultures of the Neolithic Old World. Its exact point of origin is unknown, but it spread quickly throughout West Asia, South Asia and Europe in the late Neolithic and early
565:
534:, but then underwent radical changes. A long-pole body ard with a knee-like brace is still found in some parts of China. In some parts of Europe with moist soils, the body ard's path was cleared by a
67:. It is symmetrical on either side of its line of draft and is fitted with a symmetrical share that traces a shallow furrow but does not invert the soil. It began to be replaced in China by the heavy
553:
302:. The more widespread body ard, sturdier and heavier for deeper tillage (in soils with enough moisture), usually has a socket share which is sometimes laterally extended or has serrated wings (
248:), made of a bow-shaped draft-pole (or beam) originally pierced by a spear-like head (stilt & share), later developing a composite body with a separate head and stilt inserted in the pole;
258:
The bow ard is the weaker, narrower, and probably earlier of the two. It is used for shallow tillage, normally with a tang share, in dry, stony soils. It is restricted mainly to the
105:, and the share may be made of stone or iron. Some have a cross-bar for handles or two separate stilts for handles (two-handled ard). The share comes in two basic forms: a
113:
fitted into a groove where it is held with a clamp on the wooden head. Additionally, a slender protruding chisel (foreshare) can be fitted over the top of the mainshare.
790:
352:, being single-handled and consisting of a flat sole (or slade) into which were set the draft-pole and stilt, meaning there were three separate pieces. Their use in
2548:
2289:
1885:
364:
was favored, consisting of a stilt inserted into a pole with a crook-shaft, i.e., the pole had a curved shape and had a natural crook tip that served as a share.
2504:
2013:
2336:
1787:
101:(cutting blade) which gouges the surface ground. More sophisticated models have a composite pole, where the section attached to the head is called the
542:-like implement used to reach greater depth. In Spain and Portugal this remains a separate tool, but elsewhere it was the precursor to the coulter.
577:
2650:
523:. Today, the bow ard is confined to minority tribes and mountainous regions, but in earlier times was widely disseminated until ousted by the
783:
125:), leaving intervening strips undisturbed. The ard is not suited for clearing new land, so grass and undergrowth are usually removed with
121:
Rather than cutting and turning the soil to produce ridged furrows, the ard breaks up a narrow strip of soil and cuts a shallow furrow (or
1914:
820:
705:
137:, and if the seed is sown broadcast, the ard can be used to cover the seed in rows. In fact, the ard may have been invented in the
2008:
2660:
2533:
1924:
962:
776:
2146:
1676:
936:
353:
2141:
1681:
1154:
1107:
223:
1004:
2409:
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153:, or in mountain fields where the soil is thin, and can be safely used in areas where deep ploughing would turn up
379:
has a horizontal sole body holding the beam and stilt which cross each other, forming a triangle at the base. The
341:
The bow ard favored the development of a long horizontal sole body (slade) sliding on the ground. This led to the
2645:
2121:
2030:
208:, or sod buster, which has a hooked share that gouges deeper into the soil and more effectively clears virgin or
2655:
2404:
1496:
1041:
760:
413:
93:) which is dragged through the soil by draft animals and very rarely by people. The ard-head is at one end a
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1603:
1370:
1189:
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854:
397:
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881:
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2158:
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2020:
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254:, where the draft-pole is inserted into the thicker upward-inclined head which tapers into a handle.
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2074:
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1355:
1085:
1051:
383:
has a horizontal sole body connected to a straight, nearly parallel beam by a stilt and a brace.
375:
Later variations of the sole ard come in two types: the triangular and quadrangular ards. The
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173:
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2069:
1964:
1934:
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1445:
1328:
899:
601:
39:
468:
Evidence appears in the Near East in the 6th millennium BC. Iron versions appeared
145:
seed drills were used together with ards. The ard is most useful on light soils such as
2582:
2509:
2331:
2296:
2227:
2116:
1988:
1696:
1281:
1271:
1073:
717:
Paul
Halstead, "Plough and Pastoralism: Aspects of the Secondary Products Revolution",
367:
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989:
921:
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584:
476:
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335:
259:
212:
land. The two were in early times used in conjunction with each other. Third is the
85:(either composite or a single piece) pierced with a nearly vertical, wooden, spiked
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2324:
2279:
2151:
2079:
2003:
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994:
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1009:
977:
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842:
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763:
507:). The bow ard arrived in China as early as 3000 BC, possibly along with
484:
434:
418:
346:
158:
126:
78:
71:
64:
220:, which added a funnel for dropping seed in the furrows as the ard cut them.
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496:
450:
319:
138:
33:
200:
Ards come in a number of varieties. Based on use, there are two kinds: the
19:
2252:
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1993:
1733:
1728:
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1333:
1296:
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2314:
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1112:
1031:
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972:
524:
446:
307:
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283:
267:
162:
154:
130:
68:
187:
2382:
2059:
1919:
1897:
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1021:
999:
967:
941:
512:
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426:
357:
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275:
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209:
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134:
60:
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32:
18:
237:
The earliest and most basic tilth ards are the two-piece models:
2394:
2355:
2035:
1835:
1691:
1621:
1541:
1413:
926:
516:
492:
291:
191:
Church of Santa MarĂa la Real de Nieva, Segovia province, Spain.
150:
146:
74:
in the 1st century, and in most of Europe from the 7th century.
25:
1962:
1601:
867:
772:
483:, Sweden, Copper Age stelae of Valcamonica (3000-2200 BC) and
1998:
1706:
1472:
1430:
530:
The body ard made its way east as far as northwest China via
169:
141:
to cover seed rather than till. That would explain why in
38:
Score marks (ard marks) from a rip ard on a boulder in a
674:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 126-128.
734:, s.v. "Plough" (London: Fitzroy-Dearborn, 1997), 435.
719:
Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke
28:, (2) draft-pole, (3) draft-beam, (4) stilt, (5) share
2492:
2305:
2132:
1979:
1844:
1808:
1657:
1614:
1404:
1235:
1208:
1133:
1050:
955:
880:
683:André-G. Haudricourt & Jean Brunhes-Delamarre,
661:, vol. 6, part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, pg. 138.
610:, a modern type of non-moldboard, non-turnover plow
571:
Ploughing of paddy field with an ard pulled by oxen
559:
Ploughing of paddy field with an ard pulled by oxen
655:Biology and Biological Technology - Agriculture
204:, for cutting furrows in cleared land, and the
109:slipped over the nose of the ard-head; and the
784:
8:
1976:
1959:
1611:
1598:
1056:
877:
864:
791:
777:
769:
698:Ancient Greek Agriculture: An Introduction
672:Agricultural Implements of the Roman World
527:turnplough beginning around AD 100.
97:(handle) for steering and at the other a
685:L'homme et la charrue Ă travers le monde
445:) it makes can be seen cutting into the
360:. In northern Europe the single-handled
16:Simple light plough without a mouldboard
620:
549:
732:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
730:J.P. Mallory & D.Q. Adams, eds.,
721:(Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981), 267.
696:Signe Isager and Jens E. Skydsgaard,
7:
77:In its simplest form it resembles a
670:See the discussion in K. D. White,
449:. The ard first appears in the mid-
441:where the long, shallow scratches (
14:
1915:Megalithic architectural elements
751:of the ard in prehistoric times.
659:Science and Civilization in China
576:
564:
552:
2534:Evolutionary origin of religion
453:and is closely related to the
1:
2651:Archaeological artefact types
2147:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1677:British megalith architecture
469:
417:Single-handled ox-drawn ard;
2142:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1682:Nordic megalith architecture
24:Single-handled bow ard: (1)
2682:
2290:British Isles and Brittany
2211:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
390:
1975:
1958:
1610:
1597:
1059:
876:
863:
806:
687:, Paris: Gallimard, 1955.
354:Ancient Greek agriculture
2522:Evolutionary musicology
1925:Oldest extant buildings
1852:Archaeological features
1371:Prepared-core technique
653:Francesca Bray (1984),
604:– stones with ard marks
433:Evidence of its use in
216:, used specifically in
2661:History of agriculture
2484:Unchambered long cairn
2332:Mound Builders culture
1665:Neolithic architecture
800:Prehistoric technology
437:is sometimes found at
430:
410:
372:
234:
192:
44:
30:
2159:List of Stone Age art
1361:Microblade technology
1309:Langdale axe industry
907:Ard / plough
416:
400:
370:
226:
190:
184:, or other animals.
168:Ards may be drawn by
36:
22:
2566:Prehistoric medicine
2561:Prehistoric counting
2544:Prehistoric religion
2539:Paleolithic religion
2517:Behavioral modernity
1874:Causewayed enclosure
1766:Abri de la Madeleine
890:Neolithic Revolution
439:archaeological sites
345:, first attested in
2605:Prehistoric warfare
1351:Magdalenian culture
1314:Levallois technique
1245:Earliest toolmaking
700:, Routledge, 1995 (
657:in Joseph Needham,
2556:Origin of language
2549:Spiritual drug use
2459:Rectangular dolmen
2361:Dartmoor kistvaens
2174:Carved stone balls
1886:Circular enclosure
1845:Other architecture
1788:Alp pile dwellings
1376:Solutrean industry
1287:Gravettian culture
937:Secondary products
640:American English:
627:American English:
521:Lungshanoid period
431:
411:
373:
235:
193:
81:, consisting of a
59:is a simple light
45:
31:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2578:Prehistoric music
2527:music archaeology
2184:Cup and ring mark
2009:Clothing/textiles
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1396:Yubetsu technique
1381:Striking platform
1346:Lithic technology
1231:
1230:
1216:Game drive system
1135:Projectile points
1027:Mortar and pestle
356:was described by
2673:
2646:Animal equipment
2593:Divje Babe flute
2500:Archaeoastronomy
2243:Petrosomatoglyph
1977:
1960:
1809:Water management
1612:
1599:
1502:Denticulate tool
1324:Lithic reduction
1057:
878:
865:
793:
786:
779:
770:
744:
741:
735:
728:
722:
715:
709:
694:
688:
681:
675:
668:
662:
651:
645:
638:
632:
625:
580:
568:
556:
474:
471:
381:quadrangular ard
371:Quadrangular ard
227:Basic ard types:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2656:Gardening tools
2636:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2488:
2474:Stone box grave
2444:Megalithic tomb
2349:Cotswold-Severn
2301:
2206:Guardian stones
2134:Prehistoric art
2128:
1971:
1946:
1935:Timber trackway
1840:
1804:
1800:Wattle and daub
1653:
1632:Standing stones
1606:
1585:
1400:
1227:
1204:
1129:
1046:
956:Food processing
951:
900:New World crops
872:
859:
802:
797:
757:
748:
747:
742:
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729:
725:
716:
712:
695:
691:
682:
678:
669:
665:
652:
648:
639:
635:
626:
622:
617:
602:Clearance cairn
598:
591:
581:
572:
569:
560:
557:
548:
472:
405:, with braces,
395:
389:
232:
230:
228:
198:
157:or would cause
119:
43:
40:clearance cairn
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2679:
2677:
2669:
2668:
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2648:
2638:
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2627:
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2623:
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2620:
2619:
2618:
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2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Alligator drum
2575:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:lunar calendar
2507:
2496:
2494:
2493:Other cultural
2490:
2489:
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2471:
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2329:
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2300:
2299:
2297:Venus figurine
2294:
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2287:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
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2228:Megalithic art
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2179:Cave paintings
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2138:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1981:Material goods
1973:
1972:
1963:
1956:
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1952:
1951:
1948:
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1932:
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1697:Cliff dwelling
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1311:
1306:
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1294:
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1282:Fire hardening
1279:
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1272:Clovis culture
1269:
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1257:
1252:
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1239:
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1226:
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1197:
1195:Manis Mastodon
1192:
1187:
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1177:
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1074:throwing stick
1066:
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466:
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455:domestication
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260:Mediterranean
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174:water buffalo
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41:
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21:
2410:wedge-shaped
2395:Funeral pyre
2388:Great dolmen
2344:Chamber tomb
2325:Round barrow
2280:Stone circle
2152:Blombos Cave
2080:Grooved ware
2004:Chalcolithic
1908:Thornborough
1826:Flush toilet
1761:Blombos Cave
1756:Rock shelter
1712:Quiggly hole
1604:Architecture
1579:illustration
1221:Buffalo jump
1042:Storage pits
1005:Aşıklı Höyük
995:Ground stone
906:
831:Subdivisions
761:Ard marks in
749:
739:
731:
726:
718:
713:
697:
692:
684:
679:
671:
666:
658:
654:
649:
642:scratch plow
641:
636:
628:
623:
535:
529:
489:
467:
463:Chalcolithic
442:
432:
406:
402:
393:Walle Plough
380:
376:
374:
361:
342:
340:
257:
251:
245:
241:
236:
233:3 - sole ard
231:2 - body ard
213:
205:
201:
199:
167:
120:
110:
107:socket share
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
56:
52:
48:
46:
2432:unchambered
2427:Long barrow
2417:Grave goods
2373:Court cairn
2368:Clava cairn
2320:Bowl barrow
2258:Rock cupule
2201:Golden hats
2194:Hill figure
2095:Unstan ware
2075:Cord-marked
1940:Sweet Track
1862:Burnt mound
1783:Stilt house
1771:Sibudu Cave
1564:Tally stick
1532:Quern-stone
1517:Hammerstone
1507:Fire plough
1478:Pesse canoe
1436:Bannerstone
1406:Other tools
1319:Lithic core
1267:Aurignacian
1155:Bare Island
1037:Quern-stone
608:Chisel plow
519:during the
473: 2300
229:1 - bow ard
218:Mesopotamia
143:Mesopotamia
2640:Categories
2571:trepanning
2464:Ring cairn
2422:Jar burial
2405:transepted
2337:U.S. sites
2238:Petroglyph
2164:Bird stone
2122:wine press
1795:Stone roof
1778:Roundhouse
1670:long house
1647:Stonehenge
1615:Ceremonial
1559:Stone tool
1386:Tool stone
1356:Metallurgy
1260:Mousterian
1237:Toolmaking
1175:Cumberland
1148:Transverse
1118:Schöningen
1010:Qesem cave
978:Earth oven
932:Irrigation
843:Technology
811:Prehistory
764:South Uist
615:References
487:, France.
485:Fontanalba
435:prehistory
419:Bronze Age
409:. 1300 BC.
391:See also:
347:Bronze Age
159:salination
111:tang share
103:draft-beam
83:draft-pole
72:turnplough
65:mouldboard
63:without a
53:ard plough
2615:symbolism
2479:Tor cairn
2437:Grønsalen
2378:Cremation
2270:Sculpture
2248:Pictogram
2233:Petroform
2053:amber use
2021:Cosmetics
1831:Reservoir
1816:Check dam
1746:Pueblitos
1741:Pit-house
1724:Longhouse
1658:Dwellings
1527:Microlith
1458:Bow drill
1453:Bone tool
1446:prismatic
1255:Acheulean
1170:Cresswell
1143:Arrowhead
1069:Boomerang
985:Granaries
947:Terracing
826:Stone Age
497:Turkestan
451:Neolithic
443:ard marks
362:crook ard
320:Sri Lanka
202:tilth ard
139:Near East
2253:Rock art
2216:painting
2189:Geoglyph
2014:timeline
1994:Beadwork
1734:Mehrgarh
1729:Mudbrick
1637:megalith
1512:Fire-saw
1334:debitage
1329:analysis
1297:Hand axe
1277:Cupstone
855:Glossary
816:Timeline
629:ard plow
596:See also
589:Ethiopia
532:Xinjiang
481:Bohuslän
423:Bohuslän
343:sole ard
328:Thailand
324:Malaysia
312:Portugal
288:Ethiopia
252:body ard
246:beam ard
131:mattocks
2666:Ploughs
2610:Symbols
2221:pigment
2107:Weaving
2070:Cardium
2065:Pottery
2060:Mirrors
2048:Jewelry
1989:Baskets
1969:culture
1821:Cistern
1627:Pyramid
1569:Weapons
1547:Scraper
1537:Racloir
1497:Cleaver
1485:Chopper
1391:Uniface
1302:Grooves
1292:Hafting
1250:Oldowan
1209:Systems
1160:Cascade
1123:woomera
1113:harpoon
1086:history
1052:Hunting
1032:Pottery
973:Cooking
882:Farming
848:history
821:Outline
546:Gallery
540:coulter
525:carruca
447:subsoil
387:History
308:Morocco
304:Balkans
300:Sumatra
284:Lebanon
268:Tunisia
242:bow ard
206:rip ard
178:donkeys
163:erosion
155:hardpan
135:cereals
69:carruca
2588:flutes
2383:Dolmen
2307:Burial
2117:winery
2090:Linear
1920:Midden
1898:Cursus
1891:Goseck
1751:Pueblo
1702:Dugout
1687:Burdei
1366:Mining
1190:Lamoka
1185:Folsom
1165:Clovis
1022:Metate
1000:Hearth
968:Basket
942:Sickle
708:) p.46
704:
585:Tigray
536:ristle
515:, and
513:barley
499:, and
459:cattle
427:Sweden
358:Hesiod
350:Cyprus
276:Turkey
272:Greece
210:fallow
182:camels
61:plough
2505:sites
2449:Mummy
2169:Cairn
2085:JĹŤmon
2036:shoes
2031:Hides
1903:Henge
1857:Broch
1719:Jacal
1574:Wheel
1522:Knife
1468:Canoe
1463:Burin
1441:Blade
1339:flake
1200:Plano
1108:baton
1098:Spear
1064:Arrow
1017:Manos
870:Tools
509:wheat
505:China
501:Gansu
332:Japan
316:India
296:India
280:Syria
264:Spain
196:Types
151:sands
147:loams
123:drill
99:share
95:stilt
91:stock
55:, or
2598:gudi
2356:Cist
2285:list
2112:Wine
2041:Ă–tzi
2026:Glue
1999:Beds
1967:and
1965:Arts
1836:Well
1692:Cave
1622:Kiva
1552:side
1542:Rope
1490:tool
1424:bone
1414:Adze
1180:Eden
1093:Nets
963:Fire
927:Goad
912:Celt
702:ISBN
538:, a
517:hemp
493:Iraq
298:and
292:Iran
244:(or
170:oxen
127:hoes
89:(or
87:head
47:The
26:yoke
1707:Hut
1642:row
1473:Oar
1431:Axe
1419:Awl
479:of
457:of
403:heb
286:),
161:or
149:or
129:or
117:Use
79:hoe
49:ard
2642::
587:,
511:,
495:,
470:c.
465:.
425:,
338:.
330:,
326:,
322:,
318:,
310:,
306:,
290:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
180:,
176:,
172:,
165:.
51:,
792:e
785:t
778:v
644:.
631:.
503:(
429:.
407:c
262:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
