1360:, the mayor of Susa, which is discovered there, and the picture of granting the medal to the governor of Elymais, discovered in Bardneshandeh, the Parthian emperor is granting the royal medal to local shahs; while in the mentioned picture of Papak and his son Shapur in Takht-e Jamshid, it is Papak who is granting the royal ring to Shapur wearing like priests. Lokonin believed that the carving of Papak granting the royal medal to his sone shows that the Sasanians took the power by force in Pars and wished to show their independence from the Parthian emperors; that was why Papak personally grants the royal medal to his son in the mentioned picture. Lokonin also believes that the religious clothes and medals of Papak on the pictures and cois of Shapur (his son), show the separation of religious and royal rule -at the time; Papak was the grand priest and his son Shapur was the land's shah. Daryaee believes that the picture shows multiple things; first that the House of Sasan had both the religious and irreligious powers together in Pars; second that the fire creed, related to Zoroastrianism, lived on before the rise of Ardashir; third that the carved picture of Shapur and Papak in Takht-e Jamshid shows the importance of the Achaemenid structure for the Sasanians.
1695:, who had minted coins in his own name between 221 and 222; and this shows that no powerful emperor controlled the Parthian Empire then. During the time that Artabanus was dealing with a more important challenge, he could not pay much attention to the rise of a newcomer in Pars. After a while, Papak died in an unknown date and Shapur ascended to the throne; afterward, the contest and fight started between the two brothers (Shapur and Ardashir), but Shapur died in an accidental way. According to sources, Shapur stopped at a ruin while assaulting Darabgard and a stone suddenly separated from the ceiling and hit his head and Shapur succumbed immediately. After the incident, the brothers relinquished the Persian throne and crown to Ardashir, who became the Persian Shah thereafter. Ardashir and his followers could be considered the main suspects of Shapur's mysterious death, since they "benefitted from the accidental death"; but the accusation is not provable.
2156:
1260:
1699:
and appointed Shapur instead of him. Ardashir refused to accept Shapur's appointment and removed his brother and whoever stood against him and then minted coins with his face drawn on them and Papak's behind them. Papak's picture on
Ardashir-Papak coins, wears a wig similar to those of local Persian shahs in contrast to his picture in Shapur-Papak coins. According to the descriptions given on Papak's pictures on the coins, it is probable that the determining role of Ardashir depicted in leading the rebellion against the central government is the product of later historical studies. It is probable that Papak had united most of Pars under his rule by the time; since his picture exists on Ardashir's coins too.
959:
1138:
2720:
1794:
2552:
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2101:) from Darabgard and raised his defense fortifications there in order to be able to attack his older brother just after the death of his father, Papak. "The first inscription of Ardashir's quest of the crown" in Firuzabad is probably the symbol of his rebellion against his father and brother. Papak probably died in about 211/212 and it is after that when his two sons (Shapur and Ardashir) minted coins titled "The Shah" and decorated them with the face of their recently deceased father (Papak) behind. The report of
419:, the local Persian shah, and appointed his son, Shapur, instead of him; Ardashir refused to accept Shapur's appointment and removed his brother and whosoever stood against him and then minted coins with his face drawn on and his father, Papak's behind. It is probable that the determining role that is stated about Ardashir in leading the rebellion against the central government is the product of the later historical studies. Papak had probably united most of Pars under his rule by then.
55:
2923:-priest in a way that he squeezes the hilt of his sword by one hand and manipulates the fire in the fireplace and adds woods by the other hand; and Shapur, son of Papak, squeezes his sword by one hand and takes a ring having a ribbon which is the royal symbol by the other hand on horseback. In his coins, Ardashir, who replaces his brother Shapur as the ruler of Pars in 220, wears the same crown as Shapur's, from the front however, and the picture of his father Papak is drawn behind.
2812:
2665:. The claim of his royal eligibility as a rightful newcomer from the line of mythical Iranian shahs and the propagations attributed to Ardashir against the eligibility and the role of the Parthians in the Iranian history sequence confirms the excellent place that the Achaemenid legacy had in the minds of the first Sasanian shahanshahs; though the consensus is that the Sasanians probably did not know much about the Achaemenids and the status. On the other hand,
3159:" was named "the largest enemies of Ardashir"; while the mentioned region was under the rule of Sasan Shah Andigan and is mentioned as one of the pro-Ardashir regions in the mentioned inscription. It can be deduced from the list that a same-story group had appeared supporting Ardashir that included the representatives of large Iranian houses like the Varazes, Surens and Karens in addition to the shahs of Andigan and Opernak and Merv and Sakastan. According to
2084:) has happened between the years 205 and 206; since the year is implied as "the year of the beginning of an era". The assumption that "the period between the years 205 and 206" is related to Papak's rebellion is very probable since "the period between the years 205 and 206" was never a basis in any of the future achieved histories from the Sasanians and usually every Sasanian emperor either based the calendar on the year of "his ascension" or based it on the
1962:, which became possible at the late Parthian era due to the weakness of the central government, was under the threat of the policies announced by the Sasanians. The foreign policy of the new Persian rulers was to proceed to the Occident and that was probably in order to divert the public attention from the internal problems of the land; that is while the procedure of the Parthians and the Romans in the final years was to leave everything be as they are.
1577:
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the attribution of these claims to
Ardashir after his lifetime seems more logical. According to these, it is undoubtedly true that Ardashir's grandiose views about policy and relations with the outside world had formed based on rebooting and repeating the Achaemenids' successes. However, the Sasanians' knowledge of the Achaemenids were superficial and vague information and did not have a regular and historical basis. About that,
3210:). That text was obviously written in order to arouse the Iranians national emotions; though these narratives have more actually the criteria of epic stories. But it reveals the psychological truth that the Iranians deeply had the feeling of possessing a national identity for several centuries and considered themselves separate from other peoples; and that is why the other lands that the Iranians conquered were never named "
1130:, as Sasan's origin. That was the only way for Ardashir to forge himself a double noble-religious lineage. It is not strange that Ardashir's religious lineage is emphasized in religious Sasanian statements and his noble lineage is emphasized in royal reports and then they are linked to religious statements about him. Anyway, whoever Sasan was and wherever he lived, he was not a native Persian and the eastern and western
1790:. The extended report of the Battle of Hormozdgan is probably made for the Sasanian's formal history. If the mentioned assumption is right, the writing may have been the main source of Al-Tabari's History. After Artabanus's death, Ardashir's quest for extending his kingdom did not end. In a procedure, the large landlord Parthian houses, either submitted to Ardashir (willingly or unwillingly) or were conquered by him.
1511:
Vologases) to give him his daughter for marriage, which
Artabanus did not accept and the war started in summer 216. According to that request of Caracalla from Artabanus, it is assumed that Aratabanus gained "the upper hand" in his internal contest with Vologases then, though Vologases' coins were minted until 221–222 in Seleucia. Although the exact path of the Romans' invasion is not known, they certainly conquered
2632:, still existed in Pars. The similarity of Ardashir I's coins with the remaining coins of local Persian shahs shows a Persian tradition and the adoring of local shahs toward it. On the coin of Hubarz, one of local Persian shahs, it is written: "Hubarz, a governor from the gods, son of a Persian". The importance of this writing is that it shows the title on Ardashir's coins "Worshiper of Mazda, Lord Ardashir, the
1335:. That shows those local shahs shared power with Seleucid satraps or each of them ruled part of Pars separately. Also in the Parthian era, the local Persian shahs were entitled to mint coins with their own names like some other semi-dependent shahs of the Parthian Empire. During the time, the Persian governors called themselves "Frataraka", which probably meant "governor" based on its synonym achieved from the
1683:
Daryaee believes that Papak was a local governor who dreamed of conquering
Istakhr and was eventually able to achieve it by the help of his older son Shapur; that means in contrast to Al-Tabari's report, it was not Ardashir's request and order that caused Papak's rebellion against Gochihr, governor of Istakhr, and it can be implied from the common coins of Papak and Shapur. Later, Papak wrote a letter to
512:
3282:
1526:, who showed his inclination towards peace with the Parthians by "putting the blame of starting the war on Caracalla" and "freeing Parthian prisoners"; but Artabanus demanded the Romans' "relinquishing of the whole Mesopotamia", "rebuilding the destroyed cities and fortresses" and "paying compensations for destroying the royal cemetery of Erbil", knowing of having the upper hand.
1810:
were either affiliated with the
Parthians or nursed by them. However, no change is seen in that hatred of the Parthians in the next generations of Sasanian emperors either. Therefore, it can be deduced that the Parthians enforced a more hard and tyrannical domination than presumed on their submitted shahs and that might have been the reason that facilitated Ardashir's conquest.
2948:
1495:. Knowledge about the civil war in the Parthian Empire might have encouraged "the idea of a military conquest" in Caracalla and stimulated him towards successes larger than those of his father's (Septimius Severus) in fighting the Parthians. At the time while Emperor Caracalla had already been formulating a plan to start a new war with the Parthians, he sent a request for
2783:" honored him. Kettenhofen, Robin and Heuse believe that the class of Greek-Roman sources that have reported the Sasanians' familiarity with the Achaemenids and their desire for return to and extension of the Achaemenid lands had propagative applications and should be interpreted in the frame of the Roman empire thoughts. But what is clear is Ardashir's and later his son
3344:, it still had an ideological importance to them. Therefore, it can be deduced from the similarity of Ardashir's coins with the late coins of local Persian governors there was a movement based on Persian traditions and the local Persian governors' adornment of it. However that does not necessarily mean that Ardashir was related to the local Persian shahs in all affairs.
2306:), wide lands ruled by noble landlords and local grandees also existed and the shahanshah did not have direct control over them and the taxes of those lands were paid to the royal treasury by indirect channels. That was why it became the internal goal and financial policy of Ardashir and his descendants to increase the number of royal districts and the regions attached (
2247:" and "tribal interests". Ardashir had realized that it would be impossible to pursue and finish the policy of attacking and attaching without permanentizing and consolidating power in his domain; and thus, he could alter the military balance in then status and the homeland structure only by removing the local governors and establishing a central power with an organized
1703:
830:
1978:, Ardashir's son and had him promise her marriage and then opened the gate of the city; then the Persians captured the city and destroyed it. After Shapur found out about the kindness and attention of the father towards his daughter on the wedding night, the former had her killed due to the daughter's inappreciation to that kind of father.
493:' collective memory continued and lived on in the various stages and different layers of the Iranian society until the modern period today. What is clear is that the concept of "Iran" previously had a religious and ethnic application and then ended up creating its political face and the concept of a geographical collection of lands.
1320:
lands slightly after the demise of
Alexander III. Even if the existence of the names of kings like Dara and Ardashir on the coins of local shahs of the land does not prove that a subsidiary house of the Achaemenids still ruled in Pars, it at least shows the continuance of some of Achaemenid traditions in that land.
2885:
has mentioned
Ardashir's preach to his son Shapur about the combination of religion and reign this way: "... Remember that religion and reign are bonding brothers and religion does not last without the throne; and reign does not remain without religion. Religion is the basis of reign and reign is the
2011:
When I became twenty-four years old; in the year that
Persian king, Dari-Ardashir opened the city Hatra, and in the year Shapur Shah, his son, put the largest crown in the month Famuthi, on the month day (8th day of Farmuthi), my god, who is the most blessed, made me proud by his generosity, summoned
1942:
In any case, "the first war test between the
Sasanians and Romans" ended without any positive result for the Romans; though Alexander held a celebration in Rome for his "victory" and the war has been viewed as a victory in some Roman writings due to preserving the past borders of the Roman empire and
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to the
Parthians and kept Armenia and Northern Mesopotamia. It was probably in about 220 that the local Persian governors (Ardashir I) started taking far and close lands. At the time, Artabanus did not pay much attention to his actions and decided to fight him when it had become too late. Eventually,
1232:
In sources, Ardashir's religious relations and his father being a cleric are mentioned; so it can be deduced that Ardashir had no connections with royal houses and was only a cleric's son who knew about religion, but was not a cleric himself; and that was how he, by his religious knowledge, found the
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The question whether those claims and schemes and avengings, in the same way as mentioned in the historical sources, were actually proposed by Ardashir himself or were later attributed to him as the founder of the empire has still remained without answer due to the lack of sufficient sources; though
2299:
era that were usually in western regions of the land and governed more of less extensive regions independently from the central government, came the "royal cities" in the early Sasanian era that were considered the garrison centers of the central government. Each of those regions were constructed to
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month Nisan in the year 551). Ardashir and Shapur's simultaneous reign lasted apparently until early 242. Therefore, it can be said that Shapur was probably crowned twice; once as a royal partner in 240 and later in 243 as lonely reign; however it is more likely that he was crowned only once in 240.
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The subsequent sources emphasized on the Sasanians' hatred of everything adapted from the Parthians. The existence of such a mentality in Ardashir is understandable; but even he was forced to establish his newborn government on Parthian foundations by the help of other remarkable Iranian houses, who
1529:
Macrinus refused the extensive demands of the Parthians and war was restarted and its peak was in a three-day battle in Nusaybin. Although there is controversy about the result of the battle in the views of the ancient world's historians, the aftermath of the battle was obviously Roman defeat. After
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Kingdom and then of Parthian Empire, and almost all the knowledge about the political status of Pars—before the rise of Ardashir, depends on the coins which were minted by the local semi-dependent kings; based on the existent information on the Persian coins, at least one local king ruled in Persian
1208:
There are opinions about the validity and authenticity of each of the mentioned narratives. Some have considered Al-Tabari's report suspicious since he presents an elaborate family tree of Ardashir that relates his generation to mythical and mighty ancient Iranian kings. Some consider the reports of
2231:
that had submitted to Ardashir's command and paid him taxes. Those local shahs were partly semi-dependent from the central government and the successions were inherited for them. However at the periods of the succeeding Sasanian shahanshahs, the independences of some of them were taken; for example
2096:
believes that the year 58 shows the beginning of the domination of the Sasanian dynasty over the Iranian lands. Besides, the date of altering the Persian coins along with which the names of previous governors were replaced with the Sasanian dynasty can be accepted to be 205–206. It is very probable
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that show Shapur's royal participation. The answer to the question if Shapur was crowned as a shah without a partner during Ardashir's life depends on the interpretation a special kind of coin. On those coins, the faces of Ardashir and Shapur are carved together. Adding Shapur to his royal position
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carved on Takht-e Jamshid, Papak, while dressed as a priest, squeezes the hilt of his sword by one hand and manipulates the fire of the hearth and adds more firewood to it by the other hand, with his son Shapur taking the royal ring from him. In other pictures of granting the royal medal during the
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legacy had in the minds of the first Sasanian shahanshahs; though the current belief is that the Sasanians did not know much about the Achaemenids and their status. On the other hand, some historians believe that the first Sasanian shahanshahs were familiar with the Achaemenids and their succeeding
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and from the line of gods. In Ardashir's subsequent coins, the dentate crown has replaced the traditional hat on his head; that change along with the addition of the phrase "...looks similar to the gods" (he is from the line of gods) claim Ardashir's divine place. That dentate crown looks like the
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should be looked at suspiciously; they consider this suspicious look at texts like Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan too. The suspicious look has been due to that most of the Iranian history sources were edited in the age of Khosrow I and by the royal writers and clerics in order to accommodate their
2774:
have also mentioned reports about "the Sasanians' desire to return to the magnificence and kingdom of the Achaemenids"; these reports of Roman historians show that the Romans had understood the goals of the Sasanian foreign policy well; though they did not have a decent understanding of the change
2067:
Therefor, history is designated with "three eras" in the inscription; "Azar Ardashir 40" means the 40th year in Ardashir's era and "Azar Shapur 24" means the 24th year in Shapur's era. 58 shows an era that has remained unknown. It has been deduced from the allusion that one of the mentioned events
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The murder of Severus Alexander by his soldiers and its aftermath which resulted in disturbances in Rome, motivated Ardashir to attack Rome again. In about the years 237–238, Ardashir took Nusaybin and Harran and attacked the city Dura; then he marched toward Hatra, which was a commercial city and
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era, Hatra had become semi-dependent due to the gradual deterioration of the central government. After that unsuccessful attempt of Ardashir's in the west, he started taking eastern lands and dominating large Parthian landlords, local noblemen and large Iranian houses and was successful. The exact
1710:
In the procedure of extending his domain and power, Ardashir made many Parthian-dependent local shahs and landlords follow him. In the first phase of rebellion, Ardashir challenged the Parthians' central power by actions like minting coins and constructing new cities. After all, a sight of victory
1698:
Papak's picture has been drawn on both Shapur's coins and later Ardashir's; in the picture of the Papak drawn on Shapur's coins, he wears a wig dissimilar to normal Parthian and local Persian shahs and only Shapur has worn a royal wig. According to royal reports, it was Papak who overthrew Gochihr
2787:'s claim of Roman lands. Daryee believes that the cause of Ardashir and Shapur's wars with Rome was to accommodate their territorial ideals with traditions; he believes that the Sasanians' claim of Asian lands as their fathers' legacy had a mythical basis and originated from the mythical story of
1228:
Due to the high number of reports about Ardashir's lineage, it is not easy to accept any; though it should not be ignored that most of the founders of dynasties claimed to be descendants of ancient kings in order to become legitimate. About that, Daryaee says: "If Ardashir had been evolved from a
3175:
In the narrative Iranian history, Ardashir is described as a heroic, bold, forethoughtful man with a high amount of fortitude and mood. According to those texts, he was a persistent man and had a chivalric behavior though he applied much violence and cruelty, and fought alongside his warriors in
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in front of his henchmen. Ardashir began the procedure of extending his reign by killing some local kings and taking their domains. According to Al-Tabari's report, Ardashir then asked Papak to stand against Gochihr and start a rebellion. Papak did it and rebelled against Gochihr and killed him.
2931:
became noticed and respected by Ardashir's uprising and the opponents were disturbed; but this narrative is the subject of controversy today. Although no remarkable authority of Zoroastrianism had a high rank in Ardashir's court, it seems that the first attempts to establish Zoroastrianism as a
2807:
to Tur and Rome to Salm and Iran, which is the best land in the world, to Iraj; the brothers become envious of the latter and the world goes under war. Thus, the Sasanians considered themselves Iraj's children and the Romans Salm's heirs by a mythical view. Daryee adds that only by that way the
1510:
It can be deduced from Caracalla's request from Vologases for returning the two fugitives that the Romans considered Vologases the actual Parthian power and great shah at the time. About one year later in 216, Caracalla made another excuse to attack Parthia; that time he demanded Artabanus (not
1455:
probably united most of Pars under his rule. Apparently a peace treaty was then formed between the two powers, though the ancient historians have had no mention of it. Until Vologases' death in 206 or 207 and also Severus's in 211, the Parthian-Roman relations were peaceful. After Vologases V's
1299:
picked themselves famous Achaemenid names like Dara (Darius) and Ardashir in order to preserve old traditions, that was almost the only remaining instance of the ancient magnificence and greatness. The local governors of Pars that considered themselves the rightful heirs of the Achaemenids, had
2251:
system. Although the Sasanian government did not have any difference from the final Parthian era on its first days, but as mentioned, one of the prominent features of the Sasanian era was an increasing inclination toward the concentration of power in Iran since the first days of the Sasanians'
3315:
The symbol behind the second group coins is a fireplace carving based on a design found in Persia and the phrase "Ardashir's fire" implies a royal fire that was ignited in the beginning of every shah's reign. The section of the supporting basis of the fireplace has some similarity to the
2289:). Those "royal cities" of the Sasanian era were the centers of military garrisons in newly taken lands and later became the centers of newfound official divisions and abodes of government agents. Therefore, the increase in the number of "royal cities" equaled with the growth of royal
1966:
the center of the traffic of commercial caravans. Hatra stood hard against the Persian siege and did not fall until April or September 240; it seems that Hatra was chosen as a point for pushing and operation against Roman Mesopotamia. The fall of Hatra might have been the cause of
1113:
about Sasan's Oriental lineage that might imply that his house had come from the Orient. After all and considering all the difficulties, it can be said that Ardashir claimed his lineage to be belonging to gods and the Sasanians may have raised Sasan's rank to a god's. The primary
2710:
land". In Ardashir's period, the title "Iran" was applied to the geography under Sasanian rule. The thought of "Iran" was accepted by both Zoroastrian and non-Zoroastrian societies in the whole empire and the collective memory of the Iranians has continued and survived until the
2775:
and transformation in the royal Iranian continuum. The place of Alexander, who was known as a nemesis of Iran, in the thought of the Sasanians' desire for return at the time was simultaneous and aligned with the idea of "following and honoring Alexander" in the Roman emperors;
1938:
by one military column and the south by two columns. Although there is no accurate information about the details of the events, it is known that the Romans achieved some victories in the north (Armenia); but the troops sent to Southern Mesopotamia did not achieve anything.
2252:
uprising. In the Sasanian dawn, Iran included a union of kingdoms and noble landlords (liegemen), each of which possessed a various degree of independence from the central government and were economically connected to it by different channels. In other words, a type of
3027:
Remember that religion and reign are two brothers that one can not exist without the other; because religion is the basis of reign and reign is the supporter of religion. Whatsoever does not stand on a basis will be doomed and whatever does not have a supporter will
1196:
league. Shakki's reasoning is based on the current norm in marital customs that the children resulting from a woman's marriage with a second spouse (after divorcing her first spouse) will belong to the first spouse. In the three-language inscription of Shapur I's on
388:, Pars. Al-Tabari adds that Ardashir was sent to the lord of Fort Darabgard when he was seven years old. After the lord's death, Ardashir succeeded him and became the commander of Fort Darabgard. Al-Tabari continues that afterward, Papak overthrew the local Persian
1339:
documents of the Achaemenid era. Afterwards, the titles of local governors altered and they named themselves "Shahs". There have been royal crowns and symbols, temple pictures, fireboxes with aflame fires, and symbols of the moon, stars and the portrait of
2673:
deliberately. About that, Daryee adds that the Sasanians knowingly ignored the Achaemenids in order to be able to attribute their origins to the Kayanians; and that is why they applied the holy historiography. In that method, the social familiarity and
1973:
In the mythical-national Persian history, the Battle of Hatra and the incident of its fall is accompanied with a romantic story. According to the story, at the time of the Persian attack on Hatra, the daughter of the city's king had fallen in love with
2592:
were known as "Frataraka", meaning mayors or governors. They carved the title "Lord of the Gods" (Ferehtorkeh of Baghs) on their coins; this carving was the subject of important studies. Panaino believes that by the phrase "gods" (baghs), deities like
400:, instead of him. According to Al-Tabari's report, Shapur and his father, Papak, suddenly died and Ardashir became the ruler of Pars. Tension rose between Ardashir and the Parthian empire and eventually on April 28, 224, Ardashir faced the army of
2657:
on urban Iranians; the second faction, which was more original and nationally authentic than the first faction, looked at the Parthians with a grudge, considered them usurpers who had violated their right and Pars was the head of those regions.
3782:
style and two axes divide the perpendicular intersection of the city to four sectors with four main gates of Mehr, Bahram, Hormoz and Ardashir that each is divided to five smaller sections that are connected to each other by ring-like streets.
2539:" and "Ostabad", one in Bahrain titled "Pasa-Ardashir" and one close to today Mosul titled "Nud-Ardashir". However, attribution of the dates of constructions of all these cities to Ardashir's royal era is doubted. For example, it is known that
3332:'s period. However, in the final years, Ardashir's main crown was from a type in which a part of the hair was decorated in a globe above the head; the globe and the lid were covered with a thin silky net and some bands were hanging behind it.
1424:), disobeyed to accompany Vologases to invade the East to suppress the rebellion. The noncompliance and also Narses's friendly relations with Rome caused Vologases to attack Adiabene, to destroy multiple cities there and to also kill Narses.
1416:'s rebellion; during Severus's return from Mesopotamia, the Parthian Empire was in disarray. In 197, Severus initiated hostilities with the Parthians. Meanwhile, Vologases suppressed a rebellion in the east of the Empire. Narses, governor of
2910:
throne. Papak's religious credit might have helped him in taking the power from Gochihr, then Persian governor who had no interest in following the religion of fire. In a scratched picture, Papak and his son Shapur are shown on a wall in
2715:
today in different stages and various layers of the Iranian society. What is clear is that the concept "Iran" has had a religious application too and has later ended in the formation of its political face meaning a collection of lands.
2648:
on the coins of local shahs of the land, if it is not assumed that a subsidiary house of the Achaemenids still ruled in Pars, it at least testifies for the continuation of a part of the Achaemenid traditions. After all, the rise of the
1237:, something a Persian nobleman did not need and only a newcomer had to claim to be from the line of gods. It should be mentioned that it was not precedent to Ardashir to take a royal ring from Ahura Mazda, and it is not seen even in
2579:
could be permanent memorials of the previous magnificence of Pars; though the knowledge about the existence of a great empire was almost forgotten. According to the information from the coins of local Persian governors before the
2182:" himself and constantly attempted to increase his power; and on the other hand was the liegemen and grand landlords who prevented the centralization of power by the shahanshah and sometimes increased their own powers against the
3046:, especially in the beginning of his reign, tried to limit the Jews' autonomy and deprive them of their independent judiciary and legal rights. The purpose of those actions might have been to extend the Zoroastrian society. The
2105:
also confirms that Ardashir was crowned as a local shah in 211/212. The events of 211/212, which contain the defeat of Shapur (Ardashir's brother) and his probable murder, might be related to Ardashir's second inscription on
2114:, Ardashir the Persian Shah" on some second group of coins of Ardashir's might have been after his conquest of Istakhr and taking control of Pars. Ardashir's conquest of Pars and taking the adjacent lands was a threat for
470:
are visualized under the hooves of the horses of Ardashir and Ahura Mazda. It can be deduced from the picture that Ardashir assumed or wished for others to assume that his rule over the land that was called "Iran" in the
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proofs that Sasan would have a great son; thus Papak allowed Sasan to sleep with the former's wife and the result was Ardashir. Shakki considered Agathias's narrative a useless and vulgar story by the familiar Sergeus,
2846:, the ancestor of the Sasanian house, with Darius's descendants on one hand and the local Persian kings on the other hand; though in the fifth century, the Sasanians attributed their lineage to the mythical kings of
3246:
samples and a new historic frame is seen in them. His first three petroglyphs have various styles, but do not show a clear evolutionary procedure. Only the fourth petroglyph, the picture of Ardashir's coronation in
1396:'s History, the Parthian emperor only managed to request his local following governors to send troops to aid Niger, as Vologases V did not possess a great army. Eventually in 194, Severus won the quest for power in
2808:
Sasanians' territorial claims, which are mentioned in Cassius Dio and Herodian's works, can be understood. He believes that the Sasanians' territorial claims were basically different from those of the Achaemenids.
3335:
Based on a research by Callieri, most of the symbols of the Frataraka's coins like the flag, the memorial building and the appearing posture of the person standing opposite to it are derived from the Achaemenids.
430:. The claim of the legitimacy of his reign as a rightful newcomer from the line of the mythical Iranian shahs and the propagations attributed to Ardashir against the legitimacy and role of the Parthians in the
2979:
in Naqsh-e Rustam and it is not known whether Ahura Mazda's crown is adapted from Ardashir's or vice versa. His beliefs are revealed behind his coins by visualizing the fire temple. His projecting pictures in
3631:) constructing cities (Bana-ol Modon), his strategy for noble houses (Tadbirohu fi Ahl-e Boyutat-el Sharaf), complaint (Mazalem) and development of lands (Tadbirohu Emarat-al Arzain) are discussed in it. The
1304:
during the four and a half century of the latters' reign and always waited for a chance to retake their old glory. They considered the Parthians primordial usurpers who had taken the formers' right by force.
3188:
rule occurred by adding some matters to the real trend of the events of the era later and at the end of their reign and it probably had a political reason to mention those matters in official writings.
2193:
high class). In Ardashir's period, though the centralization had begun and the number of local shahs had decreased sharply, his reign stood on the same bases which the Parthian empire was on after all.
3120:, Ardashir's sister and wife are mentioned. Then, the names of "Ardashir Bidakhsh" and "Papak Hazarbed" and the five members of the great houses, called "Dihin" from the House of Veraz, Sasan from the
2097:
that Papak took the royal throne of Istakhr between the years 205/206 and 211/212 and appointed his son Shapur for it; then in an insurgent action, Ardashir moved to Gur (Ardashir-Khwarrah or current
1515:, center of Adiabene; apparently the Parthians avoided a large confrontation; but they applied an offensive policy toward Mesopotamia in early 217. That was the time Caracalla, who was heading to
2698:
are visualized under the nails of Ardashir and Mazda's horses. It can be deduced from the picture that Ardashir believed or wanted others to believe that his reign over the land that is called "
2613:
believes that "gods" indicates Achaemenid shahs and not "the deities they supported". He adds that the "gods" (baghs) mentioned on the coins were the Achaemenid shahs that were worshiped by the
1999:
was probably Ardashir's plan to solve the succession problem without any troubles; the reason was that Ardashir had other sons and feared that they might have craved the throne like himself.
2531:, Ardashir I founded eight cities, three of which were in Pars, titled "Ardashir-Khwarrah", "Ram-Ardashir" and "Riv-Ardashir"; one was in Khuzestan titled "Hormozd-Ardashir", two cities in
665:
translation of the book was Seir-ol Moluk-el Ajam and the Persian version was Shahnameh. Today, none of the direct translations of Khwaday-Namag or its original Persian text are available.
1624:
in Pars, to send Ardashir to Tiri, commander of Fort Darabgard, for raising, which Gochihr did. After Tiri's death, Ardashir took over for him and became the commander of Fort Darabgard.
2318:) with direct taxes to the royal treasury and the lands ruled by grandees and noble landlords with indirect taxes to the royal treasury continued until the fiscal reforms at the time of
1687:
and requested permission to appoint Shapur instead of the "overthrown" Gochihr in power; in response, Artabanus announced Papak and Ardashir outlaws. Although Artabanus had defeated the
1503:
named Antiochus and an unknown man called Tiridates, to Vologases searching for an excuse to start a war in 214 or early 215; Vologases returned the two fugitives; but Caracalla invaded
1711:
was not imaginable for Ardashir without a public dissatisfaction and interest in rebellion against the Parthians. For example, according to sources, the governor of a land northeast of
1427:
Vologases later proceeded towards Nusaybin and laid siege to it, but aborted it due to Roman reinforcements and failed to capture the city. Afterwards, Severus started marching toward
2130:". Ardashir carved a memorial inscription for victory in the Battle of Hormozdgan near the city Gur. The signs of these events (the period between taking Istakhr until conquering
3073:
3067:
2283:
that "altering the names", renovating or rebuilding of new cities were done in regions that had been conquered by Sasanian troops and were considered part of the royal property (
2199:
623:
3747:
of the Sasanian era. Of the works of Ardashir-Khwarrah, the building of Tarbal (Menar) Kiakhoreh beside the building of Chaharotag (The Gur fire temple), Ardashir's palace, the
1464:. In about 213, Artabanus launched a rebellion against his brother Vologases and took the rule of a large part of the Parthian Empire; it can be deduced from the coins found in
3797:
3657:
or not. Grinaski believes that an Arabic-writing author had assembled it from different places. In order to prove his opinion, he mentions evidence that shows the influence of
1954:
Although no peace treaty was signed, the eastern Roman borders were not attacked by the Sasanians in the next years. It might have been more important for the Romans to attach
3699:), the entrance hall and supporting halls of the palace were covered with wheel domes. The outside walls did not have windows, but did contain prominent and dome-like columns.
3004:
religious texts was another way for Ardashir to gain legitimacy. A special fire temple called "Ardashir's Fire" was founded in the beginning of his reign that is named in his
1627:
According to the current sources, Papak was the priest of the Fire Temple of Anahita. He managed to assemble local Persian warriors who believed in the deity. At the time,
2617:
after death. This is probably why the fact that "bagh" is translated as "god" on the coins of Ardashir and other succeeding shahs today is originated from Greek concepts.
1866:
extent and limits of Ardashir's ruled domain can not be determined correctly. Ardashir's domain in the west was probably extended to the traditional borders between the
1229:
noble house, he would have insisted on a report; while various stories show that he intended to gain legitimacy from all Iranian traditions and perhaps foreign tribes."
3464:
The text that is written in a series belonging to the Kuperolo Library (No. 1608) and was probably rewritten from a sixth-century version in the early eleventh century.
1731:, aided Ardashir in his rebellion against the Parthians. In order to consolidate his power, Ardashir killed some of the important figures in Darabgard; then he invaded
1050:
intends to say that according to that line in the text, it can be deduced that Ardashir has claimed his lineage to whoever he could. Relating Ardashir to the legendary
1217:
more justifiable, since Ardashir being Sasan's son and his adoption by Papak aligns with Zoroastrian norms and customs. However, some have questioned the reports of
1782:
on April 28, 224, Artabanus was killed by Ardashir and the Parthian dynasty was overthrown with his death. The year of the occurrence of the battle is confirmed by
5951:
2300:
center a rural district under the rule of a "Shahrab" and the taxes of those regions were sent directly to the empire. On the other hand, beside the royal fields (
817:
is an epic story about Ardashir I and the procedure of his ascension to the throne of Iran. The text was written in about 600 AD and in the end of Sasanian era in
657:
court that have utilized the recorded diaries in the official calendars of the court as references. Khwaday-Namag was prepared at the ends of the Sassanian era in
1674:, far from the fortress of local Persian shahs in Istakhr and farther from the Parthian Empire. The beginning of Ardashir's uprising may be related to his first
3792:
1483:, the control of the region is considered to have been Artabanus's. Elsewhere, Vologases VI's coins found in Seleucia show his control over the land. In Rome,
1312:
and Persepolis could be permanent memorials of the past magnificence of Pars; though the knowledge about the existence of a large empire was almost forgotten.
3774:
The structure of the town is inspired by the architectural method of Darabgard and contains circular walls that surround an area with a diameter of about two
3312:, with the phrases "Shapur the Iranian shah who has his face from the gods" and "Ardashir's fire". The firebox of the fire temple is carved behind the coins.
2678:
did not matter and the court propagated its custom history by the help of the religious system. In order to remark his victories, Ardashir carved pictures in
2189:
At first, the Sasanian policies were formed based on the relations between the shah, the royal family and the noble landlords (including members of the old
1451:
with heavy casualties. It must have been that "highly disruptive period of Vologases V's reign" and the raid and destruction of Mesopotamia by Severus when
1089:
or other ancient Iranian texts. Martin Schwartz has recently shown that the deity shown on the potterywares is not related to Sasan, but shows Ssn, an old
2858:
and Daryee believe that the section of the Arabic-Persian sources (like Al-Tabari) that contain the Sasanian history since the beginning until the age of
2123:
1487:
rose to power after the death of Septimius Severus, his father. Although the information about the contest between Artabanus and Vologases is trace, the
101:
2661:
Ardashir had a remarkable role in developing the royal ideology. He tried to announce himself as a Mazda worshiper connected to god and owner of divine
882:
is one of the helpful Persian references about Sasanian history that presents valuable information about the status and the rankings of grand appointed
1259:
754:, a famous historian of the fifth century AD has stated a story about Ardashir I that is relatively similar to the adapted story from the biography of
5704:
5192:
2243:
The structure of the central Parthian government depended on "local noblemen" and "clan grandees" and included local autonomous governments based on "
3000:"fortuna". Ardashir's khvarenah status shows the legitimacy of his reign. Founding the fire temples and giving budget to them along with considering
3715:: Jur) that were constructed by Ardashir. The name means "Ardashir's magnificence". The town was probably constructed after Ardashir's victory over
2155:
3128:
along with "Abarsam-e Farardashir", who was probably the senior advisor are mentioned. Afterward, the names of fifteen remarkable characters like "
1491:
sources say that Caracalla gave special attention to the internal contest of Parthians and reported the disruption of the Parthians' status to the
1054:
with the nickname Kay beside connecting himself to Sasan, who has been a guardian and mysterious deity and also to Dara, which is a combination of
622:
written in multiple languages and scripts. Examples of text remnants related to Ardashir I include his short inscription in Nagsh-e Rajab and also
5152:
1188:
had induced that nonsense to Agathias. Like he had cleared Ardashir's family tree, and it was adapted from the imaginations of Christians and the
2543:
founded several cities "with a name combined with Ardashir's" to honor his father; while some other are founded by other people named Ardashir.
5946:
3802:
2730:
Choosing a place like Naqsh-e Rustam, which is mausoleum of Achaemenid shahs, for carving and inscribing, the site of the temple of Anahita in
3328:. In the makeup of head and hair, Ardashir was loyal to the Parthian traditions in the first coins and chose a crown similar to the crowns of
708:
archives, his history book is one of the main sources. However, he has used colloquial statements in reporting the story of Ardashir's youth.
5112:
5088:
5061:
5007:
4792:
1443:. However, the Romans did not manage to hold the captured regions; they had to retreat due to lack of provisions. The Romans decided to take
5201:
3807:
3719:
in 224. The town was constructed beside Ardashir's palace (where he lived before the rebellion) and it is said that the emperor built five
2842:, the relation between the Sasanians and the Achaemenids is mentioned. In the book, the thought that has been reflected is the relation of
1046:, which was written after him, Ardashir is announced "a Papakan king with a paternal line from Sasan and a maternal line from Darius III".
958:
2754:
in order to return to the magnificent past status in the west and it had been assumed that the glory was taken by the Romans. About that,
485:". In Ardashir's period, the title "Iran" was chosen for the region under the Sasanian rule. The idea of "Iran" was accepted for both the
466:. In his petroglyph in Naqsh-e Rustam, Ardashir and Ahura Mazda are opposite to each other on horsebacks and the corpses of Artabanus and
3450:
that was probably written in the second half of the fourth century and its author is not known. That version was rewritten in 584 Hijri.
1706:
Ghaleh Dokhtar, or "The Maiden's Castle", Iran, built by Ardashir I in AD 209, before he was finally able to defeat the Parthian empire.
1951:
sources, there has been no mention of the war; the cause of not mentioning might have been Ardashir considering the incident shameful.
4195:
3320:
throne. Some hanging bands are carved in the end of an open headband, which is the royal symbol in Persian traditions. Therefore, the
2203:
of Ardashir's court, the latter's name is mentioned as the king of kings (shahanshah) along with four "shahs", who were the rulers of
869:
344:
3324:
behind these coins show Ardashir's concern for showing himself not only as the Achaemenids' rightful heir, but also as a religious
3569:
among the books of preaches and ethics and doctrines. That is probably the same short text that is written with the version title
2927:
was the believed and supported religion of the Sasanians until Ardashir's takeover. The current belief is that the priests of the
1751:. He appointed one of his sons named Ardashir as the governor of Kerman. Artabanus, the Parthian emperor, ordered the governor of
532:
1530:
the end of the war, peace negotiations began and resulted in a peace treaty in 218 according to which the Romans paid 50 million
443:. They knowingly ignored the Achaemenids in order to attribute their past to the Kayanians; and that was where they applied holy
2719:
1793:
1137:
1073:
Since Ardashir had claimed his royal lineage to Sasan, it is important to inspect who Sasan was. First it was composed that the
2669:
believes that the first Sasanian shahanshahs were familiar with the Achaemenids and their succeeding shahanshahs turned to the
1849:), Ardashir revealed his inclination toward government. During about 226–227, Ardashir experienced a failed attempt to conquer
3058:
did not reveal his propaganda until Ardashir's death; he might have realized that Shapur was more convincing than his father.
5025:
3386:
who rose after him and he had mentioned lectures in it that he believed were necessary to be applied in running the kingdom.
2839:
1017:
813:
357:
3147:
It can be deduced from the list that some deviations have occurred in the important names and events of the era in the late
5956:
5697:
5185:
3285:
The picture of one of Ardashir's second group coins; Ardashir I's portrait on the coin and the symbol of firebox behind it
2178:
society can be studied based on two completely opposite principles; one was the central power, whose incarnation was the "
3034:
Ardashir's policy against non-Mazda worshiping societies inside his kingdom had made it a difficult period for them. The
1934:
eventually decided to oppose the Persians unwillingly and reluctantly in 232. The Roman forces led by Alexander attacked
3176:
battles. In the narrative Iranian history texts, Ardashir succeeded because he was from the line of the ancient Iranian
3117:
3105:
2690:; on his picture in Naqsh-e Rustam, Ardashir and Ahura Mazda are opposite to each other on horsebacks and the bodies of
2240:, son of Shapur. This shows an increasing inclination towards the centralization of power since the early Sasanian era.
2216:
201:
2640:" is the continuation of the tradition of Fratarakas. On the other hand, with the existence of the names of kings like
2551:
2236:, the independences of Merv and Nishapur were taken and Sakastan became a province (city) and was granted to liegeman
2021:
month and year that Shapur's coronation as his father's royal partner occurred on April 12, 240 (the first day of the
1943:
Alexander appeared as a victor in Rome. In the war, many casualties were inflicted upon the two armies. In subsequent
1315:
As of now, not much knowledge is gained about the four hundred-year history of that state, which was once part of the
2867:
of the Sasanian empire and draw a picture of Ardashir idealistic and aligning with Khosrow's ideals in the best way.
733:
3625:
and the warriors (Asawereh), writers (Kottab), Judges (Gozat), invasion (Bo'uth va Thoghur), accepting ambassadors (
1986:
Due to the difficulties in the sources, the last years and the day of Ardashir's death are not very clear. His son,
5370:
2815:
2738:
show the existence of an inclination toward the Achaemenids in the early Sasanian period. There are many proofs in
2212:
2139:
1447:
while returning, but failed and tried once more in spring 199 to conquer Hatra, and were forced to cede control of
3363:, are attributed preaches and scholarly words more than other shahs and these works are quoted of them in most of
3297:
is seen like in all the coins of the Sasanian era. On the second group of the coins, the phrase "The worshiper of
829:
3329:
3289:
The second group have the profile of Ardashir wearing a hat or crown looking right similar to other coins of the
1105:; it is probable to be related to "Sasan", since the symbols on the mentioned coins are similar to the coins of
5971:
5690:
5178:
3687:
2666:
1658:
sources, Ardashir started his uprising when he was the commander of Fort Darabgard in eastern Pars. The oldest
1090:
422:
Ardashir had an outstanding role in developing the royal ideology. He tried to show himself as a worshiper of
1990:
probably ascended as a royal partner on April 12, 240. The time is found from the Pirchavush inscriptions in
547:
3716:
3093:
2850:
or Kayanians; and its proof is the addition of the prefix "Kay" to the aliases of the Sasanian shahanshahs.
2823:
2691:
2115:
1684:
1461:
1332:
876:
text, the work is valuable, since it provides the Persian equals of Arabic expressions in Tabari's History.
401:
316:
275:
135:
1755:
to attack Ardashir, suppress his rebellion and send him to Ctesiphon. After Ardashir killed and terminated
5966:
3263:
The coins minted in Ardashir's period are divided into three general groups based on the applied designs:
2645:
2164:
3132:", "Dabiroft", Ayundbad (Director of Ceremonies), Framadar and his clerks and religious authorities like
5896:
4482:
Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian–Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
2800:
1323:
During the Seleucid era, the Frataraka (local Persian shahs) ruled Pars at the time of the rebellion of
538:
86:
45:
3308:
On the third group of the coins, the picture of Ardashir is carved in front of the picture of his son,
3054:
were treated with more tolerance and leniency and their population increased until mid-third century.
1767:
and killed the governor of Susa too and added his domain to the lands under his rule. Then he invaded
804:, is a short but important source that presents valuable information about the early Sasanian period.
634:
Reports are texts that are written in various languages and periods. The basis of the writings of all
552:). Literally, Ardashir means "the one whose reign is based on honesty and justice". The first part of
3371:
ethics and history books. One of the most important works attributed to Ardashir is his "testament".
3341:
3266:
The first group is the coins that show a full-face portrait of Ardashir on the coin and a profile of
2119:
1819:
1779:
1560:
1540:
1536:
1268:
1198:
320:
5846:
3340:
believes that though the Fratarakas probably did not know the proper application of a building like
906:
is a text with limited value, since most of its reports are mentioned extensively in other sources.
5941:
5936:
5931:
5886:
5570:
3203:
3014:
2878:
2811:
2763:
2585:
2279:
founded or renovated some cities in different Iranian regions. It is clear from the first Sasanian
2110:
and also minting coins without the Papak's face. The writing of the phrase "his majesty worshiping
1875:
1827:
1292:
1167:
Most of foreign sources are unanimous in considering an unknown lineage for Ardashir; for example,
946:
788:
from the second century until 550. The book is very valuable for the period of the downfall of the
5876:
5826:
3108:), having the right of inherited succession in their family. After that, the name of three queens
5856:
3692:
3492:
2399:
2003:
1822:'s studies and calculations, Ardashir was crowned on April 28, 224; however, the calculations of
1764:
1748:
1352:
1324:
1184:'s court, ordered by the opponents and foes of Sasanians. Shakki said it was obvious Sergeus the
903:
717:
405:
397:
5836:
3582:
680:
history that has given a report about the downfall of the Parthians and the rise of Ardashir I.
331:. Afterwards, Ardashir called himself "shahanshah" and began conquering the land that he called
54:
5866:
2992:
have shown him close to Ahura Mazda. The latter's attention towards Ardashir has been known as
2734:
and the existence of the names of some Achaemenid shahs as ancestors in the legendary Sasanian
2723:
The second carving of "coronation" and the third carving of Ahura Mazda by Ardashir, carved in
1958:
to their fortresses of the border defense system. The people of Hatra knew that their relative
724:
era is completely connected with Iranian royal history; thus, not only do the writings of then
5108:
5084:
5057:
5021:
5003:
4788:
4191:
3740:
3490:
has remarked it and has quoted a phrase of its about the last millennium. It is also named in
3317:
2933:
2780:
2606:
1931:
1918:, which was one of the two fortresses of Roman defense system in Mesopotamia -the other being
1858:
1632:
1548:
1381:
1288:
1238:
1098:
1063:
747:
568:
435:
212:
5768:
5107:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
5045:
4185:
1818:
There is controversy among specialists about the year of Ardashir's coronation; according to
1643:. It is probable that Vologases defeated Papak after he rebelled and forced him to submit to
1547:. However, the end of the Parthian dynasty did not mean an endpoint for all Parthian houses.
5961:
5798:
3732:
3696:
3632:
3401:
3368:
3194:
3089:
2981:
2792:
2747:
2679:
2670:
2584:
uprising, at least one local king ruled in Persian land almost slightly after the demise of
2564:
2341:
2098:
1948:
1882:
Desert rulers surrendered to Ardashir's empire; and in the southwest, the northern part of "
1823:
1744:
1655:
1404:
in order to retake the lost regions. The accurate details of the invasion is not known, but
1377:
1336:
1051:
897:
865:
455:
440:
328:
283:
5808:
3679:
too and some matters aligning with Islamic principles were added to it in the translation.
2758:
has mentioned that Ardashir claimed and announced that he had risen to take the revenge of
1576:
1279:
government began, had lost its fame by third century AD. Since old times, a new city named
1225:, considered them mythical and intended to legitimize the founder of the Sasanian dynasty.
1003:
There are different historical reports about Ardashir's ancestry and lineage. According to
784:
is a text written in mid-sixth century AD and includes the history of Christian regions of
5713:
5590:
5205:
5170:
5130:
5076:
5049:
3779:
3744:
3704:
3353:
3290:
3271:
3243:
3227:
3185:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3101:
3047:
3039:
2941:
2912:
2903:
2855:
2796:
2654:
2650:
2614:
2581:
2576:
2494:
2360:
2355:
2296:
2273:
2257:
2190:
2175:
2168:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2046:
1903:
1862:
1720:
1667:
1644:
1544:
1520:
1413:
1389:
1348:
gods were worshiped and the old creed was permanent in Pars in contrast to other regions.
1316:
1301:
1276:
1254:
1143:
1131:
935:
886:
and their positions, while they were considered part of the public relative to the kings.
855:
851:
833:
789:
775:
767:
755:
721:
690:
677:
654:
595:
583:
490:
431:
324:
310:
306:
298:
295:
140:
105:
5104:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume V: The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen
3830:
3513:
3508:, and applied his preaches that were in that testament." The same matter is mentioned by
2996:
due to the mythical Iranian thoughts and it can be compared to the Greek "tuxeh" and the
1439:
without resistance, although the Romans contended heavily in late 198 during the fall of
338:
There are various historical reports about Ardashir's lineage and ancestry. According to
5682:
2002:
About the year of Shapur's participation in reign with Ardashir, it has been written in
689:
has also extensively explained the procedure of the change of monarchy from Parthian to
5098:
4989:
4985:
4781:
3654:
3413:
3405:
3337:
3325:
3248:
3144:, priest of priests and Herbadan Herbad were not yet established in Ardashir's period.
3125:
3121:
3055:
3001:
2985:
2967:
2937:
2924:
2830:
under the nails of their horses, and Ardashir taking the ring of reign from Ahura Mazda
2819:
2739:
2712:
2683:
2629:
2628:
findings that the remark of the Achaemenids and adoring fire, one of the principles of
2610:
1930:
and they invaded it. After the Romans' unfruitful attempt to make peace with Ardashir,
1907:
1647:
rule for a while. It is not probable that Papak's kingdom was beyond the Persian land.
1592:'s report, Ardashir was born in a village named "Tirudeh" in the country "Khir" around
1556:
1555:
historian, has quoted some reports of the roles and aids of some Parthian houses, like
1469:
1345:
1202:
1082:
1047:
963:
889:
872:, is one of the most important Persian prose works about the Sasanians. Apart from the
818:
658:
646:
506:
486:
463:
444:
263:
229:
68:
1118:
sources, which are adapted from Sasanian statements, have emphasized on Sasan being a
1030:, states that Ardashir was born as a result of the marriage of Sasan, a descendant of
850:
is the largest and most important reference about the reports related to the national
586:—were named Ardashir, and Ardashir I has been Ardashir V in the chain of local Shahs.
5925:
5758:
5738:
5630:
5490:
4993:
3736:
3675:
3421:
3305:
who has his face from the gods" is written that shows Ardashir's religious beliefes.
3302:
3177:
2989:
2822:. Ardashir and Ahura Mazda on horsebacks in front of each other, with the corpses of
2724:
2707:
2687:
2633:
2365:
2276:
2179:
2107:
1871:
1846:
1802:
1636:
1581:
1373:
1177:
1039:
729:
650:
571:
523:
482:
459:
378:
313:
182:
2702:" in inscriptions is designated by the Lord. The word "Iran" was previously used in
5530:
5390:
3768:
3602:
3559:
3417:
3397:
3389:
3207:
3160:
2827:
2816:
The third carving of "coronation" and the fourth carving of Ahura Mazda by Ardashir
2751:
2695:
2536:
2457:
2264:
deserts, the urban culture and pathway cities were the face of society more often.
1887:
1867:
1756:
1736:
1692:
1688:
1492:
1460:
rose to the throne; but shortly afterward, his reign was challenged by his brother
1457:
1397:
741:
511:
467:
5072:
4675:
3578:
3536:
1702:
5102:
4997:
5580:
5550:
5400:
5350:
5320:
5300:
3760:
3752:
3720:
3532:
3298:
3294:
3281:
3211:
3181:
3164:
2971:
2928:
2915:; in the picture, Papak and Shapur both wear the same helmet similar to that of
2771:
2735:
2699:
2675:
2625:
2594:
2560:
2467:
2261:
2248:
2244:
2228:
2127:
2111:
1967:
1922:, but was not able to take it; the Sasanian riders' assault was pulled to other
1911:
1835:
1740:
1716:
1679:
1659:
1640:
1628:
1500:
1496:
1401:
1385:
1341:
1264:
1234:
1233:
chance to be the first person in his inscriptions receiving the royal ring from
1189:
1154:
785:
673:
516:
502:
423:
332:
3242:'s period. Ardashir's petroglyphs are clearly different from the few remaining
1861:, while on a crusade for taking the northwest regions of the land. In the late
1151:
mint, dated c. 238–239. The obverse of the coin depicts Ardashir I with legend
5748:
5650:
5610:
5600:
5540:
5500:
5480:
5470:
5330:
5290:
5270:
5002:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–111, 118, 120, 126–130.
3743:. Ardashir-Khwarrah can be mentioned as a military base and one of the active
3526:
3321:
3239:
3231:
3199:
3109:
3051:
2976:
2952:
2864:
2759:
2621:
2572:
2556:
2135:
1927:
1883:
1798:
1605:
1421:
1309:
1284:
1185:
1127:
1059:
1031:
912:
is a letter or preach by Ardashir I about government rituals that is named in
771:
451:
374:
59:
4999:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337
3661:
principles in it, for instance the writing in the book that one fifth of the
3617:
A book attributed to Ardashir about the bases of government is written in an
3278:" is written on these coins with the phrase "His Majesty Papak Shah" behind.
2122:
and was killed. It was after that when Ardashir was able to claim being "the
1344:
minted on coins of the Frataraka that shows the holy fire was adored and the
5728:
5640:
5460:
5360:
5340:
5310:
5260:
5240:
5038:
3775:
3748:
3724:
3649:
3509:
3501:
3487:
3471:
In addition to the complete text, there is an abridged version of it titled
3454:
3360:
3235:
3137:
3019:
3005:
2993:
2963:
2947:
2882:
2859:
2835:
2776:
2755:
2662:
2532:
2528:
2428:
2394:
2323:
2280:
2253:
2224:
2204:
2131:
2055:
2038:
2022:
1831:
1768:
1712:
1678:
in Firuzabad; in the inscription, he is shown acquiring the royal ring from
1675:
1589:
1552:
1484:
1476:
1440:
1428:
1250:
1181:
1172:
1119:
1074:
1026:
1004:
941:
925:
847:
751:
705:
701:
638:
619:
607:
579:
472:
427:
408:
plain and Artabanus, the Parthian shahanshah, was killed during the battle.
365:
339:
125:
2975:
same crown that is drawn on the head of Ahura Mazda in the carvings of the
2919:'s in his coins; in the picture, Shapur is visualized in the dual place of
4169:
Daryaee (November 17, 2012). "Ardaxšīr and the Sasanian's Rise to Power".
2932:
government religion was done during Ardashir's period; also the remaining
2563:
by Ardashir, Ardashir standing against his henchmen, city of Gur (current
17:
5788:
5520:
5380:
5250:
5230:
5162:
3764:
3644:
3565:
3517:
3431:
3309:
3252:
3085:
3043:
3038:
and believers in some other religions were more or less tolerated in the
3009:
2916:
2788:
2784:
2767:
2641:
2540:
2462:
2378:
2319:
2233:
2042:
2035:
1987:
1975:
1959:
1915:
1787:
1783:
1728:
1609:
1523:
1432:
1417:
1409:
1393:
1369:
1168:
1106:
1055:
1035:
1022:
883:
844:
697:
683:
361:
217:
164:
152:
798:
is a book written in 540 and includes chronicles from 132 BC until 540.
598:
era can be divided to the two categories "text remnants" and "reports":
557:
5778:
5660:
5510:
5450:
5430:
5410:
3662:
3198:, it is mentioned that Ardashir's intention was to seek the revenge of
3129:
3081:
2899:
2895:
2731:
2602:
2519:
2500:
2329:
The cities which are believed to had been constructed by Ardashir are:
2073:
2049:
history; it is written in the first lines of the mentioned inscription:
2045:, the period between 205 and 206 appears as the beginning of an era in
1935:
1760:
1617:
1601:
1593:
1504:
1465:
1436:
1405:
1357:
1280:
1193:
1148:
1078:
837:
725:
615:
611:
416:
393:
385:
384:
According to Al-Tabari's report, Ardashir was born in the outskirts of
224:
5081:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV
980:
Bearded facing head, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend
5440:
5420:
5280:
5083:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 371–376.
5056:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 298–299.
3756:
3712:
3618:
3594:
3442:
is lost; but some versions of its Arabic translations are available:
3428:
in the preaches and ethics and doctrines, he mentioned a book called
3409:
3364:
3215:
3156:
3133:
2956:
2847:
2743:
2703:
2237:
2220:
2160:
2089:
1991:
1944:
1919:
1854:
1772:
1732:
1724:
1670:) in south border of Pars. Therefore, Ardashir rose up in his war in
1651:
1516:
1123:
1102:
1094:
1086:
931:
873:
728:
historians provide important matters about the adventures of Iranian
662:
635:
477:
205:
564:
and the second part is related to the concept "city" and "kingdom".
3605:
has written a matter from Ardashir intended to his son quoted from
3293:
era. Behind the second group coins, a symbol of the firebox of the
475:
was designated by the lord. The word "Iran" was previously used in
5620:
5560:
5054:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā
3708:
3686:
3658:
3505:
3486:
was famous and is mentioned in many history and literature books.
3479:
3425:
3280:
3267:
3113:
2997:
2946:
2891:
2843:
2810:
2804:
2718:
2598:
2550:
2480:
2444:
2412:
2154:
2077:
2018:
1955:
1923:
1899:
1850:
1792:
1613:
1597:
1575:
1531:
1512:
1488:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1328:
1258:
1136:
1115:
1012:
1008:
992:
957:
828:
642:
412:
370:
353:
349:
253:
243:
239:
3728:
3666:
3383:
3356:
3275:
3251:, possesses clear features that reappears in the petroglyphs of
3097:
3077:
3035:
2920:
2907:
2750:
writings that show the Sasanians' aggressive confrontation with
2589:
2208:
2183:
2069:
2059:
1995:
1879:
1752:
1621:
1480:
1392:
emperor, decided to support Niger against Severus. According to
1296:
1275:
Persis, the state in which the movement of establishing the new
1067:
575:
561:
389:
369:
also states it says that Ardashir was born from the marriage of
5686:
5174:
3727:
had seen. The city of Gur was run by a representative from the
3653:. It is not known whether the book is translated directly from
3382:
is a book including Ardashir's political advice to the Iranian
2118:; therefore, Artabanus defied Ardashir and eventually lost the
1612:
House. Al-Tabari added that when Ardashir was seven years old,
3072:
The rankings of the figures in Ardashir's court is found from
1735:
and took it too and took control of whole Pars, including the
1205:, Sasan is introduced only as a nobleman and Papak as a king.
3703:
Ardashir-Khwarrah is one of the five Iranian villages in the
2906:
house, with the beginning of whose reign religion sat on the
2312:); though the dichotomy of taxation between the royal lands (
530:
3042:
era and also had limited independence. Ardashir and his son
744:
is one of Armenian resources about the early Sassanian era.
309:, until he founded the new empire. After defeating the last
1662:
proofs of the period of Ardashir's reign are acquired from
489:
and non-Zoroastrian societies in the whole kingdom and the
3635:
translation of that book is written in the translation of
2140:
the inscription of Ardashir's coronation in Naqsh-e Rostam
1412:
were retaken anyway. Then Severus returned to Rome due to
556:
is adapted from the religious concept of justice known as
1171:
has stated that Papak was a shoemaker who found out from
2653:
to power meant the domination of nomadic and degenerate
1902:
and Greek sources, the first clash between the "newborn
1778:
Eventually, in Ardashir's contest with Artabanus in the
1739:
shores. At that time, Ardashir constructed a palace and
1727:, along with the famous Sharat, who was the governor of
3412:
poem. Once again in the chapter about the books of the
1159:, while the reverse shows a fire altar with the legend
1126:
and have actually stated India, which is the center of
3504:
that "he suggested the testaments of Ardashir, son of
3124:, Sasan-e Andigan-e Khoday va Piruz and Goug from the
1906:
power" in its west borders with Rome occurred by the
4880:"Ardašīr I ii. Rock reliefs". In Encyclopædia Iranica
2313:
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
3626:
2955:" and the fifth carving of Ardashir in Khan-Takhti,
2256:
society under the rule of large owners stood in the
35:
5020:. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck, pp. 71–76.
3234:art was established by Ardashir and lived on until
3136:and Mubed and Mogh are mentioned. According to the
259:
249:
235:
223:
211:
197:
189:
175:
171:
158:
148:
131:
119:
111:
100:
92:
82:
74:
67:
32:
4780:
3171:Ardashir in the narrative-mythical Iranian history
1267:; the picture behind it is a structure similar to
995:, wearing diadem and Parthian-style tiara, legend
545:
450:In order to remark his victories, Ardashir carved
377:, with the daughter of Papak, a local governor in
4317:Political Persian History During the Sasanian Era
1910:' attack on the regions held by Rome in Northern
1870:and Parthians in the northwest; in the east, the
1797:Ardashir I is receiving the Kingship's ring from
3601:and added some matters from other places to it.
3531:and mentions that the writers (Kottab) used it.
2295:; thus, instead of the autonomous cities of the
2034:According to three dates that are achieved from
1834:226 and at the time of his invasion on Northern
1747:) that its ruins still remain and is called the
1572:Early years until his uprising and gaining power
1134:are mentioned as his origins in the references.
1070:Dara I and II, shows the former's fake lineage.
896:is another one of Sasanian history sources. The
4590:"Ardašīr I i. History". In Encyclopædia Iranica
4372:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
4184:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2010).
3184:. But there is no doubt in that justifying the
3074:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
3068:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2970:, Ardashir has called himself the worshiper of
2944:traditions were combined and used in that era.
2902:and the father of Ardashir, the founder of the
2875:
2200:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
2062:Ardashir 40, 3- Azar Shapur from royal Azars 24
1853:, which was previously unsuccessfully tried by
1101:. The word "Sasa" is written on coins found in
624:Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
4984:Christensen, A. (2005). "Sassanid Persia". In
4276:Political Persian History During the Sasanians
3771:) and his four fire temples can be mentioned.
3270:, Ardashir's father who looks left due to the
2803:); in that myth, Fereydun grants the reign of
1830:believes the year of Ardashir's coronation in
1631:'s reign was disrupted due to the invasion of
1364:State of the Parthian Empire before its demise
950:is another source about the Sasanian history.
704:, due to his access to the royal yearbooks in
5698:
5186:
4721:"Cologne Mani Codex". In Encyclopædia Iranica
4428:Political Persian History in the Sasanian Era
3793:Inscription of Ardashir-e Babakan and Hormozd
3612:
1376:, in 192 AD, a rivalry between his generals,
481:and as "the name of the mythical land of the
8:
3778:and a double muddy wall and a trench with a
3367:literature and history books and by them in
1898:According to the information collected from
1596:, Pars in a famous family. His grandfather,
1157:King Ardashir, King of King of the Iranians"
934:that is the main and essential source about
854:. It presents helpful information about the
3723:beside the town that the famous historian,
3554:
2779:called himself "the second Alexander" and "
1081:and other documents imply that Sasan was a
770:history references is the books written by
5705:
5691:
5683:
5193:
5179:
5171:
5121:
5039:Book of the Deeds of Ardashir son of Babak
4808:Avarzamani (1991). "The Sasanian Cities".
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
3539:had ordered his son's mentor to teach him
2347:The region where the city was constructed
1914:on Ardashir's era, 230. Ardashir besieged
1691:, he faced the problem of the defiance of
434:sequence show the valuable place that the
53:
29:
3628:Fi Godum-el Vofud alayhe men gabl-e Moluk
3435:and it seems that he meant another book.
3084:Shah Abarinag (Abarineh: higher (lands),
1775:and took it and added it to his kingdom.
4946:"Ardašīr-Ḵorra". In Encyclopædia Iranica
3825:"Sasanian Dynasty", A. Shapur Shahbazi,
3669:. However, since the text is written in
3613:Ardashir's Book on Government Principles
3500:and in the latter it is mentioned about
3274:, behind the coin. The phrase "Ardashir
2331:
2151:The procedure of centralization of power
1701:
1535:Ardashir ended the life of the House of
458:(the city of Gor or Ardashir-Khwarrah),
27:Founder of the Sassanid Empire (180–242)
4928:Persian Literature History Before Islam
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4328:
4326:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
3818:
3711:centuries centered by the city of Gur (
3151:sources. For example, in the narrative
2547:Government ideology and Iranian thought
439:shahanshahs deliberately turned to the
411:According to the royal reports, it was
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4939:
4937:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4891:
4889:
4843:
4841:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4493:
4491:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4099:
4097:
3803:Sassanid campaign of Severus Alexander
3571:Ardashir's Testament to His Son Shapur
3555:Ardashir's Testament to His Son Shapur
3473:Montakhab men Ahd-e Ardashir bin Babak
2894:was the grand priest of the temple of
2762:, who had been defeated and killed by
2142:and also the alteration of his coins.
1034:, with the daughter of Papak, a local
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4670:
4668:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4119:
4117:
4115:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3878:
3876:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3609:that can be found in this testament.
3446:The text that is written in the book
2791:dividing the world between his sons (
2337:Name of the city in the Sasanian era
2219:. There were also the three kingdoms
2017:It can be deduced by calculating the
1763:, after fighting him, headed towards
1291:capital which was burnt by troops of
1085:deity, though he is not mentioned in
294:(180–242 AD), was the founder of the
7:
4736:Introduction of the Sasanian History
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3808:Mesopotamian campaigns of Ardashir I
3438:The original Middle Persian text of
2080:or announcing independence from the
279:
36:
3585:or more probably the author of the
3301:, his majesty Ardashir the Iranian
3180:and was chosen by the gods to rule
2605:" are meant that were supported by
1604:in Istakhr and his grandmother was
1600:, was the trustee of the Temple of
1351:In a portrait of Papak and his son
1015:. Another statement that exists in
356:. Another narrative that exists in
287:
3564:Ardashir I's Testament to His Son
3430:Ardashir I's Testament to His Son
962:Initial coinage of Ardashir I, as
676:is one of the famous resources of
649:histories), has been the official
25:
5952:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars
4832:The Sasanian Persian Civilization
4467:"Caracalla", Encyclopædia Iranica
4452:"Artabanus", Encyclopædia Iranica
3867:The Political History of Ērānšahr
3238:'s reign. The art was revived in
3022:has attributed some words to him:
2706:and as "the name of the mythical
1420:(a region to the west of current
1245:Pars before rise of the Sasanians
997:"son of the divinity Papak, king"
345:History of the Prophets and Kings
4058:In the Cambridge History of Iran
3915:Orders of Achaemenid Shahanshahs
3408:translators, had turned into an
3167:governors had also joined them.
2863:predecessors' history with then
2197:According to the description of
858:organizations and civilization.
510:
4190:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 25–28.
3941:Parthian Dusk and Sasanian Dawn
1109:. It is remarked in Ferdowsi's
1007:'s report, Ardashir was son of
802:Chronicles of Karakh Beit Solug
792:and the rise of the Sasanians.
323:plain in 224, he overthrew the
4413:"Arbela", Encyclopædia Iranica
3627:
3155:, the land that was ruled by "
3104:, Ardashir the Shah of Sekan (
2840:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1841:Anyway, by choosing the title
1283:had risen beside the ruins of
1093:goddess that was worshiped in
1044:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1018:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
594:The primary references of the
426:related to god and possessing
358:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1:
5947:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs
4865:The Cambridge History of Iran
4850:The Cambridge History of Iran
4766:The Cambridge History of Iran
4500:"Bābak", Encyclopædia Iranica
4398:"Balāš", Encyclopædia Iranica
4302:Sasanian Persian Civilization
4171:Studia Classica et Orientalia
4043:Culture of Persian Literature
3987:The Cambridge History of Iran
3798:Kārnāmag-ī Ardaxšīr-ī Pābagān
3543:the book of God and read him
3535:(died 286 Hijri) writes that
3392:once mentioned a book called
2571:The remnants of the ruins of
1147:of Ardashir I, struck at the
967:
814:Kār-Nāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pābagān
5792:(1st half of 1st century CE)
5782:(1st half of 1st century CE)
5772:(2nd half of 1st century BC)
5742:(1st half of 1st century BC)
4106:Sasanian History and Culture
3453:The text that is written in
2834:In the Sasanians' legendary
2559:" and the second carving of
2163:(Councillor). Page from the
1826:show the date April 6, 227.
1519:, was killed by head of his
1295:. Although the land's local
1021:and is told the same way in
5675:usurpers or rival claimants
4783:The history of ancient Iran
4706:Descriptive Persian History
4644:Persia During the Sasanians
3695:, the city of Gur (current
3221:
3163:sources, some of the minor
2314:
2308:
2302:
2291:
2285:
2006:in Greek about Mani's life:
1616:, Ardashir's father, asked
1300:accepted submitting to the
661:language. The title of the
515:, which is ultimately from
5988:
4620:The Sasanian Empire Untold
4013:Iran During the Sassanians
3589:that was the reference of
3547:and force him to memorize
3112:, Ardashir's grandmother,
3065:
3062:Court and government posts
2588:. The first local Persian
1982:Final years and succession
1563:, in Ardashir's uprising.
1248:
982:"The divine Ardaxir, king"
546:
531:
5880:(2nd half of 2nd century)
5870:(2nd half of 2nd century)
5850:(1st half of 2nd century)
5840:(1st half of 2nd century)
5830:(1st half of 2nd century)
5812:(2nd half of 1st century)
5723:
5673:
5215:
5159:
5150:
5145:
5124:
3759:of three Sasanian kings;
3673:, it probably existed in
3374:
3116:, Ardashir's mother, and
2088:calendar that began with
1723:and its center was today
1400:, and he invaded Western
966:Artaxerxes (Ardaxsir) V.
836:of Ardashir I, minted at
732:, but show the status of
700:lived during the time of
52:
43:
3731:. Gur was later renamed
3621:translation in the book
3593:chose the text from the
3467:The text written by Abi.
2766:. Roman historians like
2764:Alexander III of Macedon
2638:has a face from the gods
2586:Alexander III of Macedon
2340:Name of the city in the
2068:(overthrowing the local
1838:based on other sources.
1293:Alexander III of Macedon
900:is written in the book.
750:, known as the Armenian
5071:Wiesehöfer, J. (1986).
4659:Ancient Persian History
3100:, Ardashir the Shah of
3076:. Thus, the first four
2951:The fourth carving of "
1356:time, meaning granting
819:Middle Persian language
396:and appointed his son,
5073:"Ardašīr I i. History"
5018:Les Langues Iraniennes
5016:Oranskij, I. M. 1977:
4335:Ancient Persian Legacy
4126:Sasanian Empire Untold
3700:
3359:, two, Ardashir I and
3286:
3222:Ardashir's petroglyphs
3032:
2959:
2888:
2831:
2727:
2568:
2555:The first carving of "
2171:
2165:Great Mongol Shahnameh
2065:
2015:
1806:
1771:State in the mouth of
1707:
1585:
1431:and to South and took
1272:
1164:
1000:
841:
734:Iran-Armenia relations
606:Text remnants include
574:and four of the local
348:, Ardashir was son of
5717:(after 132 BC–224 CE)
5153:King of Kings of Iran
3690:
3607:One of the Ajam Books
3284:
3024:
2950:
2886:column of religion."
2838:that has appeared in
2814:
2722:
2554:
2441:Vahshatabad-Ardashir
2391:Ram-Hormozd-Ardashir
2158:
2051:
2008:
1970:'s wars with Persia.
1796:
1705:
1579:
1262:
1140:
1099:second millennium B.C
961:
894:History of Tabaristan
832:
62:of Ardashir I, 230 AD
46:King of Kings of Iran
5957:Shahnameh characters
5890:(end of 2nd century)
5820:(end of 1st century)
5044:Frye, R. N. (1988).
4088:Ardašīr I i. History
3827:Encyclopædia Iranica
3735:by the 10th-century
3707:era until the first
3599:Ardashir's Testament
3562:names a book titled
3545:Ardashir's Testament
3522:Ardashir's Testament
3484:Ardashir's Testament
3440:Ardashir's Testament
3394:Ardashir's Testament
3380:Ardashir's Testament
3375:Ardashir's Testament
3255:and his successors.
3214:", but were called "
3140:, the high posts of
2146:Reign infrastructure
2138:there) are shown in
2120:Battle of Hormozdgan
1890:"were taken by war.
1780:Battle of Hormozdgan
1541:Battle of Hormozdgan
1499:of two fugitives, a
1368:After the demise of
954:Lineage and ancestry
930:is a book series in
782:Arbella's Chronicles
327:and established the
292:Ardashir the Unifier
5762:(c. 1st century BC)
5752:(c. 1st century BC)
5571:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
3852:The Sasanian Empire
3015:the Meadows of Gold
2879:the Meadows of Gold
2620:It is deduced from
2174:The history of the
2159:Ardashir I and his
1066:with local Persian
1038:in the province of
947:The Meadows of Gold
840:between 233 and 239
4898:The Sasanian Coins
3829:, (July 20, 2005).
3701:
3693:Palace of Ardashir
3493:Mojmal al-tawarikh
3287:
2960:
2832:
2728:
2569:
2172:
2012:me by his favor...
2004:Cologne Mani-Codex
1807:
1786:'s inscription in
1759:, the governor of
1749:Palace of Ardashir
1708:
1586:
1468:that he ruled the
1273:
1165:
1001:
971: 205/6–223/4
914:Mojmal al-tawarikh
904:Mojmal al-tawarikh
842:
501:"Ardashir" is the
373:, a descendant of
5919:
5918:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5871:
5861:
5860:(mid 2nd century)
5851:
5841:
5831:
5821:
5818:"Unknown king II"
5813:
5803:
5802:(mid 1st century)
5793:
5783:
5773:
5763:
5753:
5743:
5733:
5718:
5680:
5679:
5665:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5605:
5595:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5555:
5545:
5535:
5525:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5375:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5325:
5315:
5305:
5295:
5285:
5275:
5265:
5255:
5245:
5235:
5225:
5210:
5169:
5168:
5160:Succeeded by
5114:978-0-7914-4355-2
5090:978-0-71009-104-8
5063:978-0-71009-115-4
5009:978-0-5213-0199-2
4794:978-3-406-09397-5
4073:Log of Ardashir I
3683:Ardashir-Khwarrah
3549:Kelileh va Demneh
3342:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
3080:are mentioned as
2962:In his coins and
2781:Severus Alexander
2525:
2524:
2409:Hormozd-Ardashir
2356:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1932:Severus Alexander
1859:Septimius Severus
1672:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1664:Ardashir-Khwarrah
1633:Septimius Severus
1549:Movses Khorenatsi
1382:Septimius Severus
1331:brother, against
1269:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1199:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
1161:"Ardashir's fire"
862:Bal'ami's History
796:History of Odessa
766:Another class of
748:Movses Khorenatsi
578:of Pars—known as
290:), also known as
269:
268:
144:
16:(Redirected from
5979:
5912:
5909:
5902:
5900:(207/10 – 211/2)
5899:
5892:
5889:
5882:
5879:
5872:
5869:
5862:
5859:
5852:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5832:
5829:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5804:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5784:
5781:
5774:
5771:
5764:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5744:
5741:
5734:
5731:
5716:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5666:
5663:
5656:
5653:
5646:
5643:
5636:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5616:
5613:
5606:
5603:
5596:
5593:
5586:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5556:
5553:
5546:
5543:
5536:
5533:
5526:
5523:
5516:
5513:
5506:
5503:
5496:
5493:
5491:Bahram VI Chobin
5486:
5483:
5476:
5473:
5466:
5463:
5456:
5453:
5446:
5443:
5436:
5433:
5426:
5423:
5416:
5413:
5406:
5403:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5383:
5376:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5346:
5343:
5336:
5333:
5326:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5296:
5293:
5286:
5283:
5276:
5273:
5266:
5263:
5256:
5253:
5246:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5208:
5195:
5188:
5181:
5172:
5141:
5131:Sasanian dynasty
5122:
5118:
5094:
5077:Yarshater, Ehsan
5067:
5050:Yarshater, Ehsan
5013:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4950:
4949:
4944:Bosworth, C. E.
4941:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4902:
4901:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4827:
4814:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4786:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4761:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4676:"Iranica Online"
4672:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4639:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4504:
4503:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4447:
4432:
4431:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4393:
4376:
4375:
4367:
4354:
4353:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4330:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4187:The Sasanian Era
4181:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4145:
4144:
4141:Sasanian Kingdom
4136:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4008:
3991:
3990:
3982:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3885:Sasanian History
3880:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3847:
3832:
3823:
3637:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3630:
3629:
3623:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3591:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3575:Nahayat-ol Aarab
3541:Al-Watheg bellah
3406:Persian (Middle)
3195:Letter of Tansar
2871:Religious policy
2516:Madinat-ol-Khat
2332:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2294:
2288:
2030:Timeline of life
1828:Josef Wiesehöfer
1814:After coronation
1743:in Gor (current
1666:(Gor or current
1545:Sasanian dynasty
1543:and founded the
1475:According to an
1378:Pescennius Niger
1308:The remnants of
991:Bearded head of
972:
969:
898:Letter of Tansar
870:Tabari's History
738:Armenian History
718:Armenian history
551:
550:
536:
535:
522:, equivalent to
514:
329:Sasanian dynasty
289:
281:
161:
138:
96:Office abolished
57:
39:
38:
30:
21:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5972:Kings of Persis
5922:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5865:
5855:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5817:
5807:
5797:
5787:
5777:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5737:
5727:
5719:
5714:Kings of Persis
5711:
5681:
5676:
5669:
5659:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5619:
5609:
5599:
5591:Farrukh Hormizd
5589:
5579:
5569:
5559:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5299:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5229:
5219:
5211:
5206:Sasanian Empire
5199:
5165:
5156:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5115:
5099:Bosworth, C. E.
5097:
5091:
5070:
5064:
5043:
5035:
5010:
4990:Cameron, Averil
4986:Bowman, Alan K.
4983:
4980:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4953:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4925:
4924:
4905:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4846:
4839:
4829:
4828:
4817:
4807:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4762:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4674:
4673:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4627:
4617:
4616:
4597:
4587:
4586:
4507:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4435:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4394:
4379:
4369:
4368:
4357:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4332:
4331:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4283:
4273:
4272:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4168:
4167:
4148:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4028:Epics in Persia
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4009:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3948:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3835:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3789:
3685:
3641:Tajarob-ol Omam
3615:
3597:translation of
3583:Ibn al-Muqaffa'
3557:
3459:Tajarob-ol Omam
3377:
3350:
3261:
3224:
3173:
3153:Iranian history
3142:wuzurg framadar
3070:
3064:
2913:Takht-e Jamshid
2889:
2873:
2577:Takht-e Jamshid
2549:
2425:Ostad-Ardashir
2270:
2258:Iranian Plateau
2232:at the time of
2169:Keir Collection
2153:
2148:
2041:on a column in
2032:
1994:, Northwestern
1984:
1896:
1816:
1574:
1569:
1521:security detail
1456:death, his son
1414:Clodius Albinus
1366:
1257:
1255:Kings of Persis
1249:Main articles:
1247:
1132:Iranian Plateau
985:
974:
970:
956:
922:
910:Ardasgir's Oath
852:Iranian history
827:
810:
776:Syriac language
764:
756:Cyrus the Great
714:
671:
632:
604:
592:
584:Kings of Persis
499:
432:Iranian history
325:Arsacid dynasty
307:Kings of Persis
299:Sasanian Empire
204:
180:
159:
141:Parthian Empire
124:
106:Sasanian Empire
63:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5985:
5983:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5863:
5853:
5847:Ardakhshir III
5843:
5833:
5823:
5815:
5805:
5795:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5735:
5732:(after 132 BC)
5724:
5721:
5720:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5687:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5647:
5637:
5627:
5617:
5607:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5317:
5307:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5257:
5247:
5237:
5227:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5175:
5167:
5166:
5161:
5158:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5113:
5101:, ed. (1999).
5095:
5089:
5068:
5062:
5041:
5034:
5033:External links
5031:
5030:
5029:
5014:
5008:
4994:Garnsey, Peter
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:Ardashirkhureh
4951:
4933:
4903:
4885:
4870:
4855:
4837:
4815:
4800:
4793:
4771:
4741:
4726:
4711:
4696:
4681:
4664:
4649:
4625:
4595:
4505:
4487:
4480:Pourshariati.
4472:
4457:
4433:
4418:
4403:
4377:
4355:
4350:Zoroastrianism
4340:
4322:
4307:
4281:
4233:
4228:Who Was Sasan?
4218:
4203:
4197:978-0857733092
4196:
4176:
4146:
4131:
4111:
4093:
4078:
4063:
4048:
4033:
4018:
3992:
3946:
3920:
3905:
3890:
3872:
3857:
3833:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3741:'Adud al-Dawla
3691:A view of the
3684:
3681:
3655:Middle Persian
3614:
3611:
3581:. Apparently,
3577:attributed to
3556:
3553:
3520:has mentioned
3469:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3451:
3376:
3373:
3349:
3346:
3330:Mithridates II
3260:
3257:
3249:Naqsh-e Rustam
3223:
3220:
3172:
3169:
3157:Mihrak Andigan
3126:House of Karen
3122:House of Suren
3110:Denag Bazrangi
3063:
3060:
2986:Naqsh-e Rustam
2968:Naqsh-e Rustam
2925:Zoroastrianism
2874:
2872:
2869:
2820:Naqsh-e Rustam
2740:Middle Persian
2684:Naqsh-e Rustam
2630:Zoroastrianism
2548:
2545:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2493:Veh-Ardashir (
2491:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2269:
2266:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2031:
2028:
1983:
1980:
1895:
1892:
1886:shores of the
1815:
1812:
1660:archaeological
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1365:
1362:
1246:
1243:
1241:inscriptions.
1203:Naqsh-e Rustam
1180:translator of
1077:form "Ssn" on
964:King of Persis
955:
952:
921:
918:
890:Ibn Isfandiyar
826:
823:
809:
808:Middle Persian
806:
763:
760:
730:kings of kings
713:
710:
670:
667:
659:Middle Persian
631:
628:
603:
600:
591:
590:Historiography
588:
572:kings of kings
507:Middle Persian
498:
495:
464:Naqsh-e Rustam
445:historiography
415:who overthrew
301:. He was also
280:𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥
276:Middle Persian
267:
266:
264:Zoroastrianism
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
230:House of Sasan
227:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
169:
168:
162:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
133:
129:
128:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
98:
97:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
69:King of Persis
65:
64:
58:
50:
49:
41:
40:
37:𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5984:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5967:City founders
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5908:
5904:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5887:Ardakhshir IV
5884:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5864:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5759:Ardakhshir II
5756:
5750:
5746:
5740:
5739:Wadfradad III
5736:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5703:
5701:
5696:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5685:
5672:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5631:Yazdegerd III
5628:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5498:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5123:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4779:Frye (1984).
4775:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4642:Christensen.
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4465:Kettenhofen.
4461:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4056:Parikhanian.
4052:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4014:
4011:Christensen.
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:Khwaday-Namag
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3587:Seir-ol Moluk
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:Denag Babakan
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2990:Naqsh-e Rajab
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2725:Naqsh-e Rajab
2721:
2717:
2714:
2713:modern period
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:Naqsh-e Rajab
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:of Iran that
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:According to
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:Tan-Ardashir
2512:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:Buz-Ardashir
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:Rew-Ardashir
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2260:while in the
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Naqsh-e Rajab
2104:
2103:Zin-el-Akhbar
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:War with Rome
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1878:and probably
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:king of kings
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1803:Naqsh-e Rajab
1800:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:According to
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Roman emperor
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:According to
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:, arose, and
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:Roman emperor
1371:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:Antiochus III
1330:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
989:
983:
979:
978:
965:
960:
953:
951:
949:
948:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
927:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
905:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
864:, which is a
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
846:
839:
835:
831:
824:
822:
820:
816:
815:
807:
805:
803:
799:
797:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
685:
681:
679:
675:
668:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Khwaday-Namag
648:
644:
640:
637:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:Text remnants
601:
599:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:*Arta-xšaθra-
549:
543:
540:
534:
528:
525:
521:
518:
513:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
460:Naqsh-e Rajab
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
437:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
288:اردشیر پاپکان
285:
277:
273:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
226:
222:
219:
216:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
157:
154:
151:
147:
142:
137:
134:
130:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
61:
56:
51:
48:
47:
42:
31:
19:
5907:Ardakhshir V
5906:
5877:Manchihr III
5827:Wadfradad IV
5531:Ardashir III
5391:Yazdegerd II
5220:
5151:
5146:
5140:February 242
5137:
5129:
5103:
5080:
5053:
5017:
4998:
4967:
4945:
4927:
4897:
4879:
4873:
4864:
4858:
4849:
4831:
4809:
4803:
4787:. C.H.Beck.
4782:
4774:
4765:
4735:
4734:Schippmann.
4729:
4720:
4719:Sundermann.
4714:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4658:
4652:
4643:
4619:
4589:
4588:Wiesehöfer.
4499:
4481:
4475:
4466:
4460:
4451:
4450:Schippmann.
4427:
4421:
4412:
4406:
4397:
4396:Schippmann.
4371:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4316:
4310:
4301:
4275:
4227:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4140:
4134:
4125:
4105:
4087:
4086:Wiesehöfer.
4081:
4072:
4066:
4057:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4012:
3986:
3985:Windengren.
3940:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3884:
3866:
3860:
3851:
3826:
3821:
3773:
3769:Yazdegerd II
3721:fire temples
3702:
3674:
3670:
3648:
3643:and also in
3640:
3636:
3622:
3616:
3606:
3603:Ibn Qutaybah
3598:
3590:
3586:
3574:
3573:in the book
3570:
3563:
3560:Ibn al-Nadim
3558:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3525:
3521:
3514:Al-Tha'alibi
3497:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3458:
3447:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3398:Al-Baladhuri
3393:
3390:Ibn al-Nadim
3388:
3379:
3378:
3351:
3334:
3314:
3307:
3288:
3265:
3262:
3232:petroglyphic
3225:
3204:Alexandrians
3193:
3191:
3174:
3165:Mesopotamian
3146:
3096:the Shah of
3071:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3006:inscriptions
2961:
2929:fire temples
2890:
2876:
2856:Richard Frye
2852:
2833:
2818:, carved in
2729:
2692:Artabanus IV
2660:
2637:
2626:physiognomic
2619:
2570:
2537:Veh-Ardashir
2526:
2485:Mesopotamia
2458:Veh-Ardashir
2328:
2281:inscriptions
2271:
2268:Urbanization
2262:Mesopotamian
2249:bureaucratic
2242:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2173:
2102:
2094:R. Ghirshman
2066:
2053:
2052:
2033:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1972:
1964:
1953:
1941:
1926:regions and
1897:
1888:Persian Gulf
1842:
1840:
1824:H. Taqizadeh
1820:W.B. Henning
1817:
1808:
1777:
1757:Shadh-Shapur
1737:Persian Gulf
1709:
1697:
1693:Vologases VI
1685:Artabanus IV
1671:
1663:
1649:
1626:
1587:
1528:
1509:
1493:Roman Senate
1474:
1462:Artabanus IV
1458:Vologases VI
1426:
1367:
1350:
1322:
1314:
1307:
1274:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1166:
1160:
1155:Mazdayasnian
1153:"The divine
1152:
1142:
1110:
1079:potterywares
1072:
1043:
1025:
1016:
1002:
996:
987:
986:
981:
976:
975:
945:
940:
924:
923:
913:
909:
908:
902:
893:
888:
879:
878:
861:
860:
843:
812:
811:
801:
800:
795:
794:
781:
780:
765:
746:
742:Agathangelos
737:
715:
695:
686:
682:
672:
633:
608:inscriptions
605:
593:
566:
553:
541:
526:
520:*Artaxšaθra-
519:
505:form of the
500:
476:
473:inscriptions
449:
421:
410:
402:Artabanus IV
383:
364:
343:
337:
317:Artabanus IV
302:
291:
271:
270:
193:February 242
136:Artabanus IV
44:
5910:(211/2–224)
5857:Manchihr II
5664:(pretender)
5654:(pretender)
5644:(pretender)
5581:Azarmidokht
5551:Khosrow III
5454:(498/9–531)
5444:(496–498/9)
5401:Hormizd III
5351:Yazdegerd I
5321:Ardashir II
5301:Adur Narseh
5126:Ardashir I
5046:"Bābak (1)"
4926:Tafazzoli.
4863:Yarshater.
4848:Guillemin.
4704:Yarshater.
4691:Numismatics
4348:Guillemin.
3761:Yazdegerd I
3753:Mihr Narseh
3749:inscription
3665:is for the
3663:war plunder
3533:Al-Mubarrad
3524:along with
3475:available.
3326:Zoroastrian
3322:petroglyphs
3295:fire temple
3259:Numismatics
3178:shahanshahs
3138:inscription
3028:deteriorate
3002:Zoroastrian
2972:Ahura Mazda
2964:inscription
2772:Cassius Dio
2736:family tree
2676:bureaucracy
2595:Ahura Mazda
2561:Ahura Mazda
2468:Mesopotamia
2277:shahanshahs
2245:aristocracy
2229:Kushanshahr
2134:and formal
2039:inscription
1968:Gordian III
1912:Mesopotamia
1836:Mesopotamia
1741:fire temple
1717:Beth Garmai
1680:Ahura Mazda
1676:inscription
1641:Mesopotamia
1629:Vologases V
1561:Ispahbudhan
1501:philosopher
1497:extradition
1477:inscription
1402:Mesopotamia
1386:Vologases V
1346:Zoroastrian
1342:Ahura Mazda
1265:Vadfradad I
1263:Drachma of
1235:Ahura Mazda
1190:materialist
1083:Zoroastrian
999:in Pahlavi.
984:in Pahlavi.
868:rewrite of
825:New Persian
786:Mesopotamia
674:Cassius Dio
669:Greek-Roman
517:Old Iranian
503:New Persian
487:Zoroastrian
452:petroglyphs
132:Predecessor
83:Predecessor
5942:242 deaths
5937:180 births
5932:Ardashir I
5926:Categories
5837:Manchihr I
5749:Darayan II
5651:Bahram VII
5611:Khosrow IV
5601:Hormizd VI
5541:Shahrbaraz
5501:Khosrow II
5481:Khosrow II
5471:Hormizd IV
5331:Shapur III
5291:Hormizd II
5271:Bahram III
5221:Ardashir I
5026:2252019913
4966:Ardajini.
4896:Sarfaraz.
4689:Sellwood.
3900:Artaxerxes
3883:Shahbazi.
3814:References
3776:kilometers
3527:Bozorgmehr
3448:Al-Ghorreh
3404:), one of
3400:(died 279
3352:Among the
3318:Achaemenid
3303:shahanshah
3240:Khosrow II
3200:Darius III
3066:See also:
3052:Christians
3050:-language
2977:coronation
2953:coronation
2934:Achaemenid
2865:world view
2760:Darius III
2646:Artaxerxes
2634:shahanshah
2607:Achaemenid
2573:Pasargadae
2557:coronation
2449:Khuzestan
2433:Khuzestan
2417:Khuzestan
2272:The first
2180:shahanshah
2136:coronation
2124:Shahanshah
2023:Babylonian
1928:Cappadocia
1843:Shahanshah
1799:Ahuramazda
1606:Rambehesht
1479:of his in
1422:Lake Urmia
1310:Pasargadae
1289:Achaemenid
1285:Persepolis
1239:Achaemenid
1173:astronomic
1128:asceticism
1075:epigraphic
1064:Achaemenid
1032:Darius III
1023:Ferdowsi's
845:Ferdowsi's
772:Christians
684:Herodian's
639:historians
620:crockeries
614:writings,
569:Achaemenid
533:Αρταξέρξης
527:Artaxérxēs
436:Achaemenid
406:Hormozdgan
375:Darius III
362:Ferdowsi's
321:Hormozdgan
314:shahanshah
303:Ardashir V
272:Ardashir I
120:Coronation
102:Shahanshah
60:Gold dinar
33:Ardashir I
18:Ardaxšir I
5867:Pakor III
5729:Darayan I
5641:Peroz III
5634:(632–651)
5624:(631–632)
5614:(630–636)
5604:(630–632)
5594:(630–631)
5584:(630–631)
5534:(628–630)
5514:(591–596)
5504:(591–628)
5494:(590–591)
5474:(579–590)
5464:(531–579)
5461:Khosrow I
5434:(488–496)
5424:(484–488)
5414:(459–484)
5404:(457–459)
5394:(438–457)
5384:(420–438)
5361:Shapur IV
5354:(399–420)
5344:(388–399)
5341:Bahram IV
5334:(383–388)
5324:(379–383)
5314:(309–379)
5311:Shapur II
5294:(303–309)
5284:(293–303)
5264:(274–293)
5261:Bahram II
5254:(271–274)
5244:(270–271)
5241:Hormizd I
5234:(240–270)
5224:(224–242)
5209:(224–651)
5147:New title
4878:Luschey.
4830:Lokonin.
4764:Lokonin.
4618:Daryaee.
4411:Hansman.
4370:Daryaee.
4300:Lokonin.
4139:Daryaee.
4124:Daryaee.
4104:Daryaee.
4071:Mashkur.
4041:Sharifi.
3898:Schmitt.
3865:Daryaee.
3850:Daryaee.
3733:Firuzabad
3725:Al-Masudi
3717:Artabanus
3697:Firuzabad
3671:Shahnameh
3650:Shahnameh
3579:Al-Asma'i
3537:Al-Ma'mun
3529:'s Quotes
3510:Al-Tabari
3502:Khosrow I
3498:Farsnameh
3488:Al-Masudi
3455:Miskawayh
3361:Khosrow I
3272:Parthians
3236:Shapur II
3228:Sasanians
3202:from the
3020:Al-Masudi
2994:khvarenah
2982:Firuzabad
2883:Al-Masudi
2860:Khosrow I
2836:genealogy
2824:Artabanus
2777:Caracalla
2756:Al-Tabari
2680:Firuzabad
2671:Kayanians
2663:khvarenah
2651:Parthians
2622:onomastic
2615:Seleucids
2565:Firuzabad
2533:Asoristan
2529:Al-Tabari
2429:Characene
2400:Khuzestan
2395:Ramhormoz
2361:Firuzabad
2324:Khosrow I
2315:dastkerts
2309:dastkerts
2303:dastkerts
2292:dastkerts
2225:Turgistan
2132:Ctesiphon
2116:Artabanus
2099:Firuzabad
2082:Parthians
2056:Farvardin
1832:Ctesiphon
1769:Characene
1765:Khuzestan
1745:Firuzabad
1713:Ctesiphon
1668:Firuzabad
1590:Al-Tabari
1567:Biography
1485:Caracalla
1441:Ctesiphon
1429:Euphrates
1325:Alexander
1251:Frataraka
1223:Shahnameh
1215:Shahnameh
1186:Christian
1182:Khosrow I
1178:Surianian
1120:mysticist
1111:Shahnameh
1052:Kayanians
1027:Shahnameh
1011:, son of
1005:Al-Tabari
942:Al-Masudi
938:history.
884:governors
880:Farsnameh
848:Shahnameh
790:Parthians
752:Herodotus
722:Sassanian
706:Ctesiphon
702:Khosrow I
696:Although
691:Sassanian
655:Sassanian
596:Sassanian
580:Frataraka
567:Three of
497:Etymology
456:Firuzabad
441:Kayanians
428:khvarenah
366:Shahnameh
352:, son of
340:Al-Tabari
167:(240–242)
149:Successor
126:Ctesiphon
93:Successor
78:211/2–224
5789:Pakor II
5521:Kavad II
5381:Bahram V
5251:Bahram I
5231:Shapur I
5163:Shapur I
5157:224–242
4996:(eds.).
4226:Shakki.
3939:Bayani.
3913:Sharpp.
3787:See also
3780:Parthian
3765:Bahram V
3705:Sasanian
3645:Ferdowsi
3518:Al-Jahiz
3414:Persians
3354:Sasanian
3291:Sasanian
3253:Shapur I
3244:Parthian
3186:Sasanian
3149:Sasanian
3106:Sakastan
3094:Ardashir
3090:Khorasan
3086:Nishapur
3040:Parthian
3010:Bishapur
2942:Parthian
2938:Hellenic
2917:Shapur I
2904:Sasanian
2789:Fereydun
2768:Herodian
2667:Shahbazi
2655:Iranians
2582:Sasanian
2541:Shapur I
2535:titled "
2463:Beharsir
2379:Reyshahr
2320:Kavadh I
2297:Parthian
2286:dastkert
2274:Sasanian
2234:Shapur I
2217:Sakastan
2205:Nishapur
2191:Parthian
2176:Sasanian
2128:Iranians
2086:Seleucid
2047:Sasanian
2043:Bishapur
2036:Shapur's
2019:Egyptian
1976:Shapur I
1960:autonomy
1916:Nusaybin
1908:Persians
1904:Sasanian
1863:Parthian
1788:Bishapur
1784:Shapur I
1729:Adiabene
1715:called "
1645:Parthian
1620:, local
1610:Bazrangi
1553:Armenian
1524:Macrinus
1507:anyway.
1433:Seleucia
1418:Adiabene
1410:Nusaybin
1394:Herodian
1390:Parthian
1370:Commodus
1317:Seleucid
1302:Arsacids
1277:Sasanian
1219:Karnamag
1211:Karnamag
1169:Agathias
1107:Shapur I
1056:Darius I
1036:governor
936:Sasanian
926:Tabari's
856:Sasanian
768:Sasanian
726:Armenian
712:Armenian
698:Agathias
678:Parthian
539:Armenian
491:Iranians
311:Parthian
260:Religion
218:Shapur I
181:Tiruda,
165:Shapur I
160:Co-ruler
153:Shapur I
5962:Istakhr
5779:Pakor I
5769:Wahshir
5661:Narsieh
5511:Vistahm
5451:Kavad I
5431:Kavad I
5411:Peroz I
5371:Khosrow
5204:of the
5079:(ed.).
5052:(ed.).
4978:Sources
4810:Foruhar
3709:Islamic
3659:Islamic
3639:called
3633:Persian
3480:Islamic
3478:In the
3422:Indians
3369:Persian
3338:Daryaee
3192:In the
3130:Spahbed
3082:Satarop
2908:Persian
2900:Istakhr
2896:Anahita
2828:Ahriman
2748:Persian
2732:Istakhr
2696:Ahriman
2611:Daryaee
2609:shahs.
2603:Anahita
2601:" and "
2520:Bahrain
2505:Kerman
2501:Bardsir
2342:Islamic
2090:312 B.C
2074:Istakhr
2058:58, 2-
1949:Persian
1936:Armenia
1656:Persian
1618:Gochihr
1602:Anahita
1594:Istakhr
1580:Map of
1539:in the
1537:Arsaces
1505:Armenia
1466:Hamadan
1437:Babylon
1406:Osroene
1358:Khwasak
1337:Aramaic
1329:Molon's
1281:Istakhr
1194:atheist
1149:Hamadan
1144:drachma
1141:Silver
1116:Islamic
1097:in the
1091:Semitic
1048:Daryaee
928:History
866:Persian
838:Hamadan
834:Drachma
720:in the
687:History
653:of the
647:Persian
630:Reports
612:leather
548:Արտաշէս
542:Artašēs
537:), and
468:Ahriman
417:Gochihr
404:in the
394:Gochihr
386:Istakhr
319:on the
305:of the
296:Iranian
284:Persian
179:Unknown
115:224–242
104:of the
5897:Shapur
5799:Nambad
5441:Jamasp
5421:Balash
5281:Narseh
5202:Rulers
5136:
5111:
5087:
5060:
5024:
5006:
4791:
4657:Frye.
4498:Frye.
4426:Frye.
4333:Frye.
4315:Frye.
4274:Frye.
4211:Frye.
4194:
4026:Safa.
3757:vizier
3713:Arabic
3619:Arabic
3595:Arabic
3566:Shapur
3432:Shapur
3418:Romans
3410:Arabic
3365:Arabic
3348:Legacy
3310:Shapur
3216:Aniran
3208:Romans
3134:Herbad
3102:Kerman
3048:Syriac
3044:Shapur
2957:Salmas
2848:Avesta
2785:Shapur
2744:Arabic
2704:Avesta
2642:Darius
2495:Kerman
2254:feudal
2238:Narseh
2221:Makran
2213:Kerman
2161:Dastur
1992:Salmas
1988:Shapur
1945:Arabic
1924:Syrian
1920:Harran
1884:Arabic
1872:Kushan
1868:Romans
1855:Trajan
1773:Tigris
1761:Spahan
1733:Kerman
1725:Kirkuk
1721:Syriac
1689:Romans
1652:Arabic
1532:dinars
1517:Harran
1472:land.
1470:Median
1353:Shapur
1124:hermit
1103:Taxila
1095:Ugarit
1087:Avesta
932:Arabic
920:Arabic
874:Arabic
762:Syriac
663:Arabic
643:Arabic
636:Muslim
616:papyri
483:Aryans
478:Avesta
398:Shapur
392:named
250:Mother
236:Father
206:Murrod
198:Spouse
185:, Pars
87:Shapur
5809:Napad
5621:Boran
5574:(630)
5564:(630)
5561:Boran
5554:(630)
5544:(630)
5524:(628)
5484:(590)
5374:(420)
5364:(420)
5304:(309)
5274:(293)
5138:Died:
5075:. In
5048:. In
4213:Babak
3755:(the
3745:mints
3739:king
3737:Buyid
3506:Papak
3482:era,
3426:Arabs
3402:Hijri
3396:that
3384:shahs
3357:shahs
3299:Mazda
3268:Papak
3161:Roman
3114:Rodag
3078:shahs
3012:. In
2998:Roman
2892:Papak
2844:Sasan
2805:Turan
2708:Aryan
2599:Mitra
2590:shahs
2481:Mosul
2445:Basra
2413:Ahvaz
2383:Fars
2112:Mazda
2078:Papak
1956:Hatra
1900:Latin
1876:Turan
1851:Hatra
1719:" in
1639:, on
1614:Papak
1608:from
1598:Sasan
1557:Suren
1513:Erbil
1489:Latin
1453:Papak
1449:Syria
1445:Hatra
1297:shahs
1287:, an
1068:shahs
1042:. In
1013:Sasan
1009:Papak
993:Papak
576:Shahs
524:Greek
509:name
424:Mazda
413:Papak
371:Sasan
354:Sasan
350:Papak
254:Rodag
244:Sasan
240:Pabag
225:House
213:Issue
202:Denag
112:Reign
75:Reign
5109:ISBN
5085:ISBN
5058:ISBN
5022:ISBN
5004:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4192:ISBN
3767:and
3729:shah
3667:shah
3512:and
3496:and
3424:and
3276:Shah
3226:The
3212:Iran
3182:Iran
3098:Merv
3056:Mani
3036:Jews
2988:and
2940:and
2921:shah
2826:and
2801:Iraj
2799:and
2793:Salm
2770:and
2752:Rome
2742:and
2700:Iran
2694:and
2686:and
2644:and
2624:and
2597:", "
2575:and
2366:Fars
2344:era
2322:and
2227:and
2215:and
2209:Marw
2184:shah
2070:shah
2060:Azar
1996:Iran
1880:Merv
1874:and
1857:and
1753:Susa
1622:shah
1582:Pars
1559:and
1481:Susa
1435:and
1408:and
1398:Rome
1380:and
1253:and
1221:and
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