632:, where he fortified himself, preparing to attack his brother Shapur after Pabag's death. Pabag died a natural death sometime between 207â210 and was succeeded by Shapur. After his death, both Ardashir and Shapur started minted coins with the title of "king" and the portrait of Pabag. The obverse of Shapur's coins had the inscription "His Majesty, King Shapur" and the reverse had "son of (His) Majesty, King Pabag". Shapur's reign, however, proved short; he died under obscure conditions in 211 or 212. Ardashir thus succeeded Shapur, and went on to conquer the rest of Iran, establishing the Sasanian Empire in 224. Pabag was also survived by a daughter named
605:
311:
540:
440:, however, gives the genealogy of Ardashir as follows: "Ardashir son of Pabag whose mother was the daughter of Sasan son of Weh-afrid". This demonstrates the inconsistencies between Middle Persian texts regarding the origins of the Sasanian dynasty. Both sources regard Pabag as the father of Ardashir, while Sasan is presented as the latter's grandfather or ancestor.
44:
620:
Touraj
Daryaee argues that the reign of Vologases V was "the turning point in Arsacid history, in that the dynasty lost much of its prestige." The kings of Persis were now unable to depend on their weakened Arsacid overlords. Indeed, in 205 or 206, Pabag rebelled and overthrew Gochihr, taking Istakhr
392:
and lived there in exile until his death. He was survived by a son who was likewise named Sasan (called "the younger"), "which continued in the family for four generations". A descendant of the family, likewise named Sasan, worked for Pabag, who was a local ruler in Pars. Pabag's daughter married
530:
The modern historian Marek Jan
Olbrycht suggests that Sasan was an Indo-Parthian prince who married a Persian princess and gave birth to Ardashir. In order to not be seen as a foreign dynasty, however, Ardashir and Shapur I minimized the role of Sasan. Pabag was seemingly the father-in-law and
434:("Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, son of Pabag"), says the following regarding the ancestry of Ardashir: "Ardashir, the Kayanian, son of Pabag from the parentage of Sasan and from the lineage of King Dara". Another Middle Persian text, the
1192:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic
Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of SÄsÄn". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
628:
Pabag subsequently appointed Shapur as his heir. This was much to the dislike of
Ardashir, who had become the commander of Darabgerd after the death of Tiri. In an act of defiance, Ardashir left for
522:), however, makes direct references to the House of Sasan, such as the phrase "since the gods gave glory and rulership to the family of Sasan", which indicates that Narseh saw Sasan as his ancestor.
621:
for himself. According to al-Tabari, it was at the urging of
Ardashir that Pabag rebelled. However, Daryaee considers this statement unlikely, and states that it was in reality the eldest son
374:. The claim of Sasan belonging to the Kayanian family was designed in order to justify that Ardashir was descended from the ancient Kayanian kings, who reflected memories of the Achaemenids.
507:, calls himself a son of Ardashir I and grandson of Pabag. Although various figures named "Sasan" are mentioned in the inscription, none of them are associated with the House of Sasan. The
504:
1393:
597:) invaded the Arsacid domains in 196, and two years later he did the same, this time sacking the Arsacid capital of Ctesiphon. At the same time, revolts occurred in
1323:
397:
thus indicates that the ancestors of Sasan resided in India following
Alexander's conquests. This report has been used by scholars to point out Sasan's
575:
in
Istakhr, which served as a rallying point for the local Persian soldiers, who worshipped the Iranian goddess. The Arsacid Empire, then ruled by
1328:
476:
variant of
Agathangelos' work calls Ardashir "son of Sasanus, which is the origin of the Sasanian name of the Persian kings descended from him".
1337:
1170:
1403:
1388:
1158:
1079:
1057:
1242:
1223:
1202:
1182:
1033:
567:, who was in turn a vassal of the Arsacid King of Kings. With the permission of Gochihr, Pabag sent Ardashir to the fortress of
188:, from 205 or 206 until his death sometime between 207 and 210. He was the father, stepfather, grandfather, or father-in-law of
430:
416:, Al-Tabari also describes Sasan as a foreigner in Pars; however, unlike him, he does not mention Sasan's place of origins.
246:). Since the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 2nd century BCE, Pars has been ruled by local dynasties subject to the
1418:
1413:
633:
130:
1408:
1398:
388:), whose empire was indeed conquered by Alexander's forces. A son of Dara II named Sasan (called "the elder") fled to
232:
604:
1259:
586:), was at this time in decline, due to wars with the Romans, civil wars, and regional revolts. The Roman emperor
625:
who helped Pabag capture
Istakhr, as demonstrated by the latter's coinage, which has portraits of both of them.
377:
Dara II, the last
Kayanian king to rule before Alexander, is partly based on the last Achaemenid King of Kings,
152:
1370:
1100:
622:
609:
197:
122:
86:
412:
family, a dynasty of rulers in Pars. He presents Pabag as the father of Ardashir. Like Ferdowsi in his
464:, Sasan was the biological father of Ardashir, while Pabag was his stepfather. The Armenian writers
508:
236:
1248:
572:
259:("leader, governor, forerunner"), which is also attested in the Achaemenid-era. Later, under the
1333:
1238:
1219:
1198:
1178:
1154:
1075:
1053:
1029:
587:
472:
likewise call Sasan the father of Ardashir. However, they do not make any mention of Pabag. A
465:
228:
117:
1213:
1122:
461:
389:
393:
Sasan and bore him a son named Ardashir. Following this, Sasan is no longer mentioned. The
310:
297:("king") and laid the foundations for a new dynasty, which may be labelled the Darayanids.
1113:
665:
629:
612:. The obverse shows a portrait of the latter, whilst the reverse shows a portrait of Pabag
326:
275:
267:
250:
220:
216:
193:
177:
1303:
1067:
1043:
598:
556:
485:
473:
425:
408:(d. 923), Pabag was the son of Sasan and a princess named Rambihisht, who was from the
140:
1215:
Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
1382:
552:
500:
398:
315:
208:
185:
106:
1252:
539:
469:
449:
263:
1279:
1268:
1047:
1023:
1292:
617:
576:
279:
247:
164:
571:
to serve under its commander, Tiri. Pabag reportedly served as a priest of the
1135:
661:
436:
378:
367:
363:
330:
321:
There are various different sources regarding the relationship between Pabag,
189:
126:
49:
657:
405:
371:
359:
342:
255:
488:, claims to be the son of "divine Pabag, the king". His son and successor,
43:
1291:
Wiesehöfer, Joseph (2000a). "FÄrs ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period".
231:. The region served as the center of the empire until its conquest by the
1150:
489:
457:
409:
351:
347:
224:
456:
sources, a different account appears. According to the Roman historians
1360:
1352:
564:
560:
544:
453:
355:
181:
102:
76:
58:
512:
212:
1070:(2012). "The Sasanian Empire (224â651)". In Daryaee, Touraj (ed.).
1091:
653:
603:
568:
538:
322:
309:
1195:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
898:
896:
894:
294:
110:
34:
227:. It was also the birthplace of the first Iranian Empire, the
688:
686:
684:
1233:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
881:
879:
877:
852:
850:
786:
784:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
730:
728:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
703:
701:
990:
988:
986:
1235:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
350:(d. 1020), Sasan was a descendant of the mythological
278:, most likely at the accession of the Arsacid monarch
1175:
The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World
652:
Physical evidence demonstrates that it was not from
484:
Ardashir, in his coin engravings and inscription on
266:(fl. 138 BC), Pars was made a vassal of the Iranian
24:
1267:Wiesehöfer, Joseph (1986). "Ardaƥīr I i. History".
346:("The Book of Kings") by the medieval Persian poet
219:, was the homeland of a southwestern branch of the
136:
116:
96:
92:
82:
72:
64:
56:
21:
1173:. In Campbell, Brian; Tritle, Lawrence A. (eds.).
1090:
253:. These dynasts held the ancient Persian title of
551:Pabag ruled a small principality in the area of
1049:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
1022:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Stewart, Sarah (2008).
563:, the Bazrangid king of the Persian capital of
1237:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1â256.
1218:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1â539.
1147:The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
965:
168:
48:A coin with the portrait of Pabag, minted by
8:
404:According to the medieval Iranian historian
1177:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1â783.
1092:"Ardashir and the Sasanians' Rise to Power"
719:
692:
16:Iranian ruler of Pars from c. 205 to c. 210
1346:
902:
707:
42:
18:
1137:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VII, Fasc. 3
1127:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 3
841:
829:
817:
775:
734:
664:started expanding his domains, but from
293:, the Kings of Persis used the title of
274:were shortly afterwards replaced by the
1394:3rd-century monarchs in the Middle East
1329:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
1270:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4
1171:"Military and Society in Sasanian Iran"
1006:
994:
977:
961:
945:
933:
885:
856:
680:
645:
1284:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 2
1109:
1098:
1072:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
531:possibly adoptive father of Ardashir.
196:. He was succeeded by his eldest son,
7:
1095:. University of California: 236â255.
957:
790:
156:
25:
1332:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1134:Gignoux, Philippe (1994). "DÄnag".
868:
169:
14:
526:Conclusions in modern scholarship
480:Sasanian inscriptions and coinage
215:), a region in the southwestern
592:
581:
517:
494:
383:
335:
284:
241:
1326:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.).
1052:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â240.
1028:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1â200.
608:Coin minted under Pabag's son
431:Kar-Namag i Ardashir i Pabagan
1:
306:New Persian and Arabic texts
204:Background and state of Pars
1278:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2000b).
1212:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
1074:. Oxford University Press.
1435:
1404:2nd-century Iranian people
1389:3rd-century Iranian people
1302:Wiesehöfer, Josef (2009).
499:), on his inscriptions at
1367:
1357:
1349:
1169:McDonough, Scott (2013).
966:Curtis & Stewart 2008
268:Parthian (Arsacid) Empire
41:
32:
1322:Daryaee, Touraj (2018).
1089:Daryaee, Touraj (2010).
636:, who married Ardashir.
444:Roman and Armenian texts
1108:Cite journal requires
613:
573:fire-temple of Anahita
548:
386: 336â330 BC
318:
287: 132â127 BC
244: 336â323 BC
1308:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1294:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1260:registration required
1145:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
607:
559:. He was a vassal of
547:, the capital of Pars
542:
313:
192:, the founder of the
1419:Shahnameh characters
1414:Zoroastrian monarchs
1253:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
1121:Frye, R. N. (1988).
960:, pp. 298â299;
420:Middle Persian texts
340:). According to the
1273:. pp. 371â376.
1129:. pp. 298â299.
905:, pp. 371â376.
793:, pp. 298â299.
509:Paikuli inscription
237:Alexander the Great
1409:2nd-century births
1399:3rd-century deaths
1304:"Persis, Kings of"
614:
549:
511:of Shapur I's son
319:
1377:
1376:
1368:Succeeded by
1339:978-0-19-866277-8
844:, pp. 30â31.
666:Ardashir-Khwarrah
630:Ardashir-Khwarrah
588:Septimius Severus
505:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
466:Movses Khorenatsi
184:, the capital of
180:prince who ruled
146:
145:
1426:
1350:Preceded by
1347:
1343:
1311:
1298:
1287:
1274:
1263:
1256:
1229:
1208:
1188:
1164:
1141:
1130:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1063:
1039:
1025:The Sasanian Era
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
981:
975:
969:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
906:
900:
889:
883:
872:
866:
860:
854:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
794:
788:
779:
773:
738:
732:
723:
720:Wiesehöfer 2000b
717:
711:
705:
696:
693:Wiesehöfer 2000a
690:
669:
650:
596:
594:
585:
583:
521:
519:
498:
496:
462:George Syncellus
387:
385:
339:
337:
325:, and the first
288:
286:
245:
243:
172:
171:
158:
46:
28:
27:
19:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1365:205/6 â 207â10
1364:
1355:
1340:
1321:
1318:
1316:Further reading
1301:
1290:
1277:
1266:
1257:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1197:. Oxbow Books.
1191:
1185:
1168:
1161:
1144:
1133:
1120:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1068:Daryaee, Touraj
1066:
1060:
1044:Daryaee, Touraj
1042:
1036:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1001:
993:
984:
976:
972:
964:, p. 252;
956:
952:
944:
940:
932:
909:
903:Wiesehöfer 1986
901:
892:
884:
875:
867:
863:
855:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
797:
789:
782:
774:
741:
733:
726:
718:
714:
708:Wiesehöfer 2009
706:
699:
691:
682:
678:
673:
672:
656:, as stated by
651:
647:
642:
591:
580:
537:
528:
516:
493:
482:
446:
422:
382:
334:
308:
303:
283:
276:Kings of Persis
251:Seleucid Empire
240:
217:Iranian plateau
211:(also known as
206:
194:Sasanian Empire
129:
125:
101:
52:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1288:
1286:. p. 195.
1275:
1264:
1243:
1230:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1189:
1183:
1166:
1160:978-1610693912
1159:
1142:
1140:. p. 282.
1131:
1118:
1110:|journal=
1086:
1081:978-0199732159
1080:
1064:
1059:978-0857716668
1058:
1040:
1034:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1009:, p. 282.
999:
982:
980:, p. 250.
970:
950:
948:, p. 247.
938:
936:, p. 249.
907:
890:
888:, p. 187.
873:
871:, p. 224.
861:
859:, p. 245.
846:
834:
822:
795:
780:
739:
737:, p. 178.
724:
722:, p. 195.
712:
697:
695:, p. 195.
679:
677:
674:
671:
670:
644:
643:
641:
638:
595: 193â211
584: 191â208
557:Bakhtegan Lake
536:
533:
527:
524:
520: 293â303
497: 240â270
486:Naqsh-e Rostam
481:
478:
445:
442:
426:Middle Persian
421:
418:
338: 224â242
307:
304:
302:
299:
289:). Unlike the
221:Iranian people
205:
202:
153:Middle Persian
144:
143:
141:Zoroastrianism
138:
134:
133:
120:
114:
113:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
68:205/6 â 207â10
66:
62:
61:
54:
53:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1431:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:9781474400305
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1225:9780521766418
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:9781785702082
1200:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1184:9780195304657
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1035:9780857719720
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
947:
942:
939:
935:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:Olbrycht 2016
838:
835:
832:, p. 28.
831:
830:Olbrycht 2016
826:
823:
820:, p. 27.
819:
818:Olbrycht 2016
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
785:
781:
778:, p. 26.
777:
776:Olbrycht 2016
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
735:Shayegan 2011
731:
729:
725:
721:
716:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
685:
681:
675:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
626:
624:
619:
611:
606:
602:
600:
589:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
541:
534:
532:
525:
523:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Naqsh-e Rajab
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
438:
433:
432:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Indo-Parthian
396:
391:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
332:
328:
324:
317:
312:
305:
300:
298:
296:
292:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
162:
154:
150:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
36:
31:
20:
1358:
1327:
1307:
1293:
1283:
1269:
1234:
1214:
1194:
1174:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1101:cite journal
1071:
1048:
1024:
1007:Gignoux 1994
1002:
997:, p. 4.
995:Daryaee 2014
978:Daryaee 2010
973:
968:, p. 34
962:Daryaee 2010
953:
946:Daryaee 2010
941:
934:Daryaee 2010
886:Daryaee 2012
864:
857:Daryaee 2010
837:
825:
715:
648:
627:
615:
550:
529:
483:
470:Agathangelos
447:
435:
429:
423:
413:
403:
401:connection.
394:
376:
341:
320:
290:
271:
264:Wadfradad II
260:
254:
207:
173:
160:
148:
147:
33:
1280:"Frataraka"
1165:(2 volumes)
1123:"BÄbak (1)"
618:Iranologist
577:Vologases V
555:, south of
280:Phraates II
248:Hellenistic
229:Achaemenids
165:New Persian
161:PÄpak/PÄbag
73:Predecessor
1383:Categories
676:References
601:and Pars.
437:Bundahishn
379:Darius III
368:Esfandiyar
364:Kay Bahman
331:Ardashir I
291:fratarakas
233:Macedonian
190:Ardashir I
157:đŻđ đŻđȘđ©
50:Ardashir I
26:đŻđ đŻđȘđ©
958:Frye 1988
791:Frye 1988
658:al-Tabari
654:Darabgerd
569:Darabgerd
543:Ruins of
535:Biography
414:Shahnameh
410:Bazrangid
406:Al-Tabari
395:Shahnameh
372:Vishtaspa
343:Shahnameh
329:monarch,
272:frataraka
261:frataraka
256:frataraka
176:) was an
83:Successor
1359:King of
1151:ABC-CLIO
1046:(2014).
869:Kia 2016
662:Ardashir
490:Shapur I
458:Agathias
454:Armenian
352:Kayanian
348:Ferdowsi
327:Sasanian
225:Persians
137:Religion
127:Ardashir
57:King of
1361:Istakhr
1353:Gochihr
1324:"Papag"
1016:Sources
660:, that
565:Istakhr
561:Gochihr
545:Istakhr
356:Dara II
354:rulers
314:Map of
301:Origins
182:Istakhr
178:Iranian
103:Istakhr
100:207â210
77:Gochihr
59:Istakhr
1371:Shapur
1336:
1251:
1241:
1222:
1201:
1181:
1157:
1078:
1056:
1032:
623:Shapur
610:Shapur
513:Narseh
370:, and
360:Dara I
270:. The
223:, the
213:Persis
198:Shapur
123:Shapur
87:Shapur
1249:JSTOR
640:Notes
634:Denag
599:Media
474:Greek
450:Roman
428:text
390:India
323:Sasan
235:king
174:BÄbak
149:Pabag
131:Denag
118:Issue
65:Reign
22:Pabag
1334:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1114:help
1076:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1030:ISBN
616:The
553:Khir
503:and
468:and
460:and
452:and
424:The
316:Pars
295:shah
209:Pars
186:Pars
170:ۚۧۚک
111:Iran
107:Pars
97:Died
35:Shah
448:In
1385::
1306:.
1282:.
1247:.
1153:.
1149:.
1125:.
1105::
1103:}}
1099:{{
985:^
910:^
893:^
876:^
849:^
798:^
783:^
742:^
727:^
700:^
683:^
593:r.
582:r.
518:r.
495:r.
384:r.
366:,
362:,
358:,
336:r.
285:r.
242:r.
200:.
167::
163:;
159:,
155::
109:,
105:,
1342:.
1310:.
1297:.
1262:)
1258:(
1255:.
1228:.
1207:.
1187:.
1163:.
1116:)
1112:(
1084:.
1062:.
1038:.
710:.
668:.
590:(
579:(
515:(
492:(
381:(
333:(
282:(
239:(
151:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
