802:
family, being intended to compete with the upper end of launchers worldwide. In comparison, while the Ariane 1 had a typical weight of 207 tonnes (456,000 lb) and could launch payloads of up to 1.7 tonnes (3,700 lb) into orbit; the larger Ariane 4 had a typical weight of 470 tonnes (1,040,000 lb) and could orbit payloads of up to 4.2 tonnes (9,300 lb). Work on the Ariane 4 was substantially eased via drawing heavily on both the technology and experiences gained from producing and operating the earlier members of the
967:, had already commenced. In January 1985, the Ariane 5 had been officially adopted as an ESA programme. It lacked the high levels of commonality that the Ariane 4 had with its predecessors, and had been designed not only for launching heavier payloads of up to 5.2 tonnes (11,000 lb) and at a 20% cost reduction over the Ariane 4, but for a higher margin of safety due to the fact that the Ariane 5 was designed to conduct crewed space launches as well, being intended to transport
975:. Development of the Ariane 5 was not without controversy as some ESA members considered the more mature Ariane 4 to be more suited for meeting established needs for such launchers; it was for this reason that Britain chose not to participate in the Ariane 5 programme. For some years, Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers were operated interchangeably; however, it was eventually decided to terminate all Ariane 4 operations in favour of concentrating on the newer Ariane 5.
730:, it was designed to provide a launcher capable of delivering heavier payloads and at a lower cost per kilogram than the earlier members of the Ariane family. The Ariane 4 was principally an evolution of the existing technologies used, as opposed to being revolutionary in its design ethos; this approach quickly gained the backing of most ESA members, who funded and participated in its development and operation. Capable of being equipped with a wide variety of
948:, equipped with four main engines, two solid boosters and two liquid boosters; it was also furnished with the multi-satellite SPELDA fairing. 50 seconds after take-off, the solid boosters would be expended and be detached in order to reduce the rocket's weight. 143 seconds after take-off, the liquid boosters also detached, further lightening the vehicle. The maiden flight was considered a success, putting multiple satellites into orbit.
1900:
833:. Another innovation of the Ariane 4 was the dual-launch SPELDA (Structure Porteuse Externe de Lancement Double Ariane) fairing. This had the function of allowing a pair of satellites, one placed on top of the other; several different SPELDA nose fairings could be installed, including normal and extended models. The SPELDA was considerably lighter than its predecessor; the guidance system also used much more accurate
2308:
1358:
741:, as well as those used for scientific research. During its working life, the Ariane 4 managed to capture 50% of the market in launching commercial satellites, soundly demonstrating Europe's ability to compete in the commercial launch sector. In February 2003, the final Ariane 4 was launched; Arianespace had decided to retire the type in favour of the newer and larger
2320:
1049:) for launching more than one satellite at a time. The rocket captured nearly 60% of the world's commercial launch services market, serving both European and international clients. Atop the third stage was a vehicle equipment stage which housed a computer that performed various functions, including sequencing, guidance, control, tracking,
960:, was adopted for the Ariane 4. The H10+ third stage featured a new tank, which was 26 kg (57 lb) lighter, 32 cm (13 in) longer, and contained 340 kg (750 lb) more fuel, which raised the rocket's overall payload capacity by 110 kg (240 lb) and increased its burn time by 20 seconds.
1069:
liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen motor. The Ariane 4 AR 44L, which was outfitted with the maximum additional boost of four liquid fuel rocket strap-ons, was a four-stage rocket, weighing 470,000 kg (1,040,000 lb) and capable of transferring a payload of 4,730 kg (10,430 lb) to GTO,
940:
which had been used for the previous members of the Ariane family and other rockets, preparation activity for the rocket would be performed in a purpose-built 80-metre (260 ft) tall hall rather than on the pad itself; the completed rocket was then transported using a specially-designed railway
813:
Posed with the requirement to produce a rocket with substantially greater thrust, the design team considered various approaches to achieve this. One concept studied had involved the addition of a fifth engine to an enlarged first stage of the Ariane 3, but was found to involve a very high level of
801:
In
January 1982, the ESA issued its authorisation for the development and construction of the Ariane 4; the development programme had the stated objective of increasing the usable payload by 90%. The Ariane 4 would be a considerably larger and more flexible launcher that the earlier members of its
1265:
had left a handkerchief in one of the motor's coolant tubes. He had done so as a reminder to himself to inform his superior, as per procedure, of an unplanned polishing he had made to fit the tube. But he fell ill before he could do so and was replaced by other workers who did not notice the
1056:
The Ariane 4 AR 40 was the basic version, with three stages: 58.4 m (192 ft) high, a diameter of 3.8 m (12 ft), a liftoff mass of 245,000 kg (540,000 lb) and a maximum payload of 2,100 kg (4,600 lb) to GTO or 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) to
814:
redesign work to achieve this; instead, the first stage was elongated to hold 210 tonnes (460,000 lb) of propellant instead of the 145 tonnes (320,000 lb) present on the Ariane 3. While the second and third stages remained identical to the Ariane 3, a range of
40:
1014:, the six Ariane 4 variants, aided by strap-on boosters, enabled the launch of payloads in excess of 4,900 kg (10,800 lb) on several occasions. The Ariane 4 launcher reduced the launch costs per kilo by 55% in comparison to the original
1274:) landed in pieces in the swamps near Kourou. The ensuing investigation recommended 44 modifications, including numbering and checking all pieces of cloth used in the rocket's assembly. The following 26 launches were all completed successfully.
1266:
handkerchief. In flight, the handkerchief blocked the coolant tube, the motor overheated and failed, and the Ariane self-destructed after veering off its trajectory. Its payload, two communications satellites worth 500 million US dollars (
941:
to slowly traverse from the hall to the launch pad, taking one hour. This railway provided the additional benefit of enabling faulty rockets to be withdrawn from the pad and be substituted for relatively quickly.
4224:
This
Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
829:-fuelled boosters, the latter being the only all-new design feature of the Ariane 4; at this point, the practice of using liquid boosters was uncommon, having only previously been used in the
936:
to service the Ariane 4 and provide a launch rate of 8 launches per year (this feat was near-unprecedented for a single large rocket, other than within the Soviet Union). Unlike the earlier
1699:
1258:
In June 1988, the inaugural flight of the Ariane 4 occurred, which was a success. Since then, Ariane 4 has flown 116 times, 113 of which were successful, yielding a success rate of 97.4%.
944:
On 15 June 1988, the first successful launch of the Ariane 4 was conducted. For this first test flight, it was decided to fire the second most powerful version of the rocket, designated
1261:
On 22 February 1990, the first failure occurred during the eighth Ariane 4 launch, flight V36. The rocket exploded 9 km above Kourou. The failure occurred because a worker assembling a
837:. According to aviation author Brian Harvey, the advances present in the design of the Ariane 4 represented a conservative and evolutionary, rather than revolutionary, philosophy.
758:
In 1973, eleven nations decided to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and formed a new pan-national organisation to undertake this mission, the
4258:
999:) dual-payload carrier. The basic 40 version did not employ any strap-on motors, while the Ariane 42L, 44L, 42P, 44P, and 44LP variants all used various combinations of
2358:
928:
In conjunction with the development of the Ariane 4 itself, a new purpose-built launch preparation area and launch pad for the rocket, collectively designated as
818:
were developed to be applied to the type, designed to gradually increase the rocket's payload capacity. Overall, the Ariane 4 was 15% smaller than the Ariane 3.
1721:
1065:, each producing 667 kN (150,000 lbf) of thrust. The second stage was powered by a single Viking 4B motor, and the third stage was equipped with an
2237:
4227:
Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)
995:, the Ariane 4 featured a stretched first (by 61%) and third stages, a strengthened structure, new propulsion bay layouts, new avionics, and the SPELDA (
1371:
723:. Since its first flight on 15 June 1988 until the final flight on 15 February 2003, it attained 113 successful launches out of 116 total launches.
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2015:
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2005:
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In effect, the Ariane 4 was an improved and developed derivative of the earlier Ariane 3, primarily differing through the application of various
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launches with a record of 113 successful and three launch failures. Ariane 4 provided a payload increase from 1,700 kg (3,700 lb) for
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921:(manufacturers of the fairing). For their work on the Ariane 4, the Launch Team were subsequently awarded the Space Achievement Award by the
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1312:. Spacecraft launched by the Soyuz reused the payload platform and dispenser which had been originally designed for the Ariane.
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782:. The Ariane 1 soon became considered to be a capable and competitive launcher in comparison to rival platforms offered by the
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798:. By early 1986, the Ariane 1, along with the Ariane 2 and Ariane 3, had become the dominant launcher on the world market.
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Once in service, the launcher soon became recognized for being ideal for launching communications and
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1300:. Arianespace had decided to phase out the Ariane 4 launcher in favour of the newer heavy-lift
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1517:
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Even prior to the first flight of the Ariane 4, development of a successor, designated as the
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1021:
The rocket was used in a number of variants - it could be fitted with two or four additional
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1010:. Originally designed to place 2,000 to 4,200 kg (4,400 to 9,300 lb) payloads in
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In 1982, the Ariane 4 program was approved by ESA. Drawing heavily upon the preceding
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rocket, which had already been in service for some years. In 2011, the medium-lift
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783:
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2161:
1636:"The Space Review: The cloth of doom: The weird, doomed ride of Ariane Flight 36"
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734:, the Ariane 4 gained a reputation for being an extremely versatile launcher.
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The Ariane 4 was the ultimate development from the preceding members of the
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762:(ESA). Six years later, in December 1979, the arrival of a capable European
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1541:
1292:
On 15 February 2003, the final launch of Ariane 4 rocket occurred, placing
17:
1604:[Ariane 4 - A challenge for Europe's space industry] (in French).
1289:(GTO). The record for Ariane 4 to GTO was 4,946 kg (10,904 lb).
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1692:"Arianespace Flight 159: Mission Accomplished! 23rd launch for Intelsat"
806:. The total development cost for the Ariane 4 was valued at 476 million
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78:
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1073:
1037:). The launcher included a satellite payload carrier system called
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For the V50 launch onwards, an improved third stage, known as the
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As the Ariane 4 programme took shape, it gained the support of
3548:
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665:
658:
1379:(Ukrainian carrier rocket with fairing derived from Ariane 4)
1070:
or alternatively 7,600 kg (16,800 lb) to LEO.
1308:
complemented the offering of launch vehicles from the
1047:
External
Carrying Structure for Ariane Double Launches
1043:
Structure porteuse externe de lancement double Ariane
997:
Structure
Porteuse Externe de Lancement Double Ariane
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240,000–470,000 kg (530,000–1,040,000 lb)
105:
97:
89:
84:
74:
64:
53:
1285:to a maximum of 4,800 kg (10,600 lb) to
909:(production of third stage tanks and insulation),
893:(responsible for the first and second stages),
1514:Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond
1507:
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1501:
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897:(MBB) (produced the liquid-fuelled boosters),
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1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
8:
1535:
1533:
770:launcher was successfully launched from the
745:, which effectively replaced it in service.
700:
32:
138:5,000–7,600 kg (11,000–16,800 lb)
4259:
4245:
4237:
2359:
2345:
2337:
2227:
2121:
1823:
1804:
1790:
1782:
1668:. Airbus Defence and Space. Archived from
1602:"Ariane 4, un défi pour l'Europe spatiale"
38:
31:
1516:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1277:The system became the basis for European
154:2,000–4,300 kg (4,400–9,500 lb)
1372:Comparison of orbital launchers families
1080:
450:Boosters (Ariane 42P, 44LP or 44P) – PAP
380:Boosters (Ariane 42L, 44LP or 44L) – PAL
1388:
1061:(LEO). Main power was provided by four
913:(maker of solid-fuelled boosters), and
1612:from the original on 23 September 2023
1053:and an explosive-based self-destruct.
1634:Castanos, Francis (7 December 2020).
1408:from the original on 28 December 2016
7:
2384:Comparison of orbital launch systems
2319:
1646:from the original on 4 December 2023
1629:
1627:
1552:from the original on 7 February 2024
1438:from the original on 3 December 2023
4464:Liquid Fly-back Booster Derivatives
703:Centre national d'Ă©tudes spatiales
569:720.965 kN (162,079 lbf)
506:3,034.1 kN (682,100 lbf)
406:752.003 kN (169,057 lbf)
25:
1777:A cutaway drawing of the Ariane 4
2318:
2307:
2306:
1898:
1702:from the original on 6 July 2023
1582:from the original on 19 May 2024
1356:
1033:fueled booster rockets (PAL for
899:Société Européenne de Propulsion
632:62.703 kN (14,096 lbf)
4212:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle
1077:5 of the 6 versions of Ariane 4
1035:Propulseurs d'Appoint Ă Liquide
44:The 52nd Ariane 4 carrying the
2379:List of orbital launch systems
1027:Propulseurs d'Appoint Ă Poudre
715:(ESA). It was manufactured by
466:650 kN (150,000 lbf)
1:
901:(SEP) (engine manufacturer),
1731:. March 2012. Archived from
1287:geostationary transfer orbit
889:. The main contractors were
739:Earth observation satellites
93:58.72 m (192.7 ft)
4505:Vehicles introduced in 1988
4521:
4202:Medium-lift launch vehicle
2285:Automated Transfer Vehicle
1251:
905:(equipment bay assembly),
895:Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm
766:was marked when the first
4220:
4207:Heavy-lift launch vehicle
4197:Small-lift launch vehicle
2374:
2302:
1896:
1546:Encyclopedia Astronautica
1402:Encyclopedia Astronautica
932:, was constructed at the
675:
671:
375:
158:
37:
841:Teaming and construction
788:United States of America
764:expendable launch system
2150:Safran Aircraft Engines
1310:Centre Spatial Guyanais
1254:List of Ariane launches
934:Centre Spatial Guyanais
808:European Currency Units
772:Centre Spatial Guyanais
101:3.8 m (12 ft)
4500:Ariane (rocket family)
2368:Orbital launch systems
1813:Ariane (rocket family)
1760:ESA Ariane 4 launchers
1640:www.thespacereview.com
1512:Harvey, Brian (2003).
1078:
711:space agency, for the
701:
2206:European Space Agency
1770:14 March 2016 at the
1722:"Soyuz User's Manual"
1432:European Space Agency
1076:
835:ring laser gyroscopes
831:Chinese space program
760:European Space Agency
713:European Space Agency
1698:. 15 February 2003.
1672:on 27 September 2016
1298:geosynchronous orbit
987:. Compared with the
985:Ariane rocket family
973:Hermes space vehicle
1915:Guiana Space Centre
1738:on 28 December 2013
1263:Viking rocket motor
1248:Operational history
1012:geostationary orbit
971:using the proposed
952:Further development
699:, developed by the
34:
3374:v1.2 "Full Thrust"
1540:Wade, Mark (ed.).
1396:Wade, Mark (ed.).
1364:Spaceflight portal
1316:Comparable rockets
1079:
919:Contraves Space AG
550:Second stage – L33
487:First stage – L220
4487:
4486:
4234:
4233:
2334:
2333:
2298:
2297:
2219:
2218:
1894:
1893:
1694:(Press release).
1245:
1244:
1241:22 February 1990
915:British Aerospace
816:strap-on boosters
732:strap-on boosters
686:
685:
613:Third stage – H10
356:25 September 2001
75:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
4512:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4238:
4083:Universal Rocket
2454:Falcon 9 Block 5
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2322:
2321:
2310:
2309:
2228:
2146:
2122:
2001:List of launches
1923:
1902:
1824:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1576:Space Foundation
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1393:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1218:24 January 1994
1151:1 December 1994
1081:
1063:Viking 2B motors
923:Space Foundation
719:and marketed by
706:
679:edit on Wikidata
638:Specific impulse
575:Specific impulse
512:Specific impulse
412:Specific impulse
368:15 February 2003
362:27 November 2001
297:20 November 1990
42:
35:
21:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4409:
4351:
4295:
4274:
4265:
4235:
4230:
4216:
4192:Sounding rocket
4180:
3030:
2804:
2388:
2370:
2365:
2335:
2330:
2294:
2273:
2242:
2215:
2194:
2182:Launch provider
2176:
2144:
2113:
2032:
1989:
1948:
1917:
1903:
1890:
1854:
1838:
1815:
1810:
1772:Wayback Machine
1756:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1608:. 9 June 2015.
1600:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1434:. 14 May 2004.
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1318:
1256:
1250:
1059:low Earth orbit
981:
954:
843:
810:(ECU) in 1986.
756:
751:
692:was a European
682:
662:
603:
599:
540:
536:
440:
436:
371:
350:23 January 2002
338:3 December 1999
324:
291:22 January 1990
244:
230:
208:
194:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4518:
4516:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4300:In development
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:launch systems
4266:
4264:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
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4209:
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4199:
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4112:
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4068:
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4053:
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4021:
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3994:
3989:
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3972:
3967:
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3960:
3950:
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3938:
3928:
3927:
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3921:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
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3876:
3871:
3866:
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3859:
3849:
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3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
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3802:
3797:
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3755:
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3740:
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3706:
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3657:
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3640:
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3615:
3610:
3609:
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3603:
3593:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3516:
3515:
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3509:
3504:
3499:
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3484:
3474:
3469:
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3457:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:In development
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2788:Vulcan Centaur
2785:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
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2746:
2741:
2731:
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2434:
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2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2316:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Beyond Gravity
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2128:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1843:In development
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1762:
1755:
1754:External links
1752:
1750:
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1713:
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1657:
1623:
1593:
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1529:
1522:
1449:
1419:
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1368:
1367:
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1348:
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1252:Main article:
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1088:
1085:
980:
977:
953:
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875:United Kingdom
842:
839:
755:
752:
750:
747:
697:launch vehicle
684:
683:
676:
673:
672:
669:
668:
660:
656:
652:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
629:Maximum thrust
626:
625:
619:
615:
614:
610:
609:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
585:
581:
580:
577:
571:
570:
567:
566:Maximum thrust
563:
562:
556:
552:
551:
547:
546:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
503:Maximum thrust
500:
499:
493:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:Maximum thrust
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
447:
446:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
403:Maximum thrust
400:
399:
394:
390:
389:
386:
382:
381:
377:
376:
373:
372:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
332:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
285:
283:
279:
278:
263:
259:
258:
227:
223:
222:
191:
190:Total launches
187:
186:
177:
173:
172:
169:
165:
164:
163:Launch history
160:
159:
156:
155:
152:
148:
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119:
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99:
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81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
59:launch vehicle
55:
51:
50:
46:TOPEX/Poseidon
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4517:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Hyperion SSTO
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
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4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
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4308:
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4298:
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4277:
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4270:
4262:
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4226:
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4208:
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4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:UR-500 Proton
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
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4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
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3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3874:Space Shuttle
3872:
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3775:Blue Scout II
3773:
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2464:Firefly Alpha
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2125:Manufacturing
2123:
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2118:Organizations
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2110:
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2100:
2097:
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1523:1-8523-3722-2
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1338:Long March 3B
1336:
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1199:
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1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
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1110:
1109:
1106:Failure date
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1045:, French for
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
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1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
961:
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951:
949:
947:
942:
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931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
825:-fuelled and
824:
819:
817:
811:
809:
805:
804:Ariane rocket
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:French Guiana
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
748:
746:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
704:
698:
695:
691:
680:
674:
670:
667:
663:
657:
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645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
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624:
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616:
611:
608:
604:
594:
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586:
582:
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576:
572:
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561:
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541:
531:
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367:
364:
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287:
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284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
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238:
234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
206:
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198:
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185:
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166:
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157:
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149:
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137:
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108:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4382:
3982:Thorad-Agena
3655:Soyuz/Vostok
3093:
2459:Falcon Heavy
2323:
2311:
2162:MT Aerospace
2142:AĂ©rospatiale
2137:Airbus Space
1908:Launch sites
1880:
1765:FAS Ariane 4
1740:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1670:the original
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1614:. Retrieved
1596:
1584:. Retrieved
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1545:
1513:
1440:. Retrieved
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1401:
1391:
1294:Intelsat 907
1291:
1276:
1260:
1257:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1020:
996:
982:
962:
957:
955:
945:
943:
937:
929:
927:
891:AĂ©rospatiale
844:
820:
812:
800:
784:Soviet Union
757:
736:
725:
707:(CNES), the
689:
687:
455:No. boosters
385:No. boosters
365:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
318:
315:15 June 1988
312:
309:4 April 1991
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:First flight
274:
270:
266:
254:
250:
246:
240:
236:
232:
218:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
176:Launch sites
65:Manufacturer
29:
4469:BAC Mustard
4434:Capricornio
4426:Ariane 5 ME
4395:Black Arrow
4307:Ariane Next
3472:LauncherOne
3423:Kaituozhe-1
3200:Black Arrow
2952:Orbex Prime
2851:Hyperbola-2
2816:Antares 330
2516:Kaituozhe 2
2489:Hyperbola-1
2259:Ariane 5 ME
2190:Arianespace
2132:ArianeGroup
1850:Ariane Next
1729:Arianespace
1696:Arianespace
1650:25 December
1333:GSLV Mk III
1268:Superbird-B
1093:Payload to
907:Air Liquide
887:Switzerland
867:Netherlands
749:Development
721:Arianespace
717:ArianeGroup
650:759 seconds
642:446 seconds
587:132 seconds
579:296 seconds
524:205 seconds
516:278 seconds
424:142 seconds
416:278 seconds
329:Last flight
321:5 June 1989
303:12 May 1993
226:Success(es)
143:Payload to
127:Payload to
69:ArianeGroup
57:Expendable
18:Ariane 42-P
4494:Categories
4332:North Star
3477:Long March
3381:Feng Bao 1
2994:Tianlong-3
2920:New Line 1
2878:Long March
2826:Cyclone-4M
2766:Tianlong-2
2744:2.1b / STB
2739:2.1a / STA
2682:Pegasus XL
2548:Long March
2521:Kinetica 1
2444:Chollima-1
2325:Multimedia
1666:"Ariane 4"
1428:"Ariane 4"
1398:"Ariane 4"
1384:References
1328:GSLV Mk II
1103:Successes
969:astronauts
694:expendable
655:Propellant
618:Powered by
592:Propellant
555:Powered by
529:Propellant
492:Powered by
479:Propellant
474:33 seconds
429:Propellant
393:Powered by
344:4 May 2002
262:Failure(s)
48:satellite.
4421:Aldebaran
4414:Cancelled
4267:European
3576:Paektusan
3205:Conestoga
2962:Red Dwarf
2915:New Glenn
2846:Gravity-2
2836:Epsilon S
2469:Gravity-1
2247:Cancelled
2231:Proposals
2026:2020–2029
2021:2010–2019
2016:2000–2009
2011:1990–1999
2006:1979–1989
1377:Tsyklon-4
1345:(retired)
1324:(retired)
1279:satellite
1100:Launches
1051:telemetry
1025:(PAP for
925:in 2004.
774:(CSG) at
647:Burn time
584:Burn time
560:Viking 4B
521:Burn time
497:Viking 5C
482:CTPB 1613
471:Burn time
458:0, 2 or 4
421:Burn time
388:0, 2 or 4
122:Capacity
4430:Ariane M
4347:Spectrum
4322:Haas 2CA
4312:Bloostar
4286:Ariane 6
4120:original
4110:Vanguard
4093:Proton-K
4066:original
3914:Ablestar
3899:Terran 1
3857:original
3716:Rocket 3
3623:original
3433:original
3359:Falcon 9
3354:Falcon 1
3310:IV Heavy
3026:Zuljanah
2989:Terran R
2972:Block 1B
2957:Pallas-1
2861:Kuaizhou
2821:Bloostar
2761:Starship
2712:Shavit 2
2697:Qaem 100
2687:Proton-M
2645:Minotaur
2526:Kuaizhou
2449:Electron
2417:Ariane 6
2313:Category
2145:(merged)
1994:Launches
1886:Ariane 5
1881:Ariane 4
1876:Ariane 3
1871:Ariane 2
1866:Ariane 1
1834:Ariane 6
1768:Archived
1700:Archived
1644:Archived
1610:Archived
1580:Archived
1572:"Awards"
1550:Archived
1542:"Ariane"
1436:Archived
1406:Archived
1350:See also
1322:Delta II
1306:Soyuz ST
1302:Ariane 5
1283:Ariane 3
1200:AR 44LP
1016:Ariane 1
1008:boosters
993:Ariane 3
989:Ariane 2
965:Ariane 5
911:BPD Snia
796:Ariane 3
792:Ariane 2
786:and the
768:Ariane 1
743:Ariane 5
728:Ariane 3
690:Ariane 4
397:Viking 6
98:Diameter
54:Function
33:Ariane 4
4459:Liberty
4400:Diamant
4356:Retired
4337:RFA One
4327:Miura 5
4317:Haas 2b
4269:orbital
4185:Classes
4056:Tsyklon
3894:Start-1
3665:Voskhod
3660:Sputnik
3596:Molniya
3581:Pilot-2
3418:Juno II
3332:Epsilon
3327:Energia
3317:Diamant
3193:Centaur
3042:Antares
3035:Retired
2984:Soyuz-7
2977:Block 2
2910:Neutron
2900:Miura 5
2734:Soyuz-2
2727:Block 1
2717:Simorgh
2494:Jielong
2422:Atlas V
2393:Current
2278:Retired
2254:Adeline
2224:Related
2199:Related
2037:Flights
1980:Vulcain
1953:Engines
1859:Retired
1827:Current
1820:Rockets
1742:13 June
1676:13 June
1616:13 June
1586:13 June
1556:13 June
1442:13 June
1412:22 June
1343:Soyuz-U
1223:AR 44L
1178:AR 44P
1156:AR 42L
1133:AR 42P
871:Germany
859:Ireland
851:Denmark
847:Belgium
754:Origins
171:Retired
4444:Hopper
4405:Europa
4363:Ariane
4342:Skylon
4279:Active
4169:Zhuque
4103:Strela
4061:R-36-O
4004:II GLV
3992:SLV-2H
3987:SLV-2G
3975:DSV-2U
3953:Burner
3889:SS-520
3884:Sparta
3852:Shavit
3743:Saturn
3704:Shtil'
3670:Vostok
3613:Polyot
3571:Naro-1
3460:Lambda
3428:Kosmos
3413:Juno I
3337:Europa
3111:Athena
3074:Ariane
3014:Zhuque
3004:Vega E
2856:Irtysh
2793:Zhuque
2511:KAIROS
2400:Angara
2290:Europa
2269:Hermes
1970:Viking
1960:Aestus
1920:Kourou
1706:28 May
1520:
1111:AR 40
1084:Model
1039:SPELDA
1031:liquid
1005:liquid
979:Design
885:, and
883:Sweden
879:France
873:, the
865:, the
827:liquid
776:Kourou
709:French
180:Kourou
168:Status
114:Stages
90:Height
79:Europe
27:Rocket
4474:OTRAG
4449:HOTOL
4132:Zenit
4127:VLS-1
4098:Rokot
3999:Titan
3970:Delta
3931:Agena
3879:SPARK
3765:Scout
3721:Safir
3709:Volna
3618:Soyuz
3408:H-IIB
3322:Dnepr
3210:Delta
3188:Agena
3178:SLV-3
3173:LV-3B
3128:Atlas
2702:Qased
2677:OS-M1
2479:H-IIA
2427:Ceres
2264:DC4EU
2238:SUSIE
2172:Nammo
2167:SABCA
2109:VA262
2104:VA256
2099:VA255
2094:VA254
2089:VA253
2084:VA248
2079:VA247
2074:VA246
2069:VA245
2064:VA243
2059:VA244
2054:VA242
2049:VA241
2044:VA240
1975:Vinci
1942:ELA-4
1937:ELA-3
1932:ELA-2
1927:ELA-1
1736:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1296:into
1272:BS-2X
1097:(kg)
1067:HM7-B
1029:) or
1023:solid
1001:solid
938:ELA-1
930:ELA-2
903:Matra
863:Italy
855:Spain
823:solid
677:[
623:HM7-B
360:44LP:
313:44LP:
275:44LP:
251:44LP:
215:44LP:
184:ELA-2
4479:SOAR
4439:Haas
4291:Vega
4157:3SLB
4115:Vega
4044:CT-3
4029:IIIE
4024:IIID
4019:IIIC
4014:IIIB
4009:IIIA
3909:Able
3904:Thor
3805:X-2B
3795:X-3M
3785:X-2M
3699:R-29
3591:Luna
3566:N-II
3544:3SII
3443:2/2I
3403:H-II
3391:Mk I
3386:GSLV
3369:v1.1
3364:v1.0
3290:5000
3285:4000
3280:3000
3275:2000
3270:1000
3265:0100
3183:Able
3106:ASLV
3067:230+
3009:Zero
2935:OS-M
2930:Nova
2925:NGLV
2841:Eris
2831:Deca
2776:Vega
2771:Unha
2756:SSLV
2749:2-1v
2692:PSLV
2672:Nuri
2640:LVM3
2573:3B/E
2474:GSLV
2211:CNES
1985:P120
1965:HM7B
1744:2015
1708:2024
1678:2015
1652:2021
1618:2015
1606:CNES
1588:2015
1558:2015
1518:ISBN
1444:2015
1414:2021
1270:and
1232:4720
1209:4220
1187:3460
1165:3480
1142:2930
1120:2100
1090:PAP
1087:PAL
1003:and
991:and
958:H10+
946:44LP
794:and
688:The
607:UDMH
544:UDMH
444:UDMH
366:44L:
354:44P:
348:42L:
342:42P:
319:44L:
307:44P:
301:42L:
295:42P:
271:44L:
267:42P:
255:44L:
253:25,
249:15,
247:44P:
241:42L:
239:14,
237:42P:
219:44L:
217:26,
213:15,
211:44P:
205:42L:
203:15,
201:42P:
151:Mass
135:Mass
106:Mass
85:Size
4152:3SL
4147:2FG
4039:23G
4034:34D
3869:SLV
3845:G-1
3840:F-1
3835:E-1
3830:A-1
3825:D-1
3820:B-1
3800:X-4
3790:X-3
3780:X-2
3770:X-1
3586:R-7
3561:N-I
3398:H-I
3300:III
3168:III
3143:E/F
3062:230
3057:130
3052:120
3047:110
2999:VLM
2967:SLS
2905:MLV
2722:SLS
2707:RS1
2633:11H
2405:1.2
1238:39
1215:25
1193:15
1171:13
1148:14
1095:GTO
666:LOX
336:40:
289:40:
273:1,
269:1,
265:3 (
257:39)
243:13)
235:7,
233:40:
229:113
221:40)
207:13)
199:7,
197:40:
193:116
145:GTO
129:LEO
4496::
4162:3F
4142:2M
4049:IV
3753:IB
3736:1B
3731:1A
3690:2M
3648:U2
3628:FG
3556:N1
3539:3S
3534:3H
3529:3C
3524:4S
3519:Mu
3512:4A
3507:3B
3497:2E
3492:2A
3487:1D
3465:4S
3453:3M
3347:II
3305:IV
3295:II
3163:II
3121:II
2893:12
2888:10
2871:31
2866:21
2655:IV
2628:11
2618:7A
2608:6A
2598:5B
2588:4C
2583:4B
2578:3C
2568:3A
2563:2F
2558:2D
2553:2C
2541:11
2536:1A
2484:H3
2437:1S
2410:A5
1727:.
1642:.
1638:.
1626:^
1578:.
1574:.
1548:.
1544:.
1532:^
1452:^
1430:.
1404:.
1400:.
1235:40
1212:26
1190:15
1168:13
1145:15
1126:7
1018:.
881:,
877:,
869:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
849:,
778:,
664:/
659:LH
621:1
605:/
558:1
542:/
495:4
442:/
277:1)
182:,
4388:5
4383:4
4378:3
4373:2
4368:1
4260:e
4253:t
4246:v
4174:1
4137:2
4076:3
4071:2
3963:2
3958:1
3946:D
3941:B
3936:A
3924:2
3919:1
3862:1
3815:A
3810:B
3758:V
3748:I
3726:1
3685:2
3680:K
3675:L
3643:U
3638:M
3633:L
3606:L
3601:M
3549:V
3502:3
3482:1
3448:3
3438:1
3342:I
3260:N
3255:M
3250:L
3245:J
3240:G
3235:E
3230:D
3225:C
3220:B
3215:A
3158:I
3153:H
3148:G
3138:D
3133:B
3116:I
3099:5
3094:4
3089:3
3084:2
3079:1
3019:3
2945:4
2940:2
2883:9
2798:2
2781:C
2665:C
2660:V
2650:I
2623:8
2613:7
2603:6
2593:5
2531:1
2504:3
2499:1
2432:1
2360:e
2353:t
2346:v
1922:)
1918:(
1805:e
1798:t
1791:v
1746:.
1710:.
1680:.
1654:.
1620:.
1590:.
1560:.
1526:.
1446:.
1416:.
1229:0
1226:4
1206:2
1203:2
1184:4
1181:0
1162:0
1159:2
1139:2
1136:0
1123:7
1117:0
1114:0
1041:(
917:/
681:]
661:2
602:4
600:O
598:2
596:N
539:4
537:O
535:2
533:N
439:4
437:O
435:2
433:N
245:(
231:(
209:(
195:(
117:3
20:)
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