Aristagoras - Knowledge (XXG)

207: 610:. He interfered in Magabates' role in disciplining the ship captains to save a friend from harsh punishment for an infraction (failure to set a watch on his ship). Aristagoras saved his friend from punishment but lost the support of the Persian admiral, who expected to be in overall command. The schism was irreparable with Megabates deciding to sabotage the entire operation by secretly informing the Naxians that they were about to be attacked, taking away the element of surprise. Naxos then had enough time to prepare for a siege. Four months later, the siege still held, the Persians were out of supplies and had only limited funds remaining. The expedition was then considered a failure and the Persians sailed home. 699: 625: 363:

Balkans, but neither were prepared for the armed invasion of their lands by the Persians during the late 6th-century BC. The Ionian Greeks appealed to the mainland Greeks for assistance and not receiving it were forced to capitulate, becoming subjects of the new Achaemenid Empire. However, as long as they paid their taxes and were no threat to the rule of the Persians, the latter were willing to allow them self-rule under the Greek tyrants. The entire region, however, including those tyrants, held a smoldering resentment against the Persian Empire.

45: 384: 1111:(exepheronto keleuontes apistasthai) and not to adopt the proposals of Hecataeus, a logopoios, not a partisan. A plenipotentiary emissary is sent to seize the fleet and arrest its Persian-employed commanders. As tyrants do not rely on voting to decide policy or send emissaries, the consultative body of partisans cannot be same as the voting body. Apparently after the consultation Aristagoras has given up tyranny and has convened an assembly of the people, which hears proposals and votes on them. 563: 957:

wrote only an annal-like sequence long on names and events but short on connecting narrative. To this framework Herodotus adds the logoi, or independent anecdotes of persons and events derived from independent oral traditions, which Herodotus obtained by interview with record-keepers and state historians. The disconnectedness comes from their being independent. It is pointless, therefore, to try to invent connections.

885:, an island off Miletus. The city was then subject to a siege and the war lost at its fall. Although there was some mild destruction of rebel cities (except for Miletus, which was razed and the population decimated and transported), the Persians were interested in ruling rather than revenge. They began to plan for the invasion of Greece which was to start in 490 BC in a series of conflicts which are now known as the 1136:

strategos is an archon, or magistrate. The language precludes determining whether single strategoi or many strategoi were being set up in each city. The word "command," keleusas, refers to an instruction given by a figure in authority to a subordinate, so to interpret Aristagoras as democratically suggesting each Ionian city vote in its magistrates appears somewhat far-fetched as far as the language is concerned.

932:

tale is necessary is similarly speculative: "the failure of the revolt not only gave prominence to every aspect and event which would explain, justify or anticipate the disastrous results but also cast into the shade any intentions which deserved a better fate and any temporary successes during the course of the war". Not having any other account with which to compare these events, she cannot possibly know that.

710:, for military aid in his revolt. He praised the quality of the Spartan warriors and argued that a pre-emptive invasion of Persia would be easy. To illustrate his view, he had brought along a "bronze tablet on which a map of all the earth was engraved, and all the sea, and all the rivers." No more information is given about the map, but some scholars have argued that Aristagoras borrowed the map from 907:. On the one hand he is virtually the only literary source for the events he presents as history. While in many ways he reflects some of the best of ancient historiography, on the other hand, his work is sprinkled with motivational and logical lacunae, creating textual paradoxes everywhere, causing some scholars to be critical of his value as a historical source, especially regarding the 659:. Hecataeus voted against the revolt because he believed that the Ionians would be out-matched with defeat being inevitable. Once the vote was taken, however, there is no evidence that he excluded himself from the revolt. In fact, he had suggestions to make. Once the war began, the Ionians expected all to participate, although they could not stop the larger allies from withdrawing. 1888: 755: 928:

large Scythian army not far behind. He prefers to keep him alive for nothing more serious than keeping an eye on him. Nonchalantly Lang writes: "Presumably revolt was already in the air,...." It could not have been far in the air if Histiaeus passed up a chance for total victory at the outset, a prized goal of many a lightning campaign in world history afterwards.

964:, or teller of logoi, based on his own characterization of his sources as logopoeic, "story makers". Usually the logographers include Hecataeus and the other historians of his generation, who lived through the revolt. There is little evidence of their logography. Whether Herodotus stands alone or is part of a Milesian tradition is a matter of speculation. 666:. Now in a position of command, Herodotus is not specific, Aristagoras sent a party under Iatragoras to arrest the admirals still with the fleet, some several men. Ironically, these were mainly Greek. They were later released and sent home. Now that the rebellion was in the open, Aristagoras “set himself to damage Darius in every way he could think of”. 375:. He would then lay siege to another Thracian city, where he and all his men would be killed in combat. The first Persian invasion of mainland Greece would occur two years after the defeat of the Ionians. In 492 BC the Persian king Darius would order a naval attack in retaliation against Athens and Eretria for supporting the Greeks in the Ionian Revolt. 200: 820:, tried to convince his brother to rebel against Persia and join in the Ionian Revolt. When his brother refused to support the revolt, Onesilus waited until he left Salamis and then shut the city gates on him. Gorgus fled to the Persians while Onesilus took over and convinced the Cyprians to revolt. They then proceeded to lay siege to the city of 968:

as a modern historian, but he does have an overall design, which is “Biblical” or "Bible-like" in scope. He is trying to do an epic in prose similar to the Homerica in verse. His topic is not the Trojan War, but the Graeco-Persian Wars. (The Homerica have been called the pagan Greek "Bible".) Says Oswyn Murray in the Cambridge Ancient History,

747: 990:

concerning the revolt itself are ... fragmented into individual episodes of folly, treachery, or heroism" and therefore are not "trustworthy materials for the history of the revolt," he asserts to the contrary that "Herodotus' account furnishes the material for a coherent and credible account of the actions and events it presents...."

722:

learning that it was a three months’ journey, he firmly refused Spartan assistance as his troops would be gone for too long. At the time, Sparta was concerned over possible attacks from the Argives. The Greek historian Herodotus claimed that Aristagoras attempted to change Cleomenes’ mind with bribes, until the king's young daughter

986:

never any such universal and long-standing denial of Herodotus. On the contrary, the main events, such as the Battles of Marathon and Thermopylae, have been accepted as basically credible by many scholars of many ages. It is therefore misplaced to speak of the "rehabilitation" of Herodotus in medical or neo-ideologic terms.

648:. Meanwhile, Histiaeus, still detained at Susa, had tattooed a message upon the shaved head of a slave. Once his hair had grown back, he sent him to Aristagoras. The message told Aristagoras to revolt. Histiaeus, desperate to resume his authority at Miletus, hoped Darius would send him to deal with a Milesian revolt. 367:

down upon the Ionian Greeks in overwhelming numbers, sacking the rebel cities, including Miletus. At Miletus, the Persians killed all the warriors, castrated the young men, and sold the women and children into slavery. It was their intent that Miletus would never again be repopulated, and for some decades it was not.

739:. Herodotus described the arrival of these ships as the beginning of troubles between the Greeks and the barbarians. Once all his allies had arrived, Aristagoras put his brother Charopinus and another Milesian, Hermophantus, in charge of the expedition, and the whole contingent set out for the provincial capital, 994:

interpretations. The contradictions are not to be viewed as contradictions. He does not address the question of why, if they are not so, it is necessary to spend an article in disputation over them. The result is a new set of speculations fully as imaginary as Murray's, not being based on any alternative texts.

785:, including all the Greek cities located in that state. They made such a show of mercy as to win the hearts and minds of the Anatolians, as well as of some of the Greeks. A call for assistance went rapidly around the satrapy. Joint Persian-Anatolian forces hastened overnight to the assistance of the satrap. 924:. A 1968 article by Lang focuses on the paradoxes of the Ionian revolt. For example, Histiaeus originally won the Great King's favor by protecting his escape from Scythia over a key bridge of the Danube. Despite this vital rescue to save the king and all his forces, he shortly after plots a rebellion! 1135:

Strategoi, which can only be high-ranking military officers, and not some sort of magistrate as some translators say. As Herodotus does not clarify the duties of a strategos, considering that Aristagoras was interpreted as establishing democracies, most commentators presume that for Herodotus only, a

967:

Validation of Herodotus therefore rests on validation of his logoi. There is no general validation, but the much-desired archaeological and inscriptional evidence appears to validate a few events as far as they go: some names, circumstances of war, and similar peripheral facts. He cannot be validated

856:

Expecting a swift Persian victory, Aristagoras had hoped to establish a redoubt of Ionians, who would come to the assistance of Miletus at a later time. By an accidental sequence of historical events his reputation drew the ire of his main historian, Herodotus of Halicarnassus, an Ionian partisan, to

832:

Well before the revolt collapsed, Aristagoras began looking for a shelter to which he could execute a strategic retreat. He and his men resolved on Myrcinus in Thrace, which had been an Ionian stronghold in the abortive Persian invasion of Scythia. He put Pythagoras, "a man of distinction", in charge

792:

After this battle, the Athenians refused to continue to fight in the Ionian Revolt and returned to Athens. However, because of Athenians' participation in the revolt, the Persian king, Darius, swore vengeance on Athens and commanded a servant to repeat to him three times every day at dinner, “Master,

766:. Using it as base, they went overland to Sardis, on which they descended on the city taking its defenders by surprise. The satrap Artaphernes and his forces retreated to the acropolis immediately. A fire, started allegedly by accident in the town, burned down the temple of the Lydian goddess Cybebe ( 721:

Aristagoras claimed that the Persians would be easy to defeat, as they fought in "trousers and turbans". He also tempted the Spartan king with Persian riches. Cleomenes asked Aristagoras to wait two days for an answer. When they next met, Cleomenes asked how long it would take to reach Susa, and upon

677:

There has been some question as to the exact meaning of Herodotus' governmental terms, and as to the form of government of the Ionian alliance. The most fundamental question is where Aristagoras got his authority over the Ionians in the first place. They were all under the satrapy of Lydia, not under

669:

The scope of the revolt spread rapidly to all Ionia. Aristagoras foresaw that one city against the Persians would soon be crushed. He therefore set about creating an alliance of all the Ionian cities, but the members also came from regions beyond Ionia. He made a number of constitutional changes, not

366:

Aristagoras is of historical note for his instigation of the Ionian revolt in collaboration with his father-in-law and predecessor, Histiaeus. The conspiracy gained the support of many Greek Ionian states but failed to win the full support of the mainland Greek states. Consequently, the Persians came

981:

The expectation of modernity in Herodotus is misplaced. Validation must be sought for individual logoi. The whole work or any part of it cannot logically be condemned on the basis of one or a group of paradoxes. All skepticism must have a reason for doubting. The inconsistencies of Herodotus are not

977:

In short, Herodotus is personal because the Homerica are personal. Both genres intend to portray the illustrious or non-illustrious deeds and doings of persons in the contexts of mighty wars. Thus Aristagoras personally can be called a “coward.” The lying that they do is metis, "cunning," an admired

956:

Herodotus apparently designed his work according to a specific plan and style. Whether the previous historians used it is not known, due to the paucity of evidence, but it seems unlikely. He appears to use Hecataeus as a framework for his historical events. The fragments of Hecataeus suggest that he

931:

The basic problem is Lang's cynicism: "we should not hope to discover the truth about the result merely by accepting the narrative ...." Accordingly, she rehearses a catalogue of paradoxes similar to Manville's weaving her own fantasy of unattested events to contain it. Her explanation of why such a

788:

They arrived with such short notice and major fanfare as to frighten away the Ionian-Athenian forces. The Cambridge Ancient History article attributes this swift arrival to the Persian cavalry, which also had no trouble tracking and catching the Ionians before the gates of Ephesus. The losses of the

989:

Accordingly, the most sanguine view treats his work as though no problems exist regarding it. Referring to the Cambridge Ancient History article on the Ionian Revolt by Murray, Georges addresses "the question of Herodotus' veracity and reliability." Repeating Murray's criticism that "the traditions

873:

Recognizing that he risked arrest or worse at the hands of Artaphernes, Histiaeus escaped that night and took ship at the coast, probably at Ephesus. He had no trouble raising troops and finding ships, but he found that he was not trusted by the Ionians. Miletus would not have him back. He became a

869:

Histiaeus never succeeded in reaching Miletus. Reporting first to Sardis, whether with or without the Great King's complicity (Herodotus does not say), he was interrogated concerning his true loyalties. Histiaeus swore complete ignorance of the events of the revolt and unquestionable loyalty to the

594:

and suggested that Artaphernes attack Naxos and restore the exiles. The Persians would then gain control of the island. He explained to Artaphernes that Naxos “was a fine and fertile island, close to the Ionian coast, and rich both in treasures and slaves.” It was also the gateway to the Cyclades,

1110:

Book V, Chapter 36. The text is one of those telescoping of events that confuse translators and provide fuel for the fires of the critics. Aristagoras calls a consultative meeting (ebouleuonto) with his partisans, or supporters (stasiotai). The very next sentence describes a binding vote to revolt

948:

It would be convenient to attribute this unconcern to a sort of intermediate phase between mythology and history, as many do. Such a view is neglectful of the ravages of time. Herodotus was not the first historian in any way, only the first whose work survived. He wrote of the Ionian Revolt a full

877:

Due to the disparity in resources and the reluctance of the mainland Greek states to involve themselves, the Ionian Revolt failed and Persia regained control over the Ionian Greeks. After only one year, the Cyprians were once again forced into submission by Persia. The cities around the Hellespont

734:

Aristagoras next went to Athens, where he made a convincing speech, promising "everything that came into his head, until at last he succeeded". Won over, the Athenians agreed to send ships to Ionia and Aristagoras went before them. The Athenians subsequently arrived in Miletus with twenty triremes

689:

Aristagoras went on to "put a stop to tyranny" in all the other Ionian cities, and moreover to insist that they select boards of generals reporting to him. No voting is mentioned. Apparently a new sovereign entity had been formed with Aristagoras at its head. The state had the power to levy taxes

574:

came to Miletus to seek refuge. They asked Aristagoras to supply them with troops, so that they could regain control of their homeland. Aristagoras considered that if he was able to supply troops to the Naxians, then he could become ruler of Naxos. So he agreed to assist the Naxians. He explained

927:

Lang suggests that one might conclude to an ulterior motive at the bridge, "to ingratiate himself with Darius so that he could be on the inside of the king's policy". Apparently, to be on the inside of his policy he has to save his life and the lives of all his army by letting him escape from the

985:

Denials of Herodotus' validity, from mild to severe, although widespread, were never universal. As an example of ancient information generally agreed to be invalid, many works attributed to various authors have been placed in the "pseudo-" category after as much as centuries of review. There was

940:

The cynical view described above reflects a difference in expectation between Herodotus and his target audiences, which by the accidents of time are multiple and various. He did not write for us moderns. Reading that he was the first historian whose work survived in anything more than scattered

362:

The Greeks had won the coast of Asia Minor from the preceding Hittite Empire during the Bronze Age, and thanks to their victory at Troy had kept it during the fall of the empire and retirement of the Hittites to Syria. They shared the coast with the Phrygians (proto-Armenians) coming in from the

993:

Having said this, Georges must now show that, rather than being paradoxical, Herodotus is coherent and credible. Like Lang, having no other account to offer, he must make his demonstrations from the text of Herodotus, which he spends the rest of the article doing, disputing most of Murray's

919:

Manville had a skeptical view concerning an imaginary power struggle between Aristagoras and Histiaeus isolated from the usual contexts of war and society. Manville has no confidence in Herodotus' ability to relate connected history and therefore supplies connections for him out of his own

861:

that Herodotus openly calls a coward, blaming his supposed flight for the defeat of the revolt. The revolt apparently intensified and spread into the islands. Aristagoras had no way of knowing that he would have been in the van of it, or that the Thracians would not allow a redoubt.

681:

One can only assume a leadership role of some kind of Aristagoras over the other tyrants, whether personal or according to some unspecified convention. In order to gain the participation of the people in the revolt, it was said that Aristagoras "let go" the tyranny and established

1157:, The Ionian Revolt. In a second theory, pointing out that Histiaeus was arrested by the Chians as a Persian agent, and asserting "Histiaeus at Susa was not a pampered political prisoner," Georges attributes the influence of Miletus to Darius himself, in support of Histiaeus: 911:. Views amongst historians on Herodotus' work can be split into two camps: the skeptical, discrediting Herodotus as an unreliable source, and the affirmative, who credit him with being reliable in many matters albeit with particular biases understandable at the time he wrote. 431:, the reason given was that he wanted a trustworthy advisor. On the recommendation of Histiaeus, the Achaemenids then appointed Aristagoras as the new ruler of Miletus. Aristagoras ruled Miletus while Histiaeus remained in Susa, kept under observation away from his troops. 670:

all of which are clear. First he relinquished his own tyranny. Approaching the other states, he convinced them to end theirs. Finally he ordered all of the states to create a board of generals to report, apparently, to him. When his government was in place he sailed to

206: 865:

In the last months of the failing revolt, the Persians were reconquering the rebel Ionians city by city. When all was nearly lost, the Persian king Darius was convinced by Histiaeus that he could settle the conflict and now should be sent back to Miletus.

789:

mainland Greeks were so great that they sought to return home, leaving Aristagoras and the rebels to fend for themselves. An air of doom pervaded the revolt, but they fought with such spirit that the rebellion spilled over into the nearby Greek islands.

997:

There is hope, however, as fragments of Greek texts and inscriptions continue to be discovered. Meanwhile, it seems common knowledge that the public of any age is not going to relinquish credibility in Herodotus' great depiction of the Persian Wars.

874:

mercenary in the Aegean until he was hunted down and executed by Artaphernes. The Ionian Revolt finally ended in 494/493 BC. The Persians went on to prepare for the conquest of Greece under the pretext of a punitive campaign against Athens.

773:

The fire forced the defenders of the acropolis to abandon it in favor of the marketplace. Its defense coincided fortuitously with the arrival of Persian reinforcements. Interpreting the tumult as a counter-attack, the Ionians retreated to

370:

Aristagoras, prior to the sacking of Miletus, had led a contingent of colonists to Thrace. Due to this action, he is the only general Herodotus labels as a coward. Despite advice not to do so, Aristagoras took up occupation of the city of

793:

remember the Athenians”. This may only be a story (but not necessarily on that account false), as the Persians intended expansion into the Balkans all along. They still held parts of Thrace from their previous abortive expedition into

852:

The Thracians, not now disposed to tolerate any further presence of Greeks in their country, opposed this incursion. He gained control of the territory but later, while besieging a neighboring town, Aristagoras was killed in battle.

945:, have. Herodotus is not one of those. With regard to causation, the Cambridge Ancient History article asserts: “...Herodotus does not seem to have innovated: he merely accepted the causation appropriate to his subject and period.” 595:

which the Persians did not yet rule. Aristagoras promised that he would both fund the expedition and give Artaphernes a bonus sum. He also tempted Artaphernes by adding that capturing the island would place other poleis of the

978:

Greek virtue practiced by the greatest hero of them all, the crafty Odysseus. The literary tradition of it went on. Virgil could include the half-line Timeo Graecos dona ferentes, "I fear Greeks bearing Gifts," in the Aeneid.

972:

It is certainly hard to find fault with his general view that the only adequate explanation for the Persian Wars must be a complete account of relations between the two peoples since the conquest of the Ionian cities in 545

878:

fell one after another to Daurises, the son-in-law of king Darius. The Carians fought the Persians at the Meander River and were defeated with severe casualties. Cyprus was recaptured by Persian and Phoenician forces.

539:

on secret instruction from Histiaeus, when the latter learned of Persian plans to interfere directly in Miletus. Aristagoras took advantage of Greek dissatisfaction with Persian rule to incite an alliance of the Greek

651:

Both leaders being of the same mind, Aristagoras conferred with a council of his supporters, who agreed to a rebellion in Miletus in 499 BC. Aristagoras was supported by most of the citizens in council, except the

870:

Persians. He admitted nothing, but the satrap, Artaphernes, was not in the least deceived. He said, "I will tell thee how the case stands, Histaeus: this shoe is of thy stitching; Aristagoras has but put it on."

1395:

Book IV, Chapters 140-141. The bridge had been partly broken down. Arriving at the bank, the king had a caller call for Histiaeus, who arrived in a fleet of boats to ferry him across and rebuild the bridge.

690:

and troops. Aristagoras was commander of the joint armed forces. Miletus was to be the new capital. The newly sovereign Ionia issued its own coinage between 499 and its destruction by the Persians in 494.

949:

generation after it happened; moreover, he was not a participant. He relied on the work of several previous historians at Miletus, of which fragments and mention have survived, chief of which was

686:, which translates roughly as "equality of government." According to Liddell and Scott, a standard dictionary of ancient Greek, Thucydides used it to mean the "equality of rights" in a democracy. 678:

Miletus. The satrap was Persian. The tyrant of Miletus was appointed by the satrap, but he also appointed all the other tyrants. For reasons not specified in Herodotus, Miletus took the lead.

587:, who commanded a large army and navy on the coast of Asia, could help supply troops. The Naxians agreed to Aristagoras seeking Artaphernes' support and supplied him with money. 606:

The following spring, Aristagoras and the Naxian exiles sailed with the fleet. Unfortunately for the success of the invasion, Aristagoras quarreled with the Persian admiral

2821: 1584: 2816: 982:

a valid reason, which is generally true. But few stories are ever free of inconsistency, and if they are, they are suspect on that account ("too good to be true").

644:

Due to his failure to make good on his Naxian promises, Aristagoras' political position was at risk. He began to plan a revolt with the Milesians and the other

313: 1737: 778:, a nearby hill, from which they escaped by night. The reinforcements followed the Ionians, caught up with them near Ephesus and soundly defeated them. 2826: 662:

As soon as the vote for war was certain, Aristagoras took steps to secure the nearby Persian ships. The Naxos fleet was recovering from its ordeal at

1680:

Manville, P. B. “Aristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt.” The Classical Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 1, 1977, pp. 80–91,

2074: 941:

fragments, we expect him to have the proper concern of modern historians for continuity and causality, which other ancient historians, such as

2801: 2796: 1145:

There are some credible theories. The use of koinon, Latin res publica, to refer to the Ionians under Aristagoras suggests that the former

698: 1573: 1551: 1942: 306: 797:, only stopped when they learned the true size of the country (most of southern Russia) and the danger of their position in it. 1730: 1668: 2831: 2811: 2806: 2568: 1522: 1509: 1196: 183: 1697: 881:

The revolt was over by 494/493 BC. Aiming directly for Miletus in 494 BC, the Persians defeated the Ionians in the naval

2757: 2279: 624: 2761: 2646: 2331: 2171: 1686:

Branscome, David. “Herodotus and the Map of Aristagoras.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 29, no. 1, 1 Apr. 2010, pp. 1–44,

299: 770:). Attributing the fire to Ionian maliciousness, the Persians later used it as an excuse for burning Greek temples. 2786: 2101: 1723: 1527: 1444:

The CAH article summarizes several historians whose fragments are similar to passages in Herodotus, to be found at

1683:

Herodotus (2017). The Essential Herodotus. Translated by A. Johnson, William de. New York: Oxford University Press

2534: 2264: 2242: 2791: 1932: 20: 903:

Most of the information on Aristagoras and his actions comes from the writings of the ancient Greek historian

2049: 2039: 1857: 1526:. Vol. IV: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 B.C. (2nd ed.). Cambridge : 557: 1366:

The unobectivity of Herodotus' emotional reaction to Aristagoras' departure from Miletus is pointed out in

383: 2781: 2720: 2344: 2136: 2029: 1756: 857:

such a degree that it suffers yet. Although a champion of freedom, Aristagoras is the only man in all his

723: 225: 2300: 2001: 1605: 961: 2607: 2339: 2269: 2078: 950: 711: 656: 285: 2529: 2176: 1847: 1638:

Manville, P. B. (1977). "Aristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt".

514: 387:

Map of the ancient Greek western coast of Anatolia. Ionia is in green. Miletus and Naxos are shown.

44: 2477: 2141: 1647: 1626: 1561: 886: 424: 960:

The ancient historians have therefore invented a special category for Herodotus, that he was a

391:

By the time extant history hears of him, Aristagoras was already serving as deputy governor of

347:

in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC. He acted as one of the instigators of the

1997: 1957: 1768: 1747: 1569: 1547: 1216: 1027: 726:

warned that Aristagoras would corrupt him. Aristagoras left without the requested assistance.

412: 352: 2252: 1827: 1513: 1208: 2704: 2473: 2059: 1899: 1867: 1812: 817: 562: 525:

The Ionian revolt is put down by the Achaemenids, Miletus is sacked. Aristagoras flees to

457:

revolts against Persia, and asks Aristagoras for support. The invasion ends in disaster.

2539: 2442: 2388: 2044: 1862: 1539: 1517: 882: 842: 571: 330: 1370:

The Battle of Marathon in scholarship: research, theories and controversies since 1850

2775: 2710: 2631: 2594: 2434: 2411: 2354: 2096: 2034: 1982: 1146: 908: 619: 536: 348: 603:. After securing the permission of Susa, Artaphernes agreed and promised 200 ships. 2690: 2447: 2429: 2396: 2310: 2156: 2054: 1987: 1962: 1952: 1837: 1432: 1318: 1249: 1154: 808:. They were not, however, alone. In this last phase of the conflict, almost all of 775: 1715: 1149:, also termed a koinon, had been restored again with Aristagoras as chief officer: 1663: 2524: 2457: 2320: 2161: 1967: 1937: 1817: 758:

The acropolis at Sardis, now forested and eroded, with a few pinnacles of ruins.

715: 707: 576: 482: 2500: 2495: 2416: 2406: 2373: 2290: 2274: 2237: 2112: 2024: 2009: 1947: 1887: 1872: 1807: 1784: 1777: 1659: 1614: 1535: 942: 921: 846: 633: 473:

Aristagoras starts a rebellion of the city of Miletus against Achaemenid rule.

1220: 1031: 2680: 2666: 2662: 2636: 2612: 2490: 2485: 2421: 2378: 2315: 2232: 2146: 2126: 2121: 2019: 2014: 1972: 1852: 1842: 1600: 904: 898: 801: 754: 653: 607: 510: 443: 420: 408: 356: 260: 245: 235: 1212: 2730: 2684: 2602: 2578: 2519: 2295: 2198: 2166: 2131: 2091: 1977: 1917: 1832: 1016:"Aristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt" 813: 683: 596: 400: 372: 199: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2714: 2700: 2670: 2641: 2623: 2573: 2560: 2549: 2544: 2368: 2305: 2284: 2224: 2214: 2203: 2086: 2064: 1927: 1922: 1912: 1907: 1822: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1630: 1372:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 102. 821: 794: 763: 736: 446:

cedes his position as tyrant of Miletus to his son-in-law, Aristagoras.

392: 344: 187: 1651: 1015: 2724: 2583: 2452: 2401: 2219: 1877: 838: 834: 809: 767: 740: 671: 629: 600: 591: 580: 526: 502: 498: 486: 416: 404: 920:

speculations. He was preceded in this method by the earlier work of

746: 1313:, Book V, Chapters 102-103, with additional details to be found in 2674: 2511: 2256: 2187: 805: 782: 753: 745: 697: 645: 637: 623: 584: 561: 545: 541: 506: 454: 396: 382: 340: 427:, the latter summoned Histiaeus to his court and detained him at 2694: 663: 599:

under his control. They would serve as bases for an invasion of

428: 1719: 762:

The first leg of the journey was to proceed along the coast to

49:

Coinage of Miletus at the time of Aristagoras. 5th century BC.

1609:. Translated by Sélincourt, Aubrey de. London: Penguin Books. 334: 1886: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1428: 1314: 1245: 1150: 1043: 1041: 16:

Greek tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus (died 497/6 BC)

2756:

In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by

804:

and the surrounding towns as well as the greater part of

845:

river, at the same site as the later Athenian colony of

575:

that he did not have enough troops of his own, but that

407:

of an independent Miletus. As well as the son-in-law of

403:

around 500 BC. He was the son of Molpagoras, a previous

706:

In 499 BCE. Aristagoras appealed to the Spartan king,

1698:"Herodotus, The Histories; A. D. Godley, Ed., Book V" 1585:"Persian Ionia Under Darius: The Revolt Reconsidered" 743:, while Aristagoras remained to govern from Miletus. 2655: 2621: 2592: 2558: 2509: 2472: 2387: 2353: 2329: 2251: 2185: 2110: 2073: 1996: 1897: 1764: 1354: 1342: 1330: 1297: 1273: 1261: 1233: 1123: 1098: 1086: 1071: 1059: 170: 162: 154: 146: 138: 130: 122: 114: 106: 98: 90: 82: 74: 66: 54: 28: 19:For other classical persons of the same name, see 1175:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 359:and was granted the tyranny of Miletus from him. 674:and other states of Greece in search of allies. 1664:"On the 'List of Thalassocracies' in Eusebius" 1119: 1117: 1082: 1080: 816:, the younger brother of Gorgus, the ruler of 1731: 307: 8: 1566:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 423:presented his complaints about Histiaeus to 1617:(1968). "Herodotus and the Ionian Revolt". 1300:, pp. 352–353, Book V Chapters 99-101. 505:, the capital of the Achaemenid satrapy of 1738: 1724: 1716: 1285: 1264:, pp. 329–330, Book V Chapters 50-51. 1101:, pp. 322–323, Book V Chapters 33-35. 800:The Ionians fought on, gaining control of 465:Histiaeus encourages Aristagoras to rebel. 433: 314: 300: 179: 43: 25: 2822:Ancient Greeks from the Achaemenid Empire 1619:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 1589:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 1047: 339:), d. 497/496 BC, was the tyrant of the 1493: 1357:, pp. 357–360, Book V Chapter 126. 1158: 1006: 535:Aristagoras was the main driver of the 182: 2817:Greek people of the Greco-Persian Wars 1197:"Herodotus and the Map of Aristagoras" 1126:, p. 324, Book V Chapters 36-38. 694:Spartan refusal to provide assistance 640:, during the Ionian Revolt in 498 BC. 86:Governor of the city-state of Miletus 70:Military combat against the Thracians 7: 1544:A History of Greece (Fourth Edition) 1416: 1404: 837:, where he attempted to establish a 812:also rebelled against the Persians. 489:refuses to help. Athens offers help. 481:Aristagoras looks for Greek allies. 1431:, p. 463, Part II, Chapter 8, 1317:, p. 483, Part II, Chapter 8, 1248:, p. 482, Part II, Chapter 8, 1153:, p. 481, Part II, Chapter 8, 1345:, p. 353, Book V Chapter 104. 1333:, p. 354, Book V Chapter 105. 1309:The scenario is partly covered in 579:, Darius' brother and the Persian 14: 1276:, p. 351, Book V Chapter 97. 1236:, p. 328, Book V Chapter 49. 1089:, p. 321, Book V Chapter 31. 1074:, p. 320, Book V Chapter 30. 735:and five others belonging to the 529:, but is killed by the Thracians. 419:but did not trust. After general 2827:Vassals of the Achaemenid Empire 1062:, p. 320, Book V Chapter 30 205: 198: 102:Instigation of the Ionian revolt 1669:The Journal of Hellenic Studies 1355:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1343:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1331:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1298:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1274:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1262:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1234:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1195:Branscome, David (2010-04-01). 1124:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1099:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1087:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1072:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 1060:Herodotus & Sélincourt 1954 552:Failure of the Naxos expedition 501:, the rebels capture and burn 1: 1583:Georges, Pericles B. (2000). 1523:The Cambridge Ancient History 267: 252: 1171:A. Johnson, William (2017). 833:of Miletus and set sail for 110:Tyrant (Tyrannos) of Miletus 2802:5th-century BC Greek people 2797:6th-century BC Greek people 1546:. London: MacMillan Press. 781:The Persians had conquered 570:Certain exiled citizens of 355:. He was the son-in-law of 78:ὁ Μιλήσιος ("the Milesian") 2848: 1884: 1528:Cambridge University Press 896: 617: 555: 335: 18: 2754: 2407:Queen Amoashtart (regent) 1754: 590:Aristagoras travelled to 42: 35: 1014:Manville, P. B. (1977). 399:on the western coast of 36: 21:Aristagoras (given name) 1702:Perseus Digital Library 1640:The Classical Quarterly 1368:Fink, Dennis L (2014). 1173:The Essential Herodotus 1020:The Classical Quarterly 730:Defeat of the Athenians 558:Siege of Naxos (499 BC) 435:Timeline of Aristagoras 2345:Alexander I of Macedon 1891: 1286:Bury & Meiggs 1975 1213:10.1525/CA.2010.29.1.1 975: 759: 751: 703: 641: 567: 388: 336:Ἀρισταγόρας ὁ Μιλήσιος 2832:5th-century BC rebels 2812:5th-century BC deaths 2807:6th-century BC births 2002:Hellespontine Phrygia 1890: 1873:Darius III Codomannus 1386:, Book VI, Chapter 1. 970: 893:Herodotus as a source 757: 749: 701: 627: 565: 386: 214:Late 8th or 7th c.BCE 2608:Hydarnes the Younger 2340:Amyntas I of Macedon 1863:Artaxerxes III Ochus 1858:Artaxerxes II Mnemon 1759:- Achaemenid Kingdom 1482:Boardman et al. 1988 1470:Boardman et al. 1988 1458:Boardman et al. 1988 1446:Boardman et al. 1988 1435:, The Ionian Revolt. 1429:Boardman et al. 1988 1321:, The Ionian Revolt. 1315:Boardman et al. 1988 1252:, The Ionian Revolt. 1246:Boardman et al. 1988 1151:Boardman et al. 1988 951:Hecataeus of Miletus 936:The affirmative view 712:Hecataeus of Miletus 351:against the Persian 2758:Hellenistic satraps 2656:Other known satraps 2111:Greek Governors of 1878:Artaxerxes V Bessus 1868:Artaxerxes IV Arses 1460:, pp. 461–462. 1448:, pp. 467–468. 1201:Classical Antiquity 1185:Book V, Chapter 49. 436: 166:Rebel in the field 134:Ionian independence 67:Cause of death 2764:from around 330 BC 2762:Hellenistic rulers 1892: 915:The skeptical view 887:Greco-Persian Wars 760: 752: 704: 642: 568: 517:, flees to Athens. 434: 425:Darius I of Persia 389: 271: 513-499 BCE 256: 518-514 BCE 2787:Ancient Milesians 2769: 2768: 1958:Cyrus the Younger 1769:Achaemenid Empire 1748:Achaemenid Empire 1161:, pp. 13–14. 632:, capital of the 533: 532: 497:With the help of 353:Achaemenid Empire 324: 323: 291: 290: 178: 177: 2839: 1828:Darius the Great 1740: 1733: 1726: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1677: 1655: 1634: 1610: 1596: 1579: 1562:Dandamaev, M. A. 1557: 1531: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1253: 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1162: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1127: 1121: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1036: 1035: 1011: 750:Ruins of Ephesus 566:Ruins of Miletus 513:, tyrant of the 437: 338: 337: 316: 309: 302: 272: 269: 257: 254: 209: 202: 195: 194: 180: 155:Criminal penalty 147:Criminal charges 75:Other names 47: 26: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2792:Archaic tyrants 2772: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2750: 2705:Greater Phrygia 2651: 2617: 2588: 2554: 2505: 2468: 2383: 2349: 2325: 2247: 2181: 2106: 2069: 2060:Pharnabazus III 1992: 1893: 1882: 1813:Cyrus the Great 1766: 1760: 1750: 1744: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1658: 1637: 1613: 1599: 1582: 1576: 1560: 1554: 1540:Meiggs, Russell 1534: 1520:, eds. (1988). 1508: 1505: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1382: 1378: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1341: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1256: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1144: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1122: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1093: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1054: 1046: 1039: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1004: 938: 917: 901: 895: 830: 732: 702:Ruins of Sparta 696: 628:The burning of 622: 616: 560: 554: 381: 320: 282:3rd century BCE 270: 255: 242:6th century BCE 232:6th century BCE 222:7th century BCE 163:Criminal status 123:Political party 62: 59: 50: 38: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2774: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2626: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2540:Pherendates II 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2465:Abdashtart III 2463: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2443:Baalshillem II 2440: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2389:Kings of Sidon 2385: 2384: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2336: 2334: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2045:Pharnabazus II 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2004: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1943:Artaphernes II 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1771: 1765:Kings of Kings 1762: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746:Rulers in the 1745: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1692: 1691:External links 1689: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1656: 1635: 1611: 1597: 1580: 1575:978-9004091726 1574: 1558: 1552: 1532: 1510:Boardman, John 1504: 1501: 1499: 1498: 1486: 1484:, p. 486. 1474: 1472:, p. 464. 1462: 1450: 1437: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1388: 1376: 1359: 1347: 1335: 1323: 1302: 1290: 1288:, p. 155. 1278: 1266: 1254: 1238: 1226: 1187: 1178: 1163: 1138: 1128: 1113: 1103: 1091: 1076: 1064: 1052: 1050:, p. 152. 1048:Dandamaev 1989 1037: 1005: 1003: 1000: 937: 934: 916: 913: 897:Main article: 894: 891: 883:Battle of Lade 829: 826: 731: 728: 695: 692: 618:Main article: 615: 612: 556:Main article: 553: 550: 531: 530: 523: 519: 518: 495: 491: 490: 479: 475: 474: 471: 467: 466: 463: 459: 458: 452: 448: 447: 441: 415:had set up as 380: 377: 322: 321: 319: 318: 311: 304: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 273: 264: 263: 258: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 223: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 203: 191: 190: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 142:Persian Empire 140: 136: 135: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 99:Known for 96: 95: 94:Persian Empire 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2844: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Ionian Revolt 2780: 2779: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711:Phrataphernes 2709: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632:Syennesis III 2630: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2462:Abdashtart II 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435:Baalshillem I 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412:Eshmunazar II 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2355:Kings of Tyre 2352: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097:Mithrobuzanes 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2035:Pharnabazus I 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1983:Autophradates 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1938:Artaphernes I 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1606:The Histories 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1553:0-333-15492-4 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1516:; Lewis, DM; 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1419:, p. 24. 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407:, p. 25. 1406: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1363: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1191: 1188: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Ionian League 1142: 1139: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 969: 965: 963: 958: 954: 952: 946: 944: 935: 933: 929: 925: 923: 914: 912: 910: 909:Ionian Revolt 906: 900: 892: 890: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860: 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 827: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 790: 786: 784: 779: 777: 771: 769: 765: 756: 748: 744: 742: 738: 729: 727: 725: 719: 717: 713: 709: 700: 693: 691: 687: 685: 679: 675: 673: 667: 665: 660: 658: 655: 649: 647: 639: 635: 631: 626: 621: 620:Ionian Revolt 614:Ionian Revolt 613: 611: 609: 604: 602: 598: 593: 588: 586: 582: 578: 573: 564: 559: 551: 549: 547: 543: 538: 537:Ionian Revolt 528: 524: 521: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493: 492: 488: 484: 480: 477: 476: 472: 469: 468: 464: 461: 460: 456: 453: 450: 449: 445: 442: 439: 438: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 385: 378: 376: 374: 368: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 349:Ionian Revolt 346: 342: 332: 328: 317: 312: 310: 305: 303: 298: 297: 295: 294: 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 266: 265: 262: 259: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 227: 224: 221: 220: 216: 213: 212: 208: 204: 201: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 185: 181: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 57: 53: 46: 41: 34: 27: 22: 2721:Ariobarzanes 2691:Satibarzanes 2448:Abdashtart I 2430:Tetramnestos 2397:Eshmunazar I 2301:Artemisia II 2211:Teththiweibi 2157:Themistocles 2151: 2102:Ariarathes I 2055:Artabazus II 2050:Ariobarzanes 2040:Pharnaces II 1988:Spithridates 1963:Tissaphernes 1953:Tissaphernes 1838:Artaxerxes I 1790: 1783: 1776: 1705:. Retrieved 1701: 1673: 1667: 1643: 1639: 1625:(1): 24–36. 1622: 1618: 1604: 1592: 1588: 1565: 1543: 1521: 1514:Hammond, NGL 1496:, p. 1. 1494:Georges 2000 1489: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1440: 1433:Oswyn Murray 1424: 1412: 1400: 1391: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1362: 1350: 1338: 1326: 1319:Oswyn Murray 1310: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1250:Oswyn Murray 1241: 1229: 1204: 1200: 1190: 1181: 1172: 1166: 1159:Georges 2000 1155:Oswyn Murray 1141: 1131: 1106: 1094: 1067: 1055: 1026:(1): 80–91. 1023: 1019: 1009: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 966: 959: 955: 947: 939: 930: 926: 918: 902: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 858: 855: 851: 831: 799: 791: 787: 780: 772: 761: 733: 720: 718:of Miletus. 705: 688: 680: 676: 668: 661: 650: 643: 605: 589: 569: 534: 390: 369: 365: 361: 329:of Miletus ( 326: 325: 275: 2622:Satraps of 2593:Satraps of 2559:Satraps of 2525:Pherendates 2510:Satraps of 2458:Evagoras II 2321:Orontobates 2280:Lygdamis II 2186:Dynasts of 2162:Archeptolis 2152:Aristagoras 2137:Eurysthenes 2030:Artabazus I 1968:Tithraustes 1898:Satraps of 1818:Cambyses II 1757:Family tree 1615:Lang, Mabel 1536:Bury, J. B. 1207:(1): 1–44. 962:logographer 716:Anaximander 708:Cleomenes I 636:Satrapy of 577:Artaphernes 483:Cleomenes I 411:, whom the 327:Aristagoras 276:Aristagoras 226:Thrasybulus 115:Predecessor 37:Ἀρισταγόρας 30:Aristagoras 2776:Categories 2530:Achaemenes 2501:Orontes II 2496:Darius III 2417:Bodashtart 2365:Boulomenus 2291:Hecatomnus 2275:Pisindelis 2265:Lygdamis I 2238:Mithrapata 2229:Artembares 2172:Amyntas II 2113:Asia Minor 2092:Ariamnes I 2079:Cappadocia 2025:Oebares II 2010:Mitrobates 1948:Pissuthnes 1808:Cambyses I 1785:Ariaramnes 1778:Achaemenes 1595:(1): 1–39. 1518:Ostwald, M 1503:References 943:Thucydides 922:Mabel Lang 847:Amphipolis 672:Lacedaemon 634:Asia Minor 515:Chersonese 379:Background 174:Molpagoras 83:Occupation 58:497/496 BC 2667:Abrocomas 2663:Megabyzus 2637:Camisares 2613:Atropates 2569:Hystaspes 2491:Orontes I 2486:Artasyrus 2422:Yatonmilk 2379:Azemilcus 2362:Mattan IV 2332:Macedonia 2330:Kings of 2316:Pixodarus 2270:Artemisia 2233:Artumpara 2177:Philiscus 2147:Histiaeus 2127:Demaratus 2122:Miltiades 2020:Megabates 2015:Megabazus 1973:Tiribazus 1853:Darius II 1848:Sogdianus 1843:Xerxes II 1676:: 84–130. 1660:Myres, JL 1646:: 80–91. 1601:Herodotus 1568:. BRILL. 1417:Lang 1968 1405:Lang 1968 1384:Histories 1311:Histories 1221:0278-6656 1032:0009-8388 905:Herodotus 899:Herodotus 859:Histories 828:Aftermath 802:Byzantium 737:Eretrians 657:Hecataeus 654:historian 608:Megabates 511:Miltiades 444:Histiaeus 421:Megabazus 409:Histiaeus 357:Histiaeus 286:Timarchus 261:Histiaeus 246:Damasanor 217:Amphitres 118:Histiaeus 2731:Abulites 2685:Hyrcania 2603:Hydarnes 2579:Masistes 2520:Aryandes 2374:Evagoras 2296:Mausolus 2287:(satrap) 2208:Harpagus 2199:Kybernis 2167:Aridolis 2132:Gongylos 1978:Struthas 1918:Harpagus 1833:Xerxes I 1662:(1906). 1603:(1954). 1564:(1989). 1542:(1975). 814:Onesilus 684:isonomia 597:Cyclades 413:Persians 401:Anatolia 373:Myrcinus 343:city of 139:Opponent 131:Movement 91:Employer 61:Myrcinus 2745:Babylon 2741:Mazaeus 2735:Susiana 2715:Parthia 2701:Atizyes 2671:Belesys 2647:Arsames 2642:Mazaeus 2624:Cilicia 2574:Dadarsi 2561:Bactria 2550:Mazaces 2545:Sabaces 2535:Arsames 2478:Armenia 2474:Satraps 2369:Abdemon 2306:Idrieus 2285:Adusius 2253:Dynasts 2243:Perikle 2225:Arbinas 2215:Kheriga 2204:Kuprlli 2195:Kheziga 2142:Prokles 2087:Datames 2075:Satraps 2065:Arsites 1998:Satraps 1928:Bagaeus 1923:Oroetus 1913:Mazares 1908:Tabalus 1823:Bardiya 1803:Cyrus I 1798:Teispes 1792:Arsames 1767:of the 1631:4435012 843:Strymon 841:on the 822:Amathus 818:Salamis 795:Scythia 764:Ephesus 646:Ionians 393:Miletus 345:Miletus 188:Miletus 184:Tyrants 150:Traitor 2725:Persis 2584:Bessus 2453:Tennes 2426:Anysos 2402:Tabnit 2220:Kherei 2115:cities 1933:Otanes 1652:638371 1650: 1629: 1572: 1550: 1219: 1030: 839:colony 835:Thrace 810:Cyprus 776:Tmolus 768:Cybele 741:Sardis 630:Sardis 601:Euboea 592:Sardis 581:satrap 542:poleis 527:Thrace 522:494 BC 503:Sardis 499:Athens 494:497 BC 487:Sparta 478:498 BC 470:499 BC 462:499 BC 451:502 BC 440:511 BC 417:tyrant 405:tyrant 341:Ionian 171:Father 2681:Ochus 2675:Syria 2595:Media 2512:Egypt 2439:Baana 2257:Caria 2188:Lycia 1900:Lydia 1707:1 May 1648:JSTOR 1627:JSTOR 1002:Notes 806:Caria 783:Lydia 724:Gorgo 714:, or 638:Lydia 585:Lydia 572:Naxos 546:Ionia 507:Lydia 455:Naxos 397:polis 331:Greek 236:Thoas 158:Death 126:Ionia 107:Title 2760:and 2695:Aria 1709:2017 1674:XXVI 1570:ISBN 1548:ISBN 1217:ISSN 1028:ISSN 973:B.C. 664:Myus 429:Susa 395:, a 55:Died 2476:of 2311:Ada 2255:of 2077:of 2000:of 1209:doi 583:of 548:. 544:of 485:of 186:of 2778:: 2669:, 2665:, 1700:. 1672:. 1666:. 1644:27 1642:. 1623:17 1621:. 1593:49 1591:. 1587:. 1538:; 1512:; 1215:. 1205:29 1203:. 1199:. 1116:^ 1079:^ 1040:^ 1024:27 1022:. 1018:. 953:. 889:. 849:. 824:. 509:. 333:: 268:c. 253:c. 2747:) 2743:( 2737:) 2733:( 2727:) 2723:( 2717:) 2713:( 2707:) 2703:( 2697:) 2693:( 2687:) 2683:( 2677:) 2673:( 1739:e 1732:t 1725:v 1711:. 1654:. 1633:. 1578:. 1556:. 1530:. 1374:. 1223:. 1211:: 1034:. 315:e 308:t 301:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index