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redistributed the over-concentrated wealth; and while attaching the masses to himself through such measures, he secured the support of the business community by promoting trade with state coinage and commercial treaties, and by raising the social prestige of the bourgeoisie. Forced to depend upon popularity instead of hereditary power, the dictatorships for the most part kept out of war, supported religion, maintained order, promoted morality, favored the higher status of women, encouraged the arts, and lavished revenues upon the beautification of their cities. And they did all these things, in many cases, while preserving the forms of popular government, so that even under despotism the people learned the ways of liberty. When the dictatorship had served to destroy the aristocracy the people destroyed the dictatorship; and only a few changes were needed to make democracy of freemen a reality as well as a form.
1636:
provinces, and the general command of the Roman armies..." Emperors "humbly professed themselves the accountable ministers of the senate, whose supreme decrees they dictated and obeyed." The Roman Empire "may be defined as an absolute monarchy disguised by the forms of a commonwealth." Roman emperors were deified. Gibbons called emperors tyrants and their rule tyranny. His definitions in the chapter were related to the absolutism of power alone – not oppression, injustice or cruelty. He ignored the appearance of shared rule.
55:
845:
34:
1687:, defined it as such: "Tyranny is the exercise of power beyond right, which nobody can have a right to; and this is making use of the power any one has in his hands, not for the good of those who are under it, but for his own private, separate advantage." Locke's concept of tyranny influenced the writers of subsequent generations who developed the concept of tyranny as counterpoint to ideas of
1245:
1236:
her), burnt his concubines alive, exiled his son, warred with his father-in-law and attempted to castrate 300 sons of his perceived enemies. He retained his position. Periander's successor was less fortunate and was expelled. Afterward, Corinth was ruled by a lackluster oligarchy, and was eventually eclipsed by the rising fortunes of Athens and Sparta.
1512:'s head and hands cut off and nailed to the rostrum of the Senate to remind everyone of the perils of speaking out against tyranny." There has since been a tendency to discuss tyranny in the abstract while limiting examples of tyrants to ancient Greek rulers. Philosophers have been more expressive than historians.
1635:
In Gibbon's
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume I, Chapter III, Augustus was shown to assume the power of a tyrant while sharing power with the reformed senate. "After a decent resistance, the crafty tyrant submitted to the orders of the senate; and consented to receive the government of the
1546:
The Greek philosophers stressed the quality of rule rather than legitimacy or absolutism. "Both Plato and
Aristotle speak of the king as a good monarch and the tyrant as a bad one. Both say that monarchy, or rule by a single man, is royal when it is for the welfare of the ruled and tyrannical when it
1235:
Nevertheless, under
Cypselus and Periander, Corinth extended and tightened her control over her colonial enterprises, and exports of Corinthian pottery flourished. However, tyrants seldom succeeded in establishing an untroubled line of succession. Periander threw his pregnant wife downstairs (killing
2492:
Beard says that most accounts of the period were written from the senatorial perspective (described at length). Tacitus was mentioned by Beard in this context, perhaps because he was a senator (the others were aristocrats of a lower rank). The senate discussed a return to the liberty of the republic
1896:
The political methods of obtaining power were occasionally supplemented by theater or force. Peisistratus of Athens blamed self-inflicted wounds on enemies to justify a bodyguard which he used to seize power. He later appeared with a woman dressed as a goddess to suggest divine sanction of his rule.
1555:
Tyranny is considered an important subject, one of the "Great Ideas" of
Western thought. The classics contain many references to tyranny and its causes, effects, methods, practitioners, alternatives. They consider tyranny from historical, religious, ethical, political and fictional perspectives. "If
1560:
dissented, claiming no objective distinction, such as being vicious or virtuous, existed among monarchs. "They that are discontented under monarchy, call it tyranny; and they that are displeased with aristocracy, call it oligarchy: so also, they which find themselves grieved under a democracy, call
1742:
outlined 14 key traits of a tyrant, as the pamphlet was written to inspire the assassination of Oliver
Cromwell, and show in what circumstances an assassination might be considered honorable. The full document mulls over and references points on the matter from early pre-Christian history, up into
1189:, built a strong alliance amongst neighboring states by making common cause with these groups seeking to oppose unpopular tyrannical rule. By intervening against the tyrants of Sicyon, Corinth and Athens, Sparta thus came to assume Hellenic leadership prior to the Persian invasions. Simultaneously
2220:
The
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Thomas Zemanek. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009 (Translation of "Tyran", Encyclopédie Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, Vol. 16. Paris,
1503:
Therefore the plots which had previously been formed separately, often by groups of two or three, were united in a general conspiracy, since even the populace no longer were pleased with present conditions, but both secretly and openly rebelled at his tyranny and cried out for defenders of their
1556:
any point in political theory is indisputable, it would seem to be that tyranny is the worst corruption of government – a vicious misuse of power and a violent abuse of human beings who are subject to it." While this may represent a consensus position among the classics, it is not unanimous –
1865:
Hence the road to power in Greece commercial cities was simple: to attack the aristocracy, defend the poor, and come to an understanding with the middle classes. Arrived at power, the dictator abolished debts, or confiscated large estates, taxed the rich to finance public works, or otherwise
1766:
Tit-for-tat symbiosis in domestic relations: e.g. finding religious ideas permissible insofar as they are useful and flattering of the tyrant; finding aristocrats or the nobility laudable & honorable insofar as they are compliant with the will of the tyrant or in service of the tyrant,
1892:
Tyrants either inherit the position from a previous ruler, rise up the ranks in the military/party or seize power as new men. Early texts called only the usurpers tyrants, distinguishing them from "bad kings". Such tyrants may act as renters, rather than owners, of the state.
1283:, the Athenian lawgiver) who succeeded in 546 BC, after two failed attempts, to install himself as tyrant. Supported by the prosperity of the peasantry and landowning interests of the plain, which was prospering from the rise of olive oil exports, as well as his clients from
2233:
today by tyrant one understands, not only a usurper of sovereign power, but even a legitimate sovereign who abuses his power in order to violate the law, to oppress his people, and to make his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for
2063:
today by tyrant one understands, not only a usurper of sovereign power, but even a legitimate sovereign who abuses his power in order to violate the law, to oppress his people, and to make his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for
1088:(a usurper), an absolute ruler (despot), or an oppressive, unjust, or cruel ruler. The term is usually applied to vicious autocrats who rule their subjects by brutal methods. Oppression, injustice, and cruelty do not have standardized measurements or thresholds.
970:
defined the term as a usurper of sovereign power who makes "his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws". In the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, one who had the support of the
955:
Tyrants lack "the very faculty that is the instrument of judgment"—reason. The tyrannical man is enslaved because the best part of him (reason) is enslaved, and likewise, the tyrannical state is enslaved, because it too lacks reason and
1870:
Ancient Greek philosophers (who were aristocrats) were far more critical in reporting the methods of tyrants. The justification for ousting a tyrant was absent from the historian's description but was central to the philosophers.
1457:, the Achaeans liberated many cities, in several cases by convincing the tyrants to step down, and when Aratus died in 213 BC, Hellas had been free of tyrants for more than 15 years. The last tyrant on the Greek mainland,
1322:. Despite financial help from Persia, in 510 the Peisistratids were expelled by a combination of intrigue, exile and Spartan arms. The anti-tyrannical attitude became especially prevalent in Athens after 508 BC, when
2911:"Killing No Murder, Originally Applied to Oliver Cromwell – A Discourse Proving it Lawful to Kill a Tyrant According to the Opinion of the Most Celebrated Ancient Authors." by Col. Titus, Alias William Allen
1644:
1205:, growing wealth from colonial enterprises, and the wider horizons brought about by the export of wine and oil, together with the new experiences of the Eastern Mediterranean brought back by returning
1889:
stated: "The people have always some champion whom they set over them and nurse into greatness. This and no other is the root from which a tyrant springs; when he first appears he is a protector".
1119:
by unconventional means. Support for the tyrants could come from fellow oligarchs, from the growing middle class or from the peasants who had no land or were in debt to the wealthy landowners.
1751:
Prior military leadership service – tyrants are often former captains or generals, which allows them to assume a degree of honor, loyalty, and reputability regarding matters of state
3120:
1757:
Defamation and/or disbanding of formerly respectable persons, intellectuals, or institutions, and the discouragement of refined thinking or public involvement in state affairs
1547:
serves only the interest of the ruler. Both make lawlessness – either a violation of existing laws or government by personal fiat without settled laws – a mark of tyranny."
873:
951:
as a negative form of government, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, deemed tyranny the "fourth and worst disorder of a state."
2555:
1375:
maintained lavish courts and became patrons of culture. The dangers threatening the lives of the
Sicilian tyrants are highlighted in the moral tale of the "
1224:. Clan members were killed, executed, driven out or exiled in 657 BC. Corinth prospered economically under his rule, and Cypselus managed to rule without a
2030:
1332:. Hippias (Peisistratus' other son) offered to rule the Greeks on behalf of the Persians and provided military advice to the Persians against the Greeks.
1351:
The best known
Sicilian tyrants appeared long after the Archaic period. The tyrannies of Sicily came about due to similar causes, but here the threat of
1491:
often spoke of "tyranny" in opposition to "liberty". Tyranny was associated with imperial rule and those rulers who usurped too much authority from the
3113:
1704:
90:
1592:
conflates all rule by a single person (whom he generally refers to as a "prince") with "tyranny", regardless of the legitimacy of that rule, in his
304:
2789:
The great leader and the fighter pilot: the true story of the tyrant who created North Korea and the young lieutenant who stole his way to freedom
866:
2493:
almost 70 years into the empire (based on
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XIX, Chapter II). Adler cites Tacitus and Plutarch on liberty.
1578:
describes tyrants ("who laid hold on blood and plunder") in the seventh level of Hell, where they are submerged in boiling blood. These include
1249:
2989:
2527:
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2179:
1461:, was assassinated in 192 BC and after his death the Peloponnese was united as a confederation of stable democracies in the Achaean League.
3106:
1608:. He also does not share in the traditional view of tyranny, and in his Discourses he sometimes explicitly acts as an advisor to tyrants.
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2047:
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2771:
2714:
1287:, he managed to achieve authoritarian power. Through an ambitious program of public works, which included fostering the state cult of
859:
1339:
whom the
Spartans imposed on a defeated Attica in 404 BC would not be classified as tyrants in the usual sense and were in effect an
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or eastern in origin, then carried no ethical censure; it simply referred to anyone, good or bad, who obtained executive power in a
1919:). These are, in general, force and fraud. They include hiring bodyguards, stirring up wars to keep the people busy and dependent,
2106:
1763:
Amplification of military activity for the purposes of public distraction, raising new levies, or opening future business pathways
898:
1543:(~150 BC) indicated that eventually, any one-man rule (monarchy/executive) governing form would become corrupted into a tyranny.
1355:
attack prolonged tyranny, facilitating the rise of military leaders with the people united behind them. Such Sicilian tyrants as
1307:
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defined a tyrant as a person who rules without law, using extreme and cruel methods against both his own people and others. The
3550:
3205:
744:
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first started making inroads into Greece, and many tyrants sought Persian help against popular forces seeking to remove them.
3520:
1078:"The word 'tyranny' is used with many meanings, not only by the Greeks but throughout the tradition of the great books." The
551:
506:
1122:
The Greek tyrants stayed in power by using mercenary soldiers from outside of their respective city-state. To mock tyranny,
2681:"Welcome Ex-Dictators, Torturers and Tyrants: Comparative Approaches to Handling Ex-Dictators and Past Human Rights Abuses"
3525:
2316:
1971:
1812:
1654:
1465:
1096:
377:
3484:
2036:: "TYRANT (Gr. τύραννος, master, ruler), a term applied in modern times to a ruler of a cruel and oppressive character."
3499:
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3188:
2620:
2504:
1927:, and unwarranted searches and seizures. Aristotle suggested an alternative means of retaining power – ruling justly.
1816:
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1100:
571:
86:
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Fraud over force – most tyrants are likely to manipulate their way into supreme power rather than force it militarily
1299:(ultimately leading to the development of Athenian drama), Peisistratus managed to maintain his personal popularity.
3089:
3474:
3309:
2081:
1311:
1253:
392:
1232:, the tyranny proved less secure, and Periander required a retinue of mercenary soldiers personally loyal to him.
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3443:
3173:
2280:
1080:
3469:
3341:
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1450:
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a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to
142:
17:
2595:
1861:
The path of a tyrant can appear easy and pleasant (for all but the aristocracy). In 1939, Will Durant wrote:
1306:, the title "tyrant" took on its familiar negative connotations. The murder of Peisistratus' son, the tyrant
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3286:
3210:
3183:
1998:
1800:
1419:
1394:
in the 4th and 3rd century BC a new generation of tyrants rose in Greece, especially under the rule of king
1001:
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367:
58:
Killing No Murder, cover page, 18th century reprint of 17th century English pamphlet written to inspire and
24:
3392:
3227:
1910:
1589:
1495:. Those who were advocates of "liberty" tended to be pro-Republic and pro-Senate. For instance, regarding
1407:
1372:
891:
815:
382:
2542:
Polybius. The Rise of the Roman Empire: Book 6. Translated by Ian Scott-Kilvert (1979). Penguin; London.
3545:
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3200:
1846:
1842:
1678:
1423:
1368:
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810:
673:
270:
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1737:
1648:
3098:
1982:
1662:
1628:
1623:
1403:
1395:
932:
928:
1760:
Absence or minimalization of collective input, bargaining, or debate (assemblies, conferences, etc.)
1103:
were influential opportunists that came to power by securing the support of different factions of a
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3222:
3137:
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1976:
1579:
1415:
1364:
734:
643:
600:
387:
152:
1665:, Western thinkers applied the word tyranny to the system of governance that had developed around
1743:
the 17th century when the pamphlet was writ. Of the most prevailing traits of tyranny outlined, "
1594:
1265:
372:
157:
132:
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The last days of Henry VIII: conspiracies, treason, and heresy at the court of the dying tyrant
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2523:
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1790:
1783:
1744:
1574:
1376:
1292:
805:
526:
357:
309:
137:
70:
33:
2814:
Beneath the tyrant's yoke: Norwegian resistance to the German occupation of Norway, 1940–1945
1776:
Grow or maintain public impoverishment as a way of removing the efficacy of the people's will
3239:
3129:
3046:
3040:
2956:
2950:
2224:
1881:
1696:
1454:
1352:
1284:
940:
912:
638:
561:
531:
405:
147:
127:
1799:
A modern tyrant might be defined by proven violation of international criminal law such as
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3168:
3133:
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2453:
1987:
1931:
1920:
1850:
1569:
1565:
1528:
1458:
1399:
1319:
1202:
1059:
849:
822:
678:
668:
465:
362:
3015:
2421:
2165:
966:
54:
3397:
3077:
2634:
1924:
1710:
Enlightenment philosophers seemed to define tyranny by its associated characteristics.
1615:
1611:
1515:
Josephus identified tyrants in Biblical history (in Antiquities of the Jews) including
1434:
1427:
1336:
1190:
1150:
1143:
1020:
936:
827:
758:
663:
496:
410:
48:
2658:"Justice for Tyrants: International Criminal Court Warrants for Gaddafi Regime Crimes"
2024:
1602:
regimes. Sometimes he calls leaders of republics "princes". He never uses the word in
844:
3514:
3382:
3274:
2761:
2731:
2228:
2193:
2019:
1838:
There are also numerous book titles which identify tyrants by name or circumstances.
1557:
1539:
The Greeks defined both usurpers and those inheriting rule from usurpers as tyrants.
1496:
1035:
931:
means. The original Greek term meant an absolute sovereign who came to power without
714:
609:
511:
501:
342:
2657:
1433:
Against these rulers, in 280 BC the democratic cities started to join forces in the
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3259:
3178:
1965:
1731:
1688:
1492:
1276:
1257:
1170:
1162:
763:
690:
684:
658:
653:
629:
619:
556:
445:
265:
189:
43:
3073:
2246:
1934:, using or threatening to use violence, and seeking popular support by appeals to
1930:
The methods of tyrants to retain power include placating world opinion by staging
1618:, became generally quite wary of many people seeking to implement a popular coup.
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2410:
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The birth of politics: eight Greek and Roman political ideas and why they matter
1992:
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1206:
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768:
753:
695:
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229:
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59:
3464:
3436:
3414:
3324:
1935:
1915:
1700:
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1604:
1328:
1221:
1174:
1166:
1024:
773:
729:
724:
719:
705:
546:
337:
219:
214:
78:
38:
1841:
Among English rulers, several have been identified as tyrants by book title:
1398:, who installed his puppets in many cities of the Peloponnese. Examples were
1138:
One of the earliest known uses of the word tyrant (in Greek) was by the poet
47:
polearm, representing oppression, and sitting on two ladies, symbolizing his
3387:
3363:
3319:
3314:
3269:
3254:
3156:
3083:
2052:
Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project
1953:
1692:
1524:
1476:
1438:
1411:
1340:
1303:
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1055:
987:
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106:
2635:"Ending Impunity: How International Criminal Law Can Put Tyrants on Trial"
982:
One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government:
3329:
3244:
2520:
On politics: a history of political thought from Herodotus to the present
1959:
1905:
Lengthy recommendations of methods were made to tyrants by Aristotle (in
1715:
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1599:
1540:
1488:
1484:
1391:
1318:" (i.e., of killers of tyrants). Contempt for tyranny characterised this
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1213:
1209:
1130:
meaning that tyrants do not have the public support to survive for long.
972:
648:
209:
179:
122:
2034:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 548.
1302:
He was followed by his sons, and with the subsequent growth of Athenian
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3489:
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1947:
1786:
1480:
1446:
1442:
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1314:
in Athens in 514 BC marked the beginning of the so-called "cult of the
1212:
employed overseas created a new environment. Conditions were right for
1085:
924:
450:
287:
277:
2076:
1714:"The sovereign is called a tyrant who knows no laws but his caprice."
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2305:. Vol. 3: The Great Ideas: II. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
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were influential works of theology written in opposition to tyranny.
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1509:
1288:
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1186:
1178:
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1123:
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614:
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Citizens of the empire were circumspect in identifying tyrants. "...
1066:
arises in Old French by association with the present participles in
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2315:
Forrest, George "Greece, the history of the Archaic period" in
1897:
The third time he used mercenaries to seize and retain power.
1173:. During this time, revolts overthrew many governments in the
920:
2984:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 77–78.
2023:
2001: – Inherent oppressive potential of simple majority rule
1038:
23:
This article is about a political ruler. For other uses, see
2733:
Modern tyrants: the power and prevalence of evil in our age
1295:
in which prizes were jars of olive oil; and supporting the
2839:
King John: England, Magna Carta and the Making of a Tyrant
2380:
The Greek achievement: the foundation of the Western world
1825:
100 throughout history, including 40 from the 20th century
1034:, meaning "illegitimate ruler", and this in turn from the
1956: – Government by a single entity with absolute power
1653:
The French people demanding destitution of the Tyrant on
1622:
portrays the struggle of one such anti-tyrannical Roman,
1271:
Athens hosted its tyrants late in the Archaic period. In
2736:. New York & Toronto: Free Press Maxwell Macmillan.
2707:
Tyrants: history's 100 most evil despots & dictators
1291:; encouraging the creation of festivals; supporting the
1201:
Corinth hosted one of the earliest of Greek tyrants. In
2662:
Boston College International and Comparative Law Review
1979: – US foreign policy terminology used in the 2000s
2944:
2942:
2940:
1962: – Political leader who possesses absolute power
1146:. The king's assumption of power was unconventional.
2755:
2753:
1275:, the inhabitants first gave the title of tyrant to
935:, yet the word had a neutral connotation during the
3452:
3302:
3144:
1326:reformed the political system so that it resembled
1228:. When he then bequeathed his position to his son,
2922:
2445:
2409:
30:Absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution
1437:which was able to expand its influence even into
2301:Adler, Mortimer J., ed. (1952). "95: Tyranny".
1501:
1153:tyrants came in the early 6th century BC, when
953:
3042:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2952:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2763:Tyrants: the world's 20 worst living dictators
2480:. New York: Liveright. pp. 393, 421–428.
993:to government by a minority (in an oligarchy,
16:"Tyranny" redirects here. For other uses, see
3114:
2108:Pericles of Athens and the Birth of Democracy
1000:to government by a majority (in a democracy,
867:
8:
2338:The Oxford dictionary of the classical world
1586:, and share the level with highway robbers.
1220:power of the dominant but unpopular clan of
1084:offers alternative definitions: a ruler, an
3084:Loretana de Libero, Die archaische Tyrannis
2929:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp.
1995: – Killing of a tyrant or unjust ruler
1773:Pretenses toward a love of God and religion
3121:
3107:
3099:
2452:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p.
1938:and claims that conditions have improved.
1724:"Where Law ends Tyranny begins." Locke in
874:
860:
794:
596:
330:
102:
65:
2866:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Pub.
2324:The Oxford History of the Classical World
1705:United States Declaration of Independence
1531:. He also identified some later tyrants.
1126:wrote that the strangest thing to see is
91:List of countries by system of government
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
1857:Methods of obtaining and retaining power
1027:, from the 1290s. The word derives from
2996:Based on Herodotus, The History 1.59–60
2366:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 48.
2178:– via Internet Classics Archive,
2100:
2098:
2011:
1677:, as part of his argument against the "
986:to government by one individual (in an
911: 'absolute ruler'), in the modern
743:
704:
628:
599:
522:
479:
401:
333:
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243:
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105:
76:
60:make righteous the act of assassinating
2352:Based on Herodotus, The History 1.7–14
2336:Roberts, J.W., ed. (2005). "tyranny".
1453:. From 251 BC under the leadership of
2466:Langer, William L. (1948), pp. 57, 66
2180:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1770:Pretenses toward inspiration from God
7:
2522:. New York: Liveright. p. 116.
2434:Langer, William L. (1948), pp. 50–52
1834:20 tyrants of the early 21st century
1734:1657 pamphlet, "Killing, No Murder"
1673:. Specifically, English philosopher
1499:and his assassins, Suetonius wrote:
943:periods. However, Greek philosopher
2594:Mansfield, Harvey C. (1998-02-25).
2340:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2111:. Simon and Schuster. p. 250.
1831:30 tyrants of the late 20th century
3092:A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC
3016:"Politics by Aristotle, Book Five"
2816:. Edina, MN: Beaver's Pond Press.
1821:Various lists of tyrants include:
1598:. He also identifies liberty with
1264:and were the preeminent symbol of
14:
2639:Cornell International Law Journal
2478:SPQR – A History of Ancient Rome
2364:An Encyclopedia of World History
2362:Langer, William L., ed. (1948).
2303:Great Books of the Western World
2264:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
843:
2600:. University of Chicago Press.
2573:. University of Chicago Press.
3005:Herodotus, The History 1.61–64
2656:Liolos, John J. (2012-05-01).
1845:(who signed the Magna Carta),
1699:described the actions of King
552:Intergovernmental organisation
507:Separation of church and state
1:
2383:. New York: Viking. pp.
2247:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1972:List of ancient Greek tyrants
1813:List of ancient Greek tyrants
1466:List of ancient Greek tyrants
3485:Social dominance orientation
3039:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2949:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2891:. New York: William Morrow.
2864:Henry VIII: The Tudor Tyrant
2760:Wallechinsky, David (2006).
2633:Robertson, Geoffrey (2005).
1950: – Propaganda technique
1181:, the ambitious and capable
349:(socio-political ideologies)
3500:List of totalitarian states
3480:Right-wing authoritarianism
3045:. New York: Regan. p.
2955:. New York: Regan. p.
2887:Hutchinson, Robert (2005).
2621:Two Treatises of Government
2567:Strauss, Leo (2014-07-04).
2505:The Lives of Twelve Caesars
2266:, Brill, 2009, pp. 1519–20.
1817:List of tyrants of Syracuse
1735:
1726:Two Treatises of Government
1684:Two Treatises of Government
960:The philosophers Plato and
417:(socio-economic ideologies)
87:List of forms of government
3567:
3475:Left-wing authoritarianism
3310:Authoritarian conservatism
3086:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
2508:, Life of Julius Caesar 80
1968: – Form of government
1810:
1463:
1404:Aristodemus of Megalopolis
1312:Aristogeiton and Harmodios
1256:, who became known as the
1254:Harmodius and Aristogeiton
1039:
975:, arose – specifically in
897:
22:
15:
3174:Counterintelligence state
2980:Lane, Melissa S. (2014).
2841:. London: Pan Macmillan.
2812:Fuegner, Richard (2003).
2705:Cawthorne, Nigel (2004).
2377:Freeman, Charles (1999).
2281:Oxford English Dictionary
2229:2027/spo.did2222.0001.238
1081:Oxford English Dictionary
915:usage of the word, is an
538:(geo-cultural ideologies)
3536:Ancient Greek government
3531:Ancient Roman government
3470:Inverted totalitarianism
3342:Authoritarian capitalism
2837:Church, Stephen (2015).
2194:"The Republic, by Plato"
1720:Philosophical Dictionary
1424:Aristomachus II of Argos
18:Tyranny (disambiguation)
3354:Authoritarian socialism
2787:Harden, Blaine (2015).
2730:Chirot, Daniel (1994).
2570:Thoughts on Machiavelli
2166:"Politics by Aristotle"
2082:Encyclopædia Britannica
2031:Encyclopædia Britannica
1999:Tyranny of the majority
1828:13 20th century tyrants
1801:crimes against humanity
1703:as "tyrannical" in the
1535:Greek political thought
1420:Lydiadas of Megalopolis
1408:Aristomachus I of Argos
1002:tyranny of the majority
995:tyranny of the minority
919:who is unrestrained by
801:Administrative division
745:International relations
25:Tyrant (disambiguation)
3551:Positions of authority
2105:Kagan, Donald (1998).
1868:
1658:
1506:
1475:Roman historians like
1373:Agathocles of Syracuse
1268:
1111:, possibly pre-Greek,
958:
63:
51:
3521:Ancient Greek tyrants
3218:Dominant-party system
2921:Durant, Will (1939).
2862:Rex, Richard (2009).
2444:Durant, Will (1939).
2408:Durant, Will (1939).
1863:
1847:Henry VIII of England
1843:John, King of England
1695:. American statesman
1679:Divine Right of Kings
1647:
1369:Dionysius the Younger
1247:
1142:in reference to king
1058:origin, perhaps from
1046:"monarch, ruler of a
811:Democratic transition
674:Self-governing colony
271:Military dictatorship
57:
36:
3526:Ancient Greek titles
2791:. New York: Viking.
2709:. London: Arcturus.
2597:Machiavelli's Virtue
2476:Beard, Mary (2015).
2418:Simon & Schuster
1983:Political repression
1663:Age of Enlightenment
1624:Marcus Junius Brutus
1396:Antigonus II Gonatas
933:constitutional right
3405:Ecoauthoritarianism
3223:Illiberal democracy
2766:. New York: Regan.
2518:Ryan, Alan (2012).
2223:. 6 November 2009.
1977:Outposts of tyranny
1911:Niccolò Machiavelli
1784:Samuel Rutherford's
1681:" in his 1689 book
1590:Niccolò Machiavelli
1580:Alexander the Great
1416:Aristippus of Argos
1412:Abantidas of Sicyon
1365:Dionysius the Elder
1092:Greco-Roman culture
850:Politics portal
735:Supranational union
644:Dependent territory
557:National government
2925:The Life of Greece
2688:Gonzaga Law Review
2448:The Life of Greece
2412:The Life of Greece
1791:Alexander Shields'
1745:Killing, No Murder
1659:
1595:Discourses on Livy
1269:
1266:Athenian democracy
1260:after they killed
1250:sculptural pairing
1149:The heyday of the
1086:illegitimate ruler
1054:in its turn has a
64:
52:
3508:
3507:
3460:Democracy indices
3152:Absolute monarchy
2991:978-0-691-16647-6
2529:978-0-87140-465-7
2487:978-0-87140-423-7
2347:978-0-19-280146-3
2204:Project Gutenberg
1909:for example) and
1616:Roman Republicans
1614:, as well as the
1575:The Divine Comedy
1428:Xenon of Hermione
1377:Sword of Damocles
1293:Panathenaic Games
1216:to overthrow the
1013:The English noun
923:, or one who has
884:
883:
835:
834:
806:Democracy indices
781:
780:
584:
583:
393:Semi-presidential
318:
317:
3558:
3541:Authoritarianism
3359:Marxism–Leninism
3240:Managerial state
3123:
3116:
3109:
3100:
3061:
3060:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3020:classics.mit.edu
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
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2977:
2971:
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2237:
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2214:
2208:
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2201:
2200:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2170:classics.mit.edu
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
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2127:
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2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2016:
1932:rigged elections
1807:Lists of tyrants
1794:A Hind Let Loose
1741:
1697:Thomas Jefferson
1455:Aratus of Sicyon
1347:Sicilian tyrants
1128:"an aged tyrant"
1101:Sicilian tyrants
1042:
1041:
908:
901:
876:
869:
862:
848:
847:
795:
639:Associated state
597:
572:Internationalism
562:World government
539:
418:
350:
331:
305:Free association
292:
253:
172:
115:
103:
66:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3448:
3298:
3265:Socialist state
3250:One-party state
3169:Communist state
3140:
3127:
3090:Victor Parker,
3070:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3009:
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2979:
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2497:
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2475:
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2465:
2461:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2394:978-0670-885152
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2274:
2270:
2260:R. S. P. Beekes
2258:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2008:
1988:State terrorism
1944:
1903:
1877:
1859:
1851:Oliver Cromwell
1819:
1809:
1649:François Gérard
1642:
1570:Dante Alighieri
1561:it anarchy..."
1553:
1551:In the classics
1537:
1529:Herod the Great
1473:
1468:
1459:Nabis of Sparta
1400:Cleon of Sicyon
1385:
1349:
1279:(a relative of
1242:
1199:
1136:
1134:Archaic tyrants
1094:
1076:
1011:
880:
842:
837:
836:
823:Democratisation
816:Autocratization
792:
784:
783:
782:
739:
700:
679:Tributary state
669:Satellite state
624:
594:
593:Power structure
586:
585:
537:
536:
518:
489:
475:
466:Totalitarianism
416:
415:
397:
348:
347:
328:
320:
319:
314:
290:
282:
247:
239:
170:
162:
109:
100:
99:Source of power
77:Basic forms of
71:Politics series
62:Oliver Cromwell
31:
28:
21:
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5:
3564:
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3232:
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3208:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3189:Constitutional
3186:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3080:at livius.org.
3078:Jona Lendering
3069:
3068:External links
3066:
3063:
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2025:"Tyrant"
2022:, ed. (1911).
2020:Chisholm, Hugh
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1732:Edward Sexby's
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1655:10 August 1792
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1638:
1626:, in his play
1612:Ancient Greeks
1584:Attila the Hun
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1435:Achaean League
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1337:Thirty Tyrants
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1151:Archaic period
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2898:9780060837334
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2875:
2873:9781848680982
2869:
2865:
2858:
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2848:9780230772458
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2823:9781931646864
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2798:9780670016570
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2745:
2743:9780029054772
2739:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2694:(1): 167–199.
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:Thorp, Jodi.
2675:
2672:
2668:(2): 589–602.
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
2645:(3): 649–671.
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2607:9780226503721
2603:
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2580:9780226230979
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2423:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:72–73, 99–100
2382:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2343:
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2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2284:, 2nd edition
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
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2256:
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2222:
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2210:
2205:
2195:
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2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2120:
2118:9780684863955
2114:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
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1912:
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1900:
1898:
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1856:
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1824:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1782:In Scotland,
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
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1750:
1749:
1748:
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1686:
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1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1640:Enlightenment
1639:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:Julius Caesar
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:Thomas Hobbes
1550:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1497:Julius Caesar
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:Roman tyrants
1470:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1383:Later tyrants
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:cult movement
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
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1246:
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1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Ancient Greek
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
974:
969:
968:
963:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
900:
896:
893:
892:Ancient Greek
889:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
854:
851:
846:
841:
840:
829:
826:
824:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
788:
787:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
749:
746:
742:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
715:Confederation
713:
712:
711:
710:
707:
703:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:
682:
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677:
675:
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645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
634:
631:
627:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
610:Unitary state
608:
607:
606:
605:
602:
598:
590:
589:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
542:
533:
530:
528:
525:
524:
521:
513:
512:State atheism
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:Secular state
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
485:
482:
481:
478:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
421:
412:
409:
407:
406:Authoritarian
404:
403:
400:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
383:Parliamentary
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
344:
341:
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332:
324:
323:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
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289:
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279:
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272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
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246:
242:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:(rule by few)
169:
165:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
104:
96:
95:
92:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
75:
72:
68:
67:
61:
56:
50:
46:
45:
40:
35:
26:
19:
3546:Dictatorship
3373:
3287:Majoritarian
3281:
3260:Police state
3228:Totalitarian
3193:
3179:Dictatorship
3134:totalitarian
3091:
3041:
3034:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:
3010:
3001:
2981:
2975:
2951:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2888:
2882:
2863:
2857:
2838:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2788:
2782:
2762:
2732:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2674:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2616:
2596:
2589:
2569:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2538:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2477:
2471:
2462:
2447:
2439:
2430:
2416:. New York:
2411:
2403:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2357:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2302:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2241:
2232:
2219:
2212:
2202:– via
2197:. Retrieved
2188:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2153:The Republic
2152:
2147:
2140:The Republic
2139:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2107:
2086:. Retrieved
2080:
2071:
2062:
2056:. Retrieved
2054:. 2009-11-06
2051:
2041:
2029:
2014:
1966:Dictatorship
1929:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1840:
1837:
1820:
1798:
1793:
1781:
1779:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1689:human rights
1682:
1660:
1652:
1634:
1627:
1610:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1573:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1538:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1493:Roman Senate
1474:
1432:
1386:
1353:Carthaginian
1350:
1334:
1327:
1316:tyrannicides
1301:
1277:Peisistratos
1270:
1258:tyrannicides
1234:
1218:aristocratic
1200:
1163:Peloponnesus
1148:
1137:
1127:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1079:
1077:
1067:
1063:
1062:. The final
1051:
1043:
1031:
1014:
1012:
981:
967:Encyclopédie
965:
959:
954:
948:
905:
902:
895:
887:
885:
764:Middle power
691:Vassal state
685:Buffer state
683:
659:Puppet state
654:Protectorate
630:Client state
620:Principality
446:Distributism
388:Presidential
266:Dictatorship
190:Gerontocracy
112:rule by many
85:
69:Part of the
42:
3427:Imperialism
3393:Enlightened
3347:Pinochetism
3235:Mafia state
3206:Proletarian
3195:Dictablanda
3095:(chapter 7)
2502:Suetonius,
2420:. pp.
1993:Tyrannicide
1667:aristocracy
1661:During the
1620:Shakespeare
1324:Cleisthenes
1155:Cleisthenes
1140:Archilochus
1107:. The word
1019:appears in
769:Great power
754:Small power
696:Viceroyalty
567:Nationalism
431:Colonialism
411:Libertarian
373:Directorial
250:rule by one
230:Technocracy
225:Stratocracy
205:Meritocracy
195:Kleptocracy
185:Aristocracy
3515:Categories
3465:Deep state
3325:Khomeinism
3303:Ideologies
3245:Ochlocracy
3211:Right-wing
3184:Benevolent
3138:government
3025:2019-06-13
2556:Chapter 19
2322:. (1986),
2218:"Tyrant".
2199:2019-05-21
2175:2019-05-21
2124:8 December
2088:2019-10-13
2058:2015-04-01
2006:References
1936:patriotism
1916:The Prince
1811:See also:
1701:George III
1675:John Locke
1605:The Prince
1600:republican
1566:first part
1464:See also:
1389:Macedonian
1387:Under the
1329:demokratia
1308:Hipparchus
1262:Hipparchus
1222:Bacchiadae
1167:Polycrates
1074:Definition
1025:Old French
939:and early
929:repressive
890:(from
774:Superpower
730:Superstate
725:Federation
720:Devolution
706:Federalism
547:City-state
220:Plutocracy
215:Particracy
79:government
41:holding a
39:Jie of Xia
3495:Strongman
3388:Despotism
3364:Stalinism
3320:Francoism
3315:Chiangism
3270:Theocracy
3255:Oligarchy
3157:Autocracy
3136:forms of
2553:Leviathan
2216:Compare:
2155:Book VIII
2142:Book VIII
2045:Compare:
1954:Despotism
1901:Retaining
1875:Obtaining
1693:democracy
1525:Maccabees
1477:Suetonius
1439:Corinthia
1341:oligarchy
1304:democracy
1230:Periander
1226:bodyguard
1207:mercenary
1113:Pelasgian
1056:Pre-Greek
1023:use, via
1009:Etymology
988:autocracy
962:Aristotle
941:Classical
601:Unitarism
577:Globalism
483:Religious
471:Tribalism
461:Socialism
456:Feudalism
441:Despotism
436:Communism
426:Anarchism
363:Communist
310:Stateless
300:Anarchism
261:Despotism
245:Autocracy
235:Theocracy
200:Kritarchy
168:Oligarchy
153:Socialist
107:Democracy
3453:See also
3330:Putinism
3201:Military
2551:Hobbes,
2077:"tyrant"
2048:"Tyrant"
1960:Dictator
1942:See also
1907:Politics
1882:Republic
1738:PDF file
1716:Voltaire
1671:monarchy
1541:Polybius
1504:liberty.
1489:Josephus
1485:Plutarch
1392:hegemony
1297:Dionysia
1285:Marathon
1214:Cypselus
1210:hoplites
1109:tyrannos
1052:tyrannos
1044:tyrannos
1040:τύραννος
1032:tyrannus
973:military
949:tyrannos
906:túrannos
899:τύραννος
649:Dominion
378:Legalist
358:Absolute
343:Republic
338:Monarchy
210:Noocracy
180:Anocracy
133:Economic
123:Demarchy
3490:Statism
3410:Fascism
3282:Tyranny
3162:Tsarist
2931:122–123
2151:Plato,
2138:Plato,
1948:Big lie
1879:In the
1787:Lex Rex
1481:Tacitus
1451:Arcadia
1447:Argolis
1443:Megaris
1361:Hiero I
1203:Corinth
1197:Corinth
1177:world.
1161:in the
937:Archaic
925:usurped
913:English
791:Related
486:Secular
451:Fascism
288:Anarchy
278:Tyranny
138:Liberal
3432:Nazism
3369:Maoism
3335:Ziaism
3074:Tyrant
3053:
2988:
2963:
2895:
2870:
2845:
2820:
2795:
2770:
2740:
2713:
2604:
2577:
2526:
2484:
2391:
2344:
2276:tyrant
2115:
1921:purges
1523:, the
1517:Nimrod
1510:Cicero
1487:, and
1426:, and
1371:, and
1289:Athena
1273:Athens
1240:Athens
1191:Persia
1187:Sparta
1179:Chilon
1175:Aegean
1169:ruled
1159:Sicyon
1157:ruled
1124:Thales
1060:Lydian
1016:tyrant
977:Sicily
956:order.
888:tyrant
615:Empire
527:Global
158:Others
148:Social
128:Direct
3375:Juche
3145:Forms
2684:(PDF)
2623:(199)
2422:90–91
2326:(OUP)
2320:et al
2234:laws.
2221:1765)
2064:laws.
1887:Plato
1718:in a
1521:Moses
1281:Solon
1183:ephor
1171:Samos
1117:polis
1048:polis
1036:Greek
1029:Latin
945:Plato
894:
532:Local
37:King
3398:Soft
3292:Soft
3132:and
3051:ISBN
2986:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2843:ISBN
2818:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2711:ISBN
2602:ISBN
2575:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2126:2020
2113:ISBN
1913:(in
1849:and
1815:and
1789:and
1767:etc.
1691:and
1669:and
1582:and
1564:The
1527:and
1449:and
1357:Gelo
1335:The
1165:and
1105:deme
1099:and
1068:-ant
947:saw
3437:Neo
3420:Neo
3415:Eco
3076:by
2454:235
2225:hdl
1572:'s
1568:of
1379:".
1310:by
1252:of
1185:of
1050:";
921:law
3517::
3049:.
3018:.
2959:.
2939:^
2752:^
2692:37
2690:.
2686:.
2666:35
2664:.
2660:.
2643:38
2641:.
2637:.
2387:.
2289:^
2278:,
2262:,
2231:.
2168:.
2097:^
2079:.
2061:.
2050:.
2028:.
1923:,
1885:,
1853:.
1803:.
1707:.
1651:,
1632:.
1519:,
1483:,
1479:,
1445:,
1441:,
1430:.
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1343:.
1248:A
1070:.
1064:-t
979:.
886:A
44:Ji
3122:e
3115:t
3108:v
3059:.
3047:2
3028:.
2994:.
2969:.
2957:7
2933:.
2901:.
2876:.
2851:.
2826:.
2801:.
2776:.
2746:.
2719:.
2610:.
2583:.
2532:.
2490:.
2456:.
2424:.
2397:.
2350:.
2249:.
2227::
2206:.
2182:.
2128:.
2091:.
1740:)
1736:(
1004:)
997:)
990:)
909:)
903:(
875:e
868:t
861:v
252:)
248:(
114:)
110:(
27:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
