419:
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592:", and thus professed allegiance to neither the United States nor Great Britain. Another factor was the mutual sympathy between John Baker (see below) and many members of French-speaking communities located near Baker's mill, who both felt betrayed by their respective authorities. The population of the area swelled with outsiders, however, when winter freed lumbermen from farm work to "long-pole" up the Saint John River to the valley. These migrant seasonal lumbermen caused particular tension for the governments of Maine and Massachusetts, responsible for the protection of resources and revenues of their respective states. Some itinerant lumbermen eventually settled year-round in the Saint John valley. Most settlers found themselves too remote from the authorities to apply formally for land. Disputes heated as factions maneuvered for control over the best stands of trees.
705:), the posse established a camp at the junction of Saint Croix Stream and the Aroostook River and began confiscating New Brunswick lumbering equipment, and sending any lumbermen caught and arrested back to Maine for trial. A group of New Brunswick lumbermen learned of these activities and, unable to retrieve their oxen and horses, broke into the arsenal in Woodstock to arm themselves. They gathered their own posse, and seized the Maine land agent and his assistants in the middle of the night. This New Brunswick posse transported the Maine officials in chains to Woodstock and held them for an "interview".
163:
617:, officials, they called a meeting to select representatives preparatory to incorporating Madawaska as a town. A local resident from the east bank of the Saint John river alerted local representatives of the New Brunswick militia, who entered the hall during one of these meetings and threatened to arrest any resident attempting to organize. The meetings continued, however, even as more militiamen arrived. New Brunswick authorities arrested some residents, others fled to the woods, and local Americans sent letters to the Maine authorities in Augusta. The
25:
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April 1839 created an armed civil posse. On advice of
Brigadier General Scott, Maine issued General Orders to recall the militia in May and June 1839 and to replace the militiamen with the armed civil posse. The office of the Maine state land agent led the armed civil posse with Deputy Land Agent William Parrott at Fort Fairfield and Captain Stover Rines at Camp Jarvis on the Fish River (later
709:
jurisdiction over the
Aroostook, and he demanded removal from the region of all Maine forces. He then sent his military commander to the T10 R5 campsite and ordered the Maine militia to leave. Captain Rines and the others refused, stating they were following orders and doing their duty. The Maine side then took the New Brunswick military commander himself into custody.
642:
Fundy and the
Atlantic Ocean was simply an ingenious quibble. Unfortunately, the Treaty of 1783 was so badly worded that it could not be translated into a practical topographical boundary. The British case was not a sound one, and a decision based solely upon justice would, in all probability, have given Maine more than was ultimately received.
798:, to administer the civilian authority of the area. However, reports of collusion resulted in the Maine Executive Council assigning Alphus Lyons to investigate Sheriff Packard and District Attorney Tabor. The two nations agreed to refer the dispute to a boundary commission, but further clashes between their forces continued in the interim.
457:, the principal geographical feature identified in the earlier treaty. The parties sent a collaborative survey team to locate the mouth of the proper river, and to establish its headwaters. In 1798 the commission decided the southernmost portion of this boundary, from the mouth of the St. Croix to its source, which was determined to be the
741:
856:
map, "I did not think it a very urgent duty to go to Lord
Ashburton and tell him that I had found a bit of doubtful evidence in Paris." Ashburton agreed, saying "My own opinion is that in this respect no reproach can fairly be made." The British Foreign Office, without Ashburton's knowledge, acted similarly by hiding the "
872:
Keenlyside and Brown later wrote "Unjust as such accusations are, it is nevertheless a fact that many
Canadians still consider the Ashburton Treaty of 1842 to be the first and most important instance of the loss of Canadian rights due to the complacency of Great Britain and the crooked diplomacy of the United States."
651:. Although the king had not made a judicial decision for one side as expected, he had followed the arbitration agreement's request to "make a decision on the points of difference". The American refusal to accept his decision would ultimately cost the United States 900 square miles (2,300 km) of territory.
871:
supported it. Similarly, Maine and
Massachusetts complained but were happy to be paid for the loss of territory. Canada was unhappy, however, as it viewed the treaty as the British improving relations with the United States by permitting American territory to separate Lower Canada from the Maritimes.
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of
Washington in 1842, which settled the Maine-Canada boundary and the boundaries between Canada and New Hampshire, Michigan and Minnesota. This treaty awarded 7,015 square miles (18,170 km) to the United States and 5,012 square miles (12,980 km) to British control. The British retained the
673:
of Maine issued a general order announcing that a foreign power had invaded Maine. In March 1838 the state demanded a survey based on the
American claim and that the federal government enforce the claim. Washington refused, but did authorize a survey for possible fortifications. The state legislature
595:
John Baker on 4 July 1827 raised an
American flag, which his wife made, on the western bank of Baker Brook at its confluence with the Saint John River, on the river's left (here northern) bank, now Canadian territory. New Brunswick authorities subsequently arrested Baker, fined him ÂŁ25, and held him
855:
had supposedly marked with a red line, to persuade Maine and
Massachusetts to accept the agreement. The map showed that the disputed region belonged to the British, and so helped convince the representatives of those states to accept the compromise. Webster replied to later criticism for hiding the
646:
William indeed found reconciling the treaty with the map so difficult that he gave up. On 20 January 1831 he called the treaty "inexplicable and impractical", and compromised by drawing a line between the two listed options. The United States received 7,908 square miles (20,480 km) and Britain
773:
Sir John Harvey had supervised Winfield Scott during his time as prisoner of war during the War of 1812, and the President and his advisers saw that relationship as a point of mutual respect. Pursuant to the terms of the truce for administration within the disputed area, the Maine Legislature on 6
546:
destroyed thousands of acres of prime New Brunswick timber, killed hundreds of settlers, left thousands more homeless, and destroyed several thriving communities. The journal entries of the newly appointed Governor of New Brunswick record the destruction and comments that survival of New Brunswick
753:
of Maine outlined the events and the various communications sent and received since 1825. Representative Smith noted the primary responsibility of the national government to protect and defend its own territory and citizens, but declared that Maine would defend its territory alone if the national
724:
offering their services to Quebec, and reports of New Brunswick forces gathering on the Saint John River resulted in the issuance of General Order No 7 on 19 February 1839, calling for a general draft of Maine militia. Maine militia companies mustered in Bangor and traveled to the Upper Aroostook
641:
There can now be little doubt that the American claim was justified by the intentions of the commissioners of 1783. It is morally certain that the intention then was to re-enact the boundary line of the Proclamation of 1763, and that the British argument based on the difference between the Bay of
514:
broke away from Massachusetts as a separate state in 1820, the status and location of the border emerged as a chief concern to the new state government. Massachusetts also retained an interest in the matter, as it retained ownership of half the public lands in Maine, including a large part of the
769:
Additional information arriving in Washington through April and May 1839 kept Congressional debate lively until Congress authorized a force of 50,000 men and appropriated $ 10 million, placed at the disposal of the President in the event foreign military troops crossed into United States
708:
Terming the Americans "political prisoners," Sir John Harvey sent correspondence to Washington, DC, that he lacked the authority to act on the arrests without instructions from London, which he awaited. He added that he intended meanwhile to exercise his responsibilities to ensure British
659:
In 1835 the British rescinded their acceptance of the Dutch compromise and offered another boundary, which the Americans rejected. The United States offered to ask Maine to accept the Saint John River as the boundary, which the British rejected. In 1836 Maine took a special census.
668:
of New Brunswick had Greeley arrested. Letters from New Brunswick accused the Governor of Maine of bribery and threatened military action if Maine continued to exercise jurisdiction in the basins of the Aroostook river and its tributaries. In response, Governor
879:
and the Maritime colonies, as well as a project for a commercial right-of-way that would allow British commercial interests to transit through Maine on their way to and from southern New Brunswick or Nova Scotia. This right-of way is still used in 2013 by the
515:
disputed territory, as part of the separation. For their part the British considered that Maine's territory protruding so deeply into British territory and nearly reaching the St. Lawrence in some areas constituted a serious hindrance to communications between
860:", which generally supported the American case. Some claim that British officials created the Franklin map as a fake to pressure the American negotiators. The evidence is that the British map placed the entire disputed area on the American side of the border.
790:
to represent Canada with the intent to build a suitable barracks across the Saint John River from Fort Kent. New Brunswick meanwhile armed every tributary of the Saint John River that flowed from the Aroostook Territory with regular and militia soldiers.
1368:
608:
sent John Deane and Edward James to the disputed area to document the numbers of inhabitants and to assess the extent of what they considered to be British trespass. During that summer, several residents of the west bank of the Saint John at
636:
William was given a topographical map of the disputed area with the parties' arguments, with detailed scientific and diplomatic evidence for each. A century later, Canadian Hugh LL. Keenlyside and American Gerald S. Brown wrote:
418:
1361:
843:
agreed to pay the states of Maine and Massachusetts $ 150,000 each for the loss of the lands of their states and for expenses incurred during the time Maine's armed civil posse administered the truce period.
674:
authorized $ 800,000 for military defense, and Congress gave the President authority to raise the militia with a $ 10,000,000 budget. Meanwhile, Nova Scotia voted $ 100,000 in funds to defend New Brunswick.
1354:
1946:
1891:
1810:
1063:
Aroostook War: Historical Sketch and Roster of Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men Called Into Service for the Protection of the Northeastern Frontier of Maine. From February to May, 1839
621:(ratified by the U.S. Senate in 1815) provided for the establishment of a neutral third party as arbitrator in the event that a joint commission could not agree on the border; commissioners
530:
As late as September 1825, Maine and Massachusetts land agents issued deeds, sold timber permits, took censuses, and recorded births, deaths, and marriages in the contested area of the
338:
770:
territory during the Congressional recess of summer 1839. Maine initially committed three thousand to ten thousand militia to the conflict in addition to the land agent's posse.
716:
to lead 1,000 additional volunteers to augment the posse then on the upper Aroostook River. Additional correspondence from governor Sir John Harvey of New Brunswick, reports of
1926:
534:
valley and its tributaries. Massachusetts land agent George Coffin recorded in his journal during one such journey during autumn 1825, returning from the Upper Saint John and
1516:
461:. This commission did no work to finalize details of the border north of the lakes, which was described as running in a straight line north to the highlands separating the
1981:
1757:
1976:
1261:
HISTORICAL SKETCH Roster of Commissioned Officers and Enlisted Men CALLED INTO SERVICE FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE NORTHEASTERN FRONTIER OF MAINE FROM FEBRUARY TO MAY 1839
294:
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continues to be formally disputed between the United States and Canada). A recommendation by the British commissioner that the northward line to the "highlands" end at
1018:
499:
ended the war in 1815 and re-established the boundary line of the 1783 treaty. A commission was appointed which resolved most of the issues surrounding the islands (
255:
1772:
567:
Valley. During 1826–1830, provincial timber interests also settled the west bank of the Saint John river and its tributaries, and British families built homes in
1805:
778:). The United States Army began the permanent structure of Fort Fairfield in April 1839 and that of Fort Kent in October 1839. Major R. M. Kirby commanded of
1662:
1931:
454:
184:
920:. The narration of the main character, Hayes, voices critical comments on these events from a soldier's point of view before the conflict came to a head.
1986:
1956:
1825:
1815:
1562:
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received 4,119 square miles (10,670 km). The British government accepted this decision, but Maine rejected it and the new treaty failed to pass the
1536:
402:
of 1842 established the final boundary between the countries, giving most of the disputed area to Maine while preserving an overland connection between
1951:
1830:
1800:
1762:
697:, the Penobscot County sheriff, and a posse of volunteer militia to the upper Aroostook to pursue and arrest the New Brunswickers. The posse left
1795:
1541:
289:
1820:
1436:
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388:
380:. The term "war" was rhetorical; local militia units were called out but never engaged in actual combat. The event is best described as an
889:
1779:
46:
786:, with three companies of the United States 1st Artillery Regiment. Four companies of the British 11th Regiment marched to the area from
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2006:
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2001:
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Perry, Michael T. " 'Maine and Her Soil, or Blood!': Political Rhetoric and Spatial Identity during the Aroostook War in Maine."
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2011:
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and the maritime colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Securing the northern half of Maine would cut travel time between
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1752:
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1024:
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The Aroostook War, though without direct combat, did see militiamen die of accident and disease; one example was Private
867:
and many Conservatives in Parliament denounced the treaty, the British government was pleased, and Conservatives such as
823:
399:
141:
1966:
975:
Jones, Howard. "Anglophobia and the Aroostook War." The New England Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 4, 1975, pp. 519–39. JSTOR,
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1637:
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watershed from watersheds draining to the south. It also left unresolved the question of who claimed which islands in
39:
33:
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Carroll, Francis M. "The Passionate Canadians: The Historical Debate about the Eastern Canadian-American Boundary,"
1991:
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586:" – nominally British subjects – who (at least rhetorically) considered themselves to belong to the unofficial "
50:
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893:
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Executive Council Report on the investigation of the Aroostook County Sheriff, Oct 1840, Maine State Archives
1996:
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1916:
840:
795:
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Census Representative Ebenezer Greeley thus began a census of the upper Aroostook River territory. Governor
614:
485:
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cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838–1839, according to reports submitted to the
507:(about 100 mi or 160 km south of where this line was eventually negotiated to end) was rejected.
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Deane and Kavanagh's 1831 Aroostook Valley legislative report (covering present-day Crouseville, Maine)
916:
The tensions leading up to the Aroostook War are referenced in the 1835 short story "The Squatter" by
1677:
1526:
1446:
1406:
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and other conflicts. On 24 January 1839, the Maine Legislature authorized the newly elected Governor
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524:
462:
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1687:
1506:
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1149:. Vol. 8 (January–June, 1835). Boston, Massachusetts: J.T. and E. Buckingham. pp. 97–104.
806:
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1343:, an 1835 short story referencing events leading to the Aroostook War from a soldier's perspective
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1471:
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1441:
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1138:
1047:"Martin Van Buren: State of Maine – Resolves Relative to the Northeastern Boundary June 27, 1837"
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Questions regarding the boundary line arose not long afterward, and the negotiators of the 1794
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Neither nation wanted a war that would have greatly interfered with the two nations' trade.
779:
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488:, for eight months, intending to permanently annex the region into British North America as
377:
1642:
1426:
1416:
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Jones, Wilbur Devereux. "The Influence of Slavery on the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations,"
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depended on the vast forests to the west in the area disputed with the United States.
1875:
1855:
962:
Le Duc, Thomas (1947). The Maine Frontier and the Northeastern Boundary Controversy.
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To the Webster–Ashburton Treaty: A Study in Anglo-American Relations, 1783–1843
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from seized stolen timber, allowed for camping troops on the eastern boundary.
1672:
1511:
1496:
1227:
Merk, Frederick. "The Oregon Question in the Webster–Ashburton Negotiations,"
678:
450:
364:, was a military and civilian-involved confrontation in 1838–1839 between the
1216:
LeDuc, Thomas. "The Webster–Ashburton Treaty and the Minnesota Iron Ranges,"
851:
found in the Paris Archives while searching for pro-American evidence, which
1567:
1456:
712:
On 15 February 1839, the Maine Legislature authorized militia Major General
1224:, shows the value of the iron range was not known when the treaty was drawn
749:
During Congressional debates in Washington on 2 March 1839, Representative
613:
filed requests for inclusion of their land in Maine. Acting on advice from
559:(descendants of the original French colonists) settled the Saint John and
1850:
1737:
1707:
1431:
1264:. The Maine Council. Augusta, ME: Kennebec Journal Print. 1904. pp.
556:
1020:
Canada and the United States: Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations
1232:
1221:
1211:
1194:
1184:
438:(Quebec and New Brunswick) and the United States. The Commonwealth of
832:
583:
805:
766:, to the conflict area; he arrived in Boston in early March 1839.
740:
511:
417:
120:
976:
1377:
Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States
1350:
446:, including areas to which the British had already laid claim.
237:
372:
over the international boundary between the British colony of
18:
831:
with its year-round overland military communications between
453:
agreed that a commission should determine the source of the
754:
government chose to not fulfill its obligations. President
476:, the British occupied most of eastern Maine, including
827:
northern area of the disputed territory, including the
725:
until 26 February 1839, when the early construction of
604:
In preparation for a United States census in 1830, the
1947:
Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America
875:
Canada retained a militarily vital connection between
542:, that a thunderstorm had ignited a forest fire. This
16:
1838–39 border dispute between New Brunswick and Maine
1316:
The Upper St. John River Valley: The Boundary Dispute
720:
troops arriving from the West Indies, reports of the
1189:
Jones. Howard. "Anglophobia and the Aroostook War,"
1892:
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1788:
1550:
1389:
1023:. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 144–152. Archived from
434:but did not clearly determine the boundary between
582:The French-speaking population of Madawaska were "
527:almost in half, as it lay directly between them.
1231:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Dec., 1956), pp. 379–404
1193:, Vol. 48, No. 4 (Dec., 1975), pp. 519–539
1012:
1010:
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1004:
1002:
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655:Posses, arrests, and the mobilization of militia
99:Map showing the boundary claims and final border
1017:Keenlyside, Hugh LL.; Brown, Gerald S. (1952).
639:
87:
1220:Vol. 51, No. 3 (Dec., 1964), pp. 476–481
701:, on 8 February 1839. Arriving at T10 R5 (now
267:Conflicts between Canada and the United States
1362:
249:
8:
1327:Officers in Service During the Aroostook War
1210:Vol. 22, No. 1 (Feb., 1956), pp. 48–58
442:thereafter began issuing land grants in its
892:. That trackage was originally part of the
563:basins. Some Americans then settled in the
1826:History of the Central Intelligence Agency
1811:Length of U.S. participation in major wars
1369:
1355:
1347:
1303:"Hiram Smith, hero of the war that wasn't"
256:
242:
234:
84:
1093:Journal and Letterbook of William Parrott
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1977:Battles and conflicts without fatalities
737:American and British governments step in
32:This article includes a list of general
1172:Carroll, Francis M. "Drawing the Line"
1049:. The American Presidency Project UCSB.
955:
729:, which the earlier posse built on the
1927:United Kingdom–United States relations
1278:
966:Vol. 53, No. 1 (Oct., 1947), pp. 30–41
896:'s Sherbrooke – Saint John rail line.
387:Negotiations between British diplomat
820:Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton
7:
1982:Canada–United States border disputes
1806:Timeline of U.S. military operations
1229:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
890:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway
745:1839 map of the disputed territory
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1987:Military history of New Brunswick
1957:Wars involving the United Kingdom
1563:American–Algerian War (1785–1795)
847:Webster used a map that American
1952:Wars involving the United States
677:Both American and New Brunswick
596:in jail until he paid his fine.
393:United States Secretary of State
177:
161:
93:
23:
1115:, Houghton Mifflin, p. 336
226:
1932:Canada–United States relations
1841:List of anti-war organizations
1318:, with maps and historic texts
977:https://doi.org/10.2307/364636
964:The American Historical Review
1:
1753:War against the Islamic State
1308:The Christian Science Monitor
1183:70#1 (1997), pp. 83–101
886:New Brunswick Railway Company
751:Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith
1301:Gould, John (13 July 2001).
1218:Journal of American History,
1208:Journal of Southern History,
822:, reached a compromise, the
693:to send Maine's land agent,
631:William I of the Netherlands
1084:The Works of James Buchanan
758:assigned Brigadier General
2028:
1962:Conflicts in New Brunswick
1897:1830s in the United States
1743:War in North-West Pakistan
1593:Second Sumatran expedition
1558:American Revolutionary War
577:Grand Falls, New Brunswick
540:Fredericton, New Brunswick
280:American Revolutionary War
1907:1839 in the United States
1902:1838 in the United States
1588:First Sumatran expedition
1382:
1164:The Aroostook War of 1839
935:Republic of Indian Stream
398:settled the dispute. The
275:
225:
212:
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153:
103:
92:
2007:History of Bangor, Maine
1542:2021 U.S. Capitol attack
1502:Battle of Blair Mountain
1332:Canadian Militia History
1147:The New-England Magazine
1066:. Kennebec journal print
894:Canadian Pacific Railway
824:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
810:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
400:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
142:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
2002:Aroostook County, Maine
1801:Wars involving the U.S.
1638:Philippine–American War
1522:1960s ghetto rebellions
1162:Campbell, W.E. (Gary).
1060:Maine. Council (1904).
979:. Accessed 1 Jun. 2022.
841:U.S. federal government
796:Aroostook County, Maine
794:In 1840, Maine created
762:, then involved in the
629:for Britain asked King
615:Penobscot County, Maine
589:RĂ©publique du Madawaska
339:Current Border Disputes
53:more precise citations.
2012:1830s in New Brunswick
1846:Conscientious objector
1748:First Libyan Civil War
1618:Second Fiji expedition
1598:Ivory Coast expedition
1532:1992 Los Angeles riots
1492:Colorado Coalfield War
1384:Listed chronologically
1285:: CS1 maint: others (
811:
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428:Treaty of Paris (1783)
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382:international incident
376:and the U.S. state of
356:(sometimes called the
1816:Territorial evolution
1796:Conflicts in the U.S.
1718:Intervention in Haiti
1608:First Fiji expedition
1191:New England Quarterly
1181:New England Quarterly
940:Republic of Madawaska
882:Eastern Maine Railway
809:
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623:Cornelius P. Van Ness
436:British North America
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213:Casualties and losses
192:British North America
1678:Bay of Pigs Invasion
1633:Spanish–American War
1603:Mexican–American War
1527:Kent State shootings
1517:Puerto Rican revolts
1447:American Indian Wars
1243:47.1 (2013): 68-93.
1027:on 15 September 2020
990:"Under his Own Flag"
649:United States Senate
627:Thomas Henry Barclay
463:Saint Lawrence River
459:Chiputneticook Lakes
227:38 non-combat deaths
1967:Conflicts in Quebec
1693:Invasion of Grenada
1688:Dominican Civil War
1113:The American Nation
685:, resulting in the
501:Machias Seal Island
1733:War in Afghanistan
1703:Invasion of Panama
1698:Lebanese Civil War
1623:Formosa Expedition
1583:Second Barbary War
1537:2020 racial unrest
1472:Johnson County War
1467:Lincoln County War
1442:American Civil War
1437:Harpers Ferry raid
1412:Turner's Rebellion
912:In popular culture
884:subsidiary of the
812:
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358:Pork and Beans War
1992:North Maine Woods
1942:Conflicts in 1839
1937:Conflicts in 1838
1869:
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1831:Casualties of war
1663:Russian Civil War
1628:Korean Expedition
1573:First Barbary War
1452:Brooks–Baxter War
1407:Fries's Rebellion
1402:Whiskey Rebellion
1176:2003 83(4): 19–25
1111:John A. Garraty,
869:Benjamin Disraeli
853:Benjamin Franklin
687:Battle of Caribou
683:Maine Legislature
606:Maine Legislature
478:Washington County
467:Passamaquoddy Bay
444:District of Maine
432:Revolutionary War
422:1820 map of Maine
408:Maritime colonies
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327:Chesapeake Affair
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2019:
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1029:. Retrieved
1025:the original
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1683:Vietnam War
1658:World War I
1648:Banana Wars
1578:War of 1812
888:and by the
837:Nova Scotia
788:Quebec City
679:lumberjacks
666:John Harvey
521:Quebec City
490:New Ireland
474:War of 1812
472:During the
307:Patriot War
302:War of 1812
290:Nova Scotia
137:Compromise
51:introducing
1876:Categories
1861:War crimes
1728:Kosovo War
1673:Korean War
1653:Border War
1512:Bonus Army
1507:Tulsa riot
1497:Red Summer
1417:Mormon War
1139:Neal, John
1070:25 October
951:References
900:Casualties
802:Settlement
782:post near
451:Jay Treaty
430:ended the
360:), or the
59:March 2013
34:references
1568:Quasi-War
1457:Range War
1341:John Neal
1281:cite book
1031:24 August
918:John Neal
611:Madawaska
569:Woodstock
536:Madawaska
505:Mars Hill
111:1838–1839
1851:Cold War
1768:Cameroon
1738:Iraq War
1708:Gulf War
1432:Utah War
1390:Domestic
1233:in JSTOR
1222:in JSTOR
1212:in JSTOR
1195:in JSTOR
1141:(1835).
924:See also
703:Masardis
557:Acadians
538:area to
406:and the
368:and the
200:Strength
116:Location
1789:Related
1551:Foreign
1168:excerpt
1166:(2013)
584:Brayons
573:Tobique
525:Halifax
317:Pig War
47:improve
1245:online
1185:online
1174:Beaver
863:While
839:. The
833:Quebec
575:, and
285:Quebec
208:15,000
182:
166:
133:Result
127:border
36:, but
1773:Libya
1763:Syria
512:Maine
510:When
378:Maine
205:6,000
121:Maine
1758:Iraq
1287:link
1072:2014
1033:2017
988:See
835:and
818:and
523:and
495:The
426:The
391:and
352:The
221:None
218:None
108:Date
1339:by
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1283:}}
1279:{{
1272:.
1145:.
997:^
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257:e
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123:–
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66:(
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57:(
43:.
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