615:, to destroy our commerce on the high seas, and even to carry war into the ports of the United States. Halifax is a postal and despatch station in the correspondence between the rebels at Richmond and their emissaries in Europe. Halifax merchants are known to have surreptitiously imported provisions, arms, and ammunition from our seaports, and then transshipped them to the rebels. The governor of Nova Scotia has been neutral, just, and friendly; so were the judges of the province who presided on the trial of the Chesapeake. But then it is understood that, on the other hand, merchant shippers of Halifax, and many of the people of Halifax, are willing agents and abettors of the enemies of the United States, and their hostility has proved not merely offensive but deeply injurious.
151:
669:
168:
556:. When the Civil War began, most Canadians and Maritimers were overtly sympathetic to the North, which had abolished slavery after the Revolution and which had trading ties. At the beginning of the war, approximately 20,000 men from British North America, almost half of them Maritimers, crossed the border to fight, primarily for the North. Many families had strong kinship ties across the border with people in New England, New York and some of the Midwest.
47:
135:
123:
680:
862:
569:
and Co. â a company that flew the
Confederate flag outside its office and accepted Confederate currency. The informal headquarters for the Confederates was located at the Waverley Hotel, 1266 Barrington Street (present-day Waverley Inn). At the same time, Halifax became the leading supplier of coal
627:
The recent shipment of one thousand rifles from New York to
Halifax in violation of military regulations, the recently discovered plans of Confederate 'pirates' at Halifax to capture other American steamers between New York and Halifax, the plans of 'neutral passengers' to carry forbidden and
874:
was generally regarded as the unofficial
Confederate consul in Halifax. He constantly harboured Confederate "refugees" and hosted numerous prominent Confederate officials, who were automatically welcomed at Rosebank during their stay in town. He was a friend and correspondent of Confederate
691:
as normal passengers in New York. While en route to Maine, on the night of 7 December, just off the coast of Cape Cod, Braine and his men seized control of the vessel. The crew resisted; in the exchange of gunfire that took place, the ship's second engineer was killed, and three crewmen were
907:
The
Southern sympathisers believed they were engaging in an act of war because they had an official letter of marque from the Confederacy. As the investigation into the affair unfolded, it was found their letter had no legal basis. As a result, rather than the
644:, and Halifax were centers of a well-financed network of Confederate spies, escaped prisoners, and soldiers of fortune who were trying to influence government opinion in the war. The Confederates arranged various attacks on the Union from Canada, such as the
783:
violated
British sovereignty and international laws by arresting the three men who remained: one from New Brunswick and two from Nova Scotia. George Wade, who had killed a crew member during the raid, was among the prisoners. The Americans took
606:
Halifax has been for more than one year, and yet is, a naval station for vessels which, running the blockade, furnish supplies and munitions of war to our enemy, and it has been made a rendezvous for those piratical cruisers which come out from
564:
to both
Northern and Southern ports. Nova Scotia's economy thrived throughout the war. This trade created strong ties between Halifax and merchants from both the North and South. In Halifax the main commercial agent for the Confederacy was
826:
condemned the attack as the "most daring and atrocious on record" and the assailants for showing "cold blood and feeble circulation of reptiles." Another paper derided the citizens of Saint John as "mere pimps" of
Confederate President
510:. The expedition was planned and led by Vernon Guyon Locke (1827â1890) of Nova Scotia and John Clibbon Brain (1840â1906). When George Wade of New Brunswick killed one of the American crew, the Confederacy claimed its first fatality in
890:
awaited adjudication in the colonial
Admiralty court, but the British planned to give Confederate prisoner Wade to the United States authorities for extradition. Almon and Keith arranged for Wade's escape in a rowboat to
529:. U.S. forces responded to the attack, violating British sovereignty by trying to arrest the captors in Nova Scotian waters. International tensions rose. Wade and others were able to escape through the assistance of
559:
As the war went on, relations between
Britain and the North became strained for numerous reasons, and sympathy turned toward the South. Britain declared itself neutral during the war. Increased trade went through
915:
Many high-ranking
Confederates settled in Canada after the war. Approximately 30 senior Naval and Army officers from the South settled in Halifax. Among the most prominent were John Wilkinson (commander of
750:
again avoided capture at Lunenburg and traveled on to Halifax. The vessel moved through Mahone Bay. At St. Margarets Bay, some crew left the ship. By 16 December, the ship arrived at Mud Cove harbour at
581:
would use the port of Halifax to ship their goods between Britain and the Confederate States. Much of the coal and other fuels used to run Confederate steamers went through Halifax. Halifax's role in
2435:
2410:
301:
467:
899:. The Americans were outraged and, in response, the British put a warrant out for the rest of his crew. A few of the crew were tried but were found not guilty on a technicality.
2430:
2440:
346:
632:
Canadians and Maritimers became fearful of the power that the North demonstrated in defeating the South, and worried that it might want to annex British North America next.
423:
341:
552:
While slavery had effectively ended in Nova Scotia at the beginning of the 19th century, the British ended the practice of slave-owning throughout its Empire by the
384:
351:
2420:
294:
578:
2425:
1502:
336:
331:
2460:
2455:
2450:
287:
1193:
Between King Cotton and Queen Victoria: Confederate Informal Diplomacy and Privatized Violence in British America During the American Civil War
418:
715:, on the LaHave River (14 December), where they loaded some coal. During the next two days, they sold some of the stolen cargo for supplies.
1191:
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2445:
377:
394:
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arrived in Halifax on 17 December, escorted by the two American warships. Three other warships followed, which had also pursued
1941:
940:
912:
Affair being an official act of war, it was an act of piracy and condemned as such by most of the newspapers in the Maritimes.
370:
971:
Marquis, Greg. In Armageddon's Shadow: The Civil War and Canada's Maritime Provinces. McGill-Queen's University Press. 1998.
20:
1212:
687:
Locke had arranged for John C. Braine and sixteen Confederate sympathizers from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to board the
2415:
1495:
1012:
491:
156:
839:
2485:
712:
660:, by Confederate sympathizers: they intended to capture an American ship and use it as a blockade runner for the South.
838:
returned immediately, and the hijackers arrested and extradited to the U.S. in accordance with Article 10 of the 1842
820:
News of the capture and the fact that Maritimers were the assailants resulted in widespread anger in the North. The
668:
2383:
2376:
2257:
1512:
924:
892:
553:
522:
408:
19:
This article is about an incident during the American Civil War. For an earlier incident prior to War of 1812, see
657:
518:
413:
2069:
1488:
1349:
755:. Once there Locke went to Halifax overland. There he arranged for a schooner come to Sambro with coal. While
842:, which provided the extradition of "all persons who, being charged with the crime of murder ... or Piracy".
2480:
83:
2180:
2017:
1712:
1144:
896:
871:
865:
530:
199:
189:
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to Saint John, New Brunswick, as planned but was unable to load coal for the voyage south. He next took
2030:
1813:
1476:
David Stephen Heidler, Jeanne T. Heidler, David J. Coles. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War, p. 422
1197:
1163:
1015:, in 1827. At the advent of the rebellion, Locke offered his services to the South. He secured his ship
985:
746:
turned all lights out and slipped behind Spectacle Island and out on the LaHave without being detected.
194:
2105:
1775:
1738:
1700:
1155:
880:
561:
526:
525:. Instead, the captors had difficulties at Saint John; so they sailed further east and re-coaled in
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1838:
1648:
811:
719:
628:
treasonable mails to the insurgents and the plans of 'neutral merchants' to carry war supplies.
541:
487:
362:
313:
38:
57:
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2043:
2004:
1966:
1877:
1825:
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599:
544:. The incident briefly threatened to bring the British Empire into the war against the North.
225:
1386:
2346:
2142:
1980:
1953:
1763:
1635:
1583:
1480:
1022:
968:. Goose Lane Editions and The New Brunswick Military Heritage Project. 2005. pp. 63â86.
928:
851:
A terrible retribution awaits this city of Halifax for its complicity in treason and piracy.
587:
582:
220:
46:
1115:
Hoy, p. 256; The Waverley Hotel used to be at the corner of Barrington and Blowers streets.
595:
aid to a fratricidal war, which, without outside intervention, would have long ago ended."
2321:
1902:
1622:
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917:
876:
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215:
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Neutrality regulations forbade the bringing of prizes into British waters. Locke sailed
540:
Affair was one of the most sensational international incidents that occurred during the
2192:
2130:
2081:
1801:
1751:
1371:
1367:
1025:. His alias was John Parker to cover his privateering activities (See Marquis, p.136).
861:
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326:
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2358:
1687:
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1544:
566:
499:
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173:
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127:
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250:
16:
International diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War
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to Halifax to get clearance for their actions from the British authorities.
608:
592:
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Upon the arrival of the American warships, most of the rebel prize crew on
718:
In the meantime, two Union warships were closing in: the fast side-wheeler
1864:
637:
507:
1889:
633:
612:
1471:
Marquis, Greg. Halifax and Saint John and the American Civil War. 1998
1217:(Thesis). Graduate Faculty of Texas Technological College. p. 14.
856:
Reverend Nathaniel Gunnison, U.S. Consul at Halifax, December 24, 1863
245:
957:
Hoy, Claire. Canadians in the Civil War. McArthur and Company. 2004.
667:
486:
was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the
1145:"The Ports of Halifax and Saint John and the American Civil War"
573:
While trade with the South was flourishing, the North created a
1484:
366:
283:
1214:
CONFEDERATE ACTIVITIES: A STUDY IN CANADIAN-AMERICAN RELATIONS
966:
Trimming Yankee Sails: Pirates and Privateers of New Brunswick
1368:"British-American Diplomacy: The Webster-Ashburton Treaty"
652:
was made in the St. Lawrence Hall hotel in Montreal. The
692:
wounded. After seizing the vessel, Locke took command at
533:, a prominent Nova Scotian and Confederate sympathizer.
577:
to prevent supplies getting to the South. Hundreds of
517:
The Confederate sympathizers had planned to re-coal at
623:
Affair, Seward notified the Canadian government that:
579:
blockade runners loaded with British arms and supplies
2436:
History of the foreign relations of the United States
2155:
1520:
1211:Martha Luan Carter Brunson Haynes (August 1958).
980:Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society
742:on the LaHave River. Under the cover of night,
2411:Foreign relations during the American Civil War
1388:An Autobiography of the Rev. Nathaniel Gunnison
849:
28:
1400:
1398:
1307:
1305:
396:Conflicts between Canada and the United States
1496:
834:Seward informed Britain that the U.S. wanted
378:
295:
8:
2431:Political controversies in the United States
1385:Foster N. Gunnison; Alice Gunnison (1910).
992:Collections of the Maine Historical Society
656:Affair was the result of a plan created in
1503:
1489:
1481:
711:stopped at Shelburne (10 December) and at
591:in 1864 described the city's effort as a "
385:
371:
363:
302:
288:
280:
25:
1513:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1863
585:for the South was so noticeable that the
986:Francis Littlefield. The Capture of the
860:
678:
1004:
494:sympathizers from the British colonies
2441:United KingdomâUnited States relations
1172:
1161:
725:, moving south from Halifax, and the
7:
978:Affair, 1863-4" (pp. 124â137);
2421:Maritime incidents in December 1863
14:
974:Cox, George H."Sidelights on the
2426:International maritime incidents
166:
149:
133:
121:
45:
2461:Military history of Nova Scotia
2456:Military history of New England
2451:1863 in international relations
1011:Locke was born in Sandy Point,
941:Military history of Nova Scotia
732:, coming north from Shelburne.
619:Immediately following the 1863
648:. The plan to kill President
602:complained on March 14, 1865:
502:captured the American steamer
1:
1254:(Hoy, p.179, Marquis, p. 144)
1143:Greg Marquis (January 1998).
1013:Shelburne County, Nova Scotia
1320:Hoy, p. 186, Marquis, p. 162
1097:Hoy, p. 185; Marquis, p. 169
779:fled. Lieutenant Nickels of
759:was being loaded with coal,
713:Conquerall Bank, Nova Scotia
204:
97:Sympathizer tactical success
1348:Dean Jobb (April 1, 2016).
831:and "his fellow traitors."
646:raid on St. Albans, Vermont
2502:
2471:1863 in the British Empire
2466:Maritime history of Canada
2446:1863 in the United Kingdom
925:Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay
883:to free the Confederates.
554:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
523:Wilmington, North Carolina
409:American Revolutionary War
18:
2476:1863 in the United States
2371:
658:Saint John, New Brunswick
519:Saint John, New Brunswick
404:
322:
256:
239:
180:
111:
65:
44:
36:
21:ChesapeakeâLeopard affair
2406:Conflicts in Nova Scotia
1299:Hoy, 185; Marquis, p.157
840:WebsterâAshburton Treaty
490:. On December 7, 1863,
100:Union diplomatic victory
597:U.S. Secretary of State
570:and fish to the North.
468:Current Border Disputes
84:Cape Cod, Massachusetts
1171:Cite journal requires
872:William Johnston Almon
868:
866:William Johnston Almon
859:
684:
676:
630:
617:
531:William Johnston Almon
200:William Johnston Almon
190:James William Johnston
181:Commanders and leaders
1338:Marquis, pp. 164, 166
1198:University of Calgary
864:
738:was nearly caught by
682:
671:
625:
604:
257:Casualties and losses
195:Samuel Leonard Tilley
2416:Diplomatic incidents
1854:G. L. Brockenborough
1350:"East Coast Pirates"
1156:The Northern Mariner
881:Alexander Keith, Jr.
527:Halifax, Nova Scotia
521:, and head south to
61:, December 26, 1863.
55:, illustration from
2486:1863 in Nova Scotia
1879:Margaret and Jessie
1943:Pride of the Yarra
869:
685:
677:
548:Historical context
542:American Civil War
488:American Civil War
314:American Civil War
205:Vernon Guyon Locke
157:Confederate States
39:American Civil War
2393:
2392:
879:. He worked with
600:William H. Seward
506:off the coast of
476:
475:
456:Chesapeake Affair
360:
359:
347:Trans-Mississippi
278:
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226:William H. Seward
107:
106:
82:Off the coast of
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1981:William J. Romer
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1023:letter of marque
1021:
1009:
982:Volume 29. 1951,
960:Kert, Faye. The
929:John Taylor Wood
886:The fate of the
857:
707:to Nova Scotia.
588:Acadian Recorder
583:arms trafficking
399:
397:
387:
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373:
364:
317:
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312:Theaters of the
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246:Maritime pirates
221:Edwin M. Stanton
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73:December 7, 1863
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2156:Other incidents
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1449:Marquis, p. 148
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1281:Marquis, p. 154
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1272:Marquis, p. 153
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1245:Marquis, p. 147
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1034:Marquis, p. 143
1033:
1029:
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1006:
949:
937:
905:
877:Jefferson Davis
858:
855:
848:
829:Jefferson Davis
823:New York Herald
773:
666:
650:Abraham Lincoln
550:
477:
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424:Western theater
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58:Harper's Weekly
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2483:
2481:1863 in Canada
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2298:Prince Consort
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2160:
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2157:
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2124:
2112:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2050:
2037:
2024:
2011:
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1200:. p. 2.
1192:
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1164:cite journal
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461:Fenian raids
455:
451:Trent Affair
144:
112:Belligerents
56:
52:
51:The steamer
37:Part of the
29:
1815:Anglo Saxon
1803:Ada Hancock
1715:Mississippi
1702:Rattlesnake
1625:Isaac Smith
1431:Hoy, p. 199
1422:Hoy, p. 194
1413:Hoy, p. 193
1404:Hoy, p. 192
1354:PressReader
1329:Hoy, p. 187
1311:Hoy, p. 185
1290:Hoy, p. 184
1263:Hoy, p. 181
1236:Hoy, p.viii
1124:Hoy, p. 254
1106:Hoy, p. 257
1088:Hoy, p. 130
1070:Hoy, p. 204
1061:Hoy, p. 182
1052:Hoy, p. 179
1043:Hoy, p. 180
1017:Retribution
920:Chickamauga
694:Grand Manan
514:waters.
512:New England
496:Nova Scotia
492:Confederate
436:Patriot War
431:War of 1812
419:Nova Scotia
128:Nova Scotia
2400:Categories
2336:Chesapeake
2168:USRC
2033:Bainbridge
1521:Shipwrecks
1440:Hoy, p.204
1227:Hoy, p.vii
1196:(Thesis).
1133:Hoy, p.255
1079:Hoy, p. vi
988:Chesapeake
976:Chesapeake
947:References
910:Chesapeake
888:Chesapeake
875:President
836:Chesapeake
794:Chesapeake
790:Chesapeake
786:Chesapeake
777:Chesapeake
757:Chesapeake
748:Chesapeake
744:Chesapeake
736:Chesapeake
709:Chesapeake
705:Chesapeake
701:Chesapeake
689:Chesapeake
654:Chesapeake
621:Chesapeake
538:Chesapeake
504:Chesapeake
482:Chesapeake
251:Union Navy
53:Chesapeake
30:Chesapeake
2322:HMS
2309:USS
2296:HMS
2283:HMS
2270:HMS
2259:Pervenets
2245:HMS
2232:USS
2219:USS
2206:USS
2144:Beejapore
2108:Weehawken
2106:USS
2057:USS
2031:USS
2005:USS
1992:USS
1967:USS
1954:USS
1929:USS
1916:USS
1890:CSS
1865:USS
1852:USS
1839:USS
1826:USS
1789:USS
1778:Alligator
1776:USS
1741:Lancaster
1739:USS
1728:Georgiana
1726:CSS
1713:USS
1690:Indianola
1688:USS
1677:Indianola
1675:USS
1662:USS
1649:HMS
1636:USS
1623:USS
1610:USS
1597:USS
1571:USS
1558:USS
1547:Westfield
1545:USS
962:Chesapeak
903:Aftermath
897:Hantsport
812:USS
805:USS
798:USS
767:arrived.
727:USS
720:USS
609:Liverpool
593:mercenary
271:3 wounded
2311:Camanche
2272:Warspite
2193:SS
1599:Columbia
1573:Columbia
1560:Hatteras
1000:Endnotes
935:See also
854:â
807:Cornubia
696:Island.
638:Montreal
508:Cape Cod
268:1 killed
78:Location
2306:15 Nov:
2293:30 Oct:
2285:Malacca
2280:14 Oct:
2229:14 Jul:
2221:Choctaw
2216:28 May:
2208:Wyoming
2203:10 May:
2190:28 Feb:
2132:Montana
2128:30 Dec:
2120:Hooghly
2116:10 Dec:
2083:Blossom
2079:19 Oct:
2067:15 Oct:
2054:11 Oct:
2028:21 Aug:
2015:18 Aug:
2002:17 Aug:
1994:Paw Paw
1977:20 Jul:
1964:14 Jul:
1951:13 Jul:
1931:Sumpter
1926:24 Jun:
1918:Atlanta
1913:17 Jun:
1887:c. May:
1875:30 May:
1862:28 May:
1849:27 May:
1836:18 May:
1823:27 Apr:
1811:27 Apr:
1799:27 Apr:
1761:c. Mar:
1753:Absalom
1749:29 Mar:
1736:25 Mar:
1723:19 Mar:
1710:14 Mar:
1698:28 Feb:
1685:25 Feb:
1672:24 Feb:
1664:Kinsman
1659:23 Feb:
1651:Orpheus
1620:30 Jan:
1607:23 Jan:
1594:17 Jan:
1581:15 Jan:
1568:14 Jan:
1555:11 Jan:
1534:Neptune
895:and to
814:Niagara
781:Malvern
765:Dacotah
761:Malvern
740:Malvern
729:Dacotah
722:Malvern
674:Malvern
664:Capture
634:Toronto
613:Glasgow
562:Halifax
446:Pig War
337:Western
332:Eastern
2384:1864 â
2377:â 1862
2344:8 Dec:
2332:7 Dec:
2319:3 Dec:
2267:6 Aug:
2255:6 Aug:
2247:Racoon
2234:Antona
2165:1 Jan:
2103:6 Dec:
2095:Curlew
2091:5 Nov:
2059:Madgie
2020:Oconee
2007:Crocus
1989:6 Aug:
1969:Sciota
1939:6 Jul:
1900:5 Jun:
1828:Preble
1791:Keokuk
1786:8 Apr:
1773:2 Apr:
1646:7 Feb:
1633:7 Feb:
1542:1 Jan:
1530:1 Jan:
1020:'s
994:, 1901
927:, and
846:Escape
810:, and
800:Acacia
771:Arrest
753:Sambro
484:Affair
414:Quebec
171:
154:
91:Result
32:Affair
2356:Unkn:
2140:Unkn:
1905:Stono
1638:Glide
1154:(1).
1148:(PDF)
2324:Ajax
2242:Jul:
2195:Aden
2178:Feb:
2044:CSS
2018:CSS
1903:CSS
1867:Lily
1584:CSS
1177:help
1158:: 4.
918:CSS
763:and
672:USS
611:and
536:The
498:and
479:The
262:None
70:Date
1892:Ivy
923:),
2402::
1397:^
1370:.
1304:^
1168::
1166:}}
1162:{{
1150:.
990:.
931:.
817:.
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1504:e
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1374:.
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1179:)
1175:(
1152:8
386:e
379:t
372:v
303:e
296:t
289:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
