290:
307:
131:
154:
5412:
971:
985:
561:, accompanied by a painful stinging and burning in the mouth and throat, with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks, depending on amount consumed. In smaller amounts, patients report feeling a mild to extreme sensation of sand or glass in the esophagus and mouth, lasting up to 48 hours. Additionally, in heavier instances of ingestion,
1839:
Wang, W.; Haberer, G.; Gundlach, H.; GlΓ€Γer, C.; Nussbaumer, T.; Luo, M. C.; Lomsadze, A.; Borodovsky, M.; Kerstetter, R. A.; Shanklin, J.; Byrant, D. W.; Mockler, T. C.; Appenroth, K. J.; Grimwood, J.; Jenkins, J.; Chow, J.; Choi, C.; Adam, C.; Cao, X.-H.; Fuchs, J.; Schubert, I.; Rokhsar, D.;
907:
produced a classification in 1876, which was steadily refined up to 1920. His system is significantly different from Schott's, being based more on vegetative characters and anatomy. The two systems were to some extent rivals, with Engler's having more adherents before the advent of
1306:
Sender, L.M., Doyle, J.A., Upchurch, J.R. Jr., Villanueva-Amadoz, U. and Diez J.B. 2019. Leaf and inflorescence evidence for near-basal
Araceae and an unexpected diversity of other monocots from the late Early Cretaceous of Spain. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, vol. 17, p.
2002:
Nauheimer, L., Metzler, D. and Renner, S.S. 2012. Global history of the ancient monocot family
Araceae inferred with models accounting for past continental positions and previous ranges based on fossils. New Phytologist, vol. 195, p.
1554:
Watson, John T.; Jones, Roderick C.; Siston, Alicia M.; Diaz, Pamela S.; Gerber, Susan I.; Crowe, John B.; Satzger, R. Duane (2005). "Outbreak of Food-borne
Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides".
435:
aroids, possessing separate male and female flowers (but with both flowers present on one plant), the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers at the top. In aroids with
934:
of 2009 recognizes the family, including the genera formerly segregated in the
Lemnaceae. The sinking of the Lemnaceae into the Araceae was not immediately universally accepted. For example, the 2010
1258:(Mexican breadfruit). While the aroids are little traded, and overlooked by plant breeders to the extent that the Crop Trust calls them "orphan crops", they are widely grown and are important in
571:
is famously known as "dumb-cane" for this reason; however, given the presence of irritating compounds across the family, this nickname may be applied to virtually any genera within the
Araceae.
463:(heat-producing). Their flowers can reach up to 45 Β°C, even if the surrounding air temperature is much lower. One reason for this unusually high temperature is to attract insects (usually
1168:(skunk cabbage) is a common eastern North American species. An interesting peculiarity is that this family includes the largest unbranched inflorescence, that of the
513:, give off a very pungent smell akin to rotten meat, which serves to attract flies for pollination. The heat produced by the plant helps to convey the scent further.
467:) to pollinate the plant, rewarding the beetles with heat energy, in addition to preventing tissue damage in colder regions. Some examples of thermogenic aroids are
5882:
5671:
5710:
2187:
1317:
Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III",
5619:
2235:
1279:
2070:
5684:
5632:
549:, these raphide compounds are irritating (and even dangerous) for many animals, including humans. Consumption of raw aroid vegetation may cause
1042:('elephant-ear', βape), which are both cultivated for human consumption. The largest unbranched inflorescence in the world is that of the arum
5492:
1823:
1795:
1463:
289:
2180:
2054:
1697:
5844:
5658:
554:
5808:
1638:
140:
2105:
Keating R C (2004). "Vegetative anatomical data and its relationship to a revised classification of the genera of
Araceae".
5689:
5877:
5697:
2214:
1949:
5415:
2240:
2230:
2173:
2142:
1604:
1232:
585:
481:
5505:
5479:
1954:
1742:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"
419:, in varying degrees. The foliage can vary considerably from species to species. The majority of species produce an
5813:
5772:
1904:
1628:
869:
229:
5715:
2016:
gen. et sp. nov., and implications on early dispersal and ecology of basal monocots. Taxon, vol. 62. p. 997-1008.
5777:
2156:
153:
2225:
487:
312:
1722:
1599:
1172:, often erroneously called the "largest flower", and the smallest flowering plant and smallest fruit, in the
5596:
1259:
909:
892:
2147:
5570:
5432:
1248:
965:
475:
306:
5510:
5746:
1926:
1900:
1356:
469:
130:
5601:
5575:
1388:
903:
in 1860. Schott's system was based on floral characteristics, and used a narrow conception of a genus.
5764:
5849:
5725:
5531:
5497:
1857:
295:
5637:
1981:
1238:
989:
952:
864:
521:
Within the
Araceae family, the majority of species produce calcium oxalate crystals in the form of
1474:
868:. The Araceae were not recognized as a distinct group of plants until the 16th century. In 1789,
5831:
5583:
5255:
4473:
4365:
3989:
2476:
2220:
2114:
2093:
1671:
1580:
1254:
615:
545:
493:
460:
244:
148:
1138:
are highly prized and cultivated aquarium plants; other, recently-described genera, such as the
5751:
2012:
Coiffard, C., Mohr, B.A.R. and
Bernardes de Oliveira, M.E.C. 2013. The Early Cretaceous aroid,
5733:
5518:
5212:
5011:
4563:
4423:
4352:
4275:
4156:
4042:
3959:
3324:
2315:
2251:
2050:
1883:
1819:
1791:
1703:
1693:
1634:
1572:
1536:
1155:
773:
376:
274:
5676:
5872:
5738:
5096:
5086:
5046:
5026:
4802:
4732:
4707:
4654:
4428:
4418:
4181:
4118:
4062:
4037:
3783:
3688:
3655:
3445:
3359:
3354:
3329:
3230:
3192:
3100:
2764:
2627:
2602:
2597:
2390:
2307:
2151:
2085:
1873:
1865:
1763:
1753:
1663:
1564:
1526:
1516:
1413:
1368:
1336:
1326:
1199:
325:
5377:
5164:
5031:
5016:
4596:
4483:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4413:
4229:
4224:
4024:
3994:
3964:
3848:
3813:
3773:
3748:
3738:
3698:
3450:
3339:
3222:
3197:
3092:
3064:
3054:
2847:
2817:
2759:
2744:
2607:
2433:
2340:
2197:
2060:
Croat, Thomas B (1998). "History and
Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae".
1976:
441:
412:
344:
332:
191:
5562:
2165:
1861:
5588:
5369:
5359:
5341:
5313:
5275:
5265:
5217:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5091:
5041:
4988:
4973:
4858:
4772:
4712:
4702:
4606:
4508:
4443:
4433:
4393:
4375:
4176:
4103:
3891:
3853:
3808:
3743:
3718:
3693:
3637:
3551:
3319:
3266:
3202:
3059:
2951:
2928:
2890:
2867:
2857:
2660:
2522:
2461:
2325:
1878:
1846:
genome reveals insights into its neotenous reduction fast growth and aquatic lifestyle"
1841:
1531:
1500:
976:
931:
437:
178:
427:, in appearance), which is nearly always surrounded by a modified leaf bract called a
5866:
5611:
5470:
5351:
5280:
5250:
5227:
5222:
5207:
5159:
5126:
5121:
5056:
4850:
4835:
4782:
4762:
4722:
4717:
4697:
4659:
4611:
4558:
4548:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4468:
4383:
4360:
4342:
4310:
4295:
4257:
4161:
4141:
4057:
4052:
4047:
3979:
3974:
3954:
3939:
3901:
3896:
3843:
3833:
3828:
3778:
3758:
3733:
3723:
3624:
3546:
3526:
3465:
3460:
3440:
3374:
3344:
3304:
3212:
3207:
3154:
3024:
2986:
2961:
2933:
2918:
2862:
2842:
2837:
2754:
2721:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2612:
2582:
2514:
2481:
2471:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2287:
2269:
2201:
1758:
1741:
1331:
1128:
1104:
1092:
714:
567:
449:
420:
340:
329:
264:
204:
84:
970:
5836:
5290:
5285:
5270:
5260:
5199:
5081:
5066:
5036:
4993:
4983:
4937:
4914:
4904:
4876:
4777:
4757:
4727:
4669:
4616:
4538:
4493:
4453:
4408:
4398:
4388:
4280:
4249:
4214:
4199:
4113:
4108:
4014:
3768:
3763:
3728:
3708:
3683:
3670:
3660:
3632:
3589:
3584:
3541:
3508:
3493:
3455:
3432:
3369:
3364:
3349:
3314:
3296:
3248:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3049:
3009:
2943:
2923:
2913:
2905:
2872:
2832:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2711:
2706:
2670:
2587:
2466:
2423:
2320:
2297:
2261:
1811:
1438:
1163:
1150:
1134:
1022:
1016:
984:
923:
904:
859:
633:
249:
1921:
1584:
5523:
5484:
2137:
946:
and its allies were incorporated in Araceae in the 2019 edition. A comprehensive
5823:
5702:
5645:
5464:
5245:
5141:
5101:
5076:
5071:
5061:
4929:
4919:
4909:
4891:
4840:
4792:
4787:
4767:
4747:
4674:
4601:
4543:
4498:
4438:
4403:
4300:
4290:
4234:
4146:
4085:
4080:
4032:
4004:
3984:
3944:
3926:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3793:
3788:
3753:
3647:
3604:
3579:
3503:
3475:
3470:
3309:
3286:
3271:
3240:
3159:
3034:
3014:
2976:
2827:
2822:
2799:
2784:
2726:
2716:
2622:
2617:
2569:
2486:
2410:
2395:
2372:
2367:
2292:
2279:
1783:
1195:
1145:
1116:
927:
562:
525:. While it is possible to consume the cooked foliage of certain genera, such as
388:
214:
59:
1373:
347:. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a
5800:
5328:
5318:
5295:
5179:
5116:
5051:
4978:
4955:
4881:
4827:
4737:
4591:
4578:
4553:
4533:
4285:
4267:
4239:
4209:
4204:
4136:
4095:
4072:
4009:
3999:
3949:
3934:
3863:
3818:
3803:
3713:
3614:
3594:
3556:
3536:
3258:
3164:
3044:
3029:
3019:
2749:
2698:
2637:
2592:
2443:
2400:
2359:
2350:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1140:
1098:
1086:
1079:
1038:
1004:
919:
748:
696:
667:
539:
432:
269:
259:
254:
104:
69:
35:
5557:
5544:
5336:
5305:
5237:
5106:
4965:
4947:
4899:
4868:
4797:
4742:
4679:
4664:
4649:
4586:
4568:
4503:
4478:
4315:
4219:
4171:
4151:
3798:
3703:
3678:
3149:
3141:
3039:
3004:
2981:
2971:
2956:
2895:
2852:
2812:
2789:
2559:
2491:
2382:
1707:
1110:
1051:
1028:
998:
939:
858:
One of the earliest observations of species in the Araceae was conducted by
558:
533:
453:
372:
368:
109:
53:
31:
5790:
5455:
1887:
1576:
1540:
1049:
The Araceae includes many ornamental genera of global economic importance:
1818:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics.
1521:
915:
A comprehensive taxonomy of Araceae was published by Mayo et al. in 1997.
5785:
5449:
5189:
5111:
5021:
5003:
4752:
4689:
4641:
4631:
4488:
4305:
4191:
4166:
4128:
3969:
3838:
3823:
3609:
3599:
3574:
3531:
3498:
3407:
3334:
3131:
3114:
2966:
2882:
2736:
2551:
2541:
2453:
1357:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
1065:
1010:
791:
527:
396:
279:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
2026:
891:
The first major system of classification for the family was produced by
5151:
4817:
3916:
3871:
3566:
3518:
3485:
3399:
3123:
3069:
2118:
2097:
1869:
1768:
1675:
1341:
1178:
1122:
947:
918:
Modern studies based on gene sequences show the Araceae (including the
522:
424:
416:
114:
89:
1568:
17:
5650:
3422:
3389:
2996:
2807:
2049:
Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family . Timber Press.
1654:
Grayum, Michael H. (1990), "Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae",
1267:
1215:
1207:
1191:
565:
could cause swelling of the throat, restricting breathing. The genus
464:
445:
428:
364:
348:
336:
120:
5663:
5624:
5426:
2089:
2076:
Grayum, Michael H (1990). "Evolution and Phylogeny of the Araceae".
1667:
5759:
5549:
983:
969:
550:
411:
and tissues of the entire plant nearly always contains irritating
400:
392:
352:
305:
300:
288:
165:
1840:
Schmutz, J.; Michael, T. P.; Mayer, K. F. X.; Messing, J (2014).
1026:
are some of the most well-known genera of the family, as are the
1263:
408:
404:
5430:
2169:
5536:
1790:(Third ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
2143:
list of publications (March 2008) for Dr. h.c. Josef Bogner
1202:
epoch. Notable fossils from the Early Cretaceous include:
2132:
316:), clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe
2160:
1161:, and is widely used in home and interior decorating.
367:
and about 3,750 known species is most diverse in the
5439:
5368:
5350:
5327:
5304:
5236:
5198:
5150:
5139:
5002:
4964:
4946:
4928:
4890:
4867:
4849:
4826:
4815:
4688:
4640:
4629:
4577:
4374:
4351:
4340:
4266:
4248:
4190:
4127:
4094:
4071:
4023:
3925:
3914:
3862:
3669:
3646:
3623:
3565:
3517:
3484:
3431:
3420:
3398:
3387:
3295:
3284:
3257:
3239:
3221:
3173:
3140:
3122:
3113:
3091:
3082:
2995:
2942:
2904:
2881:
2798:
2735:
2697:
2669:
2651:
2568:
2550:
2535:
2513:
2504:
2452:
2409:
2381:
2358:
2349:
2338:
2306:
2278:
2260:
2249:
1262:and in local markets. The main food product is the
1144:of India, are gradually becoming more known in the
1922:"Titan Arum FAQs | Biological Sciences Greenhouse"
1389:"Araceae in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"
1355:Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016).
1222:, an aroid spadix from the late Albian of Spain.
423:consisting of a spadix (which some compare to a
1439:"Araceae - Flowering Plant Families, UH Botany"
1198:, with fossil forms first appearing during the
1688:Mayo, S. J.; Bogner, J.; Boyce, P. C. (1997).
2181:
1916:
1914:
1499:Korotkova, Nadja; Barthlott, Wilhelm (2009).
1270:; leaves and flowers also find culinary use.
8:
996:143 genera are accepted within the Araceae.
1977:"What is the smallest flower in the world?"
1154:is an important genus in the ecosystems of
926:, and the first diverging group within the
5427:
5147:
4823:
4812:
4637:
4626:
4348:
3922:
3428:
3417:
3395:
3384:
3292:
3281:
3119:
3088:
2547:
2510:
2355:
2346:
2257:
2188:
2174:
2166:
1230:Food plants in the family Araceae include
942:Araceae and a separate Lemnaceae. However
371:tropics, although also distributed in the
359:, members are often colloquially known as
129:
42:
1877:
1767:
1757:
1530:
1520:
1501:"On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (
1372:
1340:
1330:
1190:The family Araceae has one of the oldest
1746:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1319:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1280:List of foliage plant diseases (Araceae)
1120:, to name but a few. The aquatic genera
980:) is a common arum in British woodlands.
2107:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
2078:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1740:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009).
1656:Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
1290:
5883:Extant Maastrichtian first appearances
1692:. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
387:Within the Araceae, species are often
2152:BoDD β Botanical Dermatology Database
974:The cuckoo-pint or lords and ladies (
876:and all terrestrial aroids as either
497:(voodoo lily). Some species, such as
7:
5814:293902f9-ca7e-4da9-aaa3-6736a3cacc26
5765:FD3C627A-FFEF-FFCF-FF40-FD16FE49FD15
5726:1d18ac04-e844-4027-b32b-baf12c8b935b
766:
741:
689:
682:
660:
608:
601:
591:
543:, as well as the ripened fruits of
5778:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000216-2
872:classified all climbing aroids as
448:is released, thus preventing self-
25:
1630:Aroids: plants of the Arum family
5411:
5410:
1759:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
1418:The Encyclopedia of House Plants
1332:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x
956:was published in February 2014.
444:is no longer receptive when the
152:
901:Prodromus Systematis Aroidearum
459:Many plants in this family are
2027:"Aroids. Colocasia Xanthosoma"
1950:"Aquarium Cryptocoryne Plants"
1816:New Flora of the British Isles
1788:New Flora of the British Isles
1509:Plant Signaling & Behavior
1367:(3). Magnolia Press: 201β217.
1214:, an aroid leaf from the late
936:New Flora of the British Isles
141:Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum
1:
2138:The Uberlist of Araceae (pdf)
1727:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1633:. Timber Press. p. 46.
1605:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
1233:Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
586:Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
491:(dead-horse arum lily), and
482:Amorphophallus paeoniifolius
2133:International Aroid Society
1955:Aquarium Fish International
5899:
2161:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
2157:Plants of the World Online
1908:. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
1905:Plants of the World Online
1374:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
963:
870:Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
619:Bogner & Nicolson 1991
29:
27:Family of flowering plants
5406:
3416:
2209:
1206:, an aroid from the late
789:
771:
764:
746:
739:
712:
694:
687:
680:
665:
658:
631:
613:
606:
599:
241:
236:
149:Scientific classification
147:
137:
128:
45:
1242:(kochu, taro, dasheen),
912:brought new approaches.
488:Helicodiceros muscivorus
473:(eastern skunk-cabbage),
313:Xanthosoma sagittifolium
310:Arrowleaf elephant ear (
30:Not to be confused with
5821:Watson & Dallwitz:
1260:subsistence agriculture
910:molecular phylogenetics
893:Heinrich Wilhelm Schott
777:Bogner & Hesse 2005
584:Phylogeny based on the
339:are borne on a type of
1598:Stevens, P.F. (2001).
1503:Amorphophallus titanum
1212:Orontiophyllum ferreri
1044:Amorphophallus titanum
993:
981:
966:List of Araceae genera
476:Amorphophallus titanum
317:
303:
5747:Paleobiology Database
1927:Ohio State University
1850:Nature Communications
1690:The genera of Araceae
1522:10.4161/psb.4.11.9872
1471:Iowa State University
1236:(elephant foot yam),
987:
973:
485:(elephant-foot yam),
470:Symplocarpus foetidus
375:tropics and northern
363:. This family of 114
355:). Also known as the
309:
292:
5878:Alismatales families
1443:University of Hawaii
1249:Typhonium trilobatum
1220:Turolospadix bogneri
886:Familles des Plantes
637:Brown ex MΓΌller 1860
296:Dracunculus vulgaris
1982:Library of Congress
1862:2014NatCo...5.3311W
1844:Spirodela polyrhiza
1627:Bown, Deni (2000).
1557:Clinical Toxicology
1266:, which is high in
1246:(cocoyam, tannia),
1239:Colocasia esculenta
990:Arisaema triphyllum
953:Spirodela polyrhiza
922:, duckweeds) to be
865:Enquiry into Plants
452:. Some species are
5256:Pentaphragmataceae
4474:Stegnospermataceae
4366:Berberidopsidaceae
3990:Pentadiplandraceae
2477:Atherospermataceae
1870:10.1038/ncomms4311
1255:Monstera deliciosa
994:
982:
616:Gymnostachydoideae
563:anaphylactic shock
546:Monstera deliciosa
494:Sauromatum venosum
318:
304:
245:Gymnostachydoideae
138:Inflorescence of
5860:
5859:
5734:Open Tree of Life
5433:Taxon identifiers
5424:
5423:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5213:Cardiopteridaceae
5135:
5134:
5012:Plocospermataceae
4811:
4810:
4625:
4624:
4564:Anacampserotaceae
4424:Ancistrocladaceae
4353:Berberidopsidales
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4276:Biebersteiniaceae
4157:Sphaerosepalaceae
4043:Strasburgeriaceae
3960:Setchellanthaceae
3910:
3909:
3383:
3382:
3325:Cercidiphyllaceae
3280:
3279:
3109:
3108:
3078:
3077:
2531:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2334:
2333:
2316:Austrobaileyaceae
1825:978-1-5272-2630-2
1797:978-0-521-70772-5
1569:10.1081/CLT-44721
1515:(11): 1096β1098.
897:Genera Aroidearum
850:
849:
841:
840:
832:
831:
823:
822:
814:
813:
805:
804:
796:
778:
774:Zamioculcadoideae
753:
728:
727:
719:
701:
647:
646:
638:
620:
377:temperate regions
287:
286:
275:Zamioculcadoideae
232:
16:(Redirected from
5890:
5853:
5852:
5840:
5839:
5827:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5804:
5803:
5794:
5793:
5781:
5780:
5768:
5767:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5729:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5706:
5705:
5703:NBNSYS0000159410
5693:
5692:
5680:
5679:
5667:
5666:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5640:
5628:
5627:
5615:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5591:
5579:
5578:
5566:
5565:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5513:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5428:
5414:
5413:
5148:
5097:Thomandersiaceae
5087:Lentibulariaceae
5047:Scrophulariaceae
5027:Tetrachondraceae
4824:
4813:
4803:Mitrastemonaceae
4733:Pentaphylacaceae
4708:Tetrameristaceae
4655:Hydrostachyaceae
4638:
4627:
4429:Rhabdodendraceae
4419:Dioncophyllaceae
4349:
4182:Dipterocarpaceae
4119:Dipentodontaceae
4063:Crossosomataceae
4038:Geissolomataceae
3923:
3784:Chrysobalanaceae
3689:Ctenolophonaceae
3656:Lepidobotryaceae
3446:Anisophylleaceae
3429:
3418:
3396:
3385:
3360:Tetracarpaeaceae
3355:Aphanopetalaceae
3330:Daphniphyllaceae
3293:
3282:
3231:Trochodendraceae
3193:Circaeasteraceae
3120:
3101:Ceratophyllaceae
3089:
2765:Alstroemeriaceae
2628:Potamogetonaceae
2603:Scheuchzeriaceae
2598:Hydrocharitaceae
2548:
2511:
2391:Aristolochiaceae
2356:
2347:
2308:Austrobaileyales
2258:
2254:
2252:Basalangiosperms
2236:Acrogymnospermae
2198:flowering plants
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2122:
2101:
2069:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:. The Crop Trust
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1918:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1881:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1473:. Archived from
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1200:Early Cretaceous
1046:(titan arum).
895:, who published
794:
776:
767:
751:
742:
717:
699:
690:
683:
661:
636:
618:
609:
602:
592:
407:plants, and the
333:flowering plants
330:monocotyledonous
228:
157:
156:
133:
121:Early Cretaceous
119:
56:
49:Temporal range:
43:
21:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5848:
5843:
5835:
5830:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5807:
5799:
5797:
5789:
5784:
5776:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5732:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5709:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5561:
5556:
5548:
5543:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5504:
5496:
5491:
5483:
5478:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5435:
5425:
5420:
5382:
5378:Paracryphiaceae
5364:
5346:
5323:
5300:
5232:
5194:
5165:Torricelliaceae
5144:
5131:
5032:Calceolariaceae
5017:Carlemanniaceae
4998:
4960:
4942:
4924:
4886:
4863:
4845:
4820:
4807:
4684:
4634:
4621:
4597:Balanophoraceae
4573:
4484:Lophiocarpaceae
4464:Achatocarpaceae
4459:Caryophyllaceae
4449:Macarthuriaceae
4414:Drosophyllaceae
4370:
4345:
4320:
4262:
4244:
4230:Crypteroniaceae
4225:Melastomataceae
4186:
4123:
4090:
4067:
4025:Crossosomatales
4019:
3995:Gyrostemonaceae
3965:Koeberliniaceae
3919:
3906:
3858:
3849:Picrodendraceae
3814:Lacistemataceae
3774:Dichapetalaceae
3749:Centroplacaceae
3739:Lophopyxidaceae
3699:Erythroxylaceae
3665:
3642:
3619:
3561:
3513:
3480:
3451:Corynocarpaceae
3425:
3412:
3392:
3379:
3340:Grossulariaceae
3289:
3276:
3253:
3235:
3223:Trochodendrales
3217:
3198:Lardizabalaceae
3169:
3136:
3105:
3093:Ceratophyllales
3084:Ceratophyllidae
3074:
3065:Ecdeiocoleaceae
3055:Flagellariaceae
2991:
2938:
2900:
2877:
2848:Tecophilaeaceae
2818:Blandfordiaceae
2794:
2760:Petermanniaceae
2745:Campynemataceae
2731:
2693:
2665:
2647:
2608:Aponogetonaceae
2564:
2539:
2527:
2496:
2448:
2434:Himantandraceae
2405:
2377:
2343:
2341:Mesangiospermae
2330:
2302:
2274:
2250:
2245:
2226:Marchantiophyta
2205:
2194:
2129:
2104:
2090:10.2307/2399668
2075:
2059:
2046:
2044:Further reading
2041:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:Spixiarum kipea
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1899:
1895:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1668:10.2307/2399668
1653:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1276:
1228:
1204:Spixiarum kipea
1188:
968:
962:
856:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
729:
648:
582:
577:
519:
438:perfect flowers
413:calcium oxalate
385:
227:
151:
124:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5896:
5894:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5865:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5841:
5837:wfo-7000000042
5828:
5818:
5805:
5795:
5782:
5769:
5756:
5743:
5730:
5720:
5707:
5694:
5681:
5668:
5655:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5606:
5593:
5580:
5567:
5554:
5541:
5528:
5515:
5502:
5489:
5476:
5461:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5370:Paracryphiales
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5360:Escalloniaceae
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5342:Caprifoliaceae
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5314:Columelliaceae
5310:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:Argophyllaceae
5273:
5268:
5266:Alseuosmiaceae
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Phyllonomaceae
5215:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5185:Myodocarpaceae
5182:
5177:
5175:Pittosporaceae
5172:
5170:Griseliniaceae
5167:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5145:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5092:Schlegeliaceae
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5042:Plantaginaceae
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4989:Sphenocleaceae
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Convolvulaceae
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4859:Metteniusaceae
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Sarraceniaceae
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4713:Fouquieriaceae
4710:
4705:
4703:Marcgraviaceae
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4635:
4630:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4607:Misodendraceae
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:Phytolaccaceae
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4444:Asteropeiaceae
4441:
4436:
4434:Simmondsiaceae
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4394:Plumbaginaceae
4391:
4386:
4380:
4378:
4376:Caryophyllales
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4177:Sarcolaenaceae
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4104:Gerrardinaceae
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Elaeocarpaceae
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3854:Phyllanthaceae
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Passifloraceae
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Putranjivaceae
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3719:Calophyllaceae
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:Rhizophoraceae
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3652:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3638:Zygophyllaceae
3635:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3552:Ticodendraceae
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3421:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Hamamelidaceae
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:Myrothamnaceae
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:Menispermaceae
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3060:Joinvilleaceae
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Strelitziaceae
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2929:Pontederiaceae
2926:
2921:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:Dasypogonaceae
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2868:Amaryllidaceae
2865:
2860:
2858:Xeronemataceae
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2661:Petrosaviaceae
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2523:Chloranthaceae
2519:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2462:Calycanthaceae
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2326:Schisandraceae
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Polypodiophyta
2228:
2223:
2218:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2127:External links
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:(3): 485β494.
2102:
2084:(4): 628β697.
2073:
2057:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2018:
2005:
1995:
1968:
1941:
1910:
1893:
1831:
1824:
1803:
1796:
1775:
1752:(2): 105β121.
1732:
1721:Stevens, P.F.
1713:
1698:
1680:
1662:(4): 628β697,
1646:
1639:
1619:
1590:
1546:
1491:
1455:
1430:
1405:
1380:
1347:
1325:(2): 105β121,
1309:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1227:
1224:
1218:of Spain; and
1187:
1184:
977:Arum maculatum
964:Main article:
961:
958:
932:APG III system
855:
854:Classification
852:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
826:
825:
821:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
798:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
770:
765:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
745:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
721:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
664:
659:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
641:
640:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
590:
581:
578:
576:
573:
518:
515:
384:
381:
351:(or leaf-like
285:
284:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
239:
238:
234:
233:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
182:
181:
176:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
135:
134:
126:
125:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5895:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5851:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5429:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5352:Escalloniales
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Menyanthaceae
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Campanulaceae
5249:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5228:Aquifoliaceae
5226:
5224:
5223:Helwingiaceae
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5208:Stemonuraceae
5206:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5160:Pennantiaceae
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5127:Orobanchaceae
5125:
5123:
5122:Paulowniaceae
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:Linderniaceae
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4851:Metteniusales
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4836:Oncothecaceae
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Actinidiaceae
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Diapensiaceae
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Lecythidaceae
4721:
4719:
4718:Polemoniaceae
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Balsaminaceae
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Hydrangeaceae
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4628:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Schoepfiaceae
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4559:Portulacaceae
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Halophytaceae
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Molluginaceae
4527:
4525:
4524:Nyctaginaceae
4522:
4520:
4519:Sarcobataceae
4517:
4515:
4514:Petiveriaceae
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4469:Amaranthaceae
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4384:Frankeniaceae
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:Aextoxicaceae
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:Superasterids
4339:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Simaroubaceae
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:Anacardiaceae
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4258:Picramniaceae
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4162:Thymelaeaceae
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Muntingiaceae
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Stachyuraceae
4056:
4054:
4053:Guamatelaceae
4051:
4049:
4048:Staphyleaceae
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Emblingiaceae
3978:
3976:
3975:Salvadoraceae
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:Limnanthaceae
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Tropaeolaceae
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3902:Brunelliaceae
3900:
3898:
3897:Cephalotaceae
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Ixonanthaceae
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Euphorbiaceae
3832:
3830:
3829:Rafflesiaceae
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Euphroniaceae
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:Malpighiaceae
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Caryocaraceae
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Podostemaceae
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3625:Zygophyllales
3622:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:Casuarinaceae
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3527:Nothofagaceae
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Tetramelaceae
3464:
3462:
3461:Cucurbitaceae
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3441:Apodanthaceae
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3376:
3375:Cynomoriaceae
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Saxifragaceae
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Peridiscaceae
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3213:Ranunculaceae
3211:
3209:
3208:Berberidaceae
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3155:Nelumbonaceae
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3025:Eriocaulaceae
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2987:Zingiberaceae
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2962:Heliconiaceae
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2934:Haemodoraceae
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Commelinaceae
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Asphodelaceae
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Ixioliriaceae
2841:
2839:
2838:Doryanthaceae
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2755:Melanthiaceae
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Cyclanthaceae
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2689:Dioscoreaceae
2687:
2685:
2684:Burmanniaceae
2682:
2680:
2679:Nartheciaceae
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2653:Petrosaviales
2650:
2644:
2643:Cymodoceaceae
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Posidoniaceae
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Juncaginaceae
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Tofieldiaceae
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2515:Chloranthales
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Chloranthidae
2503:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Hernandiaceae
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Gomortegaceae
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Eupomatiaceae
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Degeneriaceae
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Myristicaceae
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Hydatellaceae
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2270:Amborellaceae
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2055:0-88192-485-7
2052:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:Araceae Juss.
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1699:1-900347-22-9
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1480:on 3 May 2013
1476:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:record among
1193:
1186:Fossil record
1185:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1129:Bucephalandra
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1105:Spathiphyllum
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:Rhaphidophora
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:Dieffenbachia
1068:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
992:
991:
986:
979:
978:
972:
967:
959:
957:
955:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:
861:
853:
846:
845:
837:
836:
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
797:
793:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
775:
769:
768:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
750:
744:
743:
737:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
720:
716:
715:Monsteroideae
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
663:
662:
656:
655:
652:
651:
643:
642:
639:
635:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
617:
611:
610:
604:
603:
597:
594:
593:
589:
587:
579:
574:
572:
570:
569:
568:Dieffenbachia
564:
560:
557:formation or
556:
552:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
479:(titan arum),
478:
477:
472:
471:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
450:fertilization
447:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:inflorescence
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:inflorescence
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
315:
314:
308:
302:
298:
297:
291:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Monsteroideae
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
240:
235:
231:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:Tracheophytes
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
143:
142:
136:
132:
127:
122:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5440:
5291:Calyceraceae
5286:Goodeniaceae
5271:Phellinaceae
5261:Stylidiaceae
5200:Aquifoliales
5082:Bignoniaceae
5067:Martyniaceae
5037:Gesneriaceae
4994:Hydroleaceae
4984:Montiniaceae
4938:Boraginaceae
4915:Gelsemiaceae
4905:Gentianaceae
4877:Eucommiaceae
4778:Roridulaceae
4758:Symplocaceae
4728:Sladeniaceae
4670:Curtisiaceae
4617:Loranthaceae
4539:Didiereaceae
4494:Barbeuiaceae
4454:Microteaceae
4409:Nepenthaceae
4399:Polygonaceae
4389:Tamaricaceae
4281:Nitrariaceae
4250:Picramniales
4215:Vochysiaceae
4200:Combretaceae
4114:Tapisciaceae
4109:Petenaeaceae
4015:Brassicaceae
3769:Trigoniaceae
3764:Balanopaceae
3729:Hypericaceae
3709:Bonnetiaceae
3684:Irvingiaceae
3671:Malpighiales
3661:Celastraceae
3633:Krameriaceae
3590:Elaeagnaceae
3585:Dirachmaceae
3542:Juglandaceae
3509:Polygalaceae
3494:Quillajaceae
3456:Coriariaceae
3433:Cucurbitales
3370:Haloragaceae
3365:Penthoraceae
3350:Crassulaceae
3315:Altingiaceae
3297:Saxifragales
3249:Dilleniaceae
3188:Papaveraceae
3183:Eupteleaceae
3175:Ranunculales
3083:
3050:Restionaceae
3010:Bromeliaceae
2944:Zingiberales
2924:Philydraceae
2914:Hanguanaceae
2906:Commelinales
2873:Asparagaceae
2833:Hypoxidaceae
2780:Ripogonaceae
2775:Philesiaceae
2770:Colchicaceae
2712:Velloziaceae
2707:Triuridaceae
2671:Dioscoreales
2588:Alismataceae
2577:
2536:
2505:
2467:Siparunaceae
2424:Magnoliaceae
2321:Trimeniaceae
2298:Nymphaeaceae
2262:Amborellales
2241:Angiospermae
2196:Families of
2110:
2106:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2061:
2031:. Retrieved
2021:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1930:. 2012-05-16
1925:
1903:
1896:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1815:
1812:Stace, C. A.
1806:
1801:pp. 830β834.
1787:
1778:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1726:
1716:
1689:
1683:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1629:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1603:
1593:
1563:(1): 17β21.
1560:
1556:
1549:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1475:the original
1470:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1383:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1189:
1177:
1164:Symplocarpus
1162:
1151:Philodendron
1149:
1139:
1135:Cryptocoryne
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:Zantedeschia
1021:
1017:Philodendron
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
995:
988:
975:
951:
943:
940:paraphyletic
935:
924:monophyletic
917:
914:
905:Adolf Engler
900:
899:in 1858 and
896:
890:
885:
884:in his book
881:
877:
873:
863:
862:in his work
860:Theophrastus
857:
790:
772:
747:
713:
695:
666:
634:Orontioideae
632:
614:
595:
583:
566:
544:
538:
532:
526:
520:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
458:
415:crystals or
386:
360:
356:
321:
319:
311:
294:
293:Snake lily (
250:Orontioideae
237:Subfamilies
224:
198:
185:
172:
139:
40:
5646:iNaturalist
5465:Wikispecies
5246:Rousseaceae
5142:Campanulids
5102:Verbenaceae
5077:Acanthaceae
5072:Pedaliaceae
5062:Byblidaceae
4930:Boraginales
4920:Apocynaceae
4910:Loganiaceae
4892:Gentianales
4841:Icacinaceae
4793:Cyrillaceae
4788:Clethraceae
4768:Styracaceae
4748:Primulaceae
4675:Grubbiaceae
4602:Santalaceae
4544:Basellaceae
4499:Gisekiaceae
4439:Physenaceae
4404:Droseraceae
4301:Sapindaceae
4291:Burseraceae
4235:Alzateaceae
4147:Neuradaceae
4086:Francoaceae
4081:Geraniaceae
4033:Aphloiaceae
4005:Capparaceae
3985:Tovariaceae
3945:Moringaceae
3927:Brassicales
3887:Cunoniaceae
3882:Oxalidaceae
3877:Connaraceae
3794:Achariaceae
3789:Humiriaceae
3754:Elatinaceae
3648:Celastrales
3605:Cannabaceae
3580:Barbeyaceae
3504:Surianaceae
3476:Begoniaceae
3471:Datiscaceae
3310:Paeoniaceae
3287:Superrosids
3272:Gunneraceae
3241:Dilleniales
3160:Platanaceae
3035:Thurniaceae
3015:Rapateaceae
2977:Marantaceae
2828:Lanariaceae
2823:Asteliaceae
2808:Orchidaceae
2800:Asparagales
2785:Smilacaceae
2727:Pandanaceae
2717:Stemonaceae
2623:Zosteraceae
2618:Maundiaceae
2570:Alismatales
2487:Monimiaceae
2411:Magnoliales
2396:Saururaceae
2373:Winteraceae
2368:Canellaceae
2351:Magnoliidae
2293:Cabombaceae
2280:Nymphaeales
2213:Supergroup
1784:Stace, C.A.
1769:10654/18083
1612:30 December
1393:Efloras.org
1342:10654/18083
1226:Food plants
1210:of Brazil;
1196:angiosperms
1159:rainforests
1156:neotropical
1146:aquascaping
1117:Zamioculcas
928:Alismatales
795:Arnott 1832
752:Engler 1876
718:Engler 1876
700:Engler 1876
461:thermogenic
399:, creeping
395:; many are
389:rhizomatous
383:Description
357:arum family
215:Alismatales
192:Angiosperms
52:115β0
5867:Categories
5664:30000216-2
5329:Dipsacales
5319:Bruniaceae
5296:Asteraceae
5180:Araliaceae
5117:Phrymaceae
5052:Stilbaceae
4979:Solanaceae
4956:Vahliaceae
4882:Garryaceae
4828:Icacinales
4738:Sapotaceae
4592:Opiliaceae
4579:Santalales
4554:Talinaceae
4534:Montiaceae
4286:Kirkiaceae
4268:Sapindales
4240:Penaeaceae
4210:Onagraceae
4205:Lythraceae
4137:Cytinaceae
4096:Huerteales
4073:Geraniales
4010:Cleomaceae
4000:Resedaceae
3950:Caricaceae
3935:Akaniaceae
3864:Oxalidales
3819:Salicaceae
3804:Goupiaceae
3714:Clusiaceae
3615:Urticaceae
3595:Rhamnaceae
3557:Betulaceae
3537:Myricaceae
3259:Gunnerales
3165:Proteaceae
3045:Cyperaceae
3030:Mayacaceae
3020:Xyridaceae
2750:Corsiaceae
2699:Pandanales
2638:Ruppiaceae
2593:Butomaceae
2444:Annonaceae
2401:Piperaceae
2360:Canellales
2033:2019-04-06
1988:17 January
1961:17 January
1934:17 January
1640:0881924857
1484:17 January
1448:17 January
1398:17 January
1307:1093β1126.
1286:References
1244:Xanthosoma
1170:titan arum
1141:Lagenandra
1099:Scindapsus
1087:Nephthytis
1082:, Monstera
1080:Homalomena
1075:Epipremnum
1039:Xanthosoma
1005:Epipremnum
920:Lemnoideae
882:Dracontium
749:Lasioideae
697:Pothoideae
668:Lemnoideae
540:Xanthosoma
511:muscivorus
433:monoecious
270:Lasioideae
260:Pothoideae
255:Lemnoideae
36:Araliaceae
5558:FloraBase
5337:Adoxaceae
5306:Bruniales
5238:Asterales
5107:Lamiaceae
4966:Solanales
4948:Vahliales
4900:Rubiaceae
4869:Garryales
4798:Ericaceae
4743:Ebenaceae
4680:Cornaceae
4665:Loasaceae
4650:Nyssaceae
4587:Olacaceae
4569:Cactaceae
4504:Aizoaceae
4479:Limeaceae
4316:Meliaceae
4220:Myrtaceae
4172:Cistaceae
4152:Malvaceae
3799:Violaceae
3704:Ochnaceae
3679:Pandaceae
3150:Sabiaceae
3142:Proteales
3040:Juncaceae
3005:Typhaceae
2982:Costaceae
2972:Cannaceae
2957:Lowiaceae
2896:Arecaceae
2853:Iridaceae
2813:Boryaceae
2790:Liliaceae
2560:Acoraceae
2492:Lauraceae
2383:Piperales
2221:Bryophyta
2062:Aroideana
1723:"Araceae"
1600:"Araceae"
1464:"Araceae"
1414:"Araceae"
1361:Phytotaxa
1111:Syngonium
1061:Anthurium
1052:Aglaonema
1029:Colocasia
999:Anthurium
950:study of
580:Phylogeny
559:dysphagia
534:Colocasia
454:dioecious
397:epiphytic
373:Old World
369:New World
343:called a
335:in which
162:Kingdom:
32:Arecaceae
5809:VicFlora
5798:VASCAN:
5791:42000343
5786:Tropicos
5450:Wikidata
5416:Category
5190:Apiaceae
5112:Mazaceae
5022:Oleaceae
5004:Lamiales
4753:Theaceae
4690:Ericales
4642:Cornales
4632:Asterids
4489:Kewaceae
4306:Rutaceae
4192:Myrtales
4167:Bixaceae
4129:Malvales
3970:Bataceae
3839:Linaceae
3824:Peraceae
3610:Moraceae
3600:Ulmaceae
3575:Rosaceae
3532:Fagaceae
3499:Fabaceae
3408:Vitaceae
3335:Iteaceae
3132:Buxaceae
3115:Eudicots
2967:Musaceae
2883:Arecales
2737:Liliales
2552:Acorales
2542:Monocots
2454:Laurales
2003:938-950.
1888:24548928
1856:: 3311.
1814:(2019).
1786:(2010),
1708:60140655
1577:15732442
1541:19838070
1274:See also
1174:duckweed
1166:foetidus
1066:Caladium
1057:Alocasia
1011:Monstera
792:Aroideae
575:Taxonomy
528:Alocasia
523:raphides
517:Toxicity
425:corn cob
417:raphides
393:tuberous
280:Aroideae
221:Family:
205:Monocots
123:- Recent
5873:Araceae
5824:araceae
5612:araceae
5589:Araceae
5498:Araceae
5471:Araceae
5441:Araceae
5152:Apiales
4818:Lamiids
3917:Malvids
3872:Huaceae
3567:Rosales
3519:Fagales
3486:Fabales
3400:Vitales
3124:Buxales
3070:Poaceae
2578:Araceae
2537:Lilidae
2148:Araceae
2119:3298625
2098:2399668
1879:3948053
1858:Bibcode
1676:2399668
1532:2819525
1423:30 June
1179:Wolffia
1148:world.
1123:Anubias
1032:(taro,
948:genomic
938:used a
596:Araceae
555:vesicle
503:titanum
465:beetles
337:flowers
322:Araceae
225:Araceae
211:Order:
166:Plantae
46:Araceae
5850:425928
5739:481972
5723:NZOR:
5677:114815
5609:FoIO:
5511:121304
5456:Q48227
3423:Fabids
3390:Rosids
2997:Poales
2202:APG IV
2117:
2096:
2071:online
2053:
1886:
1876:
1822:
1794:
1706:
1696:
1674:
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1585:388923
1583:
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1268:starch
1216:Albian
1208:Aptian
1192:fossil
1114:, and
1036:) and
960:Genera
930:. The
874:Pothos
537:, and
446:pollen
442:stigma
440:, the
431:. In
429:spathe
409:leaves
405:vining
401:lianas
365:genera
361:aroids
349:spathe
345:spadix
326:family
324:are a
18:Aroids
5845:WoRMS
5760:Plazi
5752:55277
5690:42521
5672:IRMNG
5651:48536
5602:10056
5584:FoAO2
5576:10056
5563:22754
5550:1ARMF
5485:54672
2215:Plant
2115:JSTOR
2094:JSTOR
1842:"The
1672:JSTOR
1581:S2CID
1478:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
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551:edema
353:bract
301:Crete
299:) in
230:Juss.
199:Clade
186:Clade
173:Clade
5773:POWO
5716:4454
5711:NCBI
5685:ITIS
5659:IPNI
5633:GRIN
5625:6979
5620:GBIF
5545:EPPO
5537:8191
5506:BOLD
5493:ATRF
5480:APNI
2051:ISBN
1990:2014
1963:2014
1936:2014
1884:PMID
1820:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1704:OCLC
1694:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1614:2017
1608:. 13
1573:PMID
1537:PMID
1486:2014
1450:2014
1425:2024
1400:2014
1264:corm
1252:and
1132:and
1034:arbi
1020:and
878:Arum
505:and
320:The
60:Preκ
5832:WFO
5698:NBN
5597:FoC
5571:FNA
5532:EoL
5524:6M4
5519:CoL
2159:by
2150:in
2086:doi
1874:PMC
1866:doi
1764:hdl
1754:doi
1750:161
1664:doi
1565:doi
1527:PMC
1517:doi
1369:doi
1365:261
1337:hdl
1327:doi
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