Arousal - Knowledge (XXG)

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dangerous predators provides the (cognition) of the situation. Based on your analysis of your position you label your arousal as fear. Fear is explained to be an emotion that one might expect with alarm, it is also known as something to be afraid of or the feelings of apprehensiveness. Fear works when one senses danger, the brain reacts instantly, sending signals that activate the nervous system. This causes physical responses, such as a faster heartbeat, rapid breathing, and an increase in blood pressure. Blood pumps to muscle groups to prepare the body for physical action like running or fighting. Skin sweats to keep the body cool. Some people might notice sensations in the stomach, head, chest, legs, or hands. These physical sensations of fear can be mild or strong. A study done by Joan Vickers and Mark Williams analyzed how a group of elite biathlon shooters handled an experimental task. The goal was to determine why there might be a failure to perform in high pressure situations. Difficulties come about when trying to test performance pressure, physiological workload, anxiety, and visual attention in a controlled setting. Which is why they decided to test these elite biathlon shooters, due to the easy ability to stimulate the controlled experiment. In the low pressure stimulation the subjects were only told that the purpose of the test was to simply provide feedback and the fixation on the target at different power output levels. In the high pressure situation the shorter were told that the national team coach was going to observe the shooters, and their shooting percentages would be used to make the national team selections. Both groups were told that prizes would be rewarded to the most accurate shooters. To test physiological arousal that was being used, Vickers and Williams measured each shooter's heart rate as well as the perceived exertion. Trying to determine if the failure to perform to whatever level of skill or ability the person has at the time, also known as choking; was indeed a factor in this test. Physiological arousal was measured and recorded through the athlete's heart rate and rate of perceived exertion. The findings showed that the biathletes developed the ability to decelerate their heart rate just before they shoot, most only shoot when HR is 80% or lower. Whereas the test was designed for shots to be taken with a heart rate 100% or above. The expectations were for the low-pressure and high-pressure groups to be more prone to choking compared to those who were able to maintain their heart rates. The findings showed exactly what was expected, the only exception was that the pressure applied did not necessarily have much of an effect. While it was clear that high pressure stimulations did appear far more anxious than those of low-pressure stimulations.

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and vestibulocochlear nerve – monomodal pathways). These pathways reach the thalamus directly or indirectly via the medial column of reticular formation nuclei (magnocellular nuclei and reticular nuclei of pontine tegmentum). The reticular activating system begins in the dorsal part of the posterior midbrain and anterior pons, continues into the diencephalon, and then divides into two parts reaching the thalamus and hypothalamus, which then project into the cerebral cortex (Fig. 1). The thalamic projection is dominated by cholinergic neurons originating from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of pons and midbrain (LDT) nuclei . The hypothalamic projection involves noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and serotoninergic neurons of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DR), which pass through the lateral hypothalamus and reach axons of the histaminergic tubero-mamillary nucleus (TMN), together forming a pathway extending into the forebrain, cortex and hippocampus. Cortical arousal also takes advantage of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN), ventral tegmenti area (VTA) and the periaqueductal grey area (PAG). Fewer cholinergic neurons of the pons and midbrain send projections to the forebrain along the ventral pathway, bypassing the thalamus .

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situations and partake in behaviors that will stimulate arousal. Whereas extroverts are naturally under-stimulated and therefore actively engage in arousing situations, introverts are naturally overstimulated and therefore avoid intense arousal. Campbell and Hawley (1982) studied the differences in introverts versus extroverts responses to particular work environments in the library. The study found that introverts were more likely to choose quiet areas with minimal to no noise or people. Extroverts were more likely to choose areas with much activity with more noise and people. Daoussiss and McKelvie's (1986) research showed that introverts performed worse on memory tasks when they were in the presence of music compared to silence. Extroverts were less affected by the presence of music. Similarly, Belojevic, Slepcevic and Jokovljevic (2001) found that introverts had more concentration problems and fatigue in their mental processing when work was coupled with external noise or distracting factors. The level of arousal surrounding the individuals greatly affected their ability to perform tasks and behaviors, with the introverts being more affected than the extroverts, because of each's naturally high and low levels of stimulation, respectively.

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family member dies, a potential physiological response would be tears falling down the person's face and their throat feeling dry; they are "sad". The Cannon–Bard theory states that the tears and the sadness both happen at the same time. The process goes: event (family member dies) → physiological arousal (tears) and emotion (sadness) simultaneously. The fact that people can experience different emotions when they have the same pattern of physiological arousal is one argument in favor of the Cannon-Bard theory. For example, a person may have a heart racing and rapid breathing when they are angry or afraid. Even though not completely in accordance with the theory, it is taken as one piece of evidence in favor of the Cannon–Bard theory that physiological reactions sometimes happen more slowly than experiences of emotion. For example, if you are in the forest or woods, a sudden sound can create an immediate response of fear, while the physical symptoms of fear follow that feeling, and do not precede it.

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of arousal. Thus, cognition determines how the physical response is labeled; for example, as "anger", "joy", or "fear". In this theory, emotion is seen as a product of the interaction between the state of arousal and how one's thought processes appraise the current situation. The physiological arousal does not provide the label for the emotion; cognition does. For example, if a person is being pursued by a serial killer, the person will likely be sweating and their heart will be racing, which is their physiological state. The person's cognitive label will come from assessing their quickly beating heart and sweat as "fear". Then they will feel the emotion of "fear", but only after it has been established through cognition. The process is: the event (serial killer chasing the person) --> physiological arousal (sweat, heart racing) --> cognitive label (reasoning; "this is fear") --> emotion (fear).

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perspiration, dryness of mouth, tears, etc. According to James and Lange, the emotion comes as a result of the physiological arousal. The bodily feeling as a reaction to the situation actually is the emotion. For example, if someone just deeply insulted a person and their family, the person's fists might ball up and they might begin to perspire and become tense all around. The person feels that their fists are balled and that they are tense. The person then realizes that they are angry. The process here is: event (insult) --> physiological arousal (balled fists, sweat, tension) --> interpretation ("I have balled fists, and tension") --> emotion (anger: "I am angry"). This type of theory emphasizes the physiological arousal as the key, in that the cognitive processes alone would not be sufficient evidence of an emotion.

1247:, This is a psychosocial intervention that is the most widely used evidence based practice for improving mental health guided by empirical research cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on the development of personal coping strategies that target solving current problems and changing unhelpful patterns in cognition, behaviors, and emotional regulation. Also known as regulation of emotion; is the ability to respond to the ongoing demands of experience with the range of emotions in a manner that is socially tolerable and sufficiently flexible to permit spontaneous reactions as well as the ability to delay spontaneous reactions as needed. It can also be defined as Extrinsic and Intrinsic processes responsible for monitoring, evaluating, and modifying emotional reactions. 1183:. Also referred as the Neuroaxis, is the axis in the central nervous system. activates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. (Thase & Howland 1995)" (psychologistworld.org, n.d.) The activation of the sympathetic nervous system leads to the release of non-epinephrine from nerve endings acting on the heart, blood vessels, respiratory centers, and other sites. The ensuing physiological changes constitute a major part of the acute stress response. Which can often lead to as the fight or flight response. Anticipated behaviors are actions that are foreseen or predicted to happen in a specific situation due to different environmental factors. Furthermore, they are decided by one's past experiences and knowledge. 915:

in neuroticism and low in extraversion (or more introverted). The melancholic are slow to react and it takes time for an impression to be made upon them if any is made at all. However, when aroused by something, melancholics have a deeper and longer lasting reaction, especially when exposed to similar experiences. Sanguine people are low in neuroticism (or more emotionally stable) and high in extraversion. The sanguine are quickly aroused and excited, like the cholerics, but unlike the cholerics, their arousal is shallow, superficial, and shortly leaves them as quickly as it developed. Phlegmatic people are low in neuroticism and low in extraversion. The phlegmatic are slower to react and the arousal is fleeting.

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well; the dopaminergic neurons originate in ventral tegmental area (VTA); and the histaminergic pathway originates from neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of the posterior hypothalamus. As discussed in Chapter 6, these neurons project widely throughout the brain from restricted collections of cell bodies. Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and histamine have complex modulatory functions and, in general, promote wakefulness. The PT in the brain stem is also an important component of the ARAS. Activity of PT cholinergic neurons (REM-on cells) promotes REM sleep. During waking, REM-on cells are inhibited by a subset of ARAS norepinephrine and serotonin neurons called REM-off cells.

892:. These two dimensions of personality describe how a person deals with anxiety-provoking or emotional stimuli as well as how a person behaves and responds to relevant and irrelevant external stimuli in their environment. Neurotics experience tense arousal which is characterized by tension and nervousness. Extroverts experience high energetic arousal which is characterized by vigor and energy. Gray (1981) claimed that extroverts have a higher sensitivity to reward signals than to punishment in comparison to introverts. Reward signals aim to raise the energy levels. Therefore, extroverts typically have a higher energetic arousal because of their greater response to rewards. 1221:

cognitive problem solving. Cognitively, the utilization of logical analysis and problem solving has been associated with higher levels of life satisfaction, better health, and lower depression in caregivers. A realistic appraisal and acceptance of the difficult situation is healthy and allows the caregiver to live his or her own life while accommodating the needs of the recipient. Less effective cognitive coping styles include avoidant-evasive, regressive, and an increased use of wishfulness and fantasizing by the caregiver, all of which have been related to higher levels of care burden (Hayley et al., 1987; Quayhagen & Quayhagen, 1988).

937:, also partook in temperament studies with animals. Pavlov's findings with animals are consistent with Eysenck's conclusions. In his studies, melancholics produced an inhibitory response to all external stimuli, which holds true that melancholics shut out outside arousal, because they are deeply internally aroused. Pavlov found that cholerics responded to stimuli with aggression and excitement whereas melancholics became depressed and unresponsive. The high neuroticism which characterizes both melancholics and cholerics manifested itself differently in the two types because of the different levels of internal arousal they had. 926:, or a "predominance of excitation", meaning that melancholics (who are characterized by introversion) have a higher internal level of arousal. Sanguine people (or those with high extraversion and low neuroticism) had the lowest overall levels of internal arousal, or a "predominance of inhibition". Melancholics also had the highest overall thalamocortical excitation, whereas cholerics (those with high extraversion and high neuroticism) had the lowest intrinsic thalamocortical excitation. 756: 48: 654: 922:(EEG) recordings which monitor brain activity. Limbic system activation is typically linked to neuroticism, with high activation showing high neuroticism. Cortical arousal is associated with introversion–extraversion differences, with high arousal associated with introversion. Both the limbic system and the thalamocortical arousal system are influenced by the brainstem activation. Robinson's study (1982) concluded that melancholic types had the greatest 2850: 728:. The neurons arise in the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain, and projects to the nucleus accumbens, the striatum forebrain, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is important for control of mood, and the nucleus accumbens signal excitement and arousal. The path terminating in the prefrontal cortex is important in regulating motor movements, especially reward oriented movements. 1006:

after one week of learning them than merely two minutes after learning them. Another study found that arousal affects the memory of people in different ways. Eysenck found an association between memory and the arousal of introverts versus extroverts. Higher levels of arousal increased the number of words retrieved by extroverts and decreased the number of words retrieved by introverts.

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amenable to study using the scientific method. Cognition is also something that plays a fundamental role in determining behavior. Goes into explaining cognitive functions and how they are internal and inferred from behavior using measure like accuracy in performing a task like recalling a list of words of the time taken to find some word on a page of text. The study of cognitive

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The ARAS is a complex structure consisting of several different circuits including the four monoaminergic pathways ... The norepinephrine pathway originates from the locus ceruleus (LC) and related brainstem nuclei; the serotonergic neurons originate from the raphe nuclei within the brainstem as

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For example, you are with your buddies on a trip and get a flat tire. Everyone looks around nervously because nobody knows how to change a flat. But then you remember that you took an automotive class in college where you learned to change flat tires. You change the tire and solve the issue with your

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or the cognitive labeling theory takes into account both the physiological arousal and the cognitive processes that respond to an emotion-provoking situation. Schachter and Singer's theory states that an emotional state is the product of the physiological arousal and the cognition regarding the state

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Put in terms of the five factor level of personality, choleric people are high in neuroticism and high in extraversion. The choleric react immediately, and the arousal is strong, lasting, and can easily create new excitement about similar situations, ideas, or impressions. Melancholic people are high

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The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) is responsible for a sustained wakefulness state. It receives information from sensory receptors of various modalities, transmitted through spinoreticular pathways and cranial nerves (trigeminal nerve – polymodal pathways, olfactory nerve, optic nerve

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An example of the possible effects of misattribution of arousal is perceiving a potential partner as more attractive because of a heightened state of physiological stress. A study done by White et al. (1981) investigated this phenomenon and found that those in an unrelated aroused state will rate an

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A real-life example of cognition is used whenever decision making is involved; for example, a real-life scenario of a cognitive decision would be when a traffic light is changing from green to yellow. One would either make a cognitive decision to run through the yellow light in hopes you could clear

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Physiological comes from physiology which is the study of the functioning of living organisms, animal or plant, and of the functioning of their constituent tissues or cells. This word was first used by the Greeks to describe a philosophical inquiry into the nature of things. The use of the term with

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Arousal and anxiety have a different relationship than arousal and depression. People with anxiety disorders tend to have abnormal and amplified perceptions of arousal. The distorted perceptions of arousal then create fear and distorted perceptions of the self. For example, a person may believe that

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On the contrary, increased arousal can increase approach behaviors as well. People are said to make decisions based on their emotional states. They choose specific options that lead to more favorable emotional states. When a person is aroused, they may find a wider range of events appealing and view

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A person's level of arousal when introduced to stimuli can be indicative of their preferences. One study found that familiar stimuli are often preferred to unfamiliar stimuli. The findings suggested that the exposure to unfamiliar stimuli was correlated to avoidance behaviors. The unfamiliar stimuli

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The three parts that it can be divided into are primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal. Primary Appraisal is an assessment of how significant an event is for a person, including whether it is a threat or opportunity, also including that no heightened physiological arousal occurs it

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Cognitive appraisal is the stress perceived as imbalance between demands place on the individual and the individual and the individual's resources to cope. Lazarus argued that the experience of stress differs significantly between individuals depending on how they interpret an event and the outcome

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A real-life example of the effects of physiological arousal on cognition is when you're walking through the woods and you notice a rattlesnake in front of the walkway on the ground. You would feel alarmed and scared (physiological arousal). Your past experience and knowledge of poisonous snakes and

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in different situations. Both forms of arousal can be pleasant or unpleasant, depending on a person's moods and goals at a specific time. Wundt's and Berlyne's hedonic curve differ from this theory. Both theorists explain a person's arousal potential in terms of their hedonic tone. These individual

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states that an optimal level of arousal for performance exists, and too little or too much arousal can adversely affect task performance. One interpretation of the Yerkes–Dodson Law is the "Easterbrook cue-utilisation hypothesis". Easterbrook's hypothesis suggests that under high-stress conditions,

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It also refers to the personal interpretation of a situation that ultimately influences the extent to which the situation is perceived as stressful, process of assessing whether a situation or event threatens our well-being, whether there are sufficient personal resources available for coping with

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which is important with sensory information, and alertness. The activation of the locus coeruleus and release of norepinephrine causes wakefulness and increases vigilance. The neurons that project into the basal forebrain impact cholinergic neurons that results in a flood of acetylcholine into the

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Cognition is internal mental representations best characterized as thoughts and ideas- resulting from and involved in multiple mental processes and operations including perception, reasoning, memory, intuition, judgement and decision making. While cognition is not directly observable, it is still

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is a theory of undifferentiated arousal, where the physical and emotional states occur at the same time in response to an event. This theory states that an emotionally provoking event results in both the physiological arousal and the emotion occurring concurrently. For example, if a person's dear

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Although arousal improves memory under most circumstances, there are some considerations. Arousal at learning is associated more with long-term recall and retrieval of information than short-term recall of information. For example, one study found that people could remember arousing words better

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it responds with physiological activation (also known as arousal) of a defense system to deal with the immediate stressor. "If a stimulus is perceived as a threat, a more intense and prolonged discharge of the locus ceruleus which is the major nor adrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to

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describes how emotion is caused by the bodily changes which come from the perception of the emotionally arousing experience or environment. This theory states that events cause the autonomic nervous system to induce physiological arousal, characterized by muscular tension, heart rate increases,

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Eysenck's theory of arousal describes the different natural frequency or arousal states of the brains of people who are introverted versus people who are extroverted. The theory states that the brains of extroverts are naturally less stimulated, so these types have a predisposition to seek out

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states that there is a relationship between arousal and task performance, essentially arguing that there is an optimal level of arousal for performance, and too little or too much arousal can adversely affect task performance. One interpretation of the Yerkes–Dodson law is the Easterbrook

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One of the initial studies looking into this phenomenon conducted by Schachter and Singer (1962) was based on the idea that the experience of arousal could be ambiguous and therefore misattributed to an incorrect stimulus. Operating under this assumption, the researchers developed the

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The acetylcholinergic system has its neurons located in the pons and in the basal forebrain. Stimulation of these neurons result in cortical activity, shown from EEG records, and alertness. All of the other four neurotransmitters play a role in activating the acetylcholine neurons.

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from the stimulus and the environment decreases. According to this hypothesis, attention will be focused primarily on the arousing details (cues) of the stimulus, so that information central to the source of the emotional arousal will be encoded while peripheral details will not.

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The neurons of the histaminergic system are in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. These neurons send pathways to the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and the basal forebrain, where they stimulate the release of acetylcholine into the cerebral cortex.

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results than the encoding of neutral stimuli. In other words, the retention and accumulation of information is strengthened when exposed to arousing events or information. Arousing information is also retrieved or remembered more vividly and accurately.

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Depression can influence a person's level of arousal by interfering with the right hemisphere's functioning. Arousal in women has been shown to be slowed in the left visual field due to depression, indicating the influence of the right hemisphere.

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All of these five systems are linked and show similar redundancy. The pathways described are ascending pathways, but there also arousal pathways that descend. One example is the ventrolateral preoptic area, which release

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means no stress will either. Secondary Appraisal considers one's ability to cope or take advantage of the situation. Cognitive Appraisal is a personal interpretation of a situation and possible reactions to it.

1280:, people mislabel those responses as romantic arousal. The reason physiological symptoms may be attributed to incorrect stimuli is because many stimuli have similar physiological symptoms such as increased 2668:

Lench HC, Flores SA, Bench SW (September 2011). "Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology: a meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations".

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Thibodeau MA, Gómez-Pérez L, Asmundson GJ (September 2012). "Objective and perceived arousal during performance of tasks with elements of social threat: the influence of anxiety sensitivity".

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he or she will get sick from being so nervous about taking an exam. The fear of the arousal of nervousness and how people will perceive this arousal will then contribute to levels of anxiety.

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attractive confederate more highly than a rater without arousal. The researchers also found that aroused raters would dislike an unattractive confederate more than those without arousal.

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during the encoding process by showing that people are more subject to encode arousing information than neutral information. The selectivity of encoding arousing stimuli produces better

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The contrasts in the different temperaments come from individuals variations in a person's brain stem, limbic system, and thalamocortical arousal system. These changes are observed by

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the intersection before the light turned red. However, one could make a different cognitive decision to stop when they see the yellow light to not run the light before it turned red.

1296:. Misattribution of arousal, which is an influence on emotion processing, can be found in multiple situations, such as romantic situations and physiological responses from exercise. 542:

Arousal is mediated by several neural systems. Wakefulness is regulated by the ARAS, which is composed of projections from five major neurotransmitter systems that originate in the

735:. This system projects to the limbic system and the prefrontal cortex. Stimulation of these axons and release of serotonin causes cortical arousal and impacts locomotion and mood. 747:, which interrupt wakefulness and arousal. Neurotransmitters of the arousal system, such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, work to inhibit the ventrolateral preoptic area. 1170:

specific reference to vital activities of healthy humans, which began in the 16th century, also applicable to many current aspects of physiology. Physiological responses to

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is the process whereby people make a mistake in assuming what is causing them to feel aroused. For example, when actually experiencing physiological responses related to

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process. Emotionally arousing information can lead to better memory encoding, therefore influencing better retention and retrieval of information. Arousal is related to

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differences in arousal demonstrate Eysenck's theory that extroverts prefer increased stimulation and arousal, whereas introverts prefer lower stimulation and arousal.

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and concerns the normal functioning of an organism. Physiological arousal refers to features of arousal reflected by physiological reactions, such as escalations in

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Mella N, Conty L, Pouthas V (March 2011). "The role of physiological arousal in time perception: psychophysiological evidence from an emotion regulation paradigm".

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Ramsøy TZ, Friis-Olivarius M, Jacobsen C, Jensen SB, Skov M (2012). "Effects of perceptual uncertainty on arousal and preference across different visual domains".

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Jeong EJ, Biocca FA (March 2012). "Are there optimal levels of arousal to memory? Effects of arousal, centrality, and familiarity on brand memory in video games".

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belongs to the broader set of emotion-regulation processes, which includes the regulations of one's own feelings and the regulations of other people's feelings.

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Vickers JN, Williams AM (September 2007). "Performing under pressure: the effects of physiological arousal, cognitive anxiety, and gaze control in biathlon".

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Zhou Y, Siu AF (December 2015). "Motivational intensity modulates the effects of positive emotions on set shifting after controlling physiological arousal".

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which argues that these functions involve operations occurring at various processing stages is typically based on a model of cognitive function of interest.

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The differences in the internal system levels is the evidence that Eysenck used to explain the differences between the introverted and the extroverted.

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individuals tend to focus on a narrower set of cues and may overlook relevant information, leading to a decrease in decision-making effectiveness.

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Robinson DL (December 2001). "How brain arousal systems determine different temperament types and the major dimensions of personality".

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imbalance, intra-cranial space-occupying lesions, Alzheimer's disease, rabies, hemispheric lesions in stroke and multiple sclerosis.

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These appraisals can be accurate or inaccurate, and helping a person arrive at more apt appraisals is a goal of some modes of

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Their secondary appraisal determines what the person will do, and involves their perception of their options and resources.

1023:. The state of arousal might lead a person to view a decision more positively than they would have in a less aroused state. 4125: 3770: 826: 628: 104: 4102: 2877: 2262:

Walters J, Apter MJ, Svebak S (September 1982). "Color preference, arousal, and the theory of psychological reversals".

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Ariely D, Loewenstein G (April 2006). "The heat of the moment: the effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making".

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Miller C (28 August 2017). Emotion & Communication Power Point Lectures (Report). Norman: University of Oklahoma.

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Zajenkowski M, Goryńska E, Winiewski M (May 2012). "Variability of the relationship between personality and mood".

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Randy J. Larsen, David M Buss; "Personality psychology, domains of knowledge about human nature", McGraw Hill, 2008

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Schachter S, Singer JE (September 1962). "Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state".

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is the cognitive process that someone uses to achieve a goal whenever a solution cannot be determined by others.

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Belojevic G, Slepcevic V, Jakovljevic B (June 2001). "Mental performance in noise: The role of introversion".

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Schachter, S; Singer, J (1962). "Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state".

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Easterbrook JA (May 1959). "The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior".

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Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 12: Sleep and Arousal". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.).

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Activation of these neurons produces an increase in cortical activity and subsequently alertness.

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Campbell JB, Hawley CW (1982). "Study habits and Eysenck's theory of extraversion–introversion".

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Campbell JB, Hawley CW (1982). "Study habits and Eysenck's theory of extraversion–introversion".

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the demand of the situation of whether our strategy for dealing with the situation is effective.

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White, G; Fishbein, S; Rutsein, J (1981). "Passionate love and the misattribution of arousal".

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Liotti M, Tucker DM (March 1992). "Right hemisphere sensitivity to arousal and depression".

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Someone reaching their hand out towards you would indicate they are wanting to shake hands

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cause individuals to be active, attentive, or excited. The term "physiological" refers to

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While driving a car you would anticipate people braking therefore you would brake as well

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The serotonergic system has almost all of its serotonergic neurons originating in the

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Arousal is involved in the detection, retention, and retrieval of information in the

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Another arousal system, the dopaminergic system, releases dopamine produced by the

624: 311: 276: 271: 236: 94: 2044:"The effect of emotional arousal and retention delay on subsequent-memory effects" 1743: 1681: 2059: 4230: 4210: 3654: 3627: 3466: 3404: 3276: 3244: 3166: 3146: 3039: 2710: 2385: 1100: 1080: 930: 900: 885: 866: 846: 528: 524: 516: 306: 266: 89: 2794: 1666: 829:. Later research suggests that extroverts and introverts likely have different 4092: 3451: 3321: 3131: 3024: 3019: 2919: 2914: 2638: 2560: 2486: 2104: 1269: 1139: 841:

cue-utilisation theory. It predicted that high levels of arousal will lead to

786: 596: 512: 508: 226: 181: 1705: 1384: 1382: 3642: 3617: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3547: 3493: 3387: 3362: 3331: 3239: 3196: 3176: 3126: 3121: 3059: 3054: 3029: 2969: 2949: 2934: 2924: 1147: 1135: 842: 694: 693:, systems (each considered in the paragraphs below) – that originate in the 690: 686: 658: 588: 584: 570: 566: 543: 141: 2812: 2755: 2718: 2689: 2611: 2568: 2504: 2393: 2213: 2077: 2042:

Mickley Steinmetz KR, Schmidt K, Zucker HR, Kensinger EA (September 2012).

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model. (Click on a fragment of the image to go to the appropriate article)

701:. When stimulated, these systems produce cortical activity and alertness. 519:

organs stimulated to a point of perception. It involves activation of the

4215: 4200: 3637: 3632: 3622: 3557: 3394: 3316: 3306: 3271: 3258: 3141: 3084: 3034: 3014: 1553: 1536: 1180: 1175: 1115: 1092: 1088: 682: 562: 186: 166: 84: 2123:"The implications of arousal effects for the study of affect and memory" 809:). Arousal is also an essential element in many influential theories of 4067: 3647: 3515: 3475: 3461: 3456: 3446: 3357: 3217: 3116: 3079: 3049: 3044: 3009: 2979: 2964: 2906: 2893: 2747: 2275: 1044: 810: 769:

Mental state in terms of challenge level and skill level, according to

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AANN's Neuroscience Nursing: Human Responses to Neurologic Dysfunction

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The noradrenergic system is a bundle of axons that originate in the

599:

certain behaviours, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the

550:; activity within the ARAS is regulated by neurons that release the 4158: 1391:

Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience

1199:

When a loud unexpected noise is created you are startled and flinch

789:

certain behaviors, such as mobility, the pursuit of nutrition, the

661:, the origin of the arousal system, viewed along the sagittal plane 4270: 3579: 3505: 3399: 3372: 3251: 3186: 3181: 3151: 3089: 2959: 2954: 2862: 1421:

Brain arousal and information theory neural and genetic mechanisms

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may lead to increased arousal and increased avoidance behaviors.

888:

or emotional instability and extroversion are two factors of the

825:, differences in baseline arousal level lead people to be either 3382: 3343: 3326: 3229: 3156: 3136: 2944: 1277: 1084: 712:, and basal forebrain. Most of the neurons are projected to the 4162: 2866: 754: 4078:

Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life

26:"Aroused" redirects here. For the 2013 documentary film, see 2657:"How Fight-or-flight Instincts Impact On Your Stress Levels" 2519:"How Fight-or-flight Instincts Impact On Your Stress Levels" 1393:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 295. 785:, attention, and information processing. It is crucial for 627:, differences in baseline arousal level lead people to be 1043:

Altered experiences of arousal are associated with both

907:: choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic. (See 2374:

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

1190:

Someone sitting in the same seat every day during class

2422:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 1106:

Anatomically this is a disorder of the limbic system,

2471:"Information processing, computation, and cognition" 1019:

decisions as more salient, specifically influencing

3665: 3603: 2905: 1467:(1st ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 31. 1225:of a specific sequence of thinking patterns called 2411: 2142:Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 1541:Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience 1179:fibers innervating extensive areas throughout the 1807:Robinson D, Gabriel N, Katchan O (January 1994). 881:Emotional stability vs. introversion-extraversion 697:and form connections which extend throughout the 3473: 758: 3348: 1455: 1453: 1424:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 619:and has been included in theories such as the 546:and form connections extending throughout the 4174: 2878: 1174:: When the body is initially challenged by a 1130:Effects of physiological arousal on cognition 485: 8: 3652: 3491: 3482: 3249: 2627:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1732:. Milwaukee, WI: Catholic Apostolate Press. 1530: 1528: 4151:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 3215: 2184:Journal of Experimental Psychology. General 2178:Suri G, Sheppes G, Gross JJ (August 2013). 4181: 4167: 4159: 2885: 2871: 2863: 2469:Piccinini G, Scarantino A (January 2011). 2116: 2114: 1809:"Personality and second language learning" 492: 478: 375:Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery 35: 2802: 2494: 2413:"Abnormally Increased Behavioral Arousal" 2203: 2067: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1552: 1358: 1202:When a person sneezes you say "bless you" 390:Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery 2777:Samuels ER, Szabadi E (September 2008). 2013:"Schacter and Singer's study of emotion" 1907: 1905: 1903: 1846: 1844: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1648: 1646: 1134:The effects of physiological arousal on 2405: 2403: 2173: 2171: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1330: 1063:Abnormally increased behavioral arousal 38: 1816:Personality and Individual Differences 1777:Personality and Individual Differences 1686:Personality and Individual Differences 1655:Personality and Individual Differences 1535:Sharot T, Phelps EA (September 2004). 1336: 1334: 2229:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1993:from the original on 11 November 2012 1958:from the original on 20 November 2012 845:narrowing, during which the range of 667:ascending reticular activating system 649:Ascending reticular activating system 521:ascending reticular activating system 7: 1862:from the original on 27 October 2012 1580:. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. 1438:from the original on 9 February 2023 2765:Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine 1625:Journal of Environmental Psychology 1578:The Biological Basis of Personality 781:Arousal is important in regulating 708:and ascends up into the neocortex, 579:Arousal is important in regulating 2822:Journal of Research in Personality 2736:Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 2416:. In JA, Stewart-Amidei C (eds.). 1598:Journal of Research in Personality 1067:This is caused by withdrawal from 978:Schachter–Singer two-factor theory 972:Schachter–Singer two-factor theory 669:, which is composed of five major 14: 1347:Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy 410:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 110:Neuropsychological rehabilitation 3594: 3588: 2848: 2458:from the original on 2019-10-20. 1888:from the original on 7 July 2015 1341:Iwańczuk W, Guźniczak P (2015). 1260:This section is an excerpt from 1122:. It is not to be confused with 665:Wakefulness is regulated by the 615:). It holds significance within 458: 446: 434: 46: 2529:from the original on 2017-10-07 2311:from the original on 2013-02-27 1948:"James–Lange Theory of Emotion" 1852:"Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion" 1186:Anticipated behaviors examples 1164:information processing approach 1030:accounts for the preference of 2763:Gellman MD, Turner JR (2013). 1983:"Two-Factor Theory of Emotion" 1680:Howart, Edgar (January 1988). 1: 4302:Neuropsychological assessment 2853:The dictionary definition of 2475:Journal of Biological Physics 2180:"Predicting affective choice" 1789:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00211-7 1150:and lessened activity of the 872:Introversion and extraversion 815:James–Lange theory of emotion 621:James–Lange theory of emotion 400:Rey–Osterrieth complex figure 395:Mini–mental state examination 105:Neuropsychological assessment 4103:Social emotional development 2834:10.1016/0092-6566(82)90070-8 2343:10.1016/0278-2626(92)90075-w 2060:10.1080/17588928.2012.677421 1828:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90118-x 1698:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90044-x 1610:10.1016/0092-6566(82)90070-8 1294:two factor theory of emotion 1245:cognitive behavioral therapy 515:state of being awoken or of 365:Benton Visual Retention Test 3349: 2711:10.1016/j.bandc.2010.11.012 2386:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.03.001 2093:Computers in Human Behavior 1021:approach-avoidance conflict 805:, where it is known as the 803:human sexual response cycle 613:human sexual response cycle 420:Wisconsin Card Sorting Task 370:Continuous Performance Task 4323: 2795:10.2174/157015908785777229 1667:10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.007 1259: 1032:either high or low arousal 890:Big Five Personality Index 864: 646: 25: 18: 4196: 4146: 3586: 2783:Current Neuropharmacology 2767:. New York, NY: Springer. 2639:10.1037/0022-3514.41.1.56 2561:10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394 2549:Journal of Motor Behavior 2523:www.psychologistworld.com 2487:10.1007/s10867-010-9195-3 2105:10.1016/j.chb.2011.09.011 1274:misattribution of arousal 1262:Misattribution of arousal 1255:Misattribution of arousal 1249:Emotional self-regulation 903:theorized that there are 380:Hayling and Brixton tests 75:Cognitive neuropsychology 4036:in virtual communication 827:extraverts or introverts 791:fight-or-flight response 745:GABA reuptake inhibitors 671:neurotransmitter systems 629:extraverts or introverts 601:fight-or-flight response 533:autonomic nervous system 70:Clinical neuropsychology 19:Not to be confused with 1152:gastrointestinal system 3653: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3250: 3216: 2670:Psychological Bulletin 2264:Motivation and Emotion 2048:Cognitive Neuroscience 1637:10.1006/jevp.2000.0188 935:classical conditioning 905:four personality types 896:Four personality types 778: 662: 607:(the arousal phase of 593:information processing 252:Patricia Goldman-Rakic 115:Traumatic brain injury 80:Cognitive neuroscience 1882:"Theories of Emotion" 1729:The Four Temperaments 1360:10.5603/AIT.2015.0015 768: 656: 453:Philosophy portal 441:Psychology portal 415:Wechsler Memory Scale 385:Lexical Decision Task 16:State of being awoken 4276:Psychological stress 4073:Group affective tone 2592:Psychological Review 2525:. 30 November 2001. 1914:Psychological Review 1554:10.3758/CABN.4.3.294 1499:Psychological Review 1310:Low arousal approach 920:electroencephalogram 595:. It is crucial for 4126:constructed emotion 3796:functional accounts 2699:Brain and Cognition 2663:. 30 November 2001. 2331:Brain and Cognition 2023:on 23 December 2012 1837:on 3 December 2013. 1576:Eysenck HJ (1967). 1286:shortness of breath 1097:metabolic disorders 1039:Associated problems 995:selective attention 924:natural frequencies 855:positive psychology 799:Masters and Johnson 609:Masters and Johnson 465:Medicine portal 157:Executive functions 4226:Cerebral dominance 4026:in decision-making 3267:(sense of purpose) 2748:10.1111/sjop.12247 2661:Psychologist World 2452:dictionary.apa.org 2299:"Arousal Theories" 2276:10.1007/bf00992245 1461:Csikszentmihalyi M 1315:Low arousal theory 965:James–Lange theory 959:James–Lange theory 952:Cannon–Bard theory 946:Cannon–Bard theory 779: 663: 657:Structures of the 177:Motor coordination 4284: 4283: 4156: 4155: 3743:Appeal to emotion 3521:Social connection 1987:ChangingMinds.org 1952:ChangingMinds.org 1856:ChangingMinds.org 1474:978-0-465-02411-7 933:, the founder of 838:Yerkes–Dodson law 717:cerebral cortex. 636:Yerkes–Dodson law 552:neurotransmitters 527:, which mediates 502: 501: 334:("H.M.", patient) 327:Hans-Lukas Teuber 247:Elkhonon Goldberg 4314: 4261:Self stimulation 4190:Psychophysiology 4183: 4176: 4169: 4160: 4131:discrete emotion 4031:in the workplace 3927:Empathy quotient 3658: 3598: 3592: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3354: 3255: 3221: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2852: 2837: 2816: 2806: 2773: 2768: 2759: 2730: 2693: 2682:10.1037/a0024244 2664: 2643: 2642: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2604:10.1037/h0046234 2587: 2581: 2580: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2498: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2448:"APA Dictionary" 2444: 2438: 2437: 2415: 2410:Mirr MP (2001). 2407: 2398: 2397: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2207: 2196:10.1037/a0029900 2175: 2166: 2165: 2154:10.1037/a0030198 2137: 2131: 2130: 2125:. Archived from 2118: 2109: 2108: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2054:(3–4): 150–159. 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2019:. Archived from 2017:Becta Psychology 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1979: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1926:10.1037/h0046234 1909: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1830:. Archived from 1813: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1783:(8): 1233–1259. 1772: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1751: 1742:. Archived from 1723: 1710: 1709: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1620: 1614: 1613: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1556: 1532: 1523: 1522: 1511:10.1037/h0047707 1494: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1457: 1448: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1418:Pfaff D (2006). 1415: 1409: 1408: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1362: 1338: 1162:derive from the 999:long-term memory 819:Circumplex Model 771:Csikszentmihalyi 757: 726:substantia nigra 714:posterior cortex 537:endocrine system 494: 487: 480: 463: 462: 461: 451: 450: 449: 439: 438: 437: 359: 343: 335: 242:Norman Geschwind 222:Arthur L. Benton 211: 162:Natural language 131: 59: 50: 36: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4307:Neuropsychology 4287: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4192: 4187: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4083:Jealousy in art 3826:in conversation 3748:Amygdala hijack 3661: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3573:sense of wonder 2901: 2891: 2845: 2840: 2819: 2776: 2771: 2762: 2733: 2696: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2649:Further reading 2646: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2291: 2261: 2260: 2256: 2241:10.1002/bdm.501 2226: 2225: 2221: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2120: 2119: 2112: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1971: 1961: 1959: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1911: 1910: 1901: 1891: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1865: 1863: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1834: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1796: 1774: 1773: 1758: 1749: 1747: 1740: 1726:Hock C (1934). 1725: 1724: 1713: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1595: 1594: 1585: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1534: 1533: 1526: 1496: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1459: 1458: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1432: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1401: 1388: 1387: 1380: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1320:Reversal theory 1306: 1301: 1300: 1265: 1257: 1215:Problem solving 1172:fight or flight 1132: 1065: 1041: 1028:reversal theory 1012: 987: 974: 961: 948: 943: 898: 883: 874: 869: 863: 821:. According to 795:sexual activity 767: 755: 753: 706:locus coeruleus 699:cerebral cortex 651: 645: 643:Neurophysiology 623:. According to 605:sexual activity 498: 469: 459: 457: 447: 445: 435: 433: 425: 424: 360: 355: 348: 347: 341: 333: 332:Henry Molaison 322:Roger W. Sperry 317:Mark Rosenzweig 302:Karl H. Pribram 292:Alexander Luria 262:Kenneth Heilman 232:Antonio Damasio 212: 209: 202: 201: 192:Problem solving 152:Decision making 132: 129:Brain functions 127: 120: 119: 100:Neurophysiology 60: 57: 40:Neuropsychology 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4320: 4318: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4178: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4136:somatic marker 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4110: 4108:Stoic passions 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4056:social sharing 4053: 4048: 4046:self-conscious 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4010: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3989:thought method 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954:lateralization 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3781:classification 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3501:Sentimentality 3498: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3469: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3397: 3392: 3391: 3390: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3346: 3341: 3340: 3339: 3337:at first sight 3334: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3261: 3256: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075:Disappointment 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2844: 2843:External links 2841: 2839: 2838: 2828:(2): 139–146. 2817: 2774: 2769: 2760: 2731: 2694: 2665: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2617: 2598:(5): 379–399. 2582: 2539: 2510: 2461: 2439: 2433:978-0721622880 2432: 2399: 2380:(3): 967–974. 2364: 2337:(2): 138–151. 2321: 2289: 2270:(3): 193–215. 2254: 2219: 2167: 2148:(4): 212–226. 2132: 2129:on 2005-12-08. 2110: 2099:(2): 285–291. 2083: 2034: 2004: 1969: 1939: 1899: 1873: 1840: 1822:(1): 143–157. 1794: 1756: 1739:978-1453823941 1738: 1711: 1692:(1): 173–175. 1672: 1661:(7): 858–861. 1642: 1631:(2): 209–213. 1615: 1604:(2): 139–146. 1583: 1568: 1547:(3): 294–306. 1524: 1505:(3): 183–201. 1489: 1480: 1473: 1449: 1431:978-0674042100 1430: 1410: 1400:978-0071481274 1399: 1378: 1353:(2): 162–167. 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1302: 1282:blood pressure 1266: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1144:blood pressure 1131: 1128: 1112:temporal lobes 1064: 1061: 1040: 1037: 1011: 1008: 986: 983: 973: 970: 960: 957: 947: 944: 942: 939: 897: 894: 882: 879: 873: 870: 865:Main article: 862: 859: 813:, such as the 752: 749: 675:norepinephrine 647:Main article: 644: 641: 555:norepinephrine 523:(ARAS) in the 500: 499: 497: 496: 489: 482: 474: 471: 470: 468: 467: 455: 443: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 337: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 287:Rodolfo Llinás 284: 282:Benjamin Libet 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 257:Donald O. 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