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This was some of the earliest strong evidence that cancer was the result of an accumulation of mutations. With their 1954 paper, Armitage and Doll began a line of research that led to
Knudson's
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Knudson, A.G., 1971. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proceedings of the
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Steven A Frank (2004) "Commentary: Mathematical models of cancer progression and epidemiology in the age of high throughput genomics",
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mutations were required to initiate a tumour. This is now widely accepted, and part of the mainstream view of
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Richard Doll (2004) "Commentary: The age distribution of cancer and a multistage theory of carcinogenesis",
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was typically between 5 and 7. Other cancers were later discovered to require fewer mutations:
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175:{\displaystyle \mathrm {rate} ={\frac {Np_{1}p_{2}p_{3}\cdots p_{r}}{(r-1)!}}t^{r-1}}
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The rate of incidence and mortality from a wide variety of common cancers follows a
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