411:
account," writes Hoffer, "the flood had destroyed all but a few loose papers of his data. It was a mystery how supposedly lost original data could reappear to enable him to add the number of cases to the 2001 paperback edition, then disappear once again when the committee of inquiry sought the data from him" (Hoffer, 153). One critic tried, unsuccessfully, to destroy penciled notes on yellow pads by submerging them in his bathtub, in order to prove that water damage would not have destroyed
Bellesiles' notes.
293:, the politics of the issue mattered less to historians "than the possibility that Bellesiles might have engaged in faulty, fraudulent, and unethical research." As critics subjected the historical claims of the book to close scrutiny, they demonstrated that much of Bellesiles' research, particularly his handling of probate records, was inaccurate and possibly fraudulent. This criticism included noting several serious errors in the tables published in the book, as well as in the
265:, an advocate of gun control, lent support to Cramer's charge when, in a 2004 examination of the Bellesiles case, he noted that influential members of the historical profession had "taken strong public stands on violence in our society and its relation to gun control." For instance, the academics solicited for
276:
According to Hoffer, Bellesiles energized this professional consensus by attempting to play "the professors against the NRA in a high-wire act of arrogant bravado." For instance, he replied to Heston’s criticism by telling the actor to earn a Ph.D. before criticizing the work of scholars. He pointed
242:
said that the book's research was “meticulous and thorough.” He wrote that
Bellesiles had "attacked the central myth behind the National Rifle Association's interpretation of the Second Amendment." Lane declared Bellesiles’ evidence so formidable that "if the subject were open to rational argument,"
422:
Bellesiles disputed these findings, claiming to have followed all scholarly standards and to have corrected all errors of fact known to him. Nevertheless, with his "reputation in tatters," Bellesiles issued a statement on
October 25, 2002, announcing the resignation of his professorship at Emory by
414:
The scholarly investigation confirmed that
Bellesiles' work had serious flaws, calling into question both its quality and veracity. The external report on Bellesiles concluded that "every aspect of his work in the probate records is deeply flawed" and called his statements in self-defense "prolix,
285:
endorsed a resolution condemning the alleged harassment. As Hoffer later wrote, Bellesiles was convinced that whether the entire profession agreed with "his stance on gun ownership (and I suspect most did), surely academic historians would not let their expertise be impugned by a rank and partisan
410:
In the initial hardcover edition of the book, Bellesiles did not give the total number of probate records which he had investigated, but the following year, after the "flood", Bellesiles included in the paperback edition the claim that he had investigated 11,170 probate records. "By his own
406:
As criticism increased and charges of scholarly misconduct were made, Emory
University conducted an internal inquiry into Bellesiles's integrity, appointing an independent investigative committee composed of three leading academic historians from outside Emory. Bellesiles failed to provide
540:, "I was took. The book is a fraud." Wills noted that Bellesiles "claimed to have consulted archives he didn't and he misrepresented those archives," although "he didn't have to do that," since "he had a lot of good, solid evidence." Wills added, "People get taken by very good con men."
482:. Bellesiles continued to defend the book's credibility and thesis, arguing that roughly three-quarters of the original book remained unchallenged. In a 2019 podcast interview with Daniel Gullotta, Bellesiles blamed the controversy on his decision not to publish his book through a
553:, offered a similar opinion: "It is entirely clear to me that he's made up a lot of these records. He's betrayed us. He's betrayed the cause. It's 100 percent clear that the guy is a liar and a disgrace to my profession. He's breached that trust." Historian
277:
out that Cramer was "a long time advocate of unrestricted gun ownership" while he was a scholar who had "certain obligations of accuracy that transcend current political benefit." After
Bellesiles said he had been flooded by hate mail, both the
353:
misreported the condition of guns described in probate records in a way that accommodated his thesis, as for instance, claiming that in
Providence records most guns were listed as old or broken when fewer than 10% were so
575:
As Hoffer concluded, "Bellesiles's condemnation by Emory
University, the trustees of the Bancroft Prizes, and Knopf provided the gun lobby with information to blast the entire history profession....Even though H-Law, the
588:
rushed to his side and stated principled objections to the politicization of history, they hesitated to ask the equally important question of whether he had manipulated them and betrayed their trust."
394:
units as if his criticism applied to the militia in general. (Washington had noted that the three units were exceptions to the rule.) Cramer wrote, "It took me twelve hours of hunting before I found a
1037:
Unlike the initial wave of criticism, made primarily by non-academics or non-historians, professional historians conducted this investigation. The three historians were
Stanley Katz of Princeton,
398:
that was completely correct. In the intervening two years, I have spent thousands of hours chasing down
Bellesiles’s citations, and I have found many hundreds of shockingly gross falsifications."
189:
periods, that guns were seldom used then and that the average American's proficiency in use of firearms was poor. Bellesiles maintains that more widespread use and ownership of guns dated to the
261:
said things, and created a system of thought so comfortable for the vast majority of historians, that they didn’t even pause to consider the possibility that something wasn’t right." Historian
577:
1565:
1087:—but critics disputed the plausibility of Bellesiles' claim that the problem explained his missing research records. The waterline break at Emory occurred in April 2000, after
146:
to argue that during the early period of US history, guns were uncommon during peacetime and that a culture of gun ownership did not arise until the mid-nineteenth century.
214:
1286:
321:
1497:
1145:
Stanley N. Katz, Hannah H. Gray, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, "Report of the Investigative Committee in the Matter of Professor Michael Bellesiles," July 10, 2002
1102:
186:
415:
confusing, evasive, and occasionally contradictory." It concluded that "his scholarly integrity is seriously in question" and that he was in violation of the
778:
602:
672:
1006:
1251:
253:, a history student, software engineer, gun enthusiast and early critic of Bellesiles, later argued that the reason "why historians swallowed
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467:
226:
178:
432:
157:'s Board of Trustees that Bellesiles had "violated basic norms of scholarship and the high standards expected of Bancroft Prize winners."
581:
282:
27:
722:
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Critics also identified problems with Bellesiles's methods of citation. Cramer noted that Bellesiles had misrepresented a passage by
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Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
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838:
to the Brady Campaign Legal Action Project Second Amendment Symposium, February 16, 2000, was posted by the pro-gun control
779:
Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
603:
Past Imperfect: Facts, Fictions, Fraud—American History from Bancroft and Parkman to Ambrose, Bellesiles, Ellis, and Goodwin
340:
762:
557:
reflected that it seemed historians had "ceased to read carefully and critically, even in the awarding of book prizes."
502:
182:
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did not have roots in the colonial and early national period but arose during the 1850s and 1860s. The book argues that
99:
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238:
134:
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article, namely, that they did not provide a total number of cases and gave percentages that "were clearly wrong."
350:
reported a national mean for gun ownership in 18th-century probate inventories that was mathematically impossible;
1084:
317:
634:
823:
Hoffer, 157-58. On February 16, 2000, Bellesiles had been a featured speaker at a symposium sponsored by the
305:
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1038:
262:
839:
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365:
143:
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491:
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129:
343:; on this point, Bellesilles claimed he had actually consulted the more complete archives at nearby
1399:
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630:
154:
153:
in 2001, it later became the first work for which the prize was rescinded, following a decision of
623:"The Bancroft and Bellesiles (official announcement by the Columbia University Board of Trustees)"
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487:
190:
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Hoffer, 161: “systematically dismantles one of our most cherished and dangerous national myths.”
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s preposterous claims so readily is that it fit into their political worldview so well...
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There was water damage to the building containing Bellesiles' office—as was reported in
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1381:"Report of the Investigating Committee in the matter of Professor Michael Bellesiles"
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investigators with his research notes, claiming the notes were destroyed in a flood.
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had a 100% error rate in the cited gun-related homicide cases of seventeenth-century
358:
336:
244:
194:
26:
876:
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1221:
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The book garnered many enthusiastic professional reviews and won the prestigious
1222:
Statement of NEH Chairman Bruce Cole on Newberry Library Fellowship Award (2002)
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Hoffer, 166. Emory accepted Bellesiles' resignation effective December 31, 2002.
525:
510:
210:
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233:
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The Historian's Toolbox: A Student's Guide to the Theory and Craft of History
316:
purported to count guns in about a hundred wills from 17th- and 18th-century
436:
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had more than a 60% error rate in finding guns listed as part of estates in
329:
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in 2001. The book's thesis bore upon ongoing political controversies about
1408:
950:
566:
Historians in Trouble: Plagiarism, Fraud, and Politics in the Ivory Tower
560:
However, some scholars and commentators continued to defend Bellesilles.
514:
395:
723:"The historical profession's greatest modern scandal, two decades later"
1396:"Columbia's Board of Trustees Votes to Rescind the 2001 Bancroft Prize"
391:
372:
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980:
537:
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128:
is a discredited 2000 book by historian Michael A. Bellesiles about
1424:
1304:
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888:
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year's end. In 2010 he published his first book since the scandal,
1132:
1448:
Lindgren J, Heather JL (2002). "Counting Guns in Early America".
1060:"Historian's Prizewinning Book on Guns is Embroiled in a Scandal"
197:
and a consequent reduction in price and improvement in accuracy.
1133:"'Pulped' Fiction: Michael Bellesiles and His Yellow Note Pads,"
524:
ceased to defend Bellesiles. The nationally prominent historian
273:"were ecstatic in part because the book knocked the gun lobby."
174:
177:
were uncommon during peacetime in the United States during the
486:. He also disputed claims that he had written the book with a
1409:"Fall From Grace: Arming America and the Bellesiles Scandal"
1520:
Scandals and Scoundrels: Seven Cases That Shook the Academy
755:"What Clayton Cramer Saw and (Nearly) Everyone Else Missed"
111:
339:
probate inventories, but these had been destroyed in the
447:
In 2002, the trustees of Columbia University rescinded
568:
that Bellesilles had been the victim of a politicized
20:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1355:
2d ed. (Brooklyn, New York: Soft Skull Press, 2003)
1351:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1337:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
1196:"Michael Bellesiles: Bartender, Writer, History Buff"
458:, the first such action in the history of the prize.
132:, an expansion of a 1996 article he published in the
125:
Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture
478:
was republished in a revised and amended edition by
1305:
Quoted in article published at History News Network
109:
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41:
33:
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357:miscited the counts of guns in nineteenth-century
215:Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
1233:Michael Bellesiles, "Weighed in an Even Balance"
247:called the book "a myth-busting tour-de-force."
229:, described the book's argument as "ludicrous."
967:(8). The Yale Law Journal Company, Inc.: 2195.
547:, who had reviewed the book positively in the
466:, did not renew Bellesiles' contract, and the
149:Although the book was awarded the prestigious
1566:Works about gun politics in the United States
470:withdrew its name from a fellowship that the
8:
1474:. Brooklyn: Soft Skull Press. Archived from
745:
743:
347:, but the committee also disputed this claim
193:, a period of widespread advance in firearm
19:
509:in the 18th and early 19th centuries were “
390:about the quality of three poorly prepared
25:
18:
1376:(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004): 141-171.
300:In two scholarly articles, law professor
825:Brady Center to Prevent Handgun Violence
490:agenda, claiming he had identified as a
425:1877: America's Year of Living Violently
1045:, emerita at the University of Chicago.
614:
765:from the original on January 28, 2015.
435:. In 2012 Bellesiles was working as a
431:while working as adjunct professor at
335:purported to count nineteenth-century
324:, but these did not exist because the
1162:"Amazing Disgrace | Inside Higher Ed"
1156:
1154:
1152:
1135:, History News Network, May 20, 2002.
1101:Mehegan, David (September 11, 2001).
700:: 614. September 2001. Archived from
536:, later said, in a 2005 interview on
468:National Endowment for the Humanities
419:'s standards of scholarly integrity.
227:National Rifle Association of America
7:
1252:Garry Wills review in New York Times
717:
715:
713:
711:
637:from the original on January 3, 2003
528:, who had enthusiastically reviewed
433:Central Connecticut State University
439:while continuing to write history.
402:Emory investigation and resignation
283:Organization of American Historians
1524:. University of California Press.
1339:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000)
1194:Jen Matteis (September 17, 2012).
675:from the original on May 27, 2015.
138:. Bellesiles, then a professor at
14:
1516:Robin, Ron Thedore (2004-10-01).
949:; Bellesiles, Michael A. (2002).
520:Historians who initially admired
474:had granted Bellesiles. In 2003,
1498:"Why Footnotes Matter: Checking
1103:"New doubts about gun historian"
914:"Counting Guns in Early America"
497:trying to dispute the idea that
171:gun culture in the United States
1465:Bellesiles, Michael A. (2003).
698:The Journal of American History
417:American Historical Association
279:American Historical Association
221:advocates criticized it. Actor
1085:Emory University's daily paper
912:; Heather, Justin Lee (2002).
776:Hoffer, Peter Charles (2004).
1:
1450:William & Mary Law Review
921:William & Mary Law Review
1581:Bancroft Prize-winning works
1292:Journal of American History
955:and the Bellesiles Scandal"
550:Journal of American History
295:Journal of American History
239:Journal of American History
135:Journal of American History
1607:
1468:Weighed in an Even Balance
243:the debate would be over.
1315:quoted in Hoffer, 169-70.
1242:, Soft Skull Press (2003)
289:In the end, according to
269:by Bellesiles’ publisher
24:
1591:Literature controversies
501:was an inherent part of
443:Aftermath of the scandal
341:1906 earthquake and fire
225:, then-president of the
1277:, C-SPAN (Jan. 2, 2005)
678:(subscription required)
605:by Peter Charles Hoffer
306:Northwestern University
1586:Bancroft Prize winners
1576:Soft Skull Press books
1556:2000 non-fiction books
1372:Peter Charles Hoffer,
1287:Roger Lane, review of
1166:www.insidehighered.com
1039:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
1005:(September 23, 2000).
332:(i.e., without wills);
286:amateur like Cramer."
1571:Alfred A. Knopf books
1264:Garry Wills Interview
1113:on September 13, 2001
633:. December 13, 2002.
37:Michael A. Bellesiles
16:Discredited 2000 book
1402:. December 16, 2002.
1331:Editions of the Book
1058:(December 8, 2001).
889:History News Network
869:Robert C. Williams,
759:History News Network
627:History News Network
564:claimed in his book
492:Burkean conservative
337:San Francisco County
263:Peter Charles Hoffer
130:American gun culture
1407:Lindgren J (2002).
1400:Columbia University
1131:Jerome Sternstein,
1019:on October 17, 2000
1007:"Shots in the Dark"
875:(Armonk, New York:
840:Potowmack Institute
753:(January 6, 2003).
729:. 18 September 2019
659:(October 1, 2000).
631:Columbia University
578:Omohundro Institute
345:Contra Costa County
155:Columbia University
144:fabricated research
21:
1494:Cramer, Clayton E.
1269:2012-03-13 at the
1238:2008-10-30 at the
1064:The New York Times
1003:Cramer, Clayton E.
951:"Fall from Grace:
834:2001-04-20 at the
751:Cramer, Clayton E.
669:The New York Times
1561:Academic scandals
1398:(Press release).
598:Confirmation bias
388:George Washington
291:Robert C Williams
236:'s review in the
121:
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70:Publication place
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1419:(8): 2195–2249.
1413:Yale Law Journal
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1390:. July 10, 2002.
1388:Emory University
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1056:Worth, Robert F.
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480:Soft Skull Press
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312:Bellesiles had
310:Arming America,
271:Alfred A. Knopf
255:Arming America'
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530:Arming America
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511:mass murderers
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165:The thesis of
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610:References
584:, and the
570:witch hunt
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545:Roger Lane
543:Historian
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1539:2013
1526:ISBN
1454:SSRN
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