1051:
1552:. "Assuredly he was the deliverer of Germany, one too who had defied Rome, not in her early rise, as other kings and generals, but in the height of her empire's glory, had fought, indeed, indecisive battles, yet in war remained unconquered. He completed thirty-seven years of life, twelve years of power, and he is still a theme of song among barbarous nations, though to Greek historians, who admire only their own achievements, he is unknown, and to Romans not as famous as he should be, while we extol the past and are indifferent to our own times."
827:
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many territories still at the beginning of the process of
Romanization. Tiberius, who succeeded Augustus in AD 14, decided that Germania was a far less developed land, possessing few villages and only a small food surplus, and therefore was not currently important to Rome. Conquering Germania would require a commitment too burdensome for the imperial finances and an excessive expenditure of military force.
683:. When defeat was certain, Varus committed suicide. The battle was one of the most devastating defeats Rome suffered in its history. Arminius' success in destroying three entire legions and driving the Romans out of Germany marked a high point of Germanic power for centuries. Roman attempts to reconquer Germania failed, although they did eventually manage to break Arminius' carefully coordinated alliance.
472:
903:, with only a brief area of portage. Armies on the Elbe, however, would have to have been supplied by extensive overland routes or by ships travelling the hazardous Atlantic. Economically, the Rhine already had towns and sizable villages at the time of the Gallic conquest. The Rhine was significantly more accessible from Rome and better equipped to supply sizable garrisons than the regions beyond.
862:
679:(five out of at least fifty Germanic tribes at the time) ambushed and annihilated Varus' entire army, totaling over 20,000 men, as it marched along a narrow road through a dense forest. Recent archaeological finds show the long-debated location of the three-day battle was almost certainly near Kalkriese Hill, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of present-day
532:
802:. Arminius also faced opposition from his father-in-law and other pro-Roman Germanic leaders. His brother Flavus, who had been raised alongside him in Rome, remained loyal to the Roman Empire and fought under Germanicus against Arminius at the Battle of Idistaviso. With the end of the Roman threat, a war broke out between Arminius and
1308:
797:
lost in the Battle of the
Teutoburg Forest. In 16, a second eagle was retrieved. Tiberius denied the request of Germanicus to launch an additional campaign for 17, however, having decided the frontier with Germania would stand at the Rhine river. Instead, he offered Germanicus the honor of a triumph
883:
Arminius was not the only reason for Rome's change of policy towards
Germania. Politics also played a factor; emperors found they could rarely trust a large army to a potential rival, though Augustus had enough loyal family members to wage his wars. Also, Augustus, in his 40-year reign, had annexed
822:
under circumstances which led many to believe he had been poisoned by his opponents. Arminius died two years later in 21, murdered by opponents within his own tribe who felt that he was becoming too powerful. Tiberius allegedly had refused an earlier offer from a Chatti nobleman to poison
Arminius:
745:
was likely a result of a dispute between
Arminius and Segestes who was against their relationship. In May of 15 the Roman general Germanicus captured Thusnelda. At the point of her capture she was pregnant and living with her father, who had taken her back. Arminius deeply grieved the capture of
869:
In the accounts of his Roman enemies, Arminius is highly regarded for his military leadership and as a defender of the liberty of his people. Based on these records, the story of
Arminius was revived in the 16th century with the recovery of the histories of Tacitus, who wrote in his
760:
Arminius, with his naturally furious temper, was driven to frenzy by the seizure of his wife and the foredooming to slavery of his wife's unborn child. He flew hither and thither among the
Cherusci, demanding "war against Segestes, war against Cæsar." And he refrained not from
583:
as governor. Arminius began plotting to unite various
Germanic tribes in order to thwart Roman efforts to incorporate their lands into the empire. This proved a difficult task, as the tribes were strongly independent and many were traditionally enemies of each other.
289:
in completing the Roman conquest of the
Germanic tribes. While in this capacity, Arminius secretly plotted a Germanic revolt against Roman rule, which culminated in the ambush and destruction of three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest.
1175:
is named after
Arminius. The 2,000-year anniversary of the battle was also celebrated in New Ulm, Minnesota without restraint. There were mock battles between Romans and club-wielding barbarians and also a lecture series in an auditorium.
522:
before returning to Germania. These experiences gave him knowledge of Roman politics and military tactics, which allowed him to successfully anticipate enemy battle maneuvers during his later campaigns against the Roman army.
930:, etc. When indirect methods proved insufficient to control the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine, Roman emperors occasionally led devastating punitive campaigns deep into Germania. One of them, led by the Roman emperor
340:, however, Arminius' significance diminished in Germany due to his association with militaristic nationalism; the 2,000th anniversary of his victory at the Teutoburg Forest was only lightly commemorated in Germany.
878:
Arminius, without doubt Germania's liberator, who challenged the Roman people not in its beginnings like other kings and leaders, but in the peak of its empire; in battles with changing success, undefeated in the
628:
In the autumn of AD 9, the 25-year-old Arminius brought to Varus a false report of rebellion in northern Germany. He persuaded Varus to divert the three legions under his command (composed of the
985:
river which could very well have been the point of departure of Varus' legions on their way to their doom in the Teutoburg Forest. One of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th century,
2523:
Münkler Herfried, and Hans Grünberger: "Arminius/ Hermann als nationales Symbol im Diskurs der deutschen Humanisten 1500–1570", In: Herfried Münkler, Hans Grünberger, and Kathrin Mayer,
651:
of auxiliaries), which were at the time marching to winter quarters, to suppress the rebellion. Varus and his legions marched right into the trap that Arminius had set for them near
887:
Modern scholars have pointed out that the Rhine was a more practical boundary for the Roman Empire than any other river in Germania. Armies on the Rhine could be supplied from the
1733:
769:
who grew up in Roman captivity. Tacitus describes him as having an unusual story, which he promises to tell in his later writings, but these writings have never been found.
1136:
and many schools shied away from teaching his story in any detail due to its previous association with nationalism. There was, however, a somewhat different perception in
1574:
271:
Born a prince of the Cherusci tribe, Arminius was part of the Roman-friendly faction of the tribe. He learned Latin and served in the Roman military, which gained him
595:, leaving Varus with only three legions to face the Germans, which was still 18,000 troops, or 6,000 men per legion. An additional two legions, under the command of
1132:
Following the rise of Nazi Germany, fueled by aggressive German nationalism, and its subsequent defeat in World War II, Arminius became a lesser-known figure among
1835:
1080:
it remained in manuscript, being published in 1821 and not staged until 1860. The play has been revived repeatedly at moments propitious for raw expressions of
2214:
Simek, R. (1990). "Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und in Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert".
596:
853:. Numerous modern historians have regarded Arminius' victory as one of the most decisive battles in history, with some calling it "Rome's greatest defeat".
325:
designated Arminius as the liberator of the Germanic tribes and commended him for having fought the Roman Empire to a standstill at the peak of its power.
2706:
1144:
reading of history, came to be seen as a revolutionary figure of sorts, leading German tribes in a fight against the Roman slaveholder society (
2603:
2437:
1971:
1411:
843:
Arminius' victory against the Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest had a far-reaching effect on the subsequent history of both the ancient
555:. He returned to northern Germania in AD 7 or 8, where the Roman Empire had established secure control of the territories just east of the
2660:
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and on the Roman Empire. The Romans made no further concerted efforts to conquer and permanently hold Germania beyond the Rhine and the
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2500:
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Around the year AD 4, Arminius assumed command of a Cheruscan detachment of Roman auxiliary forces, probably while fighting in the
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After the battle, the Germans quickly annihilated every trace of Roman presence east of the Rhine. Roman settlements such as the
2716:
1770:
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Between AD 6 and 9, the Romans were forced to move eight of the eleven legions present in Germania east of the Rhine to crush
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in New York City in 1840 that flourished during the 19th century in American cities with large populations of German origin.
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1987:
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977:. An Icelandic account states that Sigurd "slew the dragon" in the Gnitaheidr—today the suburb Knetterheide of the city of
1072:
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In the early 19th century, attempts were made to show that the story of Arminius and his victory may have lived on in the
746:
Thusnelda and did not marry again. Tacitus recorded that Arminius was "driven to frenzy" by the loss of his beloved wife.
2369:
2721:
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1287:
1043:
823:"It was not by secret treachery but openly and by arms that the people of Rome avenged themselves on their enemies."
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Politischer Mythos und symbolische Politik. Der Hermannmythos: Zur Entstehung des Nationalbewußtseins der Deutschen
2317:
Heinrich von Kleist: Die Herrmannsschlacht. Ein Drama (Frankfurt am Main and Basel: Stroemfeld-Roter Stern, 2001).
2092:
1874:
1827:
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709:), under the command of the prefect Lucius Cedicius, inflicted heavy losses on the Germans before retreating into
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20:
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Nationenbildung. Die Nationalisierung Europas im Diskurs humanistischer Intellektueller. Italien und Deutschland
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383:
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257:
1129:, a town on the Missouri River founded in the 1830s and incorporated in 1845, was also named for Arminius.
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for his two victories. The third Roman eagle was recovered in 41 by Publius Gabinius, under the emperor
617:
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calls him "Arminius, the son of Sigimer, a prince of the nation" and states he "attained the dignity of
1920:
1479:
1013:
in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed as a symbol of German unity and freedom. In Germany, the name
2680:, 9 October 2009 – article on modern German views of Hermann and the 2,000th anniversary of the battle
1856:
Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History II, 120, 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History LVI, 22, 2a-2b
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in the Teutoburg Forest; it was finally completed and dedicated during the early years of the Second
1081:
915:
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302:
81:
317:. Germanic nobles, afraid of Arminius's growing power, assassinated him in 21. He was remembered in
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1067:
364:
is unknown, and confusion is further created by recent scholars who alternately referred to him as
2711:
1961:
1509:
1163:
According to journalist David Crossland: "The old nationalism has been replaced by an easy-going
1114:
1030:
702:
333:
264:, it has also been considered one of the most decisive battles in history and a turning point in
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1403:
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2116:
1967:
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to arrive with a new army. This prevented Arminius from crossing the Rhine and invading Gaul.
588:
515:
282:
272:
124:
2403:
1447:
448:("Hermann the Cheruscan Prince"). Hermann etymologically means "Man of War", coming from the
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1313:
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1208:
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Hermannsschlachten. Germanen- und Römerbilder in der Literatur des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts
539:
in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of
412:. According to another theory, that name was given to Arminius for his service in Armenia.
293:
In the aftermath of the battle, Arminius fought retaliatory invasions by the Roman general
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1034:
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meaning "person" or "man". This has also led to his English nickname "Herman the German."
449:
416:
54:
256:, and modern historians regard it as one of Rome's greatest defeats. As it prevented the
2671:
1579:
1396:
1168:
990:
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and Roman protection, but Arminius failed to break into the "natural fortification" of
794:
706:
536:
426:
393:
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of 1870–1871. The monument has been a major tourist attraction ever since, as has the
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2230:
2135:
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1356:
1292:
1199:
1102:
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978:
906:
Rome chose no longer to rule directly in Germania east of the Rhine and north of the
433:
265:
1774:
2267:
W. Bradford Smith (2004). "German Pagan Antiquity in Lutheran Historical Thought".
1531:
referred to the Battle of the Teutoburg forest as a turning-point in world history.
1137:
1133:
1085:
998:
939:
640:
564:
471:
337:
249:
241:
1291:
is a 2020 TV show that features a fictionalised version of Arminius (portrayed by
1025:, who saw Arminius as a symbol of the German people and their fight against Rome.
680:
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2532:
2451:
2427:
535:
Magna Germania in AD 9. The yellow legend represents the areas controlled by the
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1809:
1584:
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1117:, in the United States in 1897. The Hermann Heights monument was erected by the
1091:
In 1838, construction was started on a massive statue of Arminius, known as the
911:
633:
600:
1650:
Herbert W. Benario (April 2004). "Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend".
861:
2518:
Arminius or the Rise of a National Symbol in Literature: From Hutten to Grabbe
1575:"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Germany Recalls Myth That Created the Nation"
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1303:
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807:
803:
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2614:
Die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wald: Arminius, Varus und das roemische Germanien
396:. The name instead appears to ultimately be of Etruscan origin, appearing as
236:
tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the
2654:
2053:
1702:
1394:
Dr. Aaron Ralby (2013). "The Roman Legion: Refining Military Organization".
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1055:
959:
831:
742:
730:
652:
637:
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349:
117:
27:
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The Football (Soccer) Team „DSC Arminia Bielefeld“ is named After Arminius
989:, identified Sigurd as Arminius. This educated guess was also picked up by
865:
A Roman sculpture of a young man which is sometimes identified as Arminius.
834:
in Loggia dei Lanzi. Created in second century AD with modern restorations.
729:
At some point after the battle, Arminius married a Germanic princess named
392:
is an adopted name granted to him upon citizenship or in any case not his
2637:
2566:
1869:
1663:
1351:
1217:
1149:
943:
896:
892:
799:
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led punitive operations into Germany, fighting Arminius to a draw in the
734:
718:
676:
668:
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580:
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480:
233:
97:
31:
2429:
The Fifteen Decisive War Battles of the World: From Marathon to Waterloo
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1545:
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1256:
1141:
1098:
819:
815:
811:
747:
644:
592:
379:
322:
276:
173:
71:
2140:
The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians
1341:
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923:
907:
672:
664:
519:
148:(His original Germanic name is unknown; modern German variants, e.g.
2588:
Hermanns Schlachten. Zur Literaturgeschichte eines nationalen Mythos
458:
452:
567:
rivers, and was now seeking to extend its hegemony eastward to the
1049:
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927:
860:
685:
616:
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261:
19:
This article is about the Germanic chieftain. For other uses, see
1248:
is a 1692 opera about Arminius by the Bohemian-Austrian composer
514:
between AD 1 and 6, and received a military education as well as
248:
were destroyed. His victory at Teutoburg Forest precipitated the
2253:(Vienna 1978); F.G. Gentry, W. McConnell, W. Wunderlich (eds.),
1167:
that mainly manifests itself at sporting events like the soccer
994:
962:
710:
603:. Arminius saw this as the perfect opportunity to defeat Varus.
572:
318:
2562:
Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
2405:
Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
910:, instead preferring to exert indirect influence by appointing
2651:– LWL-Institut für westfälische Regionalgeschichte (in German)
785:
and twice defeating him (according to Tacitus): first in the
2202:
Nikulas Bergsson, Arnamagnæan Collection manuscript 194, 8yo
818:, and the war ended in stalemate. In 19, Germanicus died in
793:. In 15, Roman troops managed to recapture one of the three
200:
218:
215:
2661:
A description of Arminius and his fight against the Romans
1272:
is an 1877 oratorio about Arminius by the German composer
918:, nephew of Arminius, was appointed king of the Cherusci;
701:
were abandoned. The vastly outnumbered Roman garrison of
436:. In German, Arminius was traditionally distinguished as
209:
2649:"Arminius / Varus: Die Varusschlacht im Jahre 9 n. Chr."
2534:
Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest
1703:"▷ Vorname Hermann: Herkunft, Bedeutung & Namenstag"
1610:
Rome's Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest
2453:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
2295:
Das diskursive Erbe Europas: Antike und Antikerezeption
543:, and pink areas on the map represent tributary tribes.
506:
and joined the Roman military with his younger brother
579:, a high-ranking administrative official appointed by
1105:
in the wake of the German victory over France in the
221:
212:
285:, he was sent to Germania to aid the local governor
2245:O. Höfler, "Siegfried Arminius und die Symbolik,"
2232:
Grimm centenary; Sigfred-Arminivs, and other papers
2060:1.4; Dio 57.18.1; on Arminius' assassination, Tac.
1603:
1601:
336:as a symbol of German unity and freedom. Following
206:
203:
179:
169:
139:
123:
113:
103:
91:
87:
77:
67:
62:
41:
2488:The Weather Factor: How Nature Has Changed History
2370:"New Ulm celebrates 2,000th anniversary of battle"
1395:
741:and then impregnated Thusnelda circa AD 14. This
1773:. www.livius.org. September 2010. Archived from
1734:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
942:, east of the Weser river, between the towns of
321:for generations afterwards. The Roman historian
876:
717:to organize the Roman defense on the Rhine and
432:dates from the 16th century, possibly first by
1541:
1539:
1374:
1372:
483:, Arminius was the son of the Cheruscan chief
403:
397:
16:Germanic Cherusci chieftain (18/17 BC – AD 21)
1750:
1748:
914:, which was cheaper than military campaigns.
8:
934:, resulted in a Roman victory in 235 at the
443:
437:
332:in the 19th century, Arminius was hailed by
2655:"Terry Jones' Barbarians: The Savage Goths"
2527:(Berlin: Akademie, 1998), pp. 263–308.
2356:Deutsche Geschichte – Mythos einer Schlacht
1504:
1502:
1457:
1455:
420:
387:
365:
359:
2667:Hermann Biography Workbook for High School
2251:Siegfried, Arminius und der Nibelungenhort
1754:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1189:Fictional versions of Arminius appear in:
1152:, Arminius was interpreted as symbolic of
244:under the command of general and governor
63:Prince and Chieftain of the Cherusci tribe
47:
38:
2596:Arminius the Liberator: Myth and Ideology
2293:Dorothea Klein (ed.), Lutz Käppel (ed.):
2257:(New York–London 2002), article "Sigurd".
2255:The Nibelungen Tradition. An Encyclopedia
2109:Arminius the Liberator: Myth and Ideology
1963:Arminius the Liberator: Myth and Ideology
1461:
1425:
1423:
229:; 18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the
1489:
1487:
1439:
1437:
1140:. In East Germany, Arminius, based on a
938:, located in the modern German state of
825:
530:
281:. After serving with distinction in the
2408:. Arcturus Publishing. pp. 75–77.
2359:. Zeit Online, 4 November 2008 (German)
1826:Bordewich, Fergus M. (September 2006).
1471:
1469:
1429:
1368:
1171:." The German Bundesliga football club
1160:United States as an oppressive empire.
1017:was interpreted as reflecting the name
252:'s permanent strategic withdrawal from
2183:"Ueber den Ursprung der Siegfriedsage"
1960:Winkler, Martin M. (3 November 2015).
1639:. Loeb Classical Library. p. 118.
1493:
1443:
1381:Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen
733:. Her father was the Cheruscan prince
136:
2269:The Journal of the Historical Society
2229:G. Vigfusson, F. York Powell (1886).
1943:
1941:
1864:
1862:
1726:
1724:
1475:
1121:, a fraternal organization formed by
981:, located at a strategic site on the
467:Early life and Roman military service
7:
765:Thusnelda gave birth to a son named
2616:(München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2008).
2531:Murdoch, Adrian (1 December 2012).
1573:Crossland, David (28 August 2009).
1295:) as one of the central characters.
1029:became an emblem of the revival of
965:, in the form of the dragon slayer
1677:Förstemann, Ernst Wilhelm (1900).
1260:is a 1736 opera about Arminius by
1156:, with Rome being a symbol of the
810:. It ended with Marbod fleeing to
737:, who was pro-Roman. But Arminius
14:
2335:. The Literary Dictionary Company
1838:from the original on 8 April 2014
1828:"The Ambush That Changed History"
1612:. The History Press. p. 84.
2657:– includes a portion on Arminius
2281:10.1111/j.1529-921X.2004.00104.x
1306:
1037:in the 19th century, such as in
260:of Germanic peoples east of the
196:
1633:C. Velleius Paterculus (1924).
1229:(first published in Italian as
2707:1st-century monarchs in Europe
1925:www.germanamericanpioneers.org
1113:, a similar statue erected in
1084:and was especially popular in
791:Battle of the Angrivarian Wall
613:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
238:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
1:
2590:(Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2008).
2513:(Göttingen: Wallstein, 1998).
499:), who was allied with Rome.
442:("Hermann the Cheruscan") or
2643:Ancient History Encyclopedia
2520:(New York: AMS Press, 1966).
1921:"Thusnelda, Wife of Hermann"
1580:Spiegel Online International
713:, resisting long enough for
2598:. Oxford University Press.
2594:Winkler, Martin M. (2016).
2249:(1961), 60–64, and also in
2107:Winkler, Martin M. (2016).
1966:. Oxford University Press.
1806:Compendium of Roman History
1510:"How the eagles were tamed"
1044:The Tombs of the Old Heroes
936:Battle at the Harzhorn Hill
773:Roman retribution and death
309:, and deposed a rival, the
2745:
1875:World History Encyclopedia
1250:Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber
1027:Hermann der Cheruskerfürst
610:
502:Arminius learned to speak
445:Hermann der Cheruskerfürst
386:of the time, it is likely
376:Marcus Velleius Paterculus
53:Statue of Arminius at the
25:
18:
2478:(Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1996).
2333:The Literary Encyclopedia
2327:Reeve, William C (2004).
2235:. Oxford Clarendon Press.
1681:(in German). Nabu Press.
1398:Atlas of Military History
1379:Schulze, Wilhelm (1904).
1148:). In the context of the
1146:Sklavenhaltergesellschaft
1054:Arminius says goodbye to
624:, Otto Albert Koch (1909)
577:Publius Quinctilius Varus
408:on inscriptions found at
287:Publius Quinctilius Varus
246:Publius Quinctilius Varus
144:
135:
46:
21:Arminius (disambiguation)
2584:Wagner-Egelhaaf, Martina
1608:Murdoch, Adrian (2009).
1383:. Weidmann. p. 127.
1227:Valerio Massimo Manfredi
1205:Give Me Back My Legions!
1111:Hermann Heights Monument
926:princes of the powerful
857:Roman imperial expansion
384:Roman naming conventions
240:in AD 9, in which three
26:Not to be confused with
2632:Encyclopædia Britannica
2458:Oxford University Press
2181:A. Giesebrecht (1837).
2113:Oxford University Press
2093:Encyclopædia Britannica
1739:Encyclopædia Britannica
659:, and their allies the
655:. Arminius' tribe, the
479:Born in 18 or 17 BC in
459:
453:
404:
398:
2717:Ancient Roman soldiers
2353:Tillmann Bendikowski:
2329:"Die Hermannsschlacht"
1679:Altdeutsches Namenbuch
1262:George Frideric Handel
1076:, but with Napoleon's
1063:
1039:Caspar David Friedrich
1011:unification of Germany
993:, who was a prominent
881:
866:
835:
783:Battle at Pontes Longi
763:
715:Lucius Nonius Asprenas
694:
625:
597:Lucius Nonius Asprenas
544:
476:
444:
438:
421:
388:
366:
360:
330:unification of Germany
2516:Kuehnemund, Richard,
1804:Velleius Paterculus,
1173:DSC Arminia Bielefeld
1053:
864:
829:
758:
689:
620:
534:
475:Relatives of Arminius
474:
439:Hermann der Cherusker
283:Great Illyrian Revolt
2495:. pp. 1751–70.
2297:. Peter Lang, 2008,
2033:Tacitus, The Annals
1986:Tacitus, The Annals
1947:Tacitus, The Annals
1907:Tacitus, The Annals
1895:Tacitus, The Annals
1832:Smithsonian Magazine
1402:. Parragon. p.
1347:Gaius Julius Civilis
1082:National Romanticism
1073:Die Hermannsschlacht
987:Guðbrandur Vigfússon
839:Legacy and influence
787:Battle of Idistaviso
647:detachments and six
599:, were stationed in
2722:Cherusci chieftains
2376:. 20 September 2009
1332:Bato the Daesitiate
1180:Cultural references
1107:Franco-Prussian War
1068:Heinrich von Kleist
777:Between 14 and 16,
510:. He served in the
334:German nationalists
2672:"They Need a Hero"
2612:Wolters, Reinhard
2460:. pp. 68–71.
2167:12:1–4; Herodian,
2163:Historia Augusta,
1664:10.1093/gr/51.1.83
1115:New Ulm, Minnesota
1064:
1031:German nationalism
1005:German nationalism
867:
836:
695:
626:
545:
518:and the status of
491:; Proto-Germanic:
477:
457:meaning "war" and
297:in the battles of
275:, and the rank of
107:AD 21 (aged 37–38)
2727:Cherusci warriors
2674:by Clay Risen in
2605:978-0-19-025291-5
2539:The History Press
2509:von Essen, Gesa,
2474:Dörner, Andreas,
2439:978-1-84664-127-5
1973:978-0-19-049352-3
1771:"Legio V Alaudae"
1636:The Roman History
1413:978-1-4723-0963-1
1327:Bato the Breucian
1127:Hermann, Missouri
1097:, on a hill near
1078:victory at Wagram
1041:'s 1812 painting
889:Mediterranean Sea
789:and later at the
527:Return to Germany
516:Roman citizenship
273:Roman citizenship
189:
188:
165:
164:
161:
2734:
2609:
2580:
2552:
2506:
2483:Durschmied, Erik
2471:
2443:
2419:
2400:Cawthorne, Nigel
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2165:The Two Maximini
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2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2002:. 1.60.4, 2.25.2
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1935:
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1777:on 26 April 2015
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1314:Biography portal
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1209:Harry Turtledove
1123:German Americans
997:academic during
845:Germanic peoples
795:legionary eagles
699:Waldgirmes Forum
692:Teutoburg Forest
553:Balkan peninsula
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307:Angrivarian Wall
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2096:. 11 July 2023.
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1755:Durschmied 2013
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1550:The Annals.2.88
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1518:. 27 March 2004
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1119:Sons of Hermann
1094:Hermannsdenkmal
1070:wrote the play
1060:Johannes Gehrts
1035:Napoleonic Wars
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948:Bad Gandersheim
932:Maximinus Thrax
920:Vangio and Sido
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55:Hermannsdenkmal
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2448:Davis, Paul K.
2444:
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2432:. Read Books.
2424:Creasy, Edward
2420:
2415:978-1848589544
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2115:. p. 30.
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611:Main article:
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1928:. Retrieved
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1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:. Retrieved
1873:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1831:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1795:Syme, pg. 60
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1775:the original
1765:
1732:
1731:"Arminius".
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1658:(1): 83–94.
1655:
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1609:
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1578:
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1513:
1430:Murdoch 2012
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1131:
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1086:Nazi Germany
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999:World War II
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912:client kings
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347:
338:World War II
327:
299:Pontes Longi
292:
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270:
258:Romanization
250:Roman Empire
191:
190:
153:
149:
36:
2663:(in German)
2493:Hachette UK
2374:Twin Cities
2339:6 September
2011:Dio 60.8.7.
1816:55, 28, 6–7
1810:Cassius Dio
1808:2, 109, 5;
1737:. Chicago:
1709:(in German)
1707:vorname.com
1585:Der Spiegel
1494:Creasy 2007
1444:Tucker 2010
1195:I, Claudius
1009:During the
991:Otto Höfler
601:Moguntiacum
589:a rebellion
328:During the
68:Predecessor
2691:Categories
2467:0195143663
2247:Heidelberg
2154:, Book 12
2088:"Arminius"
2077:. 2.87–88.
2052:2.22 ff.;
2024:. 1.54–59.
1870:"Arminius"
1757:, p.
1590:16 January
1478:, p.
1476:Davis 1999
1446:, p.
1322:Ariovistus
1288:Barbarians
1281:Television
1231:Teutoburgo
1225:(2016) by
1216:(2015) by
1207:(2009) by
1198:(1934) by
1185:Literature
1165:patriotism
1158:capitalist
830:Statue of
808:Marcomanni
779:Germanicus
767:Thumelicus
512:Roman army
410:Volaterrae
382:". Due to
315:Maroboduus
311:Marcomanni
305:, and the
303:Idistaviso
295:Germanicus
130:Thumelicus
2712:21 deaths
2054:Suetonius
1842:26 August
1363:Citations
1274:Max Bruch
1169:World Cup
1154:socialism
1066:In 1808,
1056:Thusnelda
960:Old Norse
832:Thusnelda
743:elopement
731:Thusnelda
681:Osnabrück
653:Kalkriese
549:Pannonian
493:Sigimariz
487:(German:
485:Segimerus
370:. In his
350:etymology
118:Thusnelda
78:Successor
28:Arimanius
2697:Arminius
2638:Arminius
2627:Arminius
2567:ABC-CLIO
2559:(2010).
2485:(2013).
2450:(1999).
2426:(2007).
2402:(2012).
2380:19 April
2187:Germania
2138:(2006).
2058:Caligula
1836:Archived
1781:26 March
1713:19 April
1522:25 April
1352:Teutobod
1300:See also
1269:Arminius
1218:Ben Kane
1150:Cold War
1015:Arminius
973:and the
944:Kalefeld
916:Italicus
891:via the
800:Claudius
739:abducted
735:Segestes
725:Marriage
719:Tiberius
677:Sicambri
669:Bructeri
657:Cherusci
581:Augustus
541:Augustus
481:Germania
422:Arminius
389:Arminius
361:Arminius
234:Cherusci
231:Germanic
192:Arminius
184:Germanic
180:Religion
145:Arminius
109:Germania
98:Germania
95:18/17 BC
82:Italicus
57:memorial
42:Arminius
32:Armenius
2640:at the
2629:at the
2586:(ed.),
2393:Sources
2152:Tacitus
2064:. 2.88;
2046:Tacitus
1741:. 2014.
1546:Tacitus
1529:Mommsen
1337:Boudica
1257:Arminio
1245:Arminio
1142:Marxist
1099:Detmold
1019:Hermann
969:of the
922:became
820:Antioch
816:Bohemia
812:Ravenna
761:taunts.
748:Tacitus
649:cohorts
645:cavalry
641:legions
593:Balkans
591:in the
497:Sigemær
489:Segimer
430:Hermann
425:as the
372:History
367:Armenus
352:of the
323:Tacitus
174:Segimer
150:Hermann
72:Segimer
2602:
2573:
2545:
2499:
2464:
2436:
2412:
2307:p. 329
2301:
2119:
2050:Annals
1970:
1930:1 June
1881:1 June
1685:
1616:
1410:
1342:Divico
1062:(1884)
967:Sigurd
924:vassal
908:Danube
899:, and
804:Marbod
753:Annals
675:, and
673:Chauci
665:Chatti
636:, and
520:equite
508:Flavus
417:German
170:Father
156:, are
114:Spouse
2073:Tac.
2020:Tac.
1998:Tac.
983:Werre
963:sagas
928:Suebi
901:Mosel
897:Saône
893:Rhône
703:Aliso
661:Marsi
569:Weser
561:Lippe
557:Rhine
504:Latin
405:armni
399:armne
354:Latin
313:king
278:eques
262:Rhine
154:Armin
140:Names
125:Issue
2600:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2382:2020
2341:2006
2299:ISBN
2189:(2).
2117:ISBN
2035:2.88
1988:1.58
1968:ISBN
1949:1.59
1932:2019
1909:1.57
1897:1.55
1883:2019
1844:2021
1783:2020
1759:1759
1715:2020
1683:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1592:2015
1524:2021
1408:ISBN
995:Nazi
946:and
879:war.
711:Gaul
638:19th
634:18th
630:17th
573:Elbe
571:and
565:Main
563:and
454:heri
427:name
415:The
402:and
357:name
348:The
344:Name
152:and
104:Died
92:Born
2277:doi
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2000:Ann
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