521:, Mayer argued that there was an "umbilical cord" linking all events of European history from 1914 to 1945. In Mayer's opinion, World War I was proof that "hough losing ground to the forces of industrial capitalism, the forces of the old order were still sufficiently willful and powerful to resist and slow down the course of history, if necessary by recourse to violence." Mayer argued that because of its ownership of the majority of the land in Europe and the middle class were divided and undeveloped politically, the nobility continued as the dominant class in Europe. Mayer argued that challenged by a world in which it was losing their function, the aristocracy promoted reactionary beliefs such as those of
42:
682:
including Mayer in its 1993 "Hitler's
Apologists: The Anti-Semitic Propaganda of Holocaust Revisionism", where his work is cited as an example of "legitimate historical scholarship which relativizes the genocide of the Jews." Mayer's crime is to "have argued, with no apparent anti-Semitic motivation"—- note how the absence of evidence itself becomes incriminating—- "that though millions of Jews were killed during WWII, there was actually no premeditated policy for this destruction."
1485:
Given
Baldwin's opinion (p. 36) that Goldhagen and others were probably right in criticizing Mayer's opinion about the timing of the decision to begin the Holocaust, it is worth noting that Mayer's using December 1941 as the decisive month is in agreement with serious Holocaust scholarship. See,
698:
when a
Holocaust survivor such as Arno J. Mayer of Princeton University ... popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and bolshevism their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the
668:. Both questioned Mayer's account of the murder of Jews during the early phases of World War II. They argued that the organized and systemic role of Nazis was much greater than Mayer stated. Both accused Mayer of attempting to rationalize the Holocaust and compared him to the right-wing historian
726:
have noted, the entire paragraph from which the sentence comes states that the SS destroyed the majority of the documentation relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps, which is why Mayer feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are "rare" and "unreliable".
681:
Arno Mayer's book opens with "A Personal
Preface" telling of his own hair-raising escape from Luxembourg and occupied France, and of the fate of his grandfather, who refused to leave Luxembourg and died in Theresienstadt. Such personal bona fides didn't prevent the Anti-Defamation League from
479:
is devoted towards explaining just what domestic lobby was exerting the most influence on foreign policy at that particular time. In Mayer's opinion, the "New
Diplomacy", associated with Lenin and Wilson, was associated also with Russia and America, both societies that Mayer argued either had
730:
Despite these misinterpretations, in 2022, Mayer received the U.S. Holocaust
Memorial Museum's Elie Wiesel Award, representing the Ritchie Boys. The award recognizes those who "have singularly advanced the Museum’s vision of the permanence of Holocaust memory, understanding, and relevance."
709:
termed Mayer's "well-meant but ill-considered reflection on the causes of death in
Auschwitz". Mayer had concluded as follows: "certainly at Auschwitz, but probably overall, more Jews were killed by so-called 'natural' causes than by 'unnatural' ones." This conclusion removed the lingering
599:
was to put an end to a "cult of remembrance" that, in his opinion, had "become overly sectarian". In his opinion, Hitler's war was first and foremost against the
Soviets, not the Jews. According to Mayer, the original German plan was to defeat the Soviet Union, and then to deport all the
427:
ideologies in general were disintegrating due to the challenge from the extreme right in the UK, France and Italy while being a non-existent force in
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. Mayer ended his essay by arguing that World War I should be best understood as a pre-emptive
699:
Soviet Union, in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus, he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of
Holocaust denial. He in effect denies the motivation for murder and flies in the face of well-known documentation.
552:'s defeat by the Soviet Union. In Mayer's opinion, the Judeocide (Mayer's preferred term for the Holocaust) was the horrific climax of the "Thirty Years' Crisis" that had been raging in Europe since 1914. The book considers the Holocaust as primarily an expression of
790:
in 1967 as a "calculated imperialist plot", claimed that all Western criticism of the Islamic world for human rights issues is nothing more than self-interested, and described Arab feeling toward Jews buying property in Palestine in the 1920s as "righteous anger".
467:, which Mayer considered as promoting peaceful and rational diplomacy. He described the world of 1919 as divided between the "forces of movement", representing liberal and left-wing forces, representing the "New Diplomacy" and the "forces of order", representing
529:, together with a belief in dictatorship and fascist dictatorship in particular. In Mayer's opinion, "It would take two world wars and the Holocaust finally to dislodge the feudal and aristocratic presumption from Europe's civil and political societies."
714:
from publicly announcing he did not believe the gas chambers at Nazi camps like Auschwitz existed. Guttenplan termed Mayer's musing on differences between 'natural' and 'unnatural' deaths, even if the terms were used in quotation marks, "indefensible".
1780:
It is an informal empire of the sort that, it seems to me, does not really have a precedent in history. I'm inclined to say that, compared to the American Empire, even the Roman Empire may be said to have been something in the nature of a tea
676:
considered that Goldhagen had missed Mayer's overall point about the association between the war against the Soviet Union and the Holocaust, while Guttenplan described their "distortion" of Mayer's opinions as "disgraceful", noting also that
375:
and retardation of political change. He argued that what he referred to as "The Thirty Years’ Crisis" was caused by the problems of a dynamic new society produced by industrialization coexisting with a rigid political order. He felt that the
786:, an authority on Greek tragedy, said it was of little value as history and criticized Mayer for his political bias, arguing that Mayer ignored Arab acts and media rhetoric against Jewish settlers and Israelis, falsely portrayed the
491:
was that it was a triumph for the "Old Diplomacy" with only minor elements of "New Diplomacy". According to Mayer, the irrational fears generated by the Russian Revolution resulted in an international system designed to contain the
2598:
623:, Mayer's work can be considered as intermediate between the two schools. Mayer argued that there was no masterplan for genocide and that the Holocaust cannot be explained solely in regard to Hitler's
560:
Anti-Semitism did not play a decisive or even significant role in the growth of the Nazi movement and electorate. The appeals of Nazism were many and complex. People rallied to a syncretic creed of
403:("primacy of foreign politics") argument of traditional diplomatic history on the grounds that it failed to take into account that, in Mayer's opinion, all the major European countries were in a "
2381:
Lowenberg, Peter. "Arno Mayer's 'Internal Causes and Purposes of War in Europe, 1870–1956': An Inadequate Model of Human Behavior, National Conflict and Historical Change", pp. 628–636 from
2628:
415:
of June 1914, the French Left and Right were almost warring with each other, Germany suffered from ever-increasing political strife, Russia was close to suffering a huge strike, and
327:. He served as an intelligence officer and eventually became a morale officer for high-ranking German prisoners of war. He was discharged in 1946. He received his education at the
2608:
718:
Holocaust deniers have often quoted out of context Mayer's sentences in the book: "Sources for the study of the gas chambers are at once rare and unreliable". As the authors
371:
and what he termed "The Thirty Years' Crisis" between 1914 and 1945. Mayer posited that Europe was characterized during the 19th century by a rapid economic modernization by
407:" during 1914, and thus ignored what he considered to be the crucial effect that domestic politics had on foreign-policy making elites. In Mayer's opinion, during 1914, the
2623:
1793:
653:, in summing up their reviews of the book, noted that some of their more "printable" responses included: "a mockery of memory and history" and "bizarre and perverse."
451:
was a struggle between what he termed the "Old Diplomacy" of the alliance system, secret treaties and brutal power politics and the "New Diplomacy" as represented by
2563:
758:
in particular with respect to what Mayer considers as Israeli colonial aggression against the Palestinians. In a largely favorable review, the British writer
2573:
1024:
408:
332:
127:
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forces, representing the "Old Diplomacy". Mayer considered all foreign policy as basically a projection of domestic politics, and much of his writing on
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1962:
1930:
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921:
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875:
829:
2618:
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and the Nazi crusade to annihilate "Judeo-Bolshevism" as major developments in the genesis of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question."
2252:
2588:
2548:
616:
2409:
Righart, Hans. "`Jumbo-History': perceptie, anachronisme en `hindsight' bij Arno J. Mayer en Barrington Moore", pp. 285–95 from
480:
destroyed or lacked the partial "modernized" societies that characterized the rest of Europe. He saw the United States' diplomacy at
851:
782:
and critiques the "chauvinistic and brutalising tendencies of Zionism". In a negative review of the book, British literary scholar
739:
Mayer was very critical of the policies of the United States government. When interviewed for a 2003 documentary, he described the
2603:
2093:
440:
2395:
Lundgreen-Nielsen, Kay "The Mayer Thesis Reconsidered: The Poles and the Paris Peace Conference, 1919", pp. 68–102 from
2230:
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as an attempt to establish a "new", but "counter-revolutionary" style of diplomacy against "revolutionary" Soviet diplomacy.
293:
2452:
1715:
41:
2553:
1142:
1103:
962:
Mayer, Arno J. (2001). "On Arno Mayer's The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions: Response".
269:
2257:
1995:
448:
2633:
2279:
1980:
1200:
2374:
Loez, André & Offenstadt, Nicolas. "Un historien dissident? Entretien avec Arno J. Mayer", pp. 123–39 from
686:
Reviewers criticized Mayer's account of the Holocaust as emphasizing Nazi anti-communism too much at the expense of
1775:
444:
2146:
1904:
964:
673:
2504:
2200:
1954:
500:, who was his friend and mentor. In 1961, Mayer played a major role in the American publication of Carr's book
328:
246:
131:
2073:
273:
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of all of the European countries had too much power, and it was their efforts to keep power that resulted in
1302:
476:
404:
1740:
2017:
1855:
1140:
Mayer, Arno J. (1969). "Internal Causes and Purposes of War in Europe, 1870–1956: A Research Assignment".
1055:
308:
during January 1941. His maternal grandparents, who had refused to leave Luxembourg, were deported to the
1249:
2613:
2333:
The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century German History
2022:
1877:
1190:
309:
265:
84:
2436:
Wiener, Jonathan. "Marxism and the Lower Middle Class: A Response to Arno Mayer", pp. 666–71 from
1811:
399:("primacy of domestic politics") argument for the origins of World War I. He rejected the traditional
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2515:
632:
488:
481:
368:
352:
230:
174:
164:
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Review: Revolutionary Historiography after the Cold War: Arno Mayer's "Furies" in the French Context
2190:
2065:
1807:
779:
775:
759:
706:
522:
344:
340:
186:
182:
932:
Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919
2288:
2110:
1991:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942
1213:
1167:
1159:
1128:
1120:
1041:
981:
628:
581:
348:
316:
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beliefs. Mayer described his family as "fully emancipated and largely acculturated Luxembourgian
222:
178:
156:
221:(June 19, 1926 – December 18, 2023) was an American historian who specialized in modern Europe,
502:
2351:
The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide.
2309:
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2234:
2204:
2176:
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1999:
1958:
1926:
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372:
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was on the verge of civil war and massive industrial unrest, Italy had been experiencing the
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1064:
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1004:
973:
661:
650:
565:
526:
412:
281:
250:
160:
2367:
Lammers, Donald. "Arno Mayer and the British Decision for War: 1914", pp. 137–65 from
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2475:
2342:
2270:
2218:
2164:
2013:
1878:"Arno Mayer, Elie Wiesel Award Honoree and Eminent Historian of Modern Europe, Dies at 97"
719:
665:
464:
456:
416:
336:
242:
123:
65:
2091:
Fry, Michael; Gilbert, Arthur (1982). "A Historian and Linkage Politics: Arno J. Mayer".
1053:"Memory and History: On the Poverty of Forgetting and Remembering about the Judeocide".
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2479:
2461:
2427:
2305:
2046:
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783:
620:
573:
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541:
460:
452:
289:
580:, as well as to a party program calling for the revision of Versailles, the repeal of
432:
in Europe to preserve their power by distracting public attention to foreign affairs.
2527:
2406:, Volume 2, edited by Kelly Boyd, Volume 2, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing, 1999
2194:
2140:
2037:
1989:
1815:
1171:
1132:
862:
588:
577:
305:
226:
206:
1948:
The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined
886:
315:
Mayer became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1944 and enlisted in the
2338:
2222:
1940:
1922:
771:
767:
740:
723:
711:
691:
687:
569:
549:
537:
507:
493:
468:
389:
324:
320:
297:
277:
2378:, Volume 49, December 2002 (an interview of Arno J. Mayer by two French scholars)
1765:
2172:
816:
787:
669:
601:
472:
381:
377:
196:
1068:
2227:
Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?
1490:, pp. 728–31 n103: "Hitler probably finalized his decision in December ".
977:
624:
605:
497:
420:
419:
was confronted with increasing ethnic and class tensions. Mayer insisted that
304:. They secured visas for the United States on 22 November 1940 and arrived in
118:
276:
by Autumn 1940 but were turned back by Spanish border guards and were in the
1209:
545:
141:
1022:
Mayer, Arno J. (1995). "The Perils of Emancipation: Protestants and Jews".
1037:
911:
Dynamics of Counterrevolution in Europe, 1870–1956: An Analytic Framework
17:
424:
2292:
1184:
The Responsibility of Power: Historical Essays in Honor of Hajo Holborn
1045:
754:, tracing what Mayer regards as the degradation of Jewry in general and
627:. At the same time, Mayer agreed with intentionalist historians such as
2114:
1836:
Goldhill, Simon (13 November 2008). "Plowshares into Swords (review)".
1163:
1124:
1101:
Mayer, Arno J. (1975). "The Lower Middle Class as Historical Problem".
755:
385:
364:
254:
1916:
Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust, and the Historians' Debate
1217:
985:
841:
The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions
766:
an enlightening account of Israeli history that traces such people as
506:
Many of Mayer's writings concerning international affairs during the
245:
on June 19, 1926. His father was a wholesaler who had studied at the
2106:
1250:"Arno J. Mayer, Unorthodox Historian of Europe's Crises, Dies at 97"
2390:
2302:
From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941
1155:
1116:
2599:
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
609:
429:
301:
1741:"The Elie Wiesel Award - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"
395:
In a 1967 essay "The Primacy of Domestic Politics", Mayer made a
2070:
The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945
864:
Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The "Final Solution" in History
799:
Mayer died in Princeton on December 18, 2023, at the age of 97.
584:, the curb of industrial capitalism, and the establishment of a
285:
258:
1880:. Princeton University Department of History. December 21, 2023
1086:. Montreal: Interuniversity Centre for European Studies. 1977.
743:
as a "tea party" in comparison to its American counterpart.
1852:""Plowshares into Swords: From Zionism to Israel" (review)"
1716:"Emeritus Professor Arno Mayer Honored at Holocaust Museum"
888:
The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War
1198:
Mayer, Arno J. (1966). "Post-War Nationalisms 1918–1919".
750:(2008) is an anti-Zionist and pro-Palestinian account of
544:
in December 1941 in response to the realisation that the
2453:"Beyond the Drumbeat: Iraq, Preventive War, 'Old Europe
2418:
Review: Beheading the Revolution: Arno Mayer's "Furies"
496:. A major influence on Mayer was the British historian
2196:
The Case for Auschwitz: Evidence from the Irving Trial
1974:
The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
2404:
The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
1546:
1544:
487:
Mayer's opinion was that the greatest failure of the
229:. He was the Dayton-Stockton Professor of History at
2402:
Perry, Matt. "Mayer, Arno J.", pp. 786–87 from
2039:
What Is The Use of Jewish History?: Selected Essays
292:
on 18 October 1940 but were prevented from entering
1988:Browning, Christopher R.; Matthäus, Jürgen (2004).
202:
192:
170:
152:
147:
137:
117:
112:
100:
92:
73:
51:
32:
2469:"Techniques of Holocaust Denial: The Mayer Gambit"
1476:
1474:
943:Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918
843:(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001)
319:. During his time in the Army, he was trained at
2629:American people of Luxembourgian-Jewish descent
1946:In Michael Berenbaum and Abraham J. Peck, eds.,
818:Plowshares into Swords: From Zionism to Israel
710:restraints—if any actually remained—preventing
1702:
1690:
1179:"The Domestic Causes of the First World War".
649:received mixed reviews. The British historian
2131:. Vol. 200, no. 16. pp. 39–44.
312:where his grandfather died in December 1943.
284:. The family succeeded in boarding a ship to
241:Mayer was born into a middle-class family in
8:
2609:United States Army personnel of World War II
1792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1764:Gabriele Zamparini; Lorenzo Meccoli (2003).
1081:Revolutionary Situations in Europe, 1917–22
945:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959)
323:, Maryland and was recognized as one of the
1487:
1025:Archives de sciences sociales des religions
409:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
333:Graduate Institute of International Studies
128:Graduate Institute of International Studies
2485:
1678:
1634:
1622:
1598:
1574:
1562:
1523:
1441:
1429:
1353:
1351:
1349:
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1345:
1343:
1296:
1294:
29:
2624:Naturalized citizens of the United States
1586:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1243:
1241:
1182:In Leonard Krieger and Fritz Stern, eds.,
548:could not capture Moscow, hence ensuring
2465:, Vol. 54, No. 10 (March 2003)
1943:(1998). "A Past That Will Not Go Away".
510:use the assumptions of Carr's 1939 book
428:"counterrevolutionary" strike by ruling
2335:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984
1610:
1550:
1499:
1480:
1237:
2431:The Poverty of Theory and Other Essays
2034:Reprinted as "History As Ideology" in
1785:
1535:
1453:
1076:"Internal Crisis and War Since 1870".
913:(New York, NY: Harper & Row, 1971)
2331:Blackbourn, David & Eley, Geoff.
2275:Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking
2253:"Hitler vs. Stalin: Who Killed More?"
1646:
1511:
1465:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1285:
1273:
934:(New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967)
437:Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking
7:
2564:American writers about the Holocaust
2440:, Volume 48, Issue #4, December 1976
2424:, Volume 73, Issue #4, December 2001
2364:, Volume 73, Issue #4, December 2001
1662:
1357:
993:"The Primacy of Domestic Politics".
890:(New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1981)
866:(New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1988)
296:because they lacked a visa and were
1301:Traverso, Enzo (19 December 2023).
705:Another controversy concerned what
617:functionalist-intentionalist divide
367:", Mayer's major interests were in
2574:21st-century American male writers
2229:(Revised ed.). Berkeley, CA:
363:A self-proclaimed "left dissident
25:
2569:American male non-fiction writers
2273:(1969). "Recent Books in Review:
595:Mayer stated that one purpose of
519:The Persistence of the Old Regime
2579:Deutscher Memorial Prize winners
2534:21st-century American historians
40:
2371:, Volume 12, Issue #2, May 1973
2353:New York: Berghahn Books, 2016.
2094:International Studies Quarterly
1766:"XXI Century, Part 1: The Dawn"
1248:Risen, Clay (January 6, 2024).
658:Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?
647:Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?
641:Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?
597:Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?
534:Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?
441:American Historical Association
46:Mayer at a 2013 IEIS Conference
2369:The Journal of British Studies
2231:University of California Press
2018:"Perversions of the Holocaust"
846:. Princeton University Press.
270:German invasion on 10 May 1940
237:Early life and academic career
27:American historian (1926–2023)
1:
2539:American political historians
2438:The Journal of Modern History
2422:The Journal of Modern History
2362:The Journal of Modern History
1840:(1871): 53 – via EBSCO.
1303:"Arno J Mayer's 20th century"
1143:The Journal of Modern History
1104:The Journal of Modern History
955:Chapters and journal articles
839:Mayer, Arno J. (2002-01-15).
619:that once pervaded Holocaust
2594:Princeton University faculty
2433:, London: Merlin Press, 1978
2397:International History Review
2258:The New York Review of Books
2036:Dawidowicz, Lucy S. (1992).
1996:University of Nebraska Press
1812:"Never criticise the family"
1768:. Oley, PA: Bullfrog Films.
1079:In Charles L. Bertrand, ed.,
998:The Outbreak of World War I
278:Vichy-controlled "Free Zone"
2619:United States Army officers
2584:Wesleyan University faculty
2559:Historians of the Holocaust
2544:American Marxist historians
2385:, Volume 42, December 1970
2300:Wegner, Bernd, ed. (1997).
2280:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
1981:Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
778:and, perhaps unexpectedly,
264:The Mayer family fled into
2660:
2589:Harvard University faculty
2549:Jewish American historians
2147:W. W. Norton & Company
1856:timeshighereducation.co.uk
1703:Shermer & Grobman 2009
1691:Shermer & Grobman 2009
1069:10.1215/01636545-1993-56-5
445:Herbert Baxter Adams Prize
2512:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2411:Theoretische Geschiedenis
2383:Journal of Modern History
2125:(1989). "False Witness".
2074:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1972:Boyd, Kelly, ed. (1999).
978:10.1215/00161071-24-4-589
965:French Historical Studies
803:Partial publications list
672:. The American historian
656:Two prominent critics of
212:
108:
39:
2505:Deutscher Memorial Prize
2360:, pp. 897–907 from
2201:Indiana University Press
1955:Indiana University Press
1083:(pp. 201–233)
1000:(pp. 42–47). 6th ed
512:The Twenty Years’ Crisis
351:(1958–61). He taught at
329:City College of New York
247:University of Heidelberg
132:City College of New York
2420:, pp. 908–30 from
1720:Princeton Alumni Weekly
909:Mayer, Arno J. (1971).
885:Mayer, Arno J. (1981).
861:Mayer, Arno J. (1988).
815:Mayer, Arno J. (2008).
477:international relations
405:revolutionary situation
401:Primat der AuĂźenpolitik
397:Primat der Innenpolitik
2604:Yale University alumni
2416:Rosenberg, William G.
2169:The Vices of Integrity
2142:The Holocaust on Trial
1979:. London and Chicago:
1914:In Peter Baldwin, ed.,
1838:Times Higher Education
1442:Fry & Gilbert 1982
1430:Fry & Gilbert 1982
1056:Radical History Review
996:In Holger Herwig, ed.,
764:Plowshares into Swords
748:Plowshares into Swords
703:
684:
639:Critical responses to
593:
449:Paris Peace Conference
439:(1967), which won the
339:. He was professor at
1210:10.1093/past/34.1.114
1191:Doubleday and Company
1038:10.3406/assr.1995.982
820:(London: Verso, 2008)
696:
679:
558:
392:, and the Holocaust.
384:, the development of
310:Theresienstadt Ghetto
300:for several weeks in
85:Princeton, New Jersey
2554:Historians of Nazism
2191:Pelt, Robert Jan van
916:. Harper & Row.
690:. Israeli historian
633:Operation Barbarossa
536:, Mayer argued that
489:Treaty of Versailles
435:Mayer argued in his
369:modernization theory
353:Princeton University
231:Princeton University
175:Princeton University
165:Modernization theory
2277:by Arno J. Mayer".
2199:. Bloomington, IN:
1953:. Bloomington, IN:
1808:Geoffrey Wheatcroft
1189:. Garden City, NY:
780:Vladimir Jabotinsky
776:Yeshayahu Leibowitz
760:Geoffrey Wheatcroft
707:Robert Jan van Pelt
523:Friedrich Nietzsche
355:beginning in 1961.
345:Brandeis University
341:Wesleyan University
274:France–Spain border
187:Wesleyan University
183:Brandeis University
113:Academic background
2634:Luxembourgian Jews
2480:The Nizkor Project
2474:2009-05-02 at the
2041:(pp. 120–133)
1858:. 13 November 2008
1810:(2 October 2008).
1601:, pp. 127–32.
1444:, pp. 429–30.
1288:, p. viii-xi.
1254:The New York Times
1201:Past & Present
1186:(pp. 286–293)
894:. Pantheon Books.
870:. Pantheon Books.
629:Andreas Hillgruber
517:In his 1981 book,
349:Harvard University
317:United States Army
223:diplomatic history
179:Harvard University
157:Diplomatic history
2522:
2521:
2513:Succeeded by
2413:, Volume 17, 1990
2315:978-1-571-81882-9
2240:978-0-520-26098-6
2210:978-0-253-34016-0
2182:978-1-859-84733-6
2156:978-0-393-02044-1
2137:Guttenplan, D. D.
2123:Goldhagen, Daniel
2083:978-0-297-81877-9
2066:Friedländer, Saul
2061:
2056:978-0-805-24116-7
2005:978-0-803-21327-2
1964:978-0-253-33374-2
1932:978-0-807-04302-8
1705:, pp. 126–7.
1681:, pp. 167–8.
1637:, pp. 123–4.
1360:, pp. 786–7.
1307:The New Statesman
1093:978-0-919-95803-6
1014:978-0-669-41692-3
923:978-0-061-31579-4
901:978-0-394-51141-2
877:978-0-394-57154-6
831:978-1-84467-235-6
615:In regard to the
562:ultra-nationalism
532:In his 1988 book
373:industrialization
251:social democratic
219:Arno Joseph Mayer
216:
215:
77:December 18, 2023
16:(Redirected from
2651:
2507:
2494:Preceded by
2486:
2459:by A. J. Mayer,
2456:
2399:, Volume 7, 1985
2347:James J. Sheehan
2319:
2296:
2271:Trani, Eugene P.
2266:
2244:
2219:Shermer, Michael
2214:
2186:
2165:Haslam, Jonathan
2160:
2145:. New York, NY:
2132:
2128:The New Republic
2118:
2087:
2060:
2045:. New York, NY:
2033:
2031:
2014:Dawidowicz, Lucy
2009:
1984:
1968:
1950:(pp. 12–22)
1936:
1909:Historikerstreit
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1848:
1842:
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1824:
1822:
1816:newstatesman.com
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1596:
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1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1553:, pp. 25–6.
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1488:Friedländer 2007
1478:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1384:, pp. 45–6.
1379:
1373:
1372:, pp. 43–4.
1367:
1361:
1355:
1318:
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1289:
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1194:
1175:
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1097:
1072:
1049:
1018:
1005:Houghton Mifflin
989:
949:
938:
927:
905:
881:
857:
835:
662:Daniel Goldhagen
651:Richard J. Evans
566:Social Darwinism
527:Social Darwinism
503:What Is History?
272:and reached the
193:Notable students
161:European history
80:
61:
59:
44:
30:
21:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2484:
2478:by Mike Stein,
2476:Wayback Machine
2454:
2448:
2443:
2428:Thompson, E. P.
2343:Hartmut Lehmann
2327:
2325:Further reading
2322:
2316:
2299:
2269:
2249:Snyder, Timothy
2247:
2241:
2217:
2211:
2189:
2183:
2163:
2157:
2135:
2121:
2107:10.2307/2600428
2090:
2084:
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2057:
2035:
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2012:
2006:
1994:. Lincoln, NE:
1987:
1971:
1965:
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1697:
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1679:Guttenplan 2001
1677:
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1645:
1641:
1635:Dawidowicz 1992
1633:
1629:
1623:Guttenplan 2001
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1599:Dawidowicz 1992
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1575:Guttenplan 2001
1573:
1569:
1565:, pp. 73–6
1563:Guttenplan 2001
1561:
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1524:Guttenplan 2001
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1204:(34): 114–126.
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824:. Verso Books.
814:
810:
805:
797:
752:Israeli history
737:
720:Michael Shermer
666:Lucy Dawidowicz
644:
631:in considering
574:anti-bolshevism
465:Fourteen Points
457:Decree on Peace
417:Austria-Hungary
361:
337:Yale University
249:and had strong
243:Luxembourg City
239:
185:
181:
177:
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130:
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124:Yale University
88:
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66:Luxembourg City
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2462:Monthly Review
2449:
2447:
2446:External links
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2101:(3): 425–444.
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2047:Schocken Books
2010:
2004:
1985:
1969:
1963:
1937:
1931:
1921:. Boston, MA:
1905:Baldwin, Peter
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1693:, p. 126.
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1591:
1587:Goldhagen 1989
1579:
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1150:(3): 291–303.
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1111:(3): 409–436.
1098:
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1063:: 5–20. 1993.
1050:
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1003:. Boston, MA:
990:
972:(4): 589–600.
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746:Mayer's book,
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621:historiography
554:anti-communism
542:Final Solution
461:Woodrow Wilson
453:Vladimir Lenin
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347:(1954–58) and
335:in Geneva and
298:house arrested
290:French Algeria
282:Fall of France
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1941:Bauer, Yehuda
1938:
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1920:
1917:
1913:
1911:in Context".
1910:
1907:(1990). "The
1906:
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1625:, p. 75.
1624:
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1613:, p. 36.
1612:
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1600:
1595:
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1576:
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1525:
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1508:
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1502:, p. 25.
1501:
1496:
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1489:
1486:for example,
1483:, p. 26.
1482:
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1450:
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1411:
1408:, p. 47.
1407:
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1399:
1396:, p. 46.
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1279:
1276:, p. xi.
1275:
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694:alleged that
693:
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674:Peter Baldwin
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589:welfare state
587:
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579:
578:anti-Semitism
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62:June 19, 1926
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34:Arno J. Mayer
31:
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2614:Ritchie Boys
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2027:
2021:
1990:
1977:
1973:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1923:Beacon Press
1919:
1918:(pp. –)
1915:
1912:
1908:
1897:Bibliography
1882:. Retrieved
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1802:
1779:
1759:
1748:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1724:. Retrieved
1722:. 2022-06-28
1719:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
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1642:
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1618:
1611:Baldwin 1990
1606:
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1570:
1558:
1551:Baldwin 1990
1531:
1519:
1507:
1500:Baldwin 1990
1495:
1481:Baldwin 1990
1468:, p. 4.
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1281:
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724:Alex Grobman
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712:David Irving
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692:Yehuda Bauer
688:antisemitism
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570:anti-Marxism
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540:ordered the
538:Adolf Hitler
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494:Soviet Union
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469:conservative
459:of 1917 and
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390:World War II
362:
325:Ritchie Boys
321:Camp Ritchie
314:
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171:Institutions
79:(2023-12-18)
68:, Luxembourg
2644:2023 deaths
2639:1926 births
2341:, Andreas,
2030:(4): 56–60.
1976:(2 volumes)
1884:21 February
1665:, pp.
1536:Wegner 1997
1454:Haslam 1999
1312:21 February
788:Six-Day War
670:Ernst Nolte
608:behind the
606:reservation
602:Soviet Jews
582:reparations
473:reactionary
447:, that the
382:World War I
378:aristocracy
343:(1952–53),
197:Corey Robin
93:Nationality
2528:Categories
2516:Mike Davis
2304:. Oxford:
2287:(4): 234.
2171:. London:
2072:. London:
2023:Commentary
1750:2024-01-03
1726:2024-01-03
1649:, p.
1647:Bauer 1998
1512:Mayer 1988
1466:Mayer 1981
1418:Trani 1969
1406:Mayer 1996
1394:Mayer 1996
1382:Mayer 1996
1370:Mayer 1996
1286:Mayer 1988
1274:Mayer 1988
1259:January 6,
1227:References
625:world view
498:E. H. Carr
482:Versailles
421:liberalism
280:after the
203:Influenced
153:Discipline
138:Influences
119:Alma mater
58:1926-06-19
18:Arno Mayer
1663:Pelt 2002
1358:Boyd 1999
1172:144059245
1133:145466695
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2489:Awards
2376:Genèses
2349:, eds.
2115:2600428
1862:15 June
1821:15 June
1776:YouTube
1193:. 1967.
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2173:Verso
2111:JSTOR
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1232:Notes
1214:JSTOR
1168:S2CID
1160:JSTOR
1129:S2CID
1121:JSTOR
1042:JSTOR
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1864:2013
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