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From John
Halstead, a New Jersey-born businessman who operated a mill near Pointe-Levi, Arnold learned of the arrest of his courier and the interception of some of his letters. Halstead's mill became the organizing point for the crossing of the Saint Lawrence. Some of Arnold's men purchased canoes from the habitants and the local Saint Francis Indians, and then transported them from the Chaudière to the mill site. The forces crossed the Saint Lawrence on the night of November 13–14 after three days of bad weather, likely crossing the mile-wide river between the positions of
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united in wanting to turn back despite Arnold's most recent orders, which were to press ahead. In the council, Enos cast a tie-breaking vote in favor of continuing, but in a meeting with his captains after the council, announced that because they were insistent on returning, he was acceding to their decision, and would return. After giving Greene's men some of his supplies, Enos and 450 men turned back.
664:, the tributary of the Kennebec that the expedition was to follow. The portage included a rise in elevation of about 1,000 feet (300 m) to the high points of the carry, with three ponds along the way. Lieutenant Church, the leader of the survey team, described the route as a "bad road but capable of being made good", an assessment that turned out to be somewhat optimistic.
626:, location of the last settlements on the Kennebec, on October 2. Even at this early date, problems were apparent. The bateaux were leaking, resulting in spoiled food and a continual need for repairs. The men were constantly wet, due not only to the leakage but also the frequent need to pull the heavy boats upstream. As temperatures began to drop below freezing,
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762:. Although this part of the party crossed the height of land on October 25, it was not until two days later that they reached the lake. On October 28, the advance party descended the upper Chaudière, destroying three of their bateaux when they turned over and crashed into rocks above some falls on the river. The next day they encountered several
697:. Arnold explained that although the situation was grim, he thought that the expedition should continue. The officers agreed, and decided to pick an advance party that would proceed as rapidly as possible to French settlements on the Chaudière, and work to bring supplies back. The sick and infirm were to retreat to American settlements in Maine.
535:, organizing supplies and preparing the boats they would use for the rest of the expedition. Arnold inspected Colburn's hastily constructed bateaux, finding them, in a portent of troubles to come, to be "very badly built", and "smaller than the directions given". Colburn and his crew spent the next three days building additional bateaux.
470:. These frontiersmen, from the Virginia and Pennsylvania wilderness, were better suited to wilderness combat than to a siege, and had been causing trouble since arriving outside Boston. The entire force numbered about 1,100. Among the volunteers were other men who rose to later prominence during and after the war, including
417:, useful supply opportunities, and an estimate of how long it would take to construct bateaux sufficient for the contemplated force. Colburn left for Maine on August 21 to fulfill these requests. Colburn asked Samuel Goodwin, the local surveyor in Gardinerston, to provide maps for Arnold. Goodwin, who was known to have
359:, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, with the idea of a second eastern invasion force aimed at Quebec City. Washington approved of the idea in principle, but sent a message to General Schuyler on August 20 to ensure his support of the endeavor, since the two forces would need to coordinate their efforts.
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half rations. Then, on
October 19, the skies opened, and the river began to rise in the pouring rain. Early on October 22, the men awoke to discover that the river had risen to the level of their camp, and they had to scramble to even higher ground for safety. When the sun rose they were surrounded by water.
526:
The expedition began its departure from
Cambridge on September 11, marching to Newburyport. The first units to leave were composed largely of men from that area, to whom Arnold had given extra time so that they would be able to see their families once more before the expedition left Newburyport.
326:
valley. Congress did not want to alarm the people of Quebec, and rejected these arguments. In July, amid concerns that the
British might use Quebec as a base for military movements into New York, they changed their position, and authorized an invasion of Quebec via Lake Champlain, assigning the task
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The vanguard of the main body, led by Daniel Morgan, met
Lieutenant Steele's scouting party en route to the first pond. This party had successfully scouted the route to the height of land above the Dead River, but the men were near starvation. Their supplies had been depleted, and they were largely
602:
The full expedition set out from Fort
Western on September 25. Morgan's riflemen led the way, blazing trails when necessary. Colburn and a crew of boatwrights came in the rear, to repair bateaux as needed. Morgan's group traveled relatively lightly, as they would be working to make the trail,
794:
On
November 9 the expedition finally reached the Saint Lawrence at Pointe-Levi, across the river from Quebec. Arnold had about 600 of his original 1,100 men, and the journey had turned out to be 350 miles (560 km), not the 180 that Arnold and Washington had thought it would be.
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Arnold first made contact with the local population on
October 30. Sympathetic to his plight, they supplied provisions and cared for the sick; some were well paid for their aid, while others refused payment. Arnold distributed copies of a letter written by Washington asking the habitants to assist
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Arnold, when he reached Lake MĂ©gantic, sent a man back to the two remaining battalions with instructions on how to navigate the swampy lands above the lake. However, the way Arnold described the route included information from the incorrect maps that he had not seen on the route. As a result, some
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After spending most of that day drying out, the expedition set off on
October 23. Precious time was lost when some of the men mistakenly left the Dead River and ascended one of its branches, having been fooled by the high water. Soon after, seven bateaux overturned, spoiling the remaining food
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Progress up the Dead River was extremely slow. Contrary to its name, which supposedly described the speed of its currents, the river was flowing rapidly enough that the men had trouble rowing and poling against the current. The leaky boats spoiled more of the food, forcing Arnold to put everyone on
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Church, in his description of the route, had failed to account for the heavy rains and the boggy conditions between the first and second ponds. Rain and snow slowed the long portage, and the expedition had its first casualty when a falling tree killed one of the party. Some of the men who drank the
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on
December 31. The battle was a devastating loss for the Americans; Montgomery was killed, Arnold was wounded, and Daniel Morgan was captured along with more than 350 men. Arnold did not learn until after the battle that he had been promoted to brigadier general for his role in leading the
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The first two battalions finally reached the Dead River on October 13, and Arnold arrived three days later. At this point, Arnold wrote a number of letters informing Washington and Montgomery of his progress. Several letters intended for Montgomery were intercepted and turned over to Quebec's
585:
Arnold and most of the force had reached Fort Western by September 23. The next day, Arnold sent two small parties up the Kennebec. One, under Pennsylvania Lieutenant Archibald Steele, was ordered to scout as far as Lake MĂ©gantic to gather intelligence. The second, under Lieutenant Church, was to
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The portage around Norridgewock Falls, a distance of about one mile (1.6 km), was accomplished with the assistance of oxen provided by the local settlers, but it took almost a week to complete; Arnold did not depart from there until October 9. Colburn's crew devoted some of this time to
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Headwinds and fog delayed the departure of the expedition from Newburyport until September 19. In twelve hours, they reached the mouth of the Kennebec River. They spent the next two days negotiating the island channels near its mouth and sailing up the river. Arriving in Gardinerston on the
242:
By the time that Arnold reached the settlements above the Saint Lawrence River in November, his force was reduced to 600 starving men. They had traveled about 350 miles (560 km) through poorly charted wilderness, twice the distance that they had expected to cover. Arnold's troops crossed the
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and shoe leather to supplement their minimal rations. On October 24, Greene attempted to catch up with Arnold, but was unable to do so because Arnold had moved too far ahead. When he returned to camp, Lieutenant Colonel Enos had arrived, and they held their own council. Enos's captains were
517:
On September 2, as soon as General Schuyler's agreement with the expedition was known, Arnold wrote a letter to Nathaniel Tracy, a merchant of his acquaintance in Newburyport. He asked Tracy to acquire sufficient shipping to transport the expedition to Maine without drawing the attention of
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in 1801. Private Simon Fobes, who kept one of the many journals of the expedition, was captured in the Battle of Quebec. He and two others escaped captivity in August 1776 and retraced the trek in the opposite direction, once again with meager resources. They benefited from better weather and
757:
The impact of the inaccurate maps was felt when the expedition reached the height of land. Portions of the advance party became lost in swampy bogs (the area surrounding Spider Lake on the topographic map shown above) that were not on those maps, resulting in delays reaching
876:, Montgomery's starting point, during the spring and summer of 1776. Arnold, who commanded the army's rear guard in the later stages of the retreat, was able to delay the British advance sufficiently to prevent them from attempting to reach the Hudson River in 1776.
638:
making repairs on the bateaux. Most of the expedition reached the Great Carrying Place on October 11, and Arnold arrived the next day. This stretch of the trek was complicated by heavy rains, rendering the portages difficult due to extremely muddy conditions.
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to Quebec. Arnold expected to cover the 180 miles (290 km) from Fort Western to Quebec in 20 days, despite the fact that little was known about the route. Arnold had acquired a map (copy pictured at right) and journal made by British military engineer
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A number of geographic features along the route of the expedition bear names related to the expedition. East Carry Pond, Middle Carry Pond, and West Carry Pond are all on the route of the portage at the Great Carrying Place, which is in the Carrying Place Town
1095:, stands a marker commemorating the expedition. The lake was created in the 20th century by damming the Dead River, inundating part of the expedition route. Mount Bigelow, whose first recorded ascent was by Timothy Bigelow, stands just south of the lake.
424:
On September 2, Washington received a letter from General Schuyler in reply to his August 20 message. Schuyler agreed with the suggested plan, and Washington and Arnold immediately began to raise troops and place orders for supplies.
230:
rivers. The areas on either side of the height of land were swampy tangles of lakes and streams, and the traversal was made more difficult by bad weather and inaccurate maps. Many of the troops lacked experience handling boats in
778:'s dog was eaten, an event recorded in his diary: " every part of him, not excepting his entrails; and after finishing their meal, they collected the bones and carried them to be pounded up, and to make broth for another meal."
672:
stagnant waters along the way became violently ill, forcing Arnold to order construction of a shelter at the second pond as cover for the sick, and to send some men back to Fort Halifax for supplies that had been cached there.
522:
ships patrolling the area. The sea voyage was viewed by both Arnold and Washington as the most dangerous part of the expedition, because British patrols were highly effective at interfering with colonial shipping at the time.
1068:, which served as Arnold's headquarters, is now a state historic site administered by the non-profit Arnold Expedition Historical Society, and is also listed on the National Register. Both Fort Western and Fort Halifax are
77:
570:, 45 miles (72 km) up the Kennebec. While waiting for the bateaux to be completed, Arnold received word from scouts Colburn had sent out to reconnoiter the proposed route. Their reports included rumors of a large
401:
in 1760 and 1761, but Montresor's descriptions of the route were not very detailed, and Arnold did not know that the map contained some inaccuracies or that some details had been deliberately removed or obscured.
2482:
The Invasion of Canada in 1775: Including the Journal of Captain Simeon Thayer, Describing the Perils and Sufferings of the Army Under Colonel Benedict Arnold, in Its March Through the Wilderness to Quebec
445:
were bored with garrison life and eager for action. Arnold selected a force of 750 men from the large number who expressed interest in the proposed expedition. Most of these were divided into two
306:
was lightly defended; there were only about 600 regular troops in the entire province. Arnold, who had done business in the province before the war, also had intelligence that the French-speaking
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chief, " says the Indians of Canada in general, and also the French, are greatly in our favor, and determined not to act against us." Four Abenakis accompanied the expedition as scouts and guides.
70:
489:
Washington and Arnold were concerned about Indian support for (or opposition to) the effort, as well as the reception Arnold's forces might receive from the Canadians once they arrived near the
2175:
2700:
791:, notified Arnold that Lieutenant Governor Cramahé had ordered the destruction of all boats on the southern banks of the Saint Lawrence after receiving the intercepted communications.
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eventually received intelligence about Arnold's activities, reporting on October 18 that the American troops "went up the Kennebec River, and 'tis generally believed are for Quebec".
63:
550:, the governor of Nova Scotia declared martial law, and on October 17 sent a message to England laden with rumors about American actions that turned out to be false. Admiral
668:
subsisting on a protein-rich diet of fish, moose, and duck. Most of the men continued to supplement their meager supplies with the local wildlife as the expedition continued.
413:, Maine, who was in Cambridge at the time. Colburn offered his services, and Arnold requested detailed information about the route, including potential British naval threats,
680:, giving Quebec its first notice that the expedition was on its way. Arnold also dispatched the survey team again, this time to mark the trail all the way to Lake MĂ©gantic.
726:
Detail from a 1924 topographic map of the same area, annotated with Arnold's approximate route over the height of land (H). Note Spider Lake and swamps shown to the east of
2730:
955:. After being captured at Quebec, Thayer was exchanged on July 1, 1777, and returned to the Continental Army with the rank of major. He distinguished himself during the
2740:
889:, the court-martial President, made public a written statement in support of Enos' conduct, and other officers also issued a public circular to support Enos, including
813:
414:
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elements of the expedition spent two days lost in swamps before the majority finally reached the falls on the upper Chaudière on October 31. Along the way, Captain
883:, charged with "quitting his commanding officer without leave". He was acquitted, and returned to service as Lieutenant Colonel of the 16th Connecticut Regiment.
611:, on the second day. There was a rough track from Fort Western, so some of the men and supplies had moved overland rather than in the bateaux that had to be
2720:
594:, at a place known to the local Indians as the Great Carrying Place, so that Arnold might better estimate how far the column would need to travel each day.
527:
The last troops marched off on September 13; Arnold rode from Cambridge to Newburyport on September 15 after making final purchases of supplies.
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As the troop transports arrived, Arnold dispatched some of the men in the already-constructed bateaux up the Kennebec River 10 miles (16 km) to
2206:
1087:, and two at Skowhegan Island in Maine placed in 1912 and 2000 by the Eunice Farnsworth Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. In
2705:
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commemorates Arnold's expedition, placed by the Massachusetts Society, Sons of the American Revolution. There is also a historical marker in
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while the last group, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Enos, carried the bulk of the supplies. The expedition arrived at its first target,
263:
1969:
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the expedition, and Arnold added promises to respect the persons, property, and religion of the locals. Jacques Parent, a Canadien from
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912:, where he served in the militia as Colonel, Brigadier General and Major General, including commanding troops on the Vermont side of
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2454:
2378:
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2250:
256:
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Reuben Colburn was never paid for his work, despite promises made by Arnold and Washington; the expedition ruined him financially.
864:
When Montgomery arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles on December 3, the combined force returned to the city and began a siege, finally
700:
Further back on the route, Lieutenant Colonel Greene and his men were starving. They had little flour, and were consuming candle
226:
and spoiling food supplies. More than a third of the men turned back before reaching the height of land between the Kennebec and
1995:
1982:
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around the falls above Fort Western to begin the trip. Arnold, rather than traveling in a heavy bateau, traveled in a lighter
1931:
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418:
303:
196:
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Henry Dearborn settled on the Kennebec River after the war, and represented the area in the U.S. Congress before President
542:
in Boston was aware that Arnold's troops were "gone to Canada and by way of Newburyport", but he believed the target to be
832:
on November 14, Arnold sent a negotiator with a white flag to demand their surrender, to no avail. The Americans, with no
184:
1944:
2122:
661:
591:
467:
315:
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sympathies, provided maps that were inaccurate in the routes, distances and other important features they described.
148:
214:
Unanticipated problems beset the expedition as soon as it left the last significant colonial outposts in Maine. The
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The Great Carrying Place was a portage of roughly 12 miles (19 km), bypassing an unnavigable section of the
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force near the southernmost French settlements on the Chaudière River. The source of these rumors was Natanis, a
192:
87:
322:, pointing out that the British could use Quebec as a staging area for attacks down Lake Champlain and into the
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2314:
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The wilderness portion of the route through Maine, roughly from Augusta to the Quebec border, was added to the
940:
352:
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stores. This accident compelled Arnold to consider turning back. He called together his nearby officers for a
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Arnold, who had hoped to lead the invasion, decided to pursue a different approach to Quebec. He went to
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1050:
956:
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434:
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1049:] of Maine. Arnold Pond is the last pond on the Dead River before crossing the height of land.
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Detail from Montresor's map showing the height of land; Spider Lake and swampy areas are absent.
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1918:
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on the city. Arnold was rewarded for his effort in leading the expedition with a promotion to
32:
2646:
Patriot on the Kennebec: Major Reuben Colburn, Benedict Arnold and the March to Quebec, 1775
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873:
845:
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763:
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52:
This map does not accurately represent the area around the height of land and Lake MĂ©gantic.
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840:, and barely fit for action, faced a fortified city. After hearing rumors of a planned
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493:. On August 30, Washington wrote to General Schuyler of a meeting he held with an
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in November 1777 and briefly assumed command after the post's commandant was wounded.
17:
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equipment the expedition had abandoned along the way. Fobes reached his home near
270:, and some geographic features in the area bear names of expedition participants.
247:, and attempted to put Quebec City under siege. Failing in this, they withdrew to
627:
543:
539:
287:
235:, which led to the destruction of more boats and supplies in the descent to the
188:
1098:
In the fall of 1975, there was a reenactment of this expedition as part of the
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containing geographic pointers to expedition route points of interest in Maine
2148:
894:
519:
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451:
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Enos and his detachment arrived back in Cambridge late in November. Enos was
809:, two Royal Navy ships that were guarding the river against such a crossing.
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so that he might move more rapidly among the troops along the travel route.
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Saint Lawrence on November 13 and 14, assisted by the local French-speaking
223:
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2414:
860:
Roger Enos, one of Arnold's subordinate commanders on the Quebec expedition
646:
2636:
2524:
2464:
2432:
2176:"Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War"
308:
244:
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that included three companies—250 men—of Continental riflemen from
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from the two warships. When Arnold and his troops finally reached the
821:
612:
494:
380:
215:
2333:
Benedict Arnold: Revolutionary Hero (An American Warrior Reconsidered)
2275:
Through a Howling Wilderness: Benedict Arnold's March to Quebec, 1775
1945:
American Generals of the Revolutionary War: A Biographical Dictionary
841:
833:
701:
232:
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at the end of September, and eventually rejoined the army. Captain
55:
855:
812:
The city of Quebec was then defended by about 150 men of the
742:
645:
616:
504:
338:
200:
31:
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from the city, Arnold decided on November 19 to withdraw to
538:
Arnold's troop movements did not escape British notice. General
2624:
March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold's Expedition
1072:, primarily for their age and their role in earlier conflicts.
378:). From there, they would use shallow-draft river boats called
59:
2559:
Thrust for Canada: The American Attempt on Quebec in 1775–1776
1045:
36:
Detail of a 1795 map, overlaid with Arnold's expedition route:
262:
Arnold's route through northern Maine has been listed on the
2419:
This book includes a reprint of Arnold's diary of his march.
2207:"Invading Canada Again: A Motorized March and a Mock Battle"
848:
to wait for Montgomery, who had recently captured Montreal.
578:
Indian believed to be spying for Quebec's governor, General
222:
proved grueling, and the boats frequently leaked, ruining
2425:
Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, Volumes 1 and 2
770:, the southernmost French settlement on the Chaudière.
2125:. Arnold Expedition Historical Society. Archived from
1970:
Remembrancer, or Impartial Repository of Public Events
820:, supported by about 500 poorly organized local
362:
Arnold's plan called for the expedition to sail from
311:
would be favorably disposed toward a colonial force.
1983:
Proceedings of the Rutland County Historical Society
441:
in June, many units stationed in the American camps
2149:"In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec"
1032:
1019:
1011:
766:Indians, who confirmed that they were not far from
730:; parts of the expedition were lost for days there.
199:, and passed through the wilderness of what is now
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458:. The rest were placed in a third battalion under
634:set in, reducing the effectiveness of the force.
1212:
1210:
355:, Massachusetts in early August, and approached
566:, and the others by foot on a track leading to
546:, which was at the time virtually undefended.
433:Because there had been little direct action at
318:that Quebec could and should be taken from the
1757:
1755:
1083:placed in 1916 by the Kennebec chapter of the
1064:in 1969 as the "Arnold Trail to Quebec". The
1996:Collections of the Vermont Historical Society
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1303:
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1252:
384:to continue up the Kennebec River, cross the
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8:
2311:Canada and the American Revolution 1774–1783
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1494:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1368:
1366:
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314:Arnold and Allen each made arguments to the
203:. The other expedition invaded Quebec from
191:. The expedition was part of a two-pronged
2701:1775 in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
997:
947:kept a journal which was published by the
872:The invasion ended with a retreat back to
429:Recruitment and preparations for departure
78:
64:
56:
2731:Military expeditions of the United States
986:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2741:Massachusetts in the American Revolution
2475:; Stone, Edwin Martin; Edwards, Morgan;
721:
711:
2402:Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec
2069:
2067:
1110:
27:1775 U.S. incursion into British Quebec
2123:"The Major Reuben Colburn House, 1765"
2075:"National Register Information System"
969:
531:22nd, they spent the next few days at
450:: one commanded by Lieutenant Colonel
2147:Tiernan, Michael (October 18, 2011).
7:
2592:The Philadelphia Campaign, Volume II
2366:Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor
2238:A History of the American Revolution
2080:National Register of Historic Places
1085:Daughters of the American Revolution
1062:National Register of Historic Places
454:and the other by Lieutenant Colonel
302:. Allen and Arnold were aware that
264:National Register of Historic Places
251:until Montgomery arrived to lead an
2205:Stember, Sol (September 21, 1975).
1981:Rutland County Historical Society,
1917:Maine Federation of Women's Clubs,
278:On May 10, 1775, shortly after the
2174:Prince, S. Hardy (June 19, 2009).
1785:
1473:
1294:
1189:
1177:
1165:
25:
2427:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
582:; Arnold discounted the reports.
2726:Maine in the American Revolution
2555:Hatch, Robert McConnell (1979).
2363:Randall, Willard Sterne (1990).
2182:. The Salem News. Archived from
405:Washington introduced Arnold to
366:along the coast and then up the
239:via the fast-flowing Chaudière.
167:In September 1775, early in the
2621:Roberts, Kenneth Lewis (1938).
2485:. Providence: Anthony Knowles.
2477:Rhode Island Historical Society
1821:
1797:
1686:
1635:
1536:
1461:
1408:
1333:
1243:
949:Rhode Island Historical Society
343:A 1760 map by British engineer
2721:Canada–United States relations
2153:The Historical Marker Database
2109:
2097:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1972:, Part III, 1777, pp. 76 to 79
1919:The Trail of the Maine Pioneer
1809:
1773:
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953:The invasion of Canada in 1775
1:
2706:1775 in the Thirteen Colonies
2535:Arnold's Expedition to Quebec
1053:in Maine was named for Major
185:Province of Massachusetts Bay
179:troops on an expedition from
2330:Martin, James Kirby (1997).
2313:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
1994:Vermont Historical Society,
1956:
1905:
1893:
1869:
1857:
1761:
1449:
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967:United States historic place
924:from foraying into Vermont.
678:Hector Theophilus de Cramahé
2590:McGuire, Thomas J. (2007).
1881:
1845:
1734:
1710:
1698:
1662:
1650:
1623:
1611:
1575:
1524:
1500:
1425:
1396:
1372:
1231:
1201:
1070:National Historic Landmarks
908:Enos subsequently moved to
468:Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment
347:that Arnold used as a guide
316:Second Continental Congress
2757:
2736:Military history of Quebec
2449:. Toronto: A. M. Hakkert.
1833:
1100:United States Bicentennial
1091:, on the western shore of
1066:Major Reuben Colburn House
607:, a decaying relic of the
364:Newburyport, Massachusetts
280:American Revolutionary War
169:American Revolutionary War
2338:New York University Press
2052:Thayer & Stone, p. 45
1020:NRHP reference
996:
992:
983:
976:
972:
816:under Lieutenant Colonel
501:Cambridge to Fort Western
292:captured Fort Ticonderoga
97:
2446:Canada Invaded 1775–1776
2423:Smith, Justin H (1907).
2315:Harvard University Press
2043:Thayer & Stone, p. i
1998:, Volume 2, 1871, p. 168
1985:, Volume 1, 1882, p. 184
1003:Commemorative marker in
941:Worcester, Massachusetts
814:Royal Highland Emigrants
684:Ascending the Dead River
642:The Great Carrying Place
590:the route as far as the
46:*E: Great Carrying Place
2517:Oxford University Press
2507:Bird, Harrison (1968).
1932:The American Revolution
1297:, Volume 1, pp. 506–507
1192:, Volume 1, pp. 398–399
1180:, Volume 1, pp. 241–242
1075:A historical marker in
290:led an expedition that
2644:York, Mark A. (2012).
2235:Alden, John R (1969).
1943:Robert P. Broadwater,
1077:Danvers, Massachusetts
978:Arnold Trail to Quebec
861:
754:
731:
717:
657:
533:Reuben Colburn's house
514:
409:, a boat builder from
348:
268:Arnold Trail to Quebec
53:
18:Arnold Trail to Quebec
2629:Doubleday & Doran
2594:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
2540:The Macmillan Company
2532:Codman, John (1902).
2441:Stanley, George F. G.
2085:National Park Service
957:siege of Fort Mifflin
859:
746:
725:
715:
655:Charles Willson Peale
649:
609:French and Indian War
508:
439:Battle of Bunker Hill
342:
175:led a force of 1,100
35:
676:Lieutenant Governor
509:A 1776 mezzotint of
491:Saint Lawrence River
300:Province of New York
237:Saint Lawrence River
2407:G. P. Putnam's Sons
2269:Desjardin, Thomas A
2186:on February 1, 2013
846:Pointe-aux-Trembles
605:Fort Halifax(Maine)
253:unsuccessful attack
122:Arnold's expedition
2648:. Charleston, SC:
2281:St. Martin's Press
1788:, Volume 1, p. 152
1476:, Volume 1, p. 531
1168:, Volume 1, p. 237
1043:Township [
862:
755:
732:
718:
658:
624:Norridgewock Falls
515:
456:Christopher Greene
443:besieging the town
392:, and descend the
349:
249:Point-aux-Trembles
209:Richard Montgomery
197:Province of Quebec
54:
48:*F: Height of land
2716:Canadian campaign
2659:978-1-60949-500-8
2650:The History Press
2605:978-0-8117-0206-5
1930:Bruce Lancaster,
1040:
1039:
918:Saratoga campaign
830:Plains of Abraham
782:Arrival at Quebec
736:
735:
484:John Joseph Henry
357:George Washington
327:to Major General
257:brigadier general
162:
161:
89:Canadian campaign
50:*G: Lake MĂ©gantic
16:(Redirected from
2748:
2671:
2640:
2617:
2586:
2565:Houghton Mifflin
2562:
2551:
2528:
2514:
2511:Attack on Quebec
2494:
2468:
2436:
2418:
2392:
2359:
2326:
2307:Lanctot, Gustave
2302:
2278:
2264:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2119:
2113:
2110:Desjardin (2006)
2107:
2101:
2098:Desjardin (2006)
2095:
2089:
2088:
2071:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:Desjardin (2006)
2029:
2023:
2020:Desjardin (2006)
2017:
2011:
2008:Desjardin (2006)
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1810:Desjardin (2006)
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1774:Desjardin (2006)
1771:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1747:Desjardin (2006)
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1723:Desjardin (2006)
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1675:Desjardin (2006)
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1600:Desjardin (2006)
1597:
1591:
1588:Desjardin (2006)
1585:
1579:
1573:
1564:
1561:Desjardin (2006)
1558:
1552:
1549:Desjardin (2006)
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1513:Desjardin (2006)
1510:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1486:Desjardin (2006)
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1358:Desjardin (2006)
1355:
1349:
1346:Desjardin (2006)
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1322:Desjardin (2006)
1319:
1313:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1271:Desjardin (2006)
1268:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1154:Desjardin (2006)
1151:
1145:
1142:Desjardin (2006)
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1118:Desjardin (2006)
1115:
1023:
1001:
970:
936:Secretary of War
932:Thomas Jefferson
874:Fort Ticonderoga
708:
707:
415:Indian sentiment
187:to the gates of
177:Continental Army
92:
90:
80:
73:
66:
57:
44:*D: Fort Halifax
42:*C: Fort Western
21:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2711:Benedict Arnold
2691:
2690:
2679:
2674:
2660:
2643:
2620:
2606:
2596:Stackpole Books
2589:
2575:
2554:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2500:Further reading
2497:
2471:
2457:
2439:
2422:
2397:Smith, Justin H
2395:
2381:
2362:
2348:
2329:
2305:
2291:
2267:
2253:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:. July 9, 2010.
2073:
2072:
2065:
2061:McGuire, p. 203
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
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1567:
1559:
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1436:
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1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
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1332:
1328:
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1265:
1257:
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1242:
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1230:
1223:
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1196:
1188:
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1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1055:Timothy Bigelow
1036:October 1, 1969
1007:
988:
979:
968:
965:
881:court-martialed
854:
838:field artillery
784:
748:Chaudière Falls
741:
686:
644:
622:Arnold reached
600:
560:
511:Benedict Arnold
503:
476:Return J. Meigs
431:
394:Chaudière River
337:
329:Philip Schuyler
298:in the British
284:Benedict Arnold
276:
195:of the British
173:Benedict Arnold
165:
164:
163:
158:
93:
88:
86:
84:
51:
49:
47:
45:
43:
41:
40:*B: Newburyport
39:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:External links
2675:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2641:
2618:
2604:
2587:
2573:
2563:. Boston, MA:
2552:
2529:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2469:
2455:
2437:
2420:
2393:
2379:
2371:William Morrow
2360:
2346:
2327:
2303:
2289:
2265:
2251:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2211:New York Times
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2102:
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2024:
2012:
2000:
1987:
1974:
1961:
1957:Randall (1990)
1949:
1936:
1934:, 2001, p. 111
1923:
1921:, 1916, p. 297
1910:
1906:Randall (1990)
1898:
1894:Stanley (1973)
1886:
1874:
1870:Stanley (1973)
1862:
1858:Stanley (1973)
1850:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1762:Lanctot (1967)
1751:
1739:
1727:
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1450:Randall (1990)
1442:
1438:Randall (1990)
1430:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1385:Randall (1990)
1377:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1310:Randall (1990)
1299:
1287:
1283:Randall (1990)
1275:
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1259:Randall (1990)
1248:
1236:
1221:
1217:Randall (1990)
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1130:Stanley (1973)
1122:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:celebrations.
1093:Flagstaff Lake
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1002:
994:
993:
990:
989:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
973:
966:
964:
961:
934:appointed him
914:Lake Champlain
853:
850:
783:
780:
776:Henry Dearborn
750:, painting by
740:
737:
734:
733:
719:
695:council of war
685:
682:
643:
640:
599:
598:Early troubles
596:
559:
556:
513:by Thomas Hart
502:
499:
480:Henry Dearborn
430:
427:
407:Reuben Colburn
399:John Montresor
386:height of land
376:Augusta, Maine
368:Kennebec River
345:John Montresor
336:
333:
296:Lake Champlain
275:
272:
220:Kennebec River
205:Lake Champlain
160:
159:
157:
156:
151:
149:Trois-Rivières
146:
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2607:
2601:
2597:
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2584:
2580:
2576:
2574:0-395-27612-8
2570:
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2513:
2512:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2473:Simeon Thayer
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:0-88866-537-7
2452:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
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2380:1-55710-034-9
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2357:
2353:
2349:
2347:0-8147-5560-7
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2290:0-312-33904-6
2286:
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2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:0-306-80366-6
2248:
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2240:
2239:
2233:
2232:
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2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2129:on 2012-02-09
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2034:, pp. 205–207
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1947:, 2007, p. 37
1946:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1908:, pp. 179–180
1907:
1902:
1899:
1896:, pp. 139–144
1895:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:Martin (1997)
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:Thayer (1867)
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:, pp. 251–255
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:, pp. 137–138
1736:
1735:Martin (1997)
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:Martin (1997)
1707:
1704:
1701:, pp. 134–135
1700:
1699:Martin (1997)
1695:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1665:, pp. 130–131
1664:
1663:Martin (1997)
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:Martin (1997)
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:, pp. 126–127
1625:
1624:Martin (1997)
1620:
1617:
1614:, pp. 125–126
1613:
1612:Martin (1997)
1608:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:Martin (1997)
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1527:, pp. 123–124
1526:
1525:Martin (1997)
1521:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1501:Martin (1997)
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:Martin (1997)
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:Martin (1997)
1393:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:Martin (1997)
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1348:, pp. 199–203
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1285:, pp. 147–150
1284:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:Martin (1997)
1228:
1226:
1222:
1219:, pp. 151–152
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:, pp. 108–109
1203:
1202:Martin (1997)
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
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1155:
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1138:
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1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:Eustis, Maine
1086:
1082:
1081:Moscow, Maine
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:Mount Bigelow
1048:
1047:
1035:
1033:Added to NRHP
1031:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:Eustis, Maine
1000:
995:
991:
987:
982:
975:
971:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
945:Simeon Thayer
942:
937:
933:
928:
925:
923:
922:John Burgoyne
919:
915:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:William Heath
888:
887:John Sullivan
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
867:
866:assaulting it
858:
851:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:and 400
823:
819:
818:Allen Maclean
815:
810:
808:
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801:
800:
792:
790:
781:
779:
777:
771:
769:
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761:
760:Lake MĂ©gantic
753:
752:Joseph Légaré
749:
745:
739:Lake MĂ©gantic
738:
729:
728:Lake MĂ©gantic
724:
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683:
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549:
548:Francis Legge
545:
541:
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460:Daniel Morgan
457:
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411:Gardinerstown
408:
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390:Lake MĂ©gantic
387:
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331:of New York.
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117:Longue-Pointe
115:
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112:Fort St. Jean
110:
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76:
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69:
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62:
61:
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38:*A: Cambridge
34:
19:
2688:
2645:
2627:. New York:
2622:
2591:
2558:
2538:. New York:
2534:
2515:. New York:
2510:
2481:
2445:
2424:
2405:. New York:
2401:
2369:. New York:
2365:
2332:
2310:
2279:. New York:
2274:
2241:. New York:
2237:
2216:12 September
2214:. Retrieved
2210:
2200:
2188:. Retrieved
2184:the original
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2152:
2142:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2117:
2105:
2093:
2078:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1964:
1952:
1939:
1926:
1913:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1834:Alden (1969)
1829:
1822:Smith (1903)
1817:
1805:
1798:Smith (1903)
1793:
1786:Smith (1907)
1781:
1769:
1742:
1730:
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1636:Smith (1903)
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1537:Smith (1903)
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1520:
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1462:Smith (1903)
1457:
1445:
1433:
1409:Smith (1903)
1404:
1392:
1380:
1353:
1341:
1336:, pp. 22, 57
1334:Smith (1903)
1329:
1317:
1295:Smith (1907)
1290:
1278:
1266:
1244:Smith (1903)
1239:
1197:
1190:Smith (1907)
1185:
1178:Smith (1907)
1173:
1166:Smith (1907)
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1149:
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1113:
1097:
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869:expedition.
863:
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772:
756:
747:
699:
691:
687:
674:
670:
666:
659:
636:
621:
601:
584:
580:Guy Carleton
576:Norridgewock
568:Fort Halifax
564:Fort Western
561:
537:
529:
525:
516:
488:
432:
423:
404:
379:
372:Fort Western
361:
350:
324:Hudson River
313:
277:
267:
261:
241:
213:
166:
139:Saint-Pierre
121:
2190:January 23,
2159:January 23,
1860:, pp. 88–95
1764:, pp. 97–98
1677:, pp. 80–81
1602:, pp. 31–48
1551:, pp. 63–64
1411:, pp. 58–83
1324:, pp. 16–17
951:in 1867 as
916:during the
899:Joseph Reed
789:Pointe-Levi
544:Nova Scotia
540:Thomas Gage
288:Ethan Allen
233:white water
189:Quebec City
154:Valcour Bay
107:Ticonderoga
2695:Categories
2228:References
2155:. HMdb.org
2133:2012-04-12
1968:J. Almon,
1689:, pp. 4–23
903:James Reed
895:John Stark
662:Dead River
592:Dead River
520:Royal Navy
472:Aaron Burr
452:Roger Enos
448:battalions
437:after the
274:Background
171:, Colonel
144:The Cedars
2668:944242880
2299:835788755
920:to deter
852:Aftermath
836:or other
764:Penobscot
632:dysentery
353:Cambridge
309:Canadiens
245:Canadiens
228:Chaudière
224:gunpowder
207:, led by
181:Cambridge
2683:KMZ file
2614:67239596
2479:(1867).
2443:(1973).
2399:(1903).
2389:21163135
2356:36343341
2323:70781264
2309:(1967).
2271:(2006).
2261:19846752
2022:, p. 200
2010:, p. 204
1959:, p. 180
1884:, p. 195
1872:, p. 104
1848:, p. xiv
1836:, p. 205
1812:, p. 128
1800:, p. 231
1776:, p. 112
1713:, p. 136
1653:, p. 127
1638:, p. 131
1578:, p. 125
1539:, p. 109
1503:, p. 122
1452:, p. 160
1440:, p. 159
1428:, p. 120
1399:, p. 119
1387:, p. 151
1375:, p. 116
1312:, p. 150
1261:, p. 152
1234:, p. 121
1027:69000018
768:Sartigan
613:portaged
558:Scouting
466:and the
464:Virginia
419:Loyalist
335:Planning
216:portages
193:invasion
2583:4983081
2548:1388869
2491:1013566
2415:1013608
2180:Opinion
2112:, p. 38
2100:, p. 33
1749:, p. 99
1725:, p. 90
1590:, p. 48
1563:, p. 68
1515:, p. 57
1488:, p. 55
1464:, p. 83
1360:, p. 14
1273:, p. 13
1246:, p. 17
1156:, p. 11
1132:, p. 29
910:Vermont
834:cannons
826:marines
822:militia
495:Abenaki
381:bateaux
320:British
282:began,
266:as the
218:up the
183:in the
2666:
2656:
2637:426001
2635:
2612:
2602:
2581:
2571:
2546:
2525:440055
2523:
2489:
2465:865341
2463:
2453:
2433:969701
2431:
2413:
2387:
2377:
2354:
2344:
2321:
2297:
2287:
2259:
2249:
1144:, p. 8
1120:, p. 9
963:Legacy
901:, and
842:sortie
806:Lizard
799:Hunter
702:tallow
588:survey
572:Mohawk
482:, and
435:Boston
304:Quebec
127:Quebec
2243:Knopf
1106:Notes
1012:Built
653:, by
628:colds
617:canoe
374:(now
201:Maine
2664:OCLC
2654:ISBN
2633:OCLC
2610:OCLC
2600:ISBN
2579:OCLC
2569:ISBN
2544:OCLC
2521:OCLC
2487:OCLC
2461:OCLC
2451:ISBN
2429:OCLC
2411:OCLC
2385:OCLC
2375:ISBN
2352:OCLC
2342:ISBN
2319:OCLC
2295:OCLC
2285:ISBN
2257:OCLC
2247:ISBN
2218:2017
2192:2012
2161:2012
1015:1775
804:HMS
802:and
797:HMS
630:and
286:and
133:1776
101:1775
1046:sic
1022:No.
388:to
370:to
294:on
2697::
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2631:.
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2336:.
2317:.
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2255:.
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2151:.
2083:.
2077:.
2066:^
1754:^
1643:^
1568:^
1493:^
1416:^
1365:^
1302:^
1251:^
1224:^
1209:^
905:.
897:,
893:,
486:.
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259:.
211:.
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2220:.
2194:.
2163:.
2136:.
79:e
72:t
65:v
20:)
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