685:
62:
732:
47:
152:
144:
137:
233:
684:
248:
reached 180 metres (590 ft) below sea level, about 240 metres (790 ft) higher than it is today. It flooded the lower areas of the canyons along its banks, which became bays and begun to accumulate sediments. As the climatic conditions changed, about 20,000 years ago, the water level of the
308:
mountains to the north and south, reaching 1,277 metres (4,190 ft) above sea level in some places. This 1,708-metre (5,604 ft) variation in elevation of its drainage basin, combined with the valley's year round water flow from seven tributaries, means that Wadi Mujib enjoys magnificent
505:
320:
Over 300 species of plants, 10 species of carnivores and numerous species of permanent and migratory birds have been recorded. Some of the remote mountain and valley areas are difficult to reach, and thus offer safe haven for rare species of cats, goats and other mountain animals.
621:. He mentions (line 26) his having constructed a road along the Arnon. The ancient importance of the river and of the towns in its vicinity is attested by the numerous ruins of bridges, forts, and buildings found upon or near it. Its fords are alluded to by the
253:. Most canyons managed to cut through their plugged outlets and to resume their lower courses. However, Wadi Mujib, abandoned its former outlet by breaking through a cleft in the sandstone. This narrow cleft became the bottleneck of an enormous
787:
309:
biodiversity that is still being explored and documented. The reserve consists of mountainous, rocky, and sparsely vegetated desert (up to 800 metres (2,600 ft)), with cliffs and
844:
1022:
520:
Wadi Mujib, or the Arnon Stream as it was known in biblical times, has always been an important boundary-line. Bible scholars have noticed a seeming contradiction in the
698:: To the left is the Al Mujib dam (in the background), to the right the Wadi continues towards the Dead Sea. Note the individual sediment layers visible on the walls.
1130:
1092:
795:
289:
128:
77:
1015:
1135:
1096:
825:
848:
618:
564:
1115:
1008:
767:
272:
was completed in 2004 at the bottom of the wadi, where the modern road crosses the river. As a result, a large lake has formed.
297:
280:
The Mujib
Reserve of Wadi Mujib is located in the mountainous landscape to the east of the Dead Sea, in the southern part of
1145:
1067:
981:
654:
691:
348:, and a small marsh. The less severe slopes of the reserve are used by pastoralists for the grazing of sheep and goats.
995:
991:
281:
579:). But Moab, in fact, lay as much to the north as it did to the south of the Arnon. To the north, for example, were
576:
328:-type vegetation on plateaus. Groundwater seepage does occur in places along the Dead Sea shore, for example at the
292:
and is regionally and internationally important, particularly for the bird life that the reserve supports. In 2011,
820:. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 60.
1120:
1072:
1031:
719:
545:
634:
265:
of 143,780 tonnes. During the years the cleft was scoured deeper and the gorge of Wadi Mujib was formed.
557:
1125:
626:
986:
909:
1052:
709:
474:
359:
172:
1140:
1057:
1047:
1042:
714:
258:
352:
504:
241:
27:
River in Jordan, near the Dead Sea, known for its biblical connections and a popular nature reserve
456:
408:
955:
821:
763:
380:
887:
757:
924:
662:
468:
402:
396:
568:
462:
450:
438:
376:
341:
187:
163:
622:
549:
426:
414:
254:
599:, who held part of the Moabite territory, Israel did not hold sway farther south than
17:
1109:
736:
482:
432:
646:
572:
521:
420:
375:
The reserve is strategically important as a safe stop-over for the huge number of
313:
cutting through plateaus. Perennial, spring-fed streams flow to the shores of the
610:
493:
481:
Many carnivores also inhabit the various vegetation zones in Mujib, such as the
390:
355:
lie close to the borders of the reserve and popular for tourism and recreation.
213:
61:
51:
46:
724:
444:
329:
959:
496:, a large mountain goat which became threatened as a result of over-hunting.
92:
79:
1000:
269:
221:
232:
151:
143:
136:
1077:
541:
314:
245:
199:
943:
613:, line 10) says that the Gadites (not the Reubenites) formerly occupied
288:. A 212 km (82 sq mi) reserve was created in 1987 by the
614:
600:
529:
337:
324:
The slopes of the mountainous land are very sparsely vegetated, with a
791:
650:
630:
588:
525:
345:
333:
325:
305:
293:
195:
928:
567:
the stream divided, theoretically at least, Moab from the tribes of
205:
In ancient times, the river served as the northern boundary of the
606:
584:
580:
537:
503:
310:
301:
285:
262:
191:
596:
592:
486:
250:
249:
lake dropped, leaving the re-emergent canyons blocked with lake
206:
1004:
847:. Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature. Archived from
665:
route crossed the Arnon river. One of the river's confluents,
976:
524:
regarding the ownership of the area between the Arnon and
386:
It is possible to see the following birds in Wadi Mujib:
977:
The Royal
Society for the Conservation of Nature, Jordan
257:
of 6,571 km (2,537 sq mi) with a huge
284:, approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of
177:
759:
Moab in the Iron Age: Hegemony, Polity, Archaeology
362:have a temporary camp in the south of the reserve.
216:. The western part of the river is the site of the
124:
116:
108:
71:
32:
202:circa 420 metres (1,380 ft) below sea level.
556:territory, which the Israelites took from Sihon.(
987:Constraints for Sustainable Eco Tourism in Mujib
762:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 45.
332:of Zara, which support a luxuriant thicket of
1016:
8:
1093:Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature
661:, was situated close to the point where the
290:Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature
129:Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature
112:212 square kilometres (81.9 sq mi)
66:Location, at south of map, marked "R. Arnon"
617:, whence he in turn expelled the people of
510:From Stade, "Geschichte des Volkes Israel."
1023:
1009:
1001:
868:
866:
633:of chiefs, were also celebrated in verse (
29:
508:Gorge of the River Arnon Near Its Mouth.
781:
779:
694:View from a look-out north of the Wadi:
231:
150:
142:
135:
839:
837:
818:Historical dictionary of ancient Israel
748:
532:, that area originally belonged to the
603:, about ten miles north of the Arnon.
591:, and other Moabite towns. Even under
492:Another common animal in Mujib is the
212:Today, the Wadi Mujib is fed by seven
1097:Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority
910:"Between the Rivers Arnon and Jabbok"
383:between Africa and northeast Europe.
236:Wadi Mujib looking east in summertime
7:
609:, King of Moab, in his inscription (
1131:Protected areas established in 1987
629:). Its "heights," crowned with the
167:
25:
696:180° panorama image of Wadi Mujib
544:, before the Israelites took it (
756:Bruce Routledge (28 June 2004).
730:
683:
552:presents this land as initially
60:
45:
516:Iron Age and biblical narrative
224:amid dramatic rock formations.
115:
944:"Gazetteer of Roman Palestine"
786:Yousef, Mohammed (July 2011).
669:, was known in Roman times as
1:
1136:1987 establishments in Jordan
1068:Sharhabil Bin Hassneh EcoPark
982:Flora and Fauna of Wadi Mujib
906:For various resolutions, see
876:. Jordan Tourism Board, 2006.
874:Jordan Leisure & Wellness
641:Hellenistic and Roman periods
379:which fly annually along the
198:. The river empties into the
908:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2016).
816:Lemche, Niels Peter (2004).
996:American Center of Research
942:Avi-Yonah, Michael (1976).
536:and was later conquered by
178:
1162:
477:(Onychognathus tristramii)
220:, popular for hikes &
1116:Nature reserves in Jordan
1086:
1073:Shaumari Wildlife Reserve
1038:
1032:Nature reserves in Jordan
888:"Bird Life in Wadi Mujib"
720:Nature Reserves in Jordan
59:
44:
37:
465:(Bucanetes githagineus)
399:(Neophron percnopterus)
244:the water level of the
218:Mujib Biosphere Reserve
1053:Dana Biosphere Reserve
917:Jewish Bible Quarterly
845:"Mujib Nature Reserve"
710:Dana Biosphere Reserve
512:
453:(Turdoides squamiceps)
237:
155:
148:
140:
18:Arnon (western Jordan)
1058:Dibeen Forest Reserve
1048:Azraq Wetland Reserve
1043:Ajloun Forest Reserve
715:Azraq Wetland Reserve
528:rivers. According to
507:
235:
190:: נַחַל ארנון), is a
154:
146:
139:
93:31.46583°N 35.57333°E
1146:Hebrew Bible valleys
1063:Mujib Nature Reserve
992:Photos of Wadi Mujib
655:Cohors III Alpinorum
565:Israelite settlement
459:(Emberiza striolata)
447:(Cercomela melanura)
411:(Accipiter brevipes)
300:. It extends to the
577:Deuteronomy 3:12–16
475:Tristram's starling
471:(Passer moabiticus)
393:(Gypaetus barbatus)
366:Biology and ecology
351:The hot springs of
125:Governing body
89: /
513:
457:Striolated bunting
441:(Oenanthe monacha)
409:Levant sparrowhawk
360:Jordanian military
238:
156:
149:
141:
98:31.46583; 35.57333
1103:
1102:
827:978-0-8108-4848-1
737:Jordan portal
429:(Ammoperdix heyi)
381:Great Rift Valley
298:biosphere reserve
182:), also known as
176:
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
1153:
1121:Rivers of Jordan
1025:
1018:
1011:
1002:
964:
963:
939:
933:
932:
914:
904:
898:
897:
895:
894:
884:
878:
877:
870:
861:
860:
858:
856:
841:
832:
831:
813:
807:
806:
804:
803:
794:. Archived from
783:
774:
773:
753:
735:
734:
733:
687:
546:Numbers 21:13–26
469:Dead Sea sparrow
423:(Falco concolor)
417:(Falco naumanni)
403:Eurasian griffon
397:Egyptian vulture
181:
171:
169:
104:
103:
101:
100:
99:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
64:
49:
30:
21:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1089:Governing body:
1082:
1034:
1029:
973:
968:
967:
941:
940:
936:
929:10.17613/M6F832
912:
907:
905:
901:
892:
890:
886:
885:
881:
872:
871:
864:
854:
852:
851:on 24 June 2008
843:
842:
835:
828:
815:
814:
810:
801:
799:
785:
784:
777:
770:
755:
754:
750:
745:
731:
729:
706:
701:
700:
699:
693:
688:
679:
643:
518:
502:
485:and the Syrian
463:Trumpeter finch
451:Arabian babbler
439:Hooded wheatear
435:(Strix butleri)
377:migratory birds
373:
368:
296:declared Mujib
278:
230:
207:kingdom of Moab
97:
95:
91:
88:
83:
80:
78:
76:
75:
67:
55:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1126:Dead Sea basin
1123:
1118:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1005:
999:
998:
989:
984:
979:
972:
971:External links
969:
966:
965:
934:
923:(2): 125–133.
899:
879:
862:
833:
826:
808:
775:
768:
747:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
727:
722:
717:
712:
705:
702:
690:
689:
682:
681:
680:
678:
675:
653:garrisoned by
642:
639:
623:Book of Isaiah
563:Following the
540:, king of the
517:
514:
501:
498:
479:
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
442:
436:
430:
427:Sand partridge
424:
418:
415:Lesser kestrel
412:
406:
400:
394:
372:
369:
367:
364:
353:Hammamat Ma'in
277:
274:
263:sediment yield
255:drainage basin
229:
226:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1158:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
903:
900:
889:
883:
880:
875:
869:
867:
863:
850:
846:
840:
838:
834:
829:
823:
819:
812:
809:
798:on 2022-01-31
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
776:
771:
769:0-8122-3801-X
765:
761:
760:
752:
749:
742:
738:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
697:
692:
686:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
640:
638:
636:
635:Numbers 21:28
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
511:
506:
499:
497:
495:
490:
488:
484:
483:striped hyena
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
405:(Gyps fulvus)
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
378:
370:
365:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Jordan valley
276:Mujib Reserve
275:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
243:
234:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
179:Wādī al-Mūjib
174:
165:
161:
153:
145:
138:
130:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:
102:
74:
70:
63:
58:
54:of Wadi Mujib
53:
48:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1141:Torah places
1095:Since 2003:
1091:Until 2003:
1088:
1062:
951:
947:
937:
920:
916:
902:
891:. Retrieved
882:
873:
853:. Retrieved
849:the original
817:
811:
800:. Retrieved
796:the original
758:
751:
695:
670:
666:
658:
644:
605:
562:
558:Judges 11:18
553:
548:). However,
533:
522:Hebrew Bible
519:
509:
491:
480:
421:Sooty falcon
385:
374:
357:
350:
323:
319:
279:
267:
242:last ice age
239:
217:
211:
204:
184:Arnon Stream
183:
159:
157:
147:Al Mujib dam
38:Arnon stream
667:Seil Heidan
659:Apud Arnona
657:, known as
611:Mesha Stele
494:Nubian ibex
391:Lammergeier
330:hot springs
261:and annual
240:During the
214:tributaries
168:وادي الموجب
117:Established
96: /
72:Coordinates
52:Slot canyon
40:Arnon river
1110:Categories
893:2008-06-23
802:2022-11-23
743:References
725:Wadi Zarqa
445:Blackstart
433:Hume's owl
160:Wadi Mujib
84:35°34′24″E
81:31°27′57″N
33:Wadi Mujib
960:0333-5844
649:times, a
270:Mujib Dam
259:discharge
228:Geography
222:canyoning
173:romanized
1078:Wadi Rum
704:See also
677:Panorama
663:Via Nova
554:Ammonite
542:Amorites
534:Moabites
315:Dead Sea
246:Dead Sea
200:Dead Sea
994:at the
788:"Mujib"
671:Aidonas
631:castles
615:Ataroth
601:Ataroth
530:Numbers
500:History
342:Phoenix
338:Tamarix
175::
958:
954:: 27.
824:
792:UNESCO
766:
619:Israel
589:Medeba
569:Reuben
550:Judges
526:Jabbok
346:Nerium
334:Acacia
326:steppe
311:gorges
306:Madaba
294:UNESCO
196:Jordan
188:Hebrew
164:Arabic
948:Qedem
913:(PDF)
855:7 May
647:Roman
607:Mesha
585:Dibon
581:Aroer
538:Sihon
371:Fauna
302:Kerak
286:Amman
192:river
956:ISSN
857:2016
822:ISBN
764:ISBN
651:fort
627:16:2
597:Ahab
595:and
593:Omri
571:and
487:wolf
358:The
344:and
304:and
268:The
251:marl
158:The
120:1987
109:Area
925:doi
645:In
637:).
573:Gad
560:).
194:in
1112::
950:.
946:.
921:44
919:.
915:.
865:^
836:^
790:.
778:^
673:.
587:,
583:,
489:.
340:,
336:,
317:.
209:.
170:,
166::
1024:e
1017:t
1010:v
962:.
952:5
931:.
927::
896:.
859:.
830:.
805:.
772:.
625:(
575:(
186:(
162:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
