29:
599:
37:
1199:
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773:
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1172:, were separated by warmer periods. These glacial maxima are called, from oldest to youngest, Tahoe, Tenaya, and Tioga. The Tahoe reached its maximum extent perhaps about 70,000 years ago. Little is known about the Tenaya. The Tioga was the least severe and last of the Wisconsin episode. It began about 30,000 years ago, reached its greatest advance 21,000 years ago, and ended about 10,000 years ago.
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310:
154:
188:, and other formerly glaciated regions around the world. The glaciations that occurred during this glacial period covered many areas, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and to a lesser extent in the Southern Hemisphere. They have different names, historically developed and depending on their geographic distributions:
1180:
In northwest
Greenland, ice coverage attained a very early maximum in the LGP around 114,000. After this early maximum, ice coverage was similar to today until the end of the last glacial period. Towards the end, glaciers advanced once more before retreating to their present extent. According to ice
125:
occurring between 26,000 and 20,000 years ago. While the general pattern of cooling and glacier advance around the globe was similar, local differences make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent (see picture of ice core data below for differences). The most recent cooling,
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is currently the subject of the most detailed studies. Glaciers of the Reuss and the Limmat advanced sometimes as far as the Jura. Montane and piedmont glaciers formed the land by grinding away virtually all traces of the older Günz and Mindel glaciation, by depositing base moraines and terminal
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The maximum extent of western
Siberian glaciation was reached by about 18,000 to 17,000 BP, later than in Europe (22,000–18,000 BP). Northeastern Siberia was not covered by a continental-scale ice sheet. Instead, large, but restricted, icefield complexes covered mountain ranges within northeast
978:
in the United States. The
Pinedale lasted from around 30,000 to 10,000 years ago, and was at its greatest extent between 23,500 and 21,000 years ago. This glaciation was somewhat distinct from the main Wisconsin glaciation, as it was only loosely related to the giant ice sheets and was instead
857:
Overlying ice had exerted pressure on the Earth's surface. As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in
Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland, where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 m in 100 years. This is important for
854:, which was followed by another freshwater phase before the present brackish marine system was established. "At its present state of development, the marine life of the Baltic Sea is less than about 4000 years old", Drs. Thulin and Andrushaitis remarked when reviewing these sequences in 2003.
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during the Late
Pleistocene. Two main moraine levels have been recognized - one with an elevation of 2,600–2,700 m (8,500–8,900 ft), and another with an elevation of 3,000–3,500 m (9,800–11,500 ft). The snow line during the last glacial advance was lowered approximately
663:
During the last glacial period, Antarctica was blanketed by a massive ice sheet, much as it is today. The ice covered all land areas and extended into the ocean onto the middle and outer continental shelf. Counterintuitively though, according to ice modeling done in 2002, ice over central
1225:
was about 600 km (230 sq mi); this included these high areas, from southwest to northeast: Páramo de Tamá, Páramo Batallón, Páramo Los
Conejos, Páramo Piedras Blancas, and Teta de Niquitao. Around 200 km (77 sq mi) of the total glaciated area was in the
1242:. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the moraines are older than 10,000 BP, and probably older than 13,000 BP. The lower moraine level probably corresponds to the main Wisconsin glacial advance. The upper level probably represents the last glacial advance (Late Wisconsin).
1331:
deposits developed in unglaciated extra-Andean
Patagonia during the last glaciation, but not all these reported features have been verified. The area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice-free during the last glacial maximum, and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by
504:), where six glacier advances between 33,500 and 13,900 BP in the Chilean Andes have been reported. Antarctica was entirely glaciated, much like today, but unlike today the ice sheet left no uncovered area. In mainland Australia only a very small area in the vicinity of
1591:
that has not been reworked by glaciers. Estimates of the mean annual temperature in
Southern Africa during the last glacial maximum indicate the temperatures were not low enough to initiate or sustain a widespread glaciation. The former existence of
1081:
are the result of glacial scour and pooling of meltwater at the rim of the receding ice. When the enormous mass of the continental ice sheet retreated, the Great Lakes began gradually moving south due to isostatic rebound of the north shore.
2598:
Mills, Stephanie C.; Grab, Stefan W.; Rea, Brice R.; Farrow, Aidan (2012). "Shifting westerlies and precipitation patterns during the Late
Pleistocene in southern Africa determined using glacier reconstruction and mass balance modelling".
570:, at altitudes greater than 3,000 m on south-facing slopes. Studies suggest that the annual average temperature in the mountains of Southern Africa was about 6 °C colder than at present, in line with temperature drops estimated for
2105:"A relief-specific model of the ice age on the basis of uplift-controlled glacier areas in Tibet and the corresponding albedo increase as well as their positive climatological feedback by means of the global radiation geometry"
827:, is a result of meltwater from the Weichsel glaciation combining with saltwater from the North Sea when the straits between Sweden and Denmark opened. Initially, when the ice began melting about 10,300 BP, seawater filled the
1596:
or large glaciers is, according to the same study, ruled out, because of a lack of conclusive field evidence and the implausibility of the 10–17 °C temperature drop, relative to the present, that such features would
449:, there is evidence that glaciers advanced considerably, particularly between 47,000 and 27,000 BP, but the exact ages, as well as the formation of a single contiguous ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau, is controversial.
894:
is derived from a river in the Alpine foreland, roughly marking the maximum glacier advance of this particular glacial period. The Alps were where the first systematic scientific research on ice ages was conducted by
395:
The Arctic Ocean between the huge ice sheets of
America and Eurasia was not frozen throughout, but like today, probably was covered only by relatively shallow ice, subject to seasonal changes and riddled with
994:
geologists estimate that the cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred about 40 times over the 2,000-year period starting 15,000 years ago.
2684:
918: BP, most of western and central Europe and Eurasia was open steppe-tundra, while the Alps presented solid ice fields and montane glaciers. Scandinavia and much of Britain were under ice.
28:
2702:
Anderson, J. B.; Shipp, S. S.; Lowe, A. L.; Wellner, J. S.; Mosola, A. B. (2002). "The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history: a review".
1842:
Gualtieri, Lyn; et al. (May 2003). "Pleistocene raised marine deposits on Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia and implications for the presence of an East Siberian ice sheet".
414:. In contrast to the earlier glacial stages, the Würm glaciation was composed of smaller ice caps and mostly confined to valley glaciers, sending glacial lobes into the Alpine
173:. The end of the last glacial period, which was about 10,000 years ago, is often called the end of the ice age, although extensive year-round ice persists in Antarctica and
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plant pollens found in geological deposits, chronicled the dramatic changes in the European environment during the Würm glaciation. During the height of Würm glaciation,
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The former existence of large glaciers or deep snow cover over much of the Lesotho Highlands has been judged unlikely considering the lack of glacial morphology (e.g.
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glaciation was more widespread. An ice sheet formed in New Zealand, covering all of the Southern Alps, where at least three glacial advances can be distinguished.
4511:
3111:; Dirsowzky, Randy W.; Hancock, R.G.V.; Beukens, Roelf P. (April 1, 2008). "Evidence for a Younger Dryas glacial advance in the Andes of northwestern Venezuela".
598:
2492:"The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg: A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa"
165:
is not strictly defined, and on a longer geological perspective, the last few million years could be termed a single ice age given the continual presence of
4505:
3508:
2054:
Kuhle, M., Kuhle, S. (2010): Review on Dating methods: Numerical Dating in the Quaternary of High Asia. In: Journal of Mountain Science (2010) 7: 105–122.
1657:
University of Houston–Clear Lake – Disasters Class Notes – Chapter 12: Climate Change sce.uhcl.edu/Pitts/disastersclassnotes/chapter_12_Climate_Change.doc
460:. In both areas, maximum glacier advance occurred between 60,000 and 30,000 BP. To a still lesser extent, glaciers existed in Africa, for example in the
2065:
Chevalier, Marie-Luce; et al. (2011). "Constraints on the late Quaternary glaciations in Tibet from cosmogenic exposure ages of moraine surfaces".
925:
covered the whole western Swiss plateau, reaching today's regions of Solothurn and Aargau. In the region of Bern, it merged with the Aar glacier. The
850:
The lake was filled by glacial runoff, but as worldwide sea level continued rising, saltwater again breached the sill about 8000 BP, forming a marine
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3856:
519:, where temperatures were 5 to 6 °C colder than at present. The main areas of Papua New Guinea where glaciers developed during the LGP were
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118:, which ended about 128,000 years ago, was more severe than the Last Glacial Period in some areas such as Britain, but less severe in others.
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deposits, and by the proglacial rivers' shifting and redepositing gravels. Beneath the surface, they had profound and lasting influence on
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2358:
2019:
Owen, Lewis A.; et al. (2002). "A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum".
452:
Other areas of the Northern Hemisphere did not bear extensive ice sheets, but local glaciers were widespread at high altitudes. Parts of
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glacial lake. On the lake's western shores, large moraine systems occur, of which the innermost belong to the LGP. Llanquihue Lake's
177:. Over the past few million years, the glacial-interglacial cycles have been "paced" by periodic variations in the Earth's orbit via
4675:
2558:
Sumner, P.D. (2004). "Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana-Ntlenyana, Lesotho".
2160:
843:
lifted the region about 9500 BP, the deepest basin of the Baltic became a freshwater lake, in palaeological contexts referred to as
613:
567:
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near both poles. Glacials are somewhat better defined, as colder phases during which glaciers advance, separated by relatively warm
2763:"Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles"
2426:
1668:
582:, but with deep seasonal freezing on south-facing slopes. Periglaciation in the eastern Drakensberg and Lesotho Highlands produced
4378:
4051:
3501:
1339:
2491:
2246:
Yugo Ono; et al. (September–October 2005). "Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum".
1300:
at 55°S. The western part appears to have been very active, with wet basal conditions, while the eastern part was cold-based.
974:(central Rocky Mountains) or Fraser (Cordilleran ice sheet) glaciation was the last of the major glaciations to appear in the
535:
in the Central Cordillera had a "more or less continuous ice cap covering about 188 km and extending down to 3200-3500 m". In
480:. Just south of the equator, an ice cap of several hundred square kilometers was present on the east African mountains in the
4372:
1571:
Prior to the 2010s, considerable debate arose on whether Southern Africa was glaciated during the last glacial cycle or not.
1221:
1,200 m (3,900 ft) below the present snow line, which is 3,700 m (12,100 ft). The glaciated area in the
2381:
3991:
1795:
800:
have been recognized in the Weichselian, including the Oerel, Glinde, Moershoofd, Hengelo, and Denekamp. Correlation with
3064:
Schubert, C.; Valastro, S. (1974). "Late Pleistocene glaciation of Páramo de La Culata, north-central Venezuelan Andes".
1826:
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4106:
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Extent, timing, and climatic significance of latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, California
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core data, the Greenland climate was dry during the LGP, with precipitation reaching perhaps only 20% of today's value.
1718:
Catt, J. A.; et al. (2006). "Quaternary: Ice Sheets and their Legacy". In Brenchley, P. J.; Rawson, P. F. (eds.).
4764:
4469:
2816:"Towards an absolute chronology for the last glacial period in Europe: radiocarbon dates from Oerel, northern Germany"
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115:
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is used to include this early phase with the current glaciation. The previous ice age within the Quaternary is the
2912:
2742:
1947:
Spielhagen, Robert F.; et al. (2004). "Arctic Ocean deep-sea record of northern Eurasian ice sheet history".
4680:
4336:
4111:
3873:
3766:
3018:"La Sierra de Santo Domingo: "Biogeographic reconstructions for the Quaternary of a former snowy mountain range""
2802:
1765:"Severnaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia: a nucleation area for Kara Sea ice sheets during the Middle to Late Quaternary"
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36:
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in Latin), a river on the Welsh border near which deposits from the period are particularly well represented.
3354:(1988). "The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages – An Autocycle HypothesisGeoJournal".
3281:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 3: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica
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and former glacial niches have been identified in the eastern Lesotho Highlands a few kilometres west of the
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is also a product of the glaciation, as is the course of the Ohio River, which largely supplanted the prior
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201:
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130:, began around 12,800 years ago and ended around 11,700 years ago, also marking the end of the LGP and the
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562:. The development of glaciers was likely aided in part due to shade provided by adjacent cliffs. Various
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left by these glaciers can be easily observed. In southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, a
983:
715:
The effects of this glaciation can be seen in many geological features of England, Wales, Scotland, and
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298:
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111:
87:
2178:"Die eiszeitliche Vergletscherung Hochasiens – lokale Vergletscherungen oder übergeordneter Eisschild?"
1744:
1296:. During the last glacial maximum, the Patagonian ice sheet extended over the Andes from about 35°S to
32:
A chronology of climatic events of importance for the Last Glacial Period, about the last 120,000 years
3404:
Sibrava, V.; Bowen, D.Q; Richmond, G. M. (1986). "Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere".
2990:
2963:
1230:, and of that amount, the largest concentration, 50 km (19 sq mi), was in the areas of
1074:, which is the northernmost point in North America that remained south of the continental ice sheets.
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Hall, Kevin (2010). "The shape of glacial valleys and implications for southern African glaciation".
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2213:"The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas"
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at the beginning of the 19th century. Here, the Würm glaciation of the LGP was intensively studied.
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Glaciers of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Observation and Mapping of the Glaciers Shown on Landsat Images
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2151:(August 31, 2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in High and Central Asia".
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2685:"Like 'champagne bottles being opened': Scientists document an ancient Arctic methane explosion"
2382:"A mid Otira Glaciation palaeosol and flora from the Castle Hill Basin, Canterbury, New Zealand"
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during the same time. This resulted in an environment of relatively arid periglaciation without
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from the surrounding ice sheets. According to the sediment composition retrieved from deep-sea
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642:, following ice-sheet retreat during the LGP, around 12,000 years ago. These areas around the
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19:"Last glacial" redirects here. For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time, see
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A temperature rise marking the end of the most recent ice age, as derived from ice core data.
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Outside the main ice sheets, widespread glaciation occurred on the highest mountains of the
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Glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere was less extensive. Ice sheets existed in the Andes (
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is still in process. During the glacial maximum in Scandinavia, only the western parts of
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remained mostly ice free due to arid climate conditions. Local glaciations existed in the
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95:
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418:. Local ice fields or small ice sheets could be found capping the highest massifs of the
121:
The last glacial period saw alternating episodes of glacier advance and retreat with the
3469:"A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP)"
3162:"Glacial Quaternary geology of las Gonzales basin, páramo los conejos, Venezuelan andes"
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With the assistance of several very broad glacial lakes, it released floods through the
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which started around 2,588,000 years ago and is ongoing. The glaciation and the current
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2100:
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Clayton, Lee; Attig, John W.; Mickelson, David M.; Johnson, Mark D.; Syverson, Kent M.
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Abstracts of PAGES – PEPIII: Past Climate Variability Through Europe and Africa, 2001
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1034:. At the height of the Wisconsin episode glaciation, ice covered most of Canada, the
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456:, for example, were repeatedly glaciated between 44,250 and 10,680 BP as well as the
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2964:"Late Quaternary stratigraphy and glaciology in the Thule area, Northwest Greenland"
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glaciation is proposed to designate the alpine glaciation that affected the central
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potentially permitted migration of mammals, including people, to North America from
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during the last glacial period. These small glaciers would have been located in the
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Modelled maximum extent of the Antarctic ice sheet, 21,000 years before the present
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or its German name Weichsel). Evidence suggests that the ice sheets were at their
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craters, some 3,000 m wide and up to 300 m deep, formed by explosive eruptions of
626:
Scientists from the Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate at the
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still seep methane today. The study hypothesized that existing bulges containing
161:
The LGP is often colloquially referred to as the "last ice age", though the term
16:
Period of major glaciations of the Northern Hemisphere (115,000–12,000 years ago)
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2913:"Case for periodic, colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula"
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now is inland and can be dated by its relative distance from the present shore.
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559:
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1899:"Glaciers and Climate in Pacific Far NE Russia during the Last Glacial Maximum"
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Trombotto Liaudat, Darío (2008). "Geocryology of Southern South America". In
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1983:
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Climate variability during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in NW Eurasia.
1619:"Synchronous timing of abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period"
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in the North American Laurentide ice sheet. At the height of glaciation, the
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The LGP has been intensively studied in North America, northern Eurasia, the
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area during the LGP: Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots.
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1998:
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2424:
Löffler, Ernst (1972). "Pleistocene glaciation in Papua and New Guinea".
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847:, which is identifiable in the freshwater fauna found in sediment cores.
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3303:. Developments in Quaternary Science. Vol. 1. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3240:
Quaternary geology: a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work
2526:
153:
4610:
4220:
4210:
4021:
3829:
3648:
3367:
3085:
2834:
1417:
1145:
1043:
1024:
1000:
979:
composed of mountain glaciers, merging into the Cordilleran ice sheet.
890:
805:
789:
635:
563:
473:
465:
397:
377:
357:
261:
162:
3427:
After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
3260:
Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America
2661:
1692:
332:
was almost completely covered by ice, as was the northern part of the
282:
includes the late glacial (Weichselian) and the immediately preceding
2129:
2104:
1925:
959:
in the Great Basin of western North America, showing the path of the
719:. Its deposits have been found overlying material from the preceding
453:
435:
381:
341:
329:
287:
3486:
3386:
Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe
1342:
was reduced to scattered remnants on the western side of the Andes.
157:
An artist's impression of the last glacial period at glacial maximum
1140:
in south-central Ontario, Canada. In Wisconsin itself, it left the
4266:
4169:
1320:
1312:
1289:
1267:
1255:
1197:
1149:
1094:
950:
931:
875:
771:
698:
597:
308:
297:
271:
152:
35:
27:
1722:(2nd ed.). London: The Geological Society. pp. 451–52.
1030:
It radically altered the geography of North America north of the
693:
glaciation, as its effects in Ireland are largely visible in the
689:. Irish geologists, geographers, and archaeologists refer to the
515:
Local ice caps existed in the highest mountains of the island of
4276:
3461:
National Atlas of the USA: Wisconsin Glaciation in North America
3455:
After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America
2490:
Mills, S.C.; Barrows, T.T.; Telfer, M.W.; Fifield, L.K. (2017).
2460:. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1386. Archived from
2301:"Interhemisperic correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events"
991:
439:
229:
4047:
3621:
3490:
3002:
2975:
1168:, three stages of glacial maxima, sometimes incorrectly called
75:
years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the
1351:
Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions
2279:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Africa"
1984:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Turkey"
1101:, which in turn was formed during an earlier glacial period.
1070:
between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the
796:
for only a short period, between 25,000 and 13,000 BP. Eight
40:
The Last Glacial Period caused a much lower global sea level.
1260:
A map showing the extent of the Patagonian ice sheet in the
3617:
2858:"Non-Marine Records: Correlations with the Marine Sequence"
1999:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa – Glaciers of Iran"
727:, which is the current stage. This is sometimes called the
630:, published a study in June 2017 describing over a hundred
407:, even times of seasonally open waters must have occurred.
2937:
10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<1271:CFPCJF>2.0.CO;2
986:, which broke free from its ice dam, causing the massive
677:
Devensian and Midlandian glaciation (Britain and Ireland)
3299:
Gillespie, A. R., Porter, S. C.; Atwater, B. F. (2004).
762:
Weichselian glaciation (Scandinavia and northern Europe)
1152:
formed at its melting edge are landmarks of the lower
1104:
In its retreat, the Wisconsin episode glaciation left
550:
Small glaciers developed in a few favorable places in
539:, remnants of these glaciers are still preserved atop
858:
archaeologists, since a site that was coastal in the
808:
were ice-free, and a large part of what is today the
3383:
Mangerud, J.; Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P., eds. (2004).
2744:
Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica
1982:
Williams, Richard S. Jr.; Ferrigno, Jane G. (1991).
982:
The Cordilleran ice sheet produced features such as
82:
The LGP is part of a larger sequence of glacial and
4588:
4562:
4531:
4394:
4329:
4313:
4254:
4203:
4162:
4155:
4079:
3979:
3960:
3941:
3914:
3889:
3864:
3824:
3669:
3655:
3186:
The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego
392:Siberia, including the Kamchatka-Koryak Mountains.
102:
began to form earlier, at about 34 Mya, in the mid-
2814:Behre Karl-Ernst, van der Plicht Johannes (1992).
2286:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-3
1202:A map showing the extent of the glaciated area in
880:Violet: the extent of the Alpine ice sheet in the
812:was dry land connecting Jutland with Britain (see
252:(in Northern Europe and northern Central Europe),
3332:Harris, A. G.; Tuttle, E.; Tuttle, S. D. (1997).
3160:Maximiliano, B.; Orlando, G.; Juan, C.; Ciro, S.
2736:
2561:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
2143:
2006:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-2
1991:U.S.Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386-G-1
1884:
723:stage and lying beneath those from the following
3173:
3171:
2949:
2593:
2591:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
938:heat and the patterns of deep groundwater flow.
1617:Corrick, Ellen; et al. (August 21, 2020).
947:Pinedale or Fraser glaciation (Rocky Mountains)
4512:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
2882:. Rocky Mountain National Park. Archived from
2419:
2417:
2277:Young, James A.T.; Hastenrath, Stefan (1991).
2153:Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology
1669:"Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited"
1276:The Llanquihue glaciation takes its name from
4059:
3633:
3502:
3217:"South America during the last 150,000 years"
2553:
2551:
2549:
590:; including blockstreams and stone garlands.
372:once again reached the northern parts of the
8:
3323:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3145:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2439:
2437:
930:moraines of different retraction phases and
4506:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
3429:. Chicago IL: University Of Chicago Press.
3301:The Quaternary Period in the United States
2632:
2630:
1292:are a node point in southern Chile's varve
384:, and Russia, extending as far east as the
4326:
4251:
4159:
4066:
4052:
4044:
3666:
3640:
3626:
3618:
3526:
3509:
3495:
3487:
734:The latter part of the Devensian includes
3278:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. L., eds. (2004).
3257:Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P. L., eds. (2004).
2660:
2525:
2444:Allison, Ian; Peterson, James A. (1988).
2128:
1647:. Dept. Geology, University of Wisconsin.
697:. The name Devensian is derived from the
492:, which still bear relic glaciers today.
2989:Johnsen, Sigfus J.; et al. (1992).
2359:"Australian Landforms and their History"
1752:(Ph.D.). Seattle: Washington University.
1349:
999:such as these are not uncommon today in
668:was generally thinner than it is today.
2991:"A "deep" ice core from East Greenland"
2864:. University of Arizona. Archived from
1609:
1564:
1160:Tahoe, Tenaya, and Tioga, Sierra Nevada
4440:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
4404:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
3316:
3138:
2917:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2911:Waitt, Richard B. Jr. (October 1985).
2365:. Geoscience Australia. Archived from
1246:Llanquihue glaciation (Southern Andes)
776:Europe during the last glacial period
650:could eventually have the same fate.
278:in New Zealand. The geochronological
94:both began with the formation of the
7:
3336:(5th ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
3051:US Geological Survey (USGS P 1386-I)
2823:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
2380:Burrows, C. J.; Moar, N. T. (1996).
302:Vegetation types at the time of the
4446:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
3457:(University of Chicago Press: 1992)
3107:Mahaney, William C.; Milner, M.W.,
2450:. United States Geological Survey.
884:. Blue: extent in earlier ice ages.
2862:Introduction to Quaternary Ecology
2640:South African Geographical Journal
2299:Lowell, T.V.; et al. (1995).
14:
4434:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
108:Eocene–Oligocene extinction event
4724:
4723:
4379:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
3855:
3016:Sánchez Dávila, Gabriel (2016).
2574:10.1111/j.0435-3676.2004.00232.x
2211:Zhijiu Cui; et al. (2002).
1763:Möller, P.; et al. (2006).
1720:The Geology of England and Wales
313:Last glacial period, as seen in
4775:Glaciology of the United States
2621:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.08.012
2087:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.005
1969:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.015
1897:Barr, I.D; Clark, C.D. (2011).
1792:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.02.016
1340:Valdivian temperate rain forest
788:(referring to the Polish River
56:, occurred from the end of the
4442:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
3133:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.08.002
2737:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
2518:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.011
2427:Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie
2401:10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410134
2155:. Elsevier. pp. 175–199.
2144:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
1885:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 III
1015:was the last major advance of
903:, the statistical analyses of
134:epoch. It was followed by the
1:
4686:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
3992:Greenhouse and icehouse Earth
3467:Ray, N.; Adams, J.M. (2001).
3418:10.1016/S0277-3791(86)80002-6
3242:. Oxford UK: Pergamon Press.
3190:. Elsevier Science. pp.
3032:10.13140/RG.2.2.21325.38886/1
2950:Ehlers, Gibbard & 2004 II
2900:. U.S. National Park Service.
2790:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00082-8
2724:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00083-X
2389:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2328:10.1126/science.269.5230.1541
2233:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00060-5
2041:10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00104-4
1906:Journal of Quaternary Science
1864:10.1016/S0033-5894(03)00057-7
908:
841:postglacial isostatic rebound
336:, both blanketed by the huge
4107:Glacial history of Minnesota
3463:: Present state of knowledge
2653:10.1080/03736245.2010.485360
2264:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.007
1673:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1528:Late Pleistocene extinctions
1492:Glacial history of Minnesota
1206:during the Mérida glaciation
997:Glacial lake outburst floods
214:(in central North America),
4470:Kettle Moraine State Forest
4373:Lion's Head Provincial Park
2430:. Supplementband 13: 32–58.
1667:Crowley, Thomas J. (1995).
1497:Glacial lake outburst flood
1303:Cryogenic features such as
476:, and several mountains in
368:. In northern Eurasia, the
4796:
4616:Penultimate Glacial Period
4343:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
3689:Penultimate Glacial Period
3406:Quaternary Science Reviews
2974:: 63. 1990. Archived from
2770:Quaternary Science Reviews
2704:Quaternary Science Reviews
2601:Quaternary Science Reviews
2188:(2): 28–33. Archived from
2067:Quaternary Science Reviews
2021:Quaternary Science Reviews
1997:Ferrigno, Jane G. (1991).
1949:Quaternary Science Reviews
1772:Quaternary Science Reviews
1507:Penultimate Glacial Period
1249:
869:
780:Alternative names include
765:
611:
605:
508:was glaciated, whereas in
116:Penultimate Glacial Period
18:
4719:
4681:Late Glacial Interstadial
4460:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
4337:Arrowhead Provincial Park
4112:List of prehistoric lakes
4030:
3853:
3524:
3334:Geology of National Parks
3045:Schubert, Carlos (1998).
1642:"Glaciation of Wisconsin"
1013:Wisconsin glacial episode
445:In the Himalayas and the
317:data from Antarctica and
4636:Holocene glacial retreat
4428:Glacial Lakes State Park
4367:Foothills Erratics Train
2880:"Brief geologic history"
2248:Quaternary International
2217:Quaternary International
1284:, which is a fan-shaped
1154:Connecticut River Valley
835:that geologists dub the
685:refer to the LGP as the
608:Holocene glacial retreat
284:penultimate interglacial
218:(in the British Isles),
60:to the beginning of the
4676:Bølling–Allerød warming
4416:Devil's Lake State Park
4385:Ovayok Territorial Park
4074:Continental glaciations
3880:Late Paleozoic icehouse
3389:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3284:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3263:. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
3047:"Glaciers of Venezuela"
2856:Davis, Owen K. (2003).
2761:Huybrechts, P. (2002).
2182:Geographische Rundschau
1584:) and the existence of
1228:Sierra Nevada de Mérida
1099:Upper Mississippi River
829:isostatically depressed
704:, people living by the
654:Named local glaciations
614:Bølling–Allerød warming
434:, and the mountains of
202:Central Rocky Mountains
4518:Yosemite National Park
4422:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
4361:Eskers Provincial Park
4349:Cypress Hills (Canada)
4147:Timeline of glaciation
4034:Timeline of glaciation
3901:(579.88 to 579.63 Mya)
3425:Pielou, E. C. (1991).
1829:April 6, 2008, at the
1548:Timeline of glaciation
1273:
1265:
1207:
1042:, as well as parts of
967:
885:
866:Würm glaciation (Alps)
777:
768:Weichselian glaciation
729:Flandrian interglacial
603:
521:the Central Cordillera
370:Scandinavian ice sheet
321:
306:
158:
41:
33:
4661:Quaternary glaciation
4596:Quaternary glaciation
4494:Mill Bluff State Park
4458:Interstate State Park
4272:Giant current ripples
4087:Cordilleran ice sheet
3997:Great Oxidation Event
3066:Geologische Rundschau
2410:on February 27, 2008.
2176:Lehmkuhl, F. (2003).
1533:Quaternary glaciation
1518:Pleistocene megafauna
1271:
1259:
1252:Llanquihue glaciation
1201:
984:glacial Lake Missoula
954:
921:During the Würm, the
879:
775:
601:
584:solifluction deposits
350:Cordilleran ice sheet
312:
301:
156:
149:Origin and definition
112:Late Cenozoic Ice Age
88:Quaternary glaciation
86:periods known as the
52:), also known as the
39:
31:
4671:Wisconsin glaciation
4626:Last Glacial Maximum
4142:Post-glacial rebound
4097:Last Glacial Maximum
4092:Laurentide ice sheet
3882:(360 Mya to 260 Mya)
3876:(460 Mya to 430 Mya)
3698:Last Glacial Maximum
3476:Internet Archaeology
3238:Bowen, D.Q. (1978).
3223:on January 30, 2010.
3001:: 22. Archived from
2534:on February 13, 2020
2363:National Mapping Fab
1778:(21–22): 2894–2936.
1223:Cordillera de Mérida
1176:Greenland glaciation
1017:continental glaciers
1007:Wisconsin glaciation
786:Vistulian glaciation
628:University of Tromsø
502:Patagonian Ice Sheet
424:Carpathian Mountains
388:in western Siberia.
338:Laurentide Ice Sheet
304:Last glacial maximum
123:Last Glacial Maximum
21:Last Glacial Maximum
4750:Last Glacial Period
4656:Pre-Illinoian Stage
4621:Last Glacial Period
4410:Coteau des Prairies
4321:Greenland ice sheet
4017:Milankovitch cycles
3694:Last Glacial Period
3125:2008Geomo..96..199M
3078:1974GeoRu..63..516S
2929:1985GSAB...96.1271W
2782:2002QSRv...21..203H
2716:2002QSRv...21...49A
2689:The Washington Post
2613:2012QSRv...55..145M
2510:2017Geomo.278..184M
2320:1995Sci...269.1541L
2256:2005QuInt.138...79O
2225:2002QuInt..97..147C
2121:2002ClRes..20....1K
2079:2011QSRv...30..528C
2033:2002QSRv...21..147O
1961:2004QSRv...23.1455S
1918:2011JQS....26..227B
1856:2003QuRes..59..399G
1844:Quaternary Research
1784:2006QSRv...25.2894M
1699:on November 1, 2012
1685:1995GBioC...9..377C
1352:
1190:Mérida glaciation (
782:Weichsel glaciation
744:Bølling oscillation
740:Allerød oscillation
496:Southern Hemisphere
472:massif in southern
464:, the mountains of
325:Northern Hemisphere
196:of North America),
179:Milankovitch cycles
100:Antarctic ice sheet
46:Last Glacial Period
4765:Pleistocene events
4701:4.2 kiloyear event
4696:8.2 kiloyear event
4631:Mousterian Pluvial
4363:, British Columbia
3930:(717 to 660 Mya);
3907:(547 to 541.5 Mya)
3368:10.1007/BF00209444
3086:10.1007/BF01820827
2835:10.1007/BF00206091
2369:on August 8, 2008.
2250:. 138–139: 79–92.
2219:. 97–98: 147–153.
1955:(11–13): 1455–83.
1887:, pp. 321–323
1801:on October 3, 2018
1553:Valparaiso Moraine
1350:
1274:
1266:
1262:Strait of Magellan
1208:
1138:Oak Ridges Moraine
1021:Bering land bridge
1003:and other places.
968:
886:
831:area, a temporary
823:, with its unique
778:
648:methane reservoirs
638:from destabilized
618:Meltwater pulse 1A
604:
537:Western New Guinea
525:Owen Stanley Range
490:Rwenzori Mountains
482:Kilimanjaro massif
322:
307:
194:Pacific Cordillera
159:
54:Last glacial cycle
42:
34:
4770:Quaternary events
4737:
4736:
4706:Piora Oscillation
4666:Sangamonian Stage
4527:
4526:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4041:
4040:
3972:(2.9 to 2.78 Gya)
3851:
3850:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3531:Pleistocene Epoch
3518:Quaternary Period
3436:978-0-226-66812-3
3396:978-0-444-51462-2
3343:978-0-7872-5353-0
3310:978-0-444-51471-4
3291:978-0-444-51593-3
3270:978-0-444-51462-2
3249:978-0-08-020409-3
3215:Adams, Jonathan.
3201:978-0-444-52954-1
2868:on July 27, 2017.
2464:on August 1, 2008
2457:978-0-607-71457-9
2314:(5230): 1541–49.
1820:Matti Saarnisto:
1729:978-1-86239-199-4
1693:10.1029/95GB01107
1514:, which includes:
1488:
1487:
1126:Martha's Vineyard
1106:terminal moraines
1058:or in New York's
957:Pleistocene lakes
558:and parts of the
556:Lesotho Highlands
92:Quaternary Period
58:Last Interglacial
4787:
4727:
4726:
4327:
4252:
4236:Terminal moraine
4160:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
3953:(2.4 to 2.1 Gya)
3943:Paleoproterozoic
3934:(650 to 635 Mya)
3859:
3667:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3527:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3483:
3473:
3440:
3421:
3400:
3379:
3347:
3328:
3322:
3314:
3295:
3274:
3253:
3225:
3224:
3219:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3189:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3119:(1–2): 199–211.
3104:
3098:
3097:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3005:on June 6, 2007.
2986:
2980:
2979:
2978:on June 6, 2007.
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2898:"Ice Age Floods"
2894:
2888:
2887:
2886:on May 15, 2006.
2876:
2870:
2869:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2820:
2811:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2776:(1–3): 203–231.
2767:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2750:. pp. 3–43.
2749:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2555:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2530:. Archived from
2529:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2403:. Archived from
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2305:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:10.3354/cr020001
2109:Climate Research
2097:
2091:
2090:
2073:(5–6): 528–554.
2062:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1926:10.1002/jqs.1450
1903:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1833:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1794:. Archived from
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:. Archived from
1664:
1658:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1629:(6506): 963–969.
1614:
1598:
1582:roche moutonnées
1578:
1572:
1569:
1523:Plio-Pleistocene
1353:
1309:patterned ground
1298:Tierra del Fuego
1218:Venezuelan Andes
1204:Venezuelan Andes
1192:Venezuelan Andes
961:Bonneville Flood
917:
913:
910:
860:Nordic Stone Age
833:marine incursion
717:Northern Ireland
640:methane hydrates
568:Great Escarpment
506:Mount Kosciuszko
428:Balkan mountains
386:Taymyr Peninsula
280:Late Pleistocene
110:), and the term
77:Late Pleistocene
74:
70:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4715:
4601:Illinoian Stage
4584:
4575:Lambert Glacier
4558:
4544:Killary Harbour
4523:
4476:Lake Bonneville
4396:
4390:
4325:
4301:
4250:
4199:
4195:U-shaped valley
4185:Roche moutonnée
4151:
4117:Proglacial lake
4102:Canadian Shield
4075:
4072:
4042:
4037:
4026:
3975:
3956:
3937:
3910:
3885:
3860:
3847:
3844:(34 to 2.5 Mya)
3832:
3828:
3820:
3660:
3651:
3646:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3560:
3520:
3515:
3471:
3466:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3424:
3403:
3397:
3382:
3350:
3344:
3331:
3315:
3311:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3237:
3233:
3231:Further reading
3228:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3137:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3015:
3014:
3010:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2923:(10): 1271–86.
2910:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2741:Ingolfsson, O.
2740:
2735:
2731:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2691:. June 1, 2017.
2683:
2682:
2678:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2192:on July 7, 2007
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2101:Kuhle, Matthias
2099:
2098:
2094:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:Wayback Machine
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1348:
1278:Llanquihue Lake
1254:
1248:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1162:
1009:
988:Missoula Floods
976:Rocky Mountains
949:
944:
915:
911:
905:microfossilized
901:Pollen analysis
882:Würm glaciation
874:
872:Würm glaciation
868:
770:
764:
679:
674:
666:East Antarctica
661:
656:
624:
610:
596:
552:Southern Africa
529:Saruwaged Range
498:
447:Tibetan Plateau
346:Rocky Mountains
327:
296:
151:
72:
68:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4793:
4791:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:Little Ice Age
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4580:Ross Ice Shelf
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Hardangerfjord
4535:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4464:Kelleys Island
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4412:, South Dakota
4407:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4351:, Saskatchewan
4346:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Glacial striae
4172:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Snowball Earth
4004:
4002:Little Ice Age
3999:
3994:
3989:
3987:Glacial period
3983:
3981:
3980:Related topics
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3922:
3920:Snowball Earth
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3874:Andean-Saharan
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3817:(2.5 to 0 Mya)
3791:
3769:
3747:
3709:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:Holocene Epoch
3533:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3464:
3458:
3447:
3446:External links
3444:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3422:
3401:
3395:
3380:
3362:(4): 581–596.
3348:
3342:
3329:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3207:
3200:
3167:
3152:
3099:
3072:(2): 516–538.
3056:
3037:
3026:(in Spanish).
3008:
2995:MoG Geoscience
2981:
2968:MoG Geoscience
2954:
2942:
2903:
2889:
2871:
2848:
2829:(2): 111–117.
2806:
2795:
2753:
2729:
2710:(1–3): 49–70.
2694:
2676:
2626:
2587:
2568:(3): 289–302.
2545:
2475:
2456:
2433:
2413:
2395:(4): 539–545.
2372:
2349:
2291:
2269:
2238:
2203:
2168:
2161:
2136:
2092:
2057:
2046:
2027:(1): 147–157.
2011:
1974:
1939:
1889:
1877:
1850:(3): 399–410.
1834:
1812:
1755:
1735:
1728:
1710:
1679:(3): 377–389.
1659:
1650:
1632:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Sea level rise
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1504:
1502:Glacial period
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1282:southern Chile
1250:Main article:
1247:
1244:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1158:
1142:Kettle Moraine
1052:Kelleys Island
1008:
1005:
948:
945:
943:
940:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
825:brackish water
802:isotope stages
766:Main article:
763:
760:
758:cold periods.
695:Irish Midlands
678:
675:
673:
670:
660:
657:
655:
652:
632:ocean sediment
606:Main article:
595:
592:
497:
494:
326:
323:
295:
292:
256:in Russia and
222:(in Ireland),
150:
147:
138:, the current
96:Arctic ice cap
69: 115,000
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4792:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4730:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:Younger Dryas
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4488:Lake Missoula
4486:
4483:
4482:Lake Lahontan
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4452:Ice Age Trail
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4355:Eramosa River
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:North America
4312:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4246:Veiki moraine
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Rogen moraine
4229:
4227:
4226:Pulju moraine
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4216:Erratic block
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Tunnel valley
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4036:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:Pre-Illinoian
3796:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:Pre-Illinoian
3774:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3706:Younger Dryas
3703:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Late Cenozoic
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Northgrippian
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3452:Pielou, E. C.
3450:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:Geomorphology
3110:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:Funder, Svend
2958:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2497:Geomorphology
2493:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:Ollier, C.D.
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2282:(PDF 1.25 Mb)
2280:
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2162:9780444534477
2158:
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1594:rock glaciers
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1432:British Isles
1430:
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1330:
1326:
1325:cryoturbation
1322:
1318:
1317:rock glaciers
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:geochronology
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1240:Pico Bonpland
1237:
1236:Pico Humboldt
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1200:
1193:
1189:
1185:South America
1184:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1166:Sierra Nevada
1159:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
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1139:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
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1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:Niagara Falls
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:Cypress Hills
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Upper Midwest
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
966:
962:
958:
953:
946:
942:North America
941:
939:
937:
933:
928:
927:Rhine Glacier
924:
923:Rhône Glacier
919:
916: 10,000
912: 24,000
906:
902:
898:
897:Louis Agassiz
893:
892:
883:
878:
873:
865:
863:
861:
855:
853:
852:Littorina Sea
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:interstadials
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
769:
761:
759:
757:
756:Younger Dryas
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
700:
696:
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688:
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637:
633:
629:
623:
619:
615:
609:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
574:and southern
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:Ngga Pilimsit
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
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467:
463:
459:
458:Japanese Alps
455:
450:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
399:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:British Isles
371:
367:
363:
362:Sierra Nevada
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:United States
331:
324:
320:
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305:
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182:
180:
176:
172:
171:interglacials
168:
164:
155:
148:
146:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:Younger Dryas
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
73: 11,700
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
30:
26:
22:
4641:Oldest Dryas
4620:
4611:Interstadial
4606:Interglacial
4589:Time periods
4520:, California
4514:, Washington
4255:Glacifluvial
4204:Depositional
4127:Lake Chicago
4122:Lake Agassiz
4032:
4012:Interglacial
3693:
3577:Greenlandian
3479:
3475:
3426:
3409:
3405:
3385:
3359:
3355:
3333:
3300:
3280:
3259:
3239:
3221:the original
3210:
3185:
3155:
3141:cite journal
3116:
3112:
3102:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3040:
3023:ResearchGate
3021:
3011:
3003:the original
2998:
2994:
2984:
2976:the original
2971:
2967:
2957:
2952:, p. 57
2945:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2892:
2884:the original
2874:
2866:the original
2861:
2851:
2826:
2822:
2809:
2798:
2773:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2732:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2647:(1): 35–44.
2644:
2638:
2604:
2600:
2565:
2559:
2538:December 16,
2536:. Retrieved
2532:the original
2527:10026.1/8086
2501:
2495:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2446:
2425:
2408:(PDF 340 Kb)
2405:the original
2392:
2388:
2375:
2367:the original
2362:
2352:
2311:
2307:
2304:(PDF 2.3 Mb)
2294:
2285:
2272:
2247:
2241:
2216:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:the original
2185:
2181:
2171:
2152:
2139:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2049:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2005:
1990:
1987:(PDF 2.5 Mb)
1977:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1909:
1905:
1892:
1880:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1796:the original
1775:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1743:Clark, D.H.
1738:
1719:
1713:
1703:February 25,
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1676:
1672:
1662:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1576:
1567:
1480:
1461:Midwest U.S.
1460:
1451:
1431:
1422:
1403:North Europe
1402:
1393:
1373:
1333:
1329:solifluction
1302:
1275:
1232:Pico Bolívar
1211:
1209:
1179:
1163:
1134:Sable Island
1114:Block Island
1103:
1092:
1076:
1060:Central Park
1029:
1010:
981:
971:
969:
920:
889:
887:
856:
849:
845:Ancylus Lake
818:
794:maximum size
785:
781:
779:
748:Oldest Dryas
736:pollen zones
733:
731:in Britain.
714:
709:
701:
690:
686:
680:
662:
625:
622:Deglaciation
594:Deglaciation
549:
533:Mount Giluwe
514:
499:
470:Mount Atakor
451:
444:
409:
394:
390:
364:in northern
328:
275:
265:
257:
253:
247:
241:
233:
223:
219:
215:
209:
205:
197:
189:
183:
160:
120:
84:interglacial
81:
53:
49:
45:
43:
25:
4760:Pleistocene
4651:Pleistocene
4646:Older Dryas
4508:, Wisconsin
4500:Oneida Lake
4496:, Wisconsin
4472:, Wisconsin
4454:, Wisconsin
4448:, Wisconsin
4436:, Wisconsin
4430:, Minnesota
4424:, Wisconsin
4418:, Wisconsin
4406:, Wisconsin
4292:Outwash fan
4287:Kettle hole
4180:Ribbon lake
4137:Teays River
3962:Mesoarchean
3905:Baykonurian
3767:Santa María
3721:Weichselian
3602:Subatlantic
3180:Rabassa, J.
3109:Kalm, Volli
2607:: 145–159.
2504:: 184–194.
2468:February 9,
2196:February 9,
1805:February 9,
1750:(PDF 20 Mb)
1586:periglacial
1512:Pleistocene
1482:Wisconsinan
1424:Weichselian
1122:Nomans Land
1110:Long Island
1088:Teays River
1079:Great Lakes
1068:suture zone
1040:New England
965:Snake River
839:. Then, as
752:Older Dryas
644:Barents Sea
588:blockfields
560:Drakensberg
541:Puncak Jaya
486:Mount Kenya
412:Alpide belt
243:Weichselian
206:Wisconsinan
132:Pleistocene
4780:Glaciology
4744:Categories
4570:Antarctica
4563:Antarctica
4549:Monte Rosa
4502:, New York
4282:Kame delta
4241:Till plain
4132:Lake Tight
3916:Cryogenian
3811:Beestonian
3763:Wolstonian
3745:Llanquihue
3729:Midlandian
3679:Antarctica
3671:Quaternary
3657:Quaternary
3567:Meghalayan
3356:GeoJournal
2662:2263/15429
1912:(2): 227.
1605:References
1447:Wolstonian
1437:Beestonian
1368:Glacial 4
1365:Glacial 3
1362:Glacial 2
1359:Glacial 1
1335:Nothofagus
1305:ice wedges
1136:, and the
1108:that form
1048:Washington
1032:Ohio River
963:along the
936:geothermal
914: – c.
837:Yoldia Sea
821:Baltic Sea
814:Doggerland
746:, and the
738:I–IV, the
721:Ipswichian
691:Midlandian
683:geologists
659:Antarctica
612:See also:
580:permafrost
527:, and the
517:New Guinea
488:, and the
462:High Atlas
366:California
354:ice fields
290:) period.
267:Llanquihue
220:Midlandian
167:ice sheets
140:geological
71: – c.
4490:, Montana
4387:, Nunavut
4381:, Ontario
4375:, Ontario
4369:, Alberta
4357:, Ontario
4345:, Alberta
4339:, Ontario
4163:Erosional
4156:Landforms
3891:Ediacaran
3866:Paleozoic
3842:Antarctic
3834:Oligocene
3793:7th–8th:
3789:Rio Llico
3771:3rd–6th:
3755:Illinoian
3725:Devensian
3717:Wisconsin
3684:Greenland
3597:Subboreal
3582:Preboreal
3412:: 1–514.
3376:129234912
3352:Kuhle, M.
3319:cite book
3094:129027718
2582:128774864
1934:128597090
1543:Stone Age
1476:Illinoian
1466:Nebraskan
1453:Devensian
1413:Elsterian
1408:Eburonian
1210:The name
1130:Nantucket
1056:Lake Erie
955:A map of
888:The term
810:North Sea
687:Devensian
576:Patagonia
319:Greenland
249:Vistulian
238:Venezuela
216:Devensian
211:Wisconsin
186:Himalayas
175:Greenland
4755:Ice ages
4729:Category
4554:Svalbard
4484:, Nevada
4262:Diluvium
3951:Huronian
3932:Marinoan
3928:Sturtian
3899:Gaskiers
3826:Pliocene
3807:Menapian
3733:Pinedale
3649:Ice ages
3592:Atlantic
2843:55969605
2671:55436521
2344:13594891
2336:17789444
2149:Kuhle, M
2103:(2002).
1872:58945572
1827:Archived
1589:regolith
1346:See also
1286:piedmont
1170:ice ages
1146:drumlins
1118:Cape Cod
972:Pinedale
725:Holocene
702:Dēvenses
681:British
572:Tasmania
564:moraines
510:Tasmania
478:Ethiopia
432:Caucasus
420:Pyrenees
416:foreland
398:icebergs
358:ice caps
348:and the
315:ice core
294:Overview
258:Zyryanka
228:(in the
200:(in the
198:Pinedale
192:(in the
136:Holocene
104:Cenozoic
62:Holocene
4532:Eurasia
4221:Moraine
4211:Drumlin
4080:General
4022:Stadial
3970:Pongola
3830:Miocene
3815:Caracol
3785:Anglian
3182:(ed.).
3121:Bibcode
3074:Bibcode
2925:Bibcode
2778:Bibcode
2712:Bibcode
2609:Bibcode
2506:Bibcode
2316:Bibcode
2308:Science
2252:Bibcode
2221:Bibcode
2117:Bibcode
2115:: 1–7.
2075:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
1957:Bibcode
1914:Bibcode
1852:Bibcode
1780:Bibcode
1681:Bibcode
1623:Science
1442:Anglian
1418:Saalian
1356:Region
1323:, soil
1164:In the
1097:of the
1064:grooves
1044:Montana
1025:Siberia
1001:Iceland
806:Jutland
790:Vistula
636:methane
474:Algeria
466:Morocco
401:calving
378:Germany
360:in the
352:and as
262:Siberia
163:ice age
4478:, Utah
4466:, Ohio
4397:States
4395:United
4330:Canada
4297:Sandur
3781:Elster
3773:Mindel
3741:Merida
3737:Fraser
3587:Boreal
3551:Middle
3433:
3393:
3374:
3340:
3307:
3288:
3267:
3246:
3198:
3194:–268.
3092:
2841:
2669:
2580:
2454:
2342:
2334:
2159:
1932:
1870:
1726:
1597:imply.
1471:Kansan
1384:Mindel
1327:, and
1321:palsas
1313:pingos
1290:varves
1238:, and
1213:Mérida
1150:eskers
1144:. The
1062:, the
1038:, and
754:, and
672:Europe
620:, and
523:, the
468:, the
454:Taiwan
436:Turkey
430:, the
426:, the
422:, the
382:Poland
342:Alaska
330:Canada
288:Eemian
274:, and
254:Valdai
234:Mérida
190:Fraser
98:. The
4267:Esker
4170:Fjord
3759:Saale
3749:2nd:
3711:1st:
3702:Older
3546:Early
3472:(PDF)
3372:S2CID
3090:S2CID
2839:S2CID
2819:(PDF)
2766:(PDF)
2748:(PDF)
2667:S2CID
2578:S2CID
2385:(PDF)
2340:S2CID
1930:S2CID
1902:(PDF)
1868:S2CID
1768:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1559:Notes
1095:gorge
1050:. On
932:loess
699:Latin
405:cores
276:Otira
272:Chile
143:epoch
4277:Kame
3803:Elbe
3795:Günz
3751:Riss
3713:Würm
3704:and
3556:Late
3431:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3338:ISBN
3325:link
3305:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3147:link
2540:2019
2470:2008
2452:ISBN
2332:PMID
2198:2008
2157:ISBN
1807:2008
1724:ISBN
1705:2012
1395:Würm
1389:Riss
1379:Günz
1374:Alps
1148:and
1077:The
1046:and
1011:The
992:USGS
970:The
891:Würm
819:The
742:and
710:Dēva
586:and
543:and
440:Iran
438:and
356:and
236:(in
230:Alps
225:Würm
126:the
44:The
3805:or
3414:doi
3364:doi
3192:255
3129:doi
3082:doi
3028:doi
2933:doi
2831:doi
2803:OED
2786:doi
2720:doi
2657:hdl
2649:doi
2617:doi
2570:doi
2522:hdl
2514:doi
2502:278
2397:doi
2324:doi
2312:269
2260:doi
2229:doi
2125:doi
2083:doi
2037:doi
1965:doi
1922:doi
1860:doi
1788:doi
1689:doi
1627:369
1280:in
1054:in
816:).
784:or
750:,
706:Dee
270:in
260:in
246:or
240:),
232:),
208:or
204:),
50:LGP
4746::
3813:,
3809:,
3801:,
3797:,
3787:,
3783:,
3779:,
3775:,
3765:,
3761:,
3757:,
3753:,
3743:,
3739:,
3731:,
3723:,
3719:,
3715:,
3700:,
3659:/
3480:11
3478:.
3474:.
3408:.
3370:.
3360:17
3358:.
3321:}}
3317:{{
3170:^
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3139:{{
3127:.
3117:96
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3088:.
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3070:63
3068:.
3049:.
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2972:22
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2860:.
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2825:.
2821:.
2784:.
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2718:.
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2069:.
2035:.
2025:21
2023:.
2004:.
1989:.
1963:.
1953:23
1951:.
1928:.
1920:.
1910:26
1908:.
1904:.
1866:.
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1848:59
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1786:.
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