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through conspicuous subtext and imagery, such as Arnie and
Michael sitting next to each other on a bed, and hugging when they are reunited. In the aftermath of Arnie's forced performance in the Red Skull storyline, the subtext is rendered almost overtly, with Captain America directly likening his relationship with Bernie Rosenthal to Arnie's relationship with Michael. According to DeMatteis, his original draft of the scene overtly stated Arnie's sexuality, though the "powers that be" objected to the scene and "a page or two" of the comic was revised without his input.
212:, DeMatteis was forced to communicate Arnie's sexuality exclusively through imagery and subtext. Though the tragic bent of stories featuring the character has been the subject of criticism, he has been praised as a positive media representation of gay men in the context of a 1980s media landscape characterized by homophobia and backlash against gay men amid the
579:", noting that while as children Arnie takes the traditionally masculine role as Steve's protector, as adults it is the "soft, less fit, and more vulnerable" Arnie who must be protected by Captain America. Tabak similarly notes how this role reversal and Arnie's awareness of Captain America's secret identity repurposes "imagery and language of
558:
writes that Arnie represents "comic-book idealism at its best spirit, however imperfectly executed it may be", noting that while the character is largely rendered as a passive victim who requires saving by the heterosexual
Captain America, his story represents "as blatant a critique of homophobia and
280:
with an offer to pay off his gambling debts in exchange for the information. When Zemo kidnaps
Michael to force Arnie's cooperation, Arnie reconnects with Steve to appeal for his help, though in an ensuing confrontation between Captain America and Zemo wherein the consciousnesses of Arnie and Michael
567:
Media scholar
Richard A. Hall praised the "powerful" climax to the Red Skull storyline, describing it as "a cry, not just to Captain America, but to the readers as well. One would be extremely hard-pressed to find any example in all of 1984 American popular culture containing such a powerful plea to
465:
Owing to the restrictions imposed on LGBT characters by
Shooter and the Comics Code Authority, Arnie's sexuality is never overtly stated within the text of comic itself; the character initially refers to Michael as his "roommate". DeMatteis made Arnie's sexuality "clear in the context of the story"
289:
as part of a plot to destroy the lives of
Captain America's closest friends. As part of his torture at the hands of Red Skull, Arnie is dressed as a clown and forced to participate in a performance in which he disparages his sexual identity and Michael; Captain America intervenes and rescues Arnie,
445:
serving as illustrator. DeMatteis stated that he was interested in depicting "what's behind the mask" and exploring Steve Rogers as a man over the hero of
Captain America, and to this end focused on developing the character's supporting cast. Throughout his run, he wished to depict how Steve
208:. The character was conceived by DeMatteis as part of his effort to develop Captain America's supporting cast and explore how the character "had surrounded himself with people who represented American diversity", though as a result of editorial dictates at Marvel and the restrictions of the
563:
similarly characterizes Arnie's story as "not perfect" in light of its focus on tragedy and reliance on subtext, but praised the depiction of Arnie and
Michael as "a down-to-earth, devoted couple without even a whiff of the stereotypes that still dictated how gay men were portrayed."
246:, Arnie frequently protected the weak and infirm Steve from local bullies. After becoming aware of his homosexuality as a teenager, Arnie began to pursue girls and cultivated a persona as a playboy to compensate, causing him to drift away from the introverted Steve. During
458:. DeMatteis added that it "made sense to me that he would have a gay friend, too. I wasn't trying to hammer anyone over the head with it, it just seemed like a natural thing." The character's name is likely a reference to cartoonist
34:
321:, and has little time left to live. Soon after, Arnie is hospitalized. In their final moment together, Steve kisses Arnie on the forehead and thanks him for his years of friendship; Arnie dies shortly thereafter.
407:, a system of comic book content regulation. Consequently, the sexual orientation of LGBT characters in comics published by Marvel could for many years only be communicated through subtext, as in the case of
587:
towards a superhero's own 'closeted' identity", noting how "invoking that similarity between the superhero experience and that of gay men in
America serves to enrich the bond between Arnie and Steve".
317:
for the operation. After Steve discloses that he is dying due to a breakdown of the serum that gives him his superpowers, Arnie confides that he has himself been diagnosed with terminal
1336:
1096:
548:, and has been praised as a generally positive representation of gay men in mainstream media of the era. Comics scholar Lee Easton writes that despite the "clichés of
2238:
552:" prevalent in stories featuring the character, critics have nevertheless regarded him as "quite progressive in the context of America in the 1980s". Aaron Tabak of
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2213:
572:
added "context and depth to Rogers's character", as "the loyalty and devotion Rogers showed Roth demonstrated his unqualified acceptance and belief in freedom."
2223:
276:
Some time later, after a now-middle aged Arnie discloses that he knows
Captain America's secret identity following a night of drinking, he is approached by
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598:, which re-imagines the character as Rogers' childhood friend, as influenced by Arnie Roth, with some writers noting similarities between the characters.
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482:#268 (April 1982) as an unnamed pedestrian who happens to see Steve Rogers on a date with Bernie Rosenthal. He is formally introduced in
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518:, and the reality that it was increasingly implausible for a character born in the 1920s to be alive in stories set in the modern era.
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footage. Sometime after the war, Arnie began a long-term romantic relationship with a teacher named Michael Bech, but also developed a
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of America" and how he "had surrounded himself with people who represented American diversity", such as his Jewish girlfriend
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Walton, David (2009). "'Captain America Must Die': The Many Afterlives of Steve Rogers". In Weiner, Robert (ed.).
178:#268, published in April 1982. Arnie is a childhood friend of Steve Rogers, the civilian identity of the costumed
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Easton, Lee (2017). "Teaching the Body of the Nation: Captain America and Masculity". In Eckard, Sandra (ed.).
285:, Michael is killed. Though Arnie recovers physically from the ordeal, he is soon targeted by the villainous
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Easton notes that the relationship between Arnie and Steve "reverses stereotypes while reinforcing those of
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the heterosexual community." Media scholar J. Richard Stevens noted how Arnie's inclusion in
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Not All Supermen: Sexism, Toxic Masculinity, and the Complex History of Superheroes
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506:. The character would continue to make appearances in the comic until his death in
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739:"Captain America May Never Have A Boyfriend, But He's Long Had A Gay Best Friend"
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of Captain America was that of his erstwhile friend after seeing the hero in
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while Steve received an experimental serum that turned him into the costumed
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Captain America, Masculinity, and Violence: The Evolution of a National Icon
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speculated that the character's death was likely a consequence of Marvel's
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and assures him that his identity and love for Michael are not shameful.
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Arnie Roth was the first openly gay character to appear in a mainstream
197:" created to field tips pertaining to national security before dying of
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AIDS hysteria as mainstream comics could allow." Eileen Gonzalez of
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Arnie was the first openly gay character to appear in a mainstream
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The American Superhero: Encyclopedia of Caped Crusaders in History
1006:
JM DeMatteis on Captain America, Spider-Man, Duality, and Progress
767:
Captain America and the Struggle of the Superhero: Critical Essays
193:. Later in his life, Arnie would assist with the "Captain America
1097:"Forgotten Gay Characters: Captain America's Gay Pal, Arnie Roth"
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DeMatteis stated that he personally regards the backstory of the
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The character would recover after being cryogenically frozen in
400:
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403:. LGBT expressions in comic books were also restricted by the
710:"Marvel's First Gay Couple, Arnie and Michael: A Love Story"
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Bramlett, Frank; Cook, Roy T.; Meskin, Aaron, eds. (2017).
869:
In and Out: A Brief History of Marvel's 2006 Gay Policies
684:
682:
680:
454:, and his African American friend and superhero partner
1054:"Queering Marvel's America: Arnie Roth vs the Censors"
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in issue #306 (June 1985) and would not return until
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is accosted and threatened with rape by two men at a
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Captain America § Fictional character biography
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The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
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The Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe
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1003:DeMatteis, J.M. and Tano, Duy (October 14, 2021).
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230:Arnold "Arnie" Roth was born in the 1920s on the
1009:(Video). The Comics Cube. Event occurs at 12:06
1188:Comic Connections: Analyzing Hero and Identity
293:Arnie recovers but leaves New York to move to
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1234:Marvel's Captain America: The First 80 Years
1059:The Oxford Research Centre in the Humanities
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490:as Steve's childhood friend. Arnie departed
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340:LGBT themes in American mainstream comics
1308:at the Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics
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510:#443 (September 1995). Stuart Vandal of
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281:are placed into mutates controlled by
164:. The character was created by writer
2214:Characters created by J. M. DeMatteis
592:Marvel Cinematic Universe incarnation
261:. Arnie was able to discern that the
7:
2224:Comics characters introduced in 1982
1232:Rizzo, Marco; Licari, Fabio (2021).
1039:
1027:
800:
708:Gonzalez, Eileen (July 27, 2018).
14:
2229:Fictional American Jews in comics
935:The Routledge Companion to Comics
737:Andreakos, Jimmy (June 8, 2016).
371:(left, pictured 2018) and artist
367:Arnie Roth was created by writer
2259:Marvel Comics military personnel
1161:J. M. DeMatteis's Creation Point
1052:Roberts, Holly (March 7, 2022).
976:J. M. DeMatteis's Creation Point
815:Marvel Encyclopedia, New Edition
357:
348:
2249:Fictional World War II veterans
2219:Characters created by Mike Zeck
550:dead lovers and tragic endings
529:volume 7, issue 3, written by
486:#270 (June 1982), where he is
381:Marvel Comics editor-in-chief
1:
2254:Marvel Comics LGBT characters
1095:Tabak, Aaron (June 3, 2014).
813:Fentiman, David, ed. (2006).
521:In 2013, Arnie appeared in a
498:#428 (June 1994), written by
385:instituted a "No Gays in the
220:Fictional character biography
2204:Avengers (comics) characters
1286:Palmer, Joe (May 27, 2020).
1255:Stevens, J. Richard (2015).
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2209:Captain America characters
333:
223:
2072:Scourge of the Underworld
1805:Roxxon Energy Corporation
1261:Syracuse University Press
1209:Hall, Richard A. (2019).
488:retroactively established
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2141:Ultimate Captain America
1192:Rowman & Littlefield
907:Rowman & Littlefield
658:Norvo (March 30, 2023).
525:to Steve's childhood in
242:. A childhood friend to
1288:"You're My Best Friend"
854:Rizzo & Licari 2021
842:Rizzo & Licari 2021
771:McFarland & Company
375:(right, pictured 2013).
330:Context and development
130:Supporting character of
48:Publication information
18:Marvel Comics character
1238:Titan Publishing Group
1157:"3001: A Space Oddity"
866:Mangels, Andy (2006),
172:and first appeared in
66:First comic appearance
577:hegemonic masculinity
405:Comics Code Authority
336:LGBT themes in comics
210:Comics Code Authority
2116:Alternative versions
2042:Nefarius (Moonstone)
1194:. pp. 115–132.
1142:, pp. 119, 127.
901:Hanley, Tim (2022).
540:Reception and legacy
474:Arnie Roth made his
395:#23 (1980) in which
158:American comic books
96:In-story information
972:"Stars and Stripes"
470:Publication history
250:, Arnie joined the
154:fictional character
104:Arnold "Arnie" Roth
1952:Dredmund the Druid
1155:(April 27, 2016).
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1623:All-Winners Squad
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1109:on April 15, 2018
880:on March 16, 2010
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446:represented the "
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119:Team affiliations
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2007:Aleksander Lukin
1987:Lady Deathstrike
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1300:External links
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834:
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437:began writing
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660:"Arnold Roth"
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162:Marvel Comics
160:published by
159:
156:appearing in
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111:
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67:
63:
60:
59:Marvel Comics
57:
55:
51:
46:
41:
35:
30:
25:
16:
2174:Peggy Carter
2169:Bucky Barnes
2159:Steve Rogers
2002:Living Laser
1962:Glenn Talbot
1834:Snake-themed
1749:Madame Hydra
1744:Machinesmith
1734:Flag-Smasher
1665:S.H.I.E.L.D.
1486:
1466:Peggy Carter
1445:Rikki Barnes
1425:Bucky Barnes
1393:Bucky Barnes
1373:Jeffrey Mace
1363:Steve Rogers
1291:
1256:
1233:
1210:
1187:
1179:Bibliography
1164:. Retrieved
1160:
1147:
1135:
1128:Stevens 2015
1123:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1100:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1005:
979:. Retrieved
975:
934:
902:
882:, retrieved
878:the original
874:Prism Comics
868:
861:
849:
837:
814:
808:
766:
760:
748:. Retrieved
742:
717:. Retrieved
713:
689:Stevens 2015
667:. Retrieved
663:
618:#444 (1995).
615:
610:
596:Bucky Barnes
589:
574:
569:
566:
560:
553:
543:
526:
520:
511:
507:
495:
491:
483:
479:
473:
464:
438:
433:
426:
414:Alpha Flight
412:
397:Bruce Banner
390:
380:
311:costume shop
292:
275:
248:World War II
244:Steve Rogers
229:
203:
173:
149:
145:
141:
140:
125:Support Crew
77:(April 1982)
70:
39:
15:
2027:Mister Hyde
1997:Left-Winger
1972:Hate-Monger
1937:Baron Blood
1927:Abomination
1906:Rock Python
1881:Diamondback
1876:Death Adder
1871:Cottonmouth
1861:Constrictor
1712:Helmut Zemo
1675:Antagonists
1528:Black Widow
1502:Diamondback
1430:Jack Monroe
1383:John Walker
1140:Easton 2017
1080:Easton 2017
504:Dave Hoover
460:Arnold Roth
383:Jim Shooter
319:bone cancer
278:Helmut Zemo
199:bone cancer
187:Helmut Zemo
168:and artist
2198:Categories
2164:Sam Wilson
2087:Taskmaster
2047:Nightshade
2022:Master Man
1982:John Ryker
1911:Sidewinder
1896:Puff Adder
1866:Copperhead
1851:Bushmaster
1724:Crossbones
1702:Baron Zemo
1692:Arnim Zola
1650:Illuminati
1583:Spider-Man
1553:Maria Hill
1492:Betsy Ross
1487:Arnie Roth
1435:Rick Jones
1409:characters
1407:Supporting
1398:Sam Wilson
1348:characters
1306:Arnie Roth
1292:Gay League
626:References
585:coming out
581:the closet
456:Sam Wilson
448:broad tent
334:See also:
313:used as a
224:See also:
82:Created by
27:Arnie Roth
2124:In comics
2067:Scarecrow
2057:Porcupine
1942:Blackwing
1932:Armadillo
1825:Watchdogs
1759:Red Skull
1598:Wolverine
1512:Nick Fury
1507:Jack Flag
1102:Geeks OUT
1040:Hall 2019
1028:Hall 2019
939:Routledge
801:Hall 2019
714:Book Riot
561:Book Riot
555:Geeks OUT
523:flashback
443:Mike Zeck
409:Northstar
373:Mike Zeck
299:publicist
287:Red Skull
256:superhero
252:U.S. Navy
236:Manhattan
191:Red Skull
180:superhero
170:Mike Zeck
101:Full name
90:Mike Zeck
54:Publisher
38:Arnie in
2097:Trapster
2037:Mole Man
2017:Mandarin
1957:Everyman
1947:Doughboy
1841:Anaconda
1790:Femizons
1655:Invaders
1628:Avengers
1568:Iron Man
1533:Deathlok
1215:ABC-Clio
1166:June 12,
1113:June 12,
1065:June 12,
1013:June 11,
981:June 12,
884:June 11,
750:June 12,
719:June 12,
669:June 11,
419:Mystique
392:The Hulk
303:Avengers
301:for the
267:newsreel
189:and the
123:Avengers
2151:In film
2077:Sleeper
1901:Rattler
1685:gallery
1638:Uncanny
1548:Hawkeye
1454:Primary
583:and of
423:Destiny
325:History
307:Hotline
295:Florida
195:Hotline
2102:Vermin
2012:Madman
1992:Leader
1800:Maggia
1785:A.I.M.
1778:Groups
1643:Secret
1461:Falcon
1267:
1244:
1221:
1198:
945:
913:
825:
777:
744:Uproxx
417:, and
283:Primus
142:Arnold
88:&
2136:Nomad
2032:MODAM
1920:Other
1856:Cobra
1795:Hydra
1754:MODOK
1616:Teams
1603:X-Men
1578:Namor
1480:Other
1417:Bucky
602:Notes
315:front
152:is a
146:Arnie
2082:Slug
2052:Nuke
1593:Thor
1563:Hulk
1310:wiki
1265:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1168:2023
1115:2023
1067:2023
1015:2023
983:2023
943:ISBN
911:ISBN
886:2023
823:ISBN
775:ISBN
752:2023
721:2023
671:2023
421:and
401:YMCA
338:and
150:Roth
75:#268
1886:Eel
1846:Asp
1764:Sin
1633:New
594:of
478:in
425:in
411:in
234:of
2200::
1290:.
1263:.
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1190:.
1159:.
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1087:^
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991:^
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925:^
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893:^
872:,
819:DK
817:.
789:^
769:.
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729:^
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696:^
679:^
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634:^
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238:,
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951:.
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673:.
144:"
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