216:
416:, a point which was necessarily nullified if the lead character was not black. After an order by code administrator Judge Charles Murphy to change the final panel, which depicted a black astronaut, Gaines engaged in a heated dispute with Murphy. He threatened to inform the press of Murphy's objection to the story if they did not give the issue the Code Seal, causing Murphy to reverse his initial decision and allow the story to run. Soon after, however, facing the severe restrictions placed upon his comics by the CCA, and with his "
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654:"for defying the code", stating that DC will not "do any drug stories unless the code is changed". As a result of publicity surrounding the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's sanctioning of the storyline, however, the CCA revised the Code to permit the depiction of "narcotics or drug addiction" if presented "as a vicious habit". DC itself then broached the topic in the Code-approved
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three issues. Then we went back to the Code again. I never thought about the Code when I was writing a story, because basically I never wanted to do anything that was to my mind too violent or too sexy. I was aware that young people were reading these books, and had there not been a Code, I don't think that I would have done the stories any differently.
520:#83 (Jan. 1970), the book's host introduces the story "The Stuff that Dreams are Made of" as one told to him by "a wandering wolfman". (All-capitals comics lettering made no distinction between "wolfman" and "Wolfman".) The CCA rejected the story and flagged the "wolfman" reference as a violation. Fellow writer
740:
The CMAA, at some point in the 2000s, was managed by the trade-organization management firm the Kellen
Company, which ceased its involvement in 2009. In 2010, some publishers, including Archie, placed the seal on their comics without submitting them to the CMAA. Archie Comics President Mike Pellerito
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explained to the CCA that the story's author was in fact named
Wolfman; he asked whether it would still be in violation if that were clearly expressed. The CCA agreed that it would not be, as long as Wolfman received a writer's credit on the first page of the story; that led to DC beginning to credit
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One of the key new elements for
Vertigo was DC's willingness to ditch the Comics Code Authority (CCA) for the new imprint, freeing its writers and artists from the voluntary 1950s-era moral restrictions on content. In the 2000s the CCA was effectively abandoned by all comic book publishers, but in
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that, "His sometimes suggestive storytelling–and he was one of the best–almost cost him his job. When his pencilled stories came in, the characters were dressed on one page only. A woman who was an inker, a woman, Terry
Szenics, later had to draw clothes on the characters on the remaining pages."
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I could understand them; they were like lawyers, people who take things literally and technically. The Code mentioned that you mustn't mention drugs and, according to their rules, they were right. So I didn't even get mad at them then. I said, 'Screw it' and just took the Code seal off for those
554:
and other respected authors whose works are read in schools around the world". Zombies, lacking the requisite "literary" background, remained taboo. To get around this restriction, Marvel in the mid-1970s called the apparently deceased, mind-controlled followers of various
Haitian supervillains
331:
Some publishers thrived under these restrictions, while others adapted by cancelling titles and focusing on code-approved content; still others went out of business. In practice, the negative effect of not having CCA approval was lack of distribution by the comic book wholesalers, who, as one
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The Code was revised a number of times during 1971, initially on
January 28, to allow for, among other things, the sometimes "sympathetic depiction of criminal behavior... corruption among public officials" ("as long as it is portrayed as exceptional and the culprit is punished") as well as
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story, portraying drug use as dangerous and unglamorous. While the Code did not specifically forbid depictions of drugs, a general clause prohibited "All elements or techniques not specifically mentioned herein, but which are contrary to the spirit and intent of the code, and are considered
534:
permitting some criminal activities to kill law-enforcement officers and the "suggestion but not portrayal of seduction." The clause "suggestive posture is unacceptable" was removed. Also newly allowed were "vampires, ghouls and werewolves... when handled in the classic tradition such as
901:
The Seal of
Approval, once prominently displayed on comic book covers, quietly disappeared in 2011. For nearly 60 years, however, censors funded by the comic book industry enforced rules about acceptable content. Only comics that passed a pre-publication review carried the
745:." DC Comics announced on January 20, 2011, that it would discontinue participation adopting a rating system similar to Marvel's. The company noted that it submitted comics for approval through December 2010, but would not say to whom they were submitted. A day later,
641:#96–98 (May–July 1971), without CCA approval. The storyline was well received, and the CCA's argument for denying approval was deemed counterproductive. "That was the only big issue that we had" with the Code, Lee recalled in a 1998 interview:
460:
Inclusion of stories dealing with evil shall be used or shall be published only where the intent is to illustrate a moral issue and in no case shall evil be presented alluringly, nor so as to injure the sensibilities of the
863:
174:
Members submitted comics to the CCA, which screened them for adherence to its code, then authorized the use of their seal on the cover if the book was found to be in compliance. At the height of its influence, it was a
482:
Nudity with meretricious purpose and salacious postures shall not be permitted in the advertising of any product; clothed figures shall never be presented in such a way as to be offensive or contrary to good taste or
615:
smugglers (as well as the name "Deadman" being classed as a violation that was eventually allowed). However, Code administrator
Leonard Darvin "was ill" at the time of the Spider-Man story, and acting administrator
245:, to head the organization and devise a self-policing "code of ethics and standards" for the industry. He established the Comics Code Authority (CCA), basing its code upon the largely unenforced code drafted by the
364:, on the other hand, later commented that it was as if, in drawing up the code, "the list of requirements a film needs to receive a G rating was doubled, and there were no other acceptable ratings!"
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Crimes shall never be presented in such a way as to create sympathy for the criminal, to promote distrust of the forces of law and justice, or to inspire others with a desire to imitate criminals.
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Scenes of excessive violence shall be prohibited. Scenes of brutal torture, excessive and unnecessary knife and gunplay, physical agony, the gory and gruesome crime shall be eliminated.
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Although the CCA had no official control over the comics publishers, most distributors refused to carry comics which did not carry the seal. However, two major publishers of comics–
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145:. The code was voluntary, as there was no law requiring its use, although some advertisers and retailers looked to it for reassurance. Some publishers including
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Policemen, judges, government officials, and respected institutions shall never be presented in such a way as to create disrespect for established authority.
933:
So much for The Comics
Magazine Association of America, which for over 50 years served as the comics industry's self-regulating (read: self-censoring) arm.
339:
believed that clauses forbidding the words "crime", "horror", and "terror" in comic book titles had been deliberately aimed at his own best-selling titles
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Scenes dealing with, or instruments associated with walking dead, torture, vampires and vampirism, ghouls, cannibalism, and werewolfism are prohibited.
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The vast majority of advertisers had ceased making decisions on the basis of the CCA stamp over the past few years, according to a
January 24, 2011
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report. Most new publishers to emerge during this time did not join the CCA, regardless of whether their content conformed to its standards. The
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reminisced about the code, writing, "My first assignment, as a new art assistant, was to remove cleavages and lift up low cut blouses on
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2015:
1978:
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historian observed, "served as the enforcement arm of the Comics Code Authority by agreeing to handle only those comics with the seal."
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749:, the only other publisher still participating in the Code, announced it also was discontinuing it, rendering the Code defunct.
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Illicit sex relations are neither to be hinted at nor portrayed. Rape scenes, as well as sexual abnormalities, are unacceptable.
2182:
2064:
2050:
843:
157:, never used it. Its code, commonly called "the Comics Code", lasted until the early 21st century. The CC formation followed a
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All scenes of horror, excessive bloodshed, gory or gruesome crimes, depravity, lust, sadism, masochism shall not be permitted.
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858:
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Criminals shall not be presented so as to be rendered glamorous or to occupy a position which creates a desire for emulation.
68:
46:
1941:
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issue #29 the seal of approval, DC decided to continue publishing the title without it. Some subsequent DC series including
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624:) refused to grant Code approval because of the depiction of narcotics being used, regardless of the context, whereas the
353:
1963:
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688:
Through the 80s and 90s there was a break away from the Comics Code Authority. In 1984 the Comics Code Authority denied
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violations of good taste or decency". The CCA had approved at least one previous story involving drugs, the premiere of
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Confident that the original government request would give him credibility, and with the approval of his publisher
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Profanity, obscenity, smut, vulgarity, or words or symbols which have acquired undesirable meanings are forbidden.
319:–did not display the seal, because their output was subject to a higher authority: their licensors which included
57:
35:
2500:
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167:
1337:
Code for Editorial Matter: General standards – Part A, Code of the Comics Magazine Association of America, Inc."
2645:
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said that the code did not affect his company the way that it did others as "we aren't about to start stuffing
690:
514:'s name was briefly a point of contention between DC Comics and the CCA. In the supernatural-mystery anthology
1694:
396:#33 (February 1956). The reprint was a replacement for the Code-rejected story "An Eye for an Eye", drawn by
141:
as an alternative to government regulation. The CCA enabled comic publishers to self-regulate the content of
2766:
2515:
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2008:
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702:
320:
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121:
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706:, both of which premiered in 1986, would launch without ever having had the CCA Seal of approval, and the
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225:
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237:(CMAA) was formed in September 1954 in response to a widespread public concern over graphic violence and
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returns from the dead, he is referred to as a "zuvembie". DC comics published their own zombie story in
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1973:
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404:, despite there being nothing in the Code which prohibited a black protagonist. The story, by writer
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575:#16 (May 1975), where the deceased rise from their graves, while a soul-devouring demon appears in
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82:
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731:, requiring changes to be made in 2001. Instead, Marvel stopped submitting its comics to the CCA.
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2001:
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1467:
1207:"An Interview With William M. Gaines", Comics Journal #83 pages 76–78, Fantagraphics, Inc, 1983
203:. Bongo broke with the CCA in 2010. DC and Archie followed in January 2011, rendering the code
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in comic books. It named New York magistrate Charles F. Murphy (1920–1992), a specialist in
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for the entire U.S. comic book industry, with most comics requiring a seal to be published.
400:, though "Judgment Day" was itself also objected to because of the central character being
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1956:
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951:
768:
543:
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In every instance good shall triumph over evil and the criminal punished for his misdeeds.
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162:
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discontinued using the Code without any announcements regarding its abandonment in 2010.
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Jacobs, F: "The Mad World of William M. Gaines", pages 112–114, Lyle Stuart, Inc, 1972
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imprint in 1993 covered areas including horror and did not launch with CCA approval.
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397:
386:
361:
261:
196:
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1546:"Race and Violence from the "Clear Line School": Bodies and the Celebrity Satire of
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Females shall be drawn realistically without exaggeration of any physical qualities.
372:
In one early confrontation between a comic-book publisher and the code authorities,
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1001:"Censors and Sensibility: RIP, Comics Code Authority Seal Of Approval, 1954 - 2011"
916:"Censors and Sensibility: RIP, Comics Code Authority Seal Of Approval, 1954 - 2011"
734:
535:
521:
511:
405:
401:
257:
200:
1239:
Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form
1936:
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2655:
2570:
2535:
2495:
2401:
2366:
1907:
1526:
1468:"Stan the Man & Roy the Boy: A Conversation Between Stan Lee and Roy Thomas"
1375:
796:
788:
660:
571:
409:
312:
304:
191:
abandoned it in 2001. By 2010, only three major publishers still adhered to it:
161:
centered around a series of Senate hearings and the publication of psychiatrist
158:
146:
24:
16:
Voluntary code to self-regulate the content of comic books in the United States
2625:
2605:
2545:
2530:
2520:
2490:
2470:
2429:
2330:
1902:
A Cycle of Outrage: America’s Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s
824:
806:
714:
707:
669:
596:
566:
300:
281:
181:
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2465:
2024:
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title began displaying the seal as of its 20th issue, cover-dated May 1989:
1306:
1256:
792:
753:
479:
Suggestive and salacious illustration or suggestive posture is unacceptable.
381:
373:
276:, passed ordinances banning crime and horror comics, although an attempt by
192:
1554:
The Ages of the X-Men: Essays on the Children of the Atom in Changing Times
1217:
Harrison, Emma (February 5, 1955). "Whip, Knife, Shown as 'Comics' Lures".
680:
addict. A cover line read, "DC attacks youth's greatest problem... Drugs!"
420:" titles floundering, Gaines quit publishing comic books to concentrate on
1983:
1912:
The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How it Changed America
1058:
The Ten-Cent Plague: The Great Comic-Book Scare and How It Changed America
204:
1919:
Pulp Demons: International Dimensions of the Postwar Anti-Comics Campaign
1631:
1088:
Secret Identity Crisis: Comic Books and the Unmasking of Cold War America
717:, which began displaying the Code seal on titles released in early 1989.
696:
591:
556:
360:
Wertham dismissed the code as an inadequate half-measure. Comics analyst
265:
249:
in 1948, which in turn had been modeled loosely after the 1940 Hollywood
177:
1833:"Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse' Easter Eggs You Might Have Missed"
864:
Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance Regarding the Healthy Development of Youths
783:. Binge Books announced that it had used the seal on the one-shot comic
454:
No comic magazine shall use the words "horror" or "terror" in its title.
2565:
1987:
727:
539:
1866:"Comics Code Authority Returns for New Comic by Stern, Frenz, Buscema"
1780:"A Definitive List of 'Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse' Easter Eggs"
611:#205 (Oct. 1967), which clearly depicted the title character fighting
1531:
764:
to the Comics Code seal from the defunct CMAA on September 29, 2011.
677:
467:
If crime is depicted it shall be as a sordid and unpleasant activity.
413:
256:
Before the CCA was adopted, some cities already had organized public
1891:
Dean, M. (2001) Marvel drops Comics Code, changes book distributor.
1143:"From Dell to Gold Key to King - with the New York Times in Between"
1556:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 158.
486:
Nudity in any form is prohibited, as is indecent or undue exposure.
612:
594:
to do a story about drug abuse. Lee agreed and wrote a three-part
273:
214:
120:
1432:, "Comic Book Legends Revealed" #226 (column), September 24, 2009
1964:"A Look at the Atlas Pre-Code Crime and Horror Work of Stan Lee"
547:
457:
All lurid, unsavory, gruesome illustrations shall be eliminated.
1997:
492:
Sex perversion or any inference to same is strictly forbidden.
18:
1417:#85 was the first Comics Code approved story involving drugs"
559:". This practice carried over to Marvel's superhero line: in
1993:
672:
beginning a story arc involving Green Arrow's teen sidekick
1578:"Bongo Dropped Comics Code A Year Ago – And No One Noticed"
434:
The following shows the complete Code as it stood in 1954:
223:
holding horror and crime comics purchased in his district (
1979:"Seduction of the Innocents and the Attack on Comic Books"
1307:"GCD :: Issue :: Incredible Science Fiction #33"
849:
Children and Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1955
628:
story had depicted only a wholesale business transaction.
584:
United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare
1661:"Archie Dropping Comics Code Authority Seal in February"
1754:"CBLDF Receives Comics Code Authority Seal of Approval"
1373:
Aushenker, Michael (April 2014). "Disposable Heroes".
725:
The CCA rejected an issue of the Marvel Comics series
323:
and the producers of many TV shows aimed at children.
495:
Seduction and rape shall never be shown or suggested.
1957:
Leopold, Todd. "The Pictures that Horrified America"
1131:
Silberkeilt, Michael, cited in Costello, page ?
1110:
Archie Americana Series Best of the Fifties Volume 2
1062:. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp.
187:
By the early 2000s, publishers bypassed the CCA and
2638:
2453:
2354:
2306:
2299:
2254:
2192:
2081:
2040:
2031:
1974:
FBI, "Comics Magazine Association of America, 1960"
947:"Archie drops the Comics Code…Wertham dead forever"
542:, and other high calibre literary works written by
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1055:
525:creators in its supernatural-mystery anthologies.
1928:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1998.
1601:"The Comics Code Authority – Defunct Since 2009?"
1513:the early 90s this put Vertigo ahead of the pack.
1496:"Sandman and the world of classic Vertigo comics"
1393:Conway, Gerry (writer). "At Last: The Decision!”
1970:#1258 (December 26, 1997), via Live ForEverett..
771:in the opening shots of the 2018 superhero film
2732:20th-century controversies in the United States
1921:. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1999.
643:
260:and bans on comic books. The city councils of
2009:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
8:
1926:Seal of Approval: History of the Comics Code
1914:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2008.
2717:2011 disestablishments in the United States
1325:Tales from the Crypt: The Official Archives
1170:"Comics Code History: The Seal of Approval"
884:"Comics Code History: The Seal of Approval"
767:The Comics Code seal can be seen among the
650:Lee and Marvel drew criticism from DC head
2303:
2037:
2016:
2002:
1994:
1904:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
1594:
1592:
1590:
1446:. TwoMorrows Publishing. pp. 45–47.
1444:American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1970s
1407:
1405:
1403:
1301:
1299:
1108:Gorelick, Victor (1992). "Introduction".
247:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2712:1954 establishments in the United States
1379:. No. 71. Raleigh, North Carolina:
1767:from the original on November 15, 2011.
1701:from the original on September 29, 2015
1484:from the original on February 18, 2009.
1112:. Archie Comic Publications. p. 4.
874:
1027:
1025:
1023:
288:by the courts. In his introduction to
235:Comics Magazine Association of America
139:Comics Magazine Association of America
1141:Arndt, Richard J (October 23, 2016).
1032:"The Press: Horror on the Newsstands"
945:MacDonald, Heidi (January 21, 2011).
760:announced that it would acquire the
7:
2762:Organizations disestablished in 2011
1442:Sacks, Jason; Dallas, Keith (2014).
1327:, St. Martin's Press (New York) p.85
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1812:"Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse"
1792:from the original on August 7, 2019
1734:from the original on March 18, 2022
1722:"R.I.P.: The Comics Code Authority"
1659:Rogers, Vaneta (January 21, 2011).
1599:Rogers, Vaneta (January 24, 2011).
1500:Christchurch City Council Libraries
1350:"Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed"
1348:Cronin, Brian (September 6, 2007).
975:"R.I.P.: The Comics Code Authority"
780:Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse
1778:Gvozden, Dan (December 14, 2018).
1720:Wolk, Douglas (January 24, 2011).
1544:Capitanio, Adam (13 August 2014).
973:Wolk, Douglas (January 24, 2011).
303:." He also wrote of Archie artist
14:
2722:Organizations established in 1954
1845:from the original on June 1, 2023
999:Weldon, Glen (January 27, 2011).
914:Weldon, Glen (January 27, 2011).
774:Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
253:, also known as the "Hays Code".
2416:Harvey Kurtzman's editorship of
1814:. Deva Studios. 20 December 2018
1552:. In Darowski, Joseph J. (ed.).
823:
809:
565:, when the reanimated superhero
143:comic books in the United States
23:
2727:Censorship in the United States
2183:Three Dimensional E.C. Classics
844:Censorship in the United States
713:A late adopter of the code was
34:needs additional citations for
1168:Nyberg, Dr. Amy Kiste (n.d.).
859:Motion Picture Production Code
664:#85 (Sept. 1971), with writer
1:
2757:Media content ratings systems
1870:Bleeding Cool News And Rumors
1758:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
1174:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
889:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
758:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
2737:Comics-related organizations
762:intellectual property rights
137:) was formed in 1954 by the
1864:Terror, Jude (2021-05-18).
1532:Grand Comics Database entry
2788:
2752:History of American comics
2245:Incredible Science Fiction
1695:"Comics Code Goes Defunct"
1287:Thompson, Don & Maggie
412:, was an allegory against
393:Incredible Science Fiction
1645:, "The Source" (column),
1534:, accessed Nov. 27, 2011.
1415:Green Lantern/Green Arrow
882:Nyberg, Amy Kite (n.d.).
743:bodies into refrigerators
327:Criticism and enforcement
168:Seduction of the Innocent
1636:"From the Co-Publishers"
2661:The EC Artists' Library
2265:Confessions Illustrated
2051:Blackstone the Magician
1289:, "Crack in the Code",
1241:. New York: Perennial.
777:, and its 2023 sequel,
703:The Dark Knight Returns
635:, Lee ran the story in
291:Archie Americana Series
219:Los Angeles councilman
58:"Comics Code Authority"
1785:The Hollywood Reporter
1763:. September 29, 2011.
1397:#151 (September 1976).
1040:, September 27, 1954.
721:Abandonment and legacy
648:
638:The Amazing Spider-Man
582:Around this time, the
498:
230:
226:Los Angeles Daily News
126:
2651:Comics Code Authority
2176:Weird Science-Fantasy
1984:Comics Code Authority
1962:Vassallo, Michael J.
1709:– via GoComics.
1697:. Rants & Raves.
1693:(February 23, 2011).
1478:TwoMorrows Publishing
1381:TwoMorrows Publishing
1323:Diehl, Digby (1996).
1122:Gorelick, page ?
1086:Costello, Matthew J.
1054:Hajdu, David (2008).
1006:National Public Radio
921:National Public Radio
854:LGBT themes in comics
506:"Wolfman" and credits
436:
390:#18 (April 1953), in
384:", from the pre-code
380:reprinted the story "
218:
131:Comics Code Authority
124:
2742:Comics controversies
2092:Tales from the Crypt
1932:Original Comics Code
1429:Comic Book Resources
1355:Comic Book Resources
817:United States portal
354:Tales from the Crypt
243:juvenile delinquency
155:Classics Illustrated
125:The Comics Code seal
43:improve this article
2134:Shock SuspenStories
2127:Crime SuspenStories
2106:The Vault of Horror
1924:Nyberg, Amy Kiste.
1671:on January 25, 2011
1649:, January 20, 2011.
1613:on January 27, 2011
1584:. January 21, 2011.
1524:For example, Now's
1090:(Continuum, 2009),
1042:WebCitation archive
348:The Vault of Horror
342:Crime SuspenStories
293:Best of the Fifties
2691:Fred von Bernewitz
2286:Terror Illustrated
1894:The Comics Journal
1641:2011-01-22 at the
1422:2010-08-18 at the
1293:#44, February 1971
1220:The New York Times
1180:on October 1, 2011
608:Strange Adventures
579:#15 (April 1975).
430:1954 Code criteria
278:Los Angeles County
231:
127:
2747:Comics censorship
2699:
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2634:
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2541:Bernard Krigstein
2295:
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2279:Shock Illustrated
2272:Crime Illustrated
2099:The Haunt of Fear
1968:The Buyer's Guide
1897:#234, p. 19.
1502:. August 17, 2022
1473:Comic Book Artist
1362:on July 19, 2011.
1096:978-0-8264-2998-8
839:Children's comics
652:Carmine Infantino
618:John L. Goldwater
529:Updating the Code
119:
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2141:Two-Fisted Tales
2065:Land of the Lost
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1900:Gilbert, James.
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41:Please help
36:verification
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2686:Lyle Stuart
2671:David Hajdu
2656:EC Archives
2576:Fred Peters
2571:Joe Orlando
2536:Roy Krenkel
2496:Ric Estrada
2435:John Putnam
2402:Gardner Fox
2367:Otto Binder
2309:and editors
2084:(1950–1955)
2043:(1944–1950)
1675:January 21,
1617:January 25,
1527:Speed Buggy
1376:Back Issue!
1184:January 17,
797:Sal Buscema
789:Roger Stern
691:Swamp Thing
684:1980s–1990s
668:and artist
661:Green Arrow
586:approached
577:Swamp Thing
572:Swamp Thing
552:Conan Doyle
501:1960s–1970s
410:Joe Orlando
408:and artist
321:Walt Disney
313:Dell Comics
305:Harry Lucey
221:Ernest Debs
159:moral panic
2706:Categories
2626:Wally Wood
2606:Ed Wheelan
2546:Joe Kubert
2531:Jack Kamen
2521:Russ Heath
2491:Will Elder
2486:Jack Davis
2471:Gene Colan
2430:Jack Oleck
2331:Max Gaines
2307:Publishers
2058:Gunfighter
1875:2021-05-18
1818:2019-10-15
1738:August 29,
1705:August 29,
1311:comics.org
1291:Newfangles
870:References
715:Now Comics
708:DC Vertigo
670:Neal Adams
597:Spider-Man
567:Wonder Man
335:Publisher
301:Katy Keene
282:California
69:newspapers
2596:Alex Toth
2466:Sid Check
2461:Dave Berg
2224:Aces High
2082:New-Trend
2072:Moon Girl
2041:Pre-Trend
2025:EC Comics
1796:March 27,
1647:DC Comics
1606:Newsarama
793:Ron Frenz
754:Newsarama
557:zuvembies
374:EC Comics
295:, editor
211:Beginning
193:DC Comics
99:July 2022
2639:See also
1843:Archived
1838:Collider
1790:Archived
1765:Archived
1732:Archived
1699:Archived
1639:Archived
1632:Lee, Jim
1548:X-Statix
1482:Archived
1420:Archived
1395:Avengers
1257:44654496
1237:(2000).
952:The Beat
803:See also
697:Watchmen
592:Stan Lee
266:Oklahoma
258:burnings
178:de facto
165:'s book
2566:Ben Oda
2454:Artists
2355:Writers
1988:Lambiek
1849:June 4,
1098:, p. 32
1064:128–130
728:X-Force
626:Deadman
603:Deadman
540:Dracula
510:Writer
483:morals.
461:reader.
270:Houston
229:, 1954)
205:defunct
151:Western
83:scholar
2300:People
2257:(1956)
2217:Extra!
2203:Impact
2195:(1955)
2169:Piracy
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2162:Panic
1986:– on
902:seal.
676:as a
613:opium
402:black
274:Texas
90:JSTOR
76:books
2238:M.D.
1851:2023
1798:2019
1740:2022
1727:Time
1707:2022
1677:2011
1619:2011
1558:ISBN
1508:2024
1448:ISBN
1253:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1186:2013
1155:2016
1092:ISBN
1068:ISBN
1037:Time
1014:2024
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