Harpsichord - Knowledge (XXG)

452: 693:(8') sound at the normal expected pitch, strings at four-foot pitch (4') sound an octave higher. Harpsichords occasionally include a sixteen-foot (16') choir (one octave lower than eight-foot) or a two-foot (2') choir (two octaves higher; quite rare). When there are multiple choirs of strings, the player is often able to control which choirs sound. This is usually done by having a set of jacks for each choir, and a mechanism for "turning off" each set, often by moving the upper register (through which the jacks slide) sideways a short distance, so that their plectra miss the strings. In simpler instruments this is done by manually moving the registers, but as the harpsichord evolved, builders invented levers, knee levers and pedal mechanisms to make it easier to change registration. 1057:

sculptural moldings and knobs (Italy). Soundboards bore paintings, either of individual items such as flowers and animals (Flanders, also France), or even (in expensive instruments), full-scale paintings of the kind usually executed on canvas. Keyboards could have the same "white keys" and "black keys" that pianos have today, but builders frequently employed the opposite pattern, with white sharps and black naturals. The study of harpsichord decoration became an important scholarly field in the 20th century, notably with the work of Sheridan Germann (2002), whose knowledge extended to the point of being able to pin down the particular anonymous artists who worked with particular builders.

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The jacks are similar, but they will benefit from being arranged back to back, since the two octaves take as much space as four in an ordinary harpsichord Prior to 1980 when Keith Hill introduced his design for a pedal harpsichord, most pedal harpsichords were built based on the designs of extant pedal pianos from the 19th century, in which the instrument is as wide as the pedalboard. While these were mostly intended as practice instruments for organists, a few pieces are believed to have been written specifically for the pedal harpsichord. However, the set of pedals can augment the sound from any piece performed on the instrument, as demonstrated on several albums by

569: 862: 226: 2133: 253: 471:, often made of plastic in the 21st century), which plucks the string. When the player releases the key, the far end returns to its rest position, and the jack falls back; the plectrum, mounted on a tongue mechanism that can swivel backwards away from the string, passes the string without plucking it again. As the key reaches its rest position, a felt damper atop the jack stops the string's vibrations. These basic principles are explained in detail below. 1212: 581: 808: 547: 475: 33: 926: 722: 3337: 3347: 824:

so light in construction that they were treated rather like a violin: kept for storage in a protective outer case, and played after taking it out of its case and placing it on a table. Such tables were often quite high – until the late 18th century people usually played standing up. Eventually, harpsichords came to be built with just a single case, though an intermediate stage also existed: the

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vary tonal quality. Volume is increased when the mechanism of the instrument is set up by the player (see below) so that the press of a single key plucks more than one string. Tonal quality can be varied in two ways. First, different choirs of strings can be designed to have distinct tonal qualities, usually by having one set of strings plucked closer to the nut, which emphasizes the higher

506: 1044:(1722) , Book One, chapter five, for insight into French baroque tuning; "Since most of these semitones are absolutely necessary in the tuning of organs and other similar instruments, the following chromatic system has been drawn up." Tuning an instrument nowadays usually starts with setting an A; historically it would commence from a C or an F. The harpsichord uses the bass clef (F clef). 743: 705: 1979: 1281: 658: 697:

that a player can have, for instance, an 8' manual and a 4' manual ready for use, enabling him to switch between them to obtain higher (or lower) pitches or different tone. In addition, such harpsichords often have a mechanism (the "coupler") that couples manuals together, so that a single manual plays both sets of strings.

502:. These are two long strips of wood (the upper movable, the lower fixed), which run in the gap between pinblock and bellyrail. The registers have rectangular mortises (holes) through which the jacks pass as they can move up and down. The registers hold the jacks in the precise location needed to pluck the string. 1100:

The first music written specifically for solo harpsichord was published around the early 16th century. Composers who wrote solo harpsichord music were numerous during the whole Baroque era in European countries including Italy, Germany, England and France. Solo harpsichord compositions included dance

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uses percussion, the strings being struck with leathered paper hammers instead of being plucked. The fortepiano is capable of changes in dynamic volume, giving it its name. This is unlike the harpsichord. By the late 18th century the harpsichord was supplanted by the piano and almost disappeared from

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The case also gives the harpsichord its external appearance and protects the instrument. A large harpsichord is, in a sense, a piece of furniture, as it stands alone on legs and may be styled in the manner of other furniture of its place and period. Early Italian instruments, on the other hand, were

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The wooden case holds in position all of the important structural members: pinblock, soundboard, hitchpins, keyboard, and the jack action. It usually includes a solid bottom, and also internal bracing to maintain its form without warping under the tension of the strings. Cases vary greatly in weight

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chords were seldom used at this time. In contrast, low C and D, both roots of very common chords, are sorely missed if a harpsichord with lowest key E is tuned to match the keyboard layout. When scholars specify the pitch range of instruments with this kind of short octave, they write "C/E", meaning

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The English "dogleg" jack system (also used in Baroque Flanders) does not require a coupler. The jacks labeled A in Figure 5 have a "dogleg" shape that permits either keyboard to play A. If the player wishes to play the upper 8' from the upper manual only and not from the lower manual, a stop handle

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The most flexible system is the French "shove coupler", in which the lower manual slides forward and backward. In the backward position, "dogs" attached to the upper surface of the lower manual engage the lower surface of the upper manual's keys. Depending on choice of keyboard and coupler position,

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Harpsichords with more than one keyboard (this usually means two keyboards, stacked one on top of the other in a step-wise fashion, as with pipe organs) provide flexibility in selecting which strings play, since each manual can be set to control the plucking of a different set of strings. This means

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When the key is released, the jack falls back down under its own weight, and the plectrum passes back under the string. This is made possible by having the plectrum held in a tongue attached with a pivot and a spring to the body of the jack. The bottom surface of the plectrum is cut at a slant; thus

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Some modern instruments are built with keyboards that can shift sideways, allowing the player to align the mechanism with strings at either A = 415 Hz or A = 440 Hz. If a tuning other than equal temperament is used, the instrument requires retuning once the keyboard is

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which trigger the plucking of the lowest-pitched keys of the harpsichord. Although there are no known extant pedal harpsichords from the 18th century or before, from Adlung (1758): the lower set of usually 8' strings "...is built like an ordinary harpsichord, but with an extent of two octaves only.

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The Flemish instruments served as the model for 18th-century harpsichord construction in other nations. In France, the double keyboards were adapted to control different choirs of strings, making a more musically flexible instrument (so-called 'expressive doubles'). Instruments from the peak of the

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A spinet is a harpsichord with the strings set at an angle (usually about 30 degrees) to the keyboard. The strings are too close together for the jacks to fit between them. Instead, the strings are arranged in pairs, and the jacks are in the larger gaps between the pairs. The two jacks in each gap

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Figure 4. French shove coupler. To the left: uncoupled keyboards. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The depressed lower key lifts jacks B and C. To the right: The upper keyboard is coupled to the lower one by pulling the latter. The depressed upper key lifts the jack A upwards. The

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While many harpsichords have one string per note, more elaborate harpsichords can have two or more strings for each note. When there are multiple strings for each note, these additional strings are called "choirs" of strings. This provides two advantages: the ability to vary volume and ability to

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Throughout the historical period, the harpsichord was characteristically decorated; for extensive discussion and illustration see Kottick (2003). Cases were painted in bright colors (especially in 18th century France), or covered with elaborate wood veneer (18th century England), or adorned with

674:) permits the player to select one choir or the other. Second, having one key pluck two strings at once changes not just volume but also tonal quality; for instance, when two strings tuned to the same pitch are plucked simultaneously, the note is not just louder but also richer and more complex. 681:

apart. This is normally heard by the ear not as two pitches but as one: the sound of the higher string is blended with that of the lower one, and the ear hears the lower pitch, enriched in tonal quality by the additional strength in the upper harmonics of the note sounded by the higher string.

2110: 828:, which for purely aesthetic reasons was built to look as if the outer case contained an inner one, in the old style. Even after harpsichords became self-encased objects, they often were supported by separate stands, and some modern harpsichords have separate legs for improved portability. 2105: 946:. Harpsichords at octave pitch were more common in the early Renaissance, but lessened in popularity later on. However, the ottavino remained very popular as a domestic instrument in Italy until the 19th century. In the Low Countries, an ottavino was commonly paired with an 950:

virginals, encased in a small cubby under the soundboard of the larger instrument. The ottavino could be removed and placed on top of the virginal, making, in effect, a double manual instrument. These are sometimes called 'mother-and-child' or 'double' virginals.

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Twentieth-century efforts to revive the harpsichord began with instruments that used piano technology, with heavy strings and metal frames. Starting in the middle of the 20th century, ideas about harpsichord making underwent a major change, when builders such as

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Harpsichords vary in size and shape, but all have the same basic mechanism. The player depresses a key that rocks over a pivot in the middle of its length. The other end of the key lifts a jack (a long strip of wood) that holds a small

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Through the 19th century, the harpsichord was almost completely supplanted by the piano. In the 20th century, composers returned to the instrument, as they sought out variation in the sounds available to them. Under the influence of

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buttons which add or remove additional octaves. Some harpsichords may have a buff stop, which brings a strip of buff leather or other material in contact with the strings, muting their sound to simulate the sound of a plucked

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The harpsichord was most likely invented in the late Middle Ages. By the 16th century, harpsichord makers in Italy were making lightweight instruments with low tension brass stringing. A different approach was taken in the

645:. The soundboard efficiently transmits the vibrations of the strings into vibrations in the air; without a soundboard, the strings would produce only a very feeble sound. A string is attached at its far end by a loop to a 1953:

Harpsichords and More. Harpsichords, Spinets, Clavichords, Virginals. Portraits of a Collection. The Beurmann Collection in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg, and at the Estate of Hasselburg in East Holstein,

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family. Their harpsichords used a heavier construction and produced a more powerful and distinctive tone with higher tension steel treble stringing. These included the first harpsichords with two keyboards, used for

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juts out almost horizontally (normally the plectrum is angled upwards a tiny amount) and passes just under the string. Historically, plectra were made of bird quill or leather; many modern harpsichords have plastic

600:) at the end nearest the player. When rotated with a wrench or tuning hammer, the tuning pin adjusts the tension so that the string sounds the correct pitch. Tuning pins are held tightly in holes drilled in the 308: 1040: 627:. As with the nut, the horizontal position of the string along the bridge is determined by a vertical metal pin inserted into the bridge, against which the string rests. The bridge itself rests on a 292: 2915: 838:

Harpsichords have been decorated in a great many different ways: with plain buff paint (e.g. some Flemish instruments), with paper printed with patterns, with leather or velvet coverings, with

1197:(1756–1791), wrote harpsichord music. For both, the instrument featured in the earlier period of their careers, and was largely supplanted by the piano starting roughly in the late 1770s. 878:

The virginal is a smaller and simpler rectangular form of the harpsichord having only one string per note; the strings run parallel to the keyboard, which is on the long side of the case.

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disengages the jacks labeled A and engages instead an alternative row of jacks called "lute stop" (not shown in the Figure). A lute stop is used to imitate the gentle sound of a plucked

1034: = 440 Hz. An accepted exception is for French baroque repertoire, which is often performed with a = 392 Hz, approximately a semitone lower again. See 451: 317: 1146: 1071: 1070: 1067: 588:. A decorative rose descends below the soundboard in which it is mounted; the soundboard itself is adorned with floral painting around the rose. The bridge is at lower right. 337: 1072: 283: 2145: 922:. In a clavicytherium, the jacks move horizontally without the assistance of gravity, so that clavicytherium actions are more complex than those of other harpsichords. 725:

Figure 5. Dogleg jack, English coupler system. When depressed, the upper key lifts the "dogleg" jack (jack A) upwards. The lower key lifts all three jacks A, B, and C.

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sought to re-establish the building traditions of the Baroque period. Harpsichords of this type of historically informed building practice dominate the current scene.

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and sturdiness: Italian harpsichords are often of light construction; heavier construction is found in the later Flemish instruments and those derived from them.

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An authoritative survey by a leading builder of how early harpsichords were built and how the harpsichord evolved over time in different national traditions.

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Harpsichord with double keyboard. The inside of the lid is decorated with two original paintings depicting the battle between Apollo and Pan based on

44:(1590). The front cover shows Apollo and the Muses on Mount Helicon. The exterior was repainted with red chinoiserie decoration in the 18th century. 2047: 1627:"Model IX is the famous double virginal. An ottavino of model VIII is inserted into the case of the virginal like a drawer slipping into a bureau." 729:

The use of multiple manuals in a harpsichord was not originally provided for the flexibility in choosing which strings would sound, but rather for

329: 270: 197:. The basso continuo part acted as the foundation for many musical pieces in this era. During the late 18th century, with the development of the 205:

in the 19th century) the harpsichord gradually disappeared from the musical scene (except in opera, where it continued to be used to accompany

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A clavicytherium is a harpsichord with the soundboard and strings mounted vertically facing the player, the same space-saving principle as an

819:. The false inner case begins to the right of the keyboard, and continues backward only far enough to provide a slot to support the jack rail. 1961: 1793: 1767: 1620: 1398: 1361: 1294: 2001: 1068: 3401: 2157: 262: 145:, which is mounted in a wooden case; the soundboard amplifies the vibrations from the strings so that the listeners can hear it. Like a 2085: 1707: 612:, a sharp edge that is made of hardwood and is normally attached to the wrestplank. The section of the string beyond the nut forms its 556:

when the descending plectrum touches the string from above, the angled lower surface provides enough force to push the tongue backward.

3381: 1656: 1170: 585: 456: 2100: 2090: 2027: 1939: 1926: 1911: 1889: 1867: 1842: 1822: 1435: 210: 1145:(1685–1757) began his career in Italy but wrote most of his solo harpsichord works in Spain; his most famous work is his series of 3396: 3140: 2870: 2095: 2080: 2588: 2187: 795:, known as "G/B', the apparent lowest key B is tuned to G, and apparent C-sharp and D-sharp are tuned to A and B respectively. 959:

Occasionally, harpsichords were built which included another set or sets of strings underneath and played by foot-operated

568: 3376: 2840: 2613: 1639: 1169:), continue to be performed very widely, often on the piano. Bach was also a pioneer of the harpsichord concerto, both in 901: 670:, and produces a "nasal" sound quality. The mechanism of the instrument, called "stops" (following the use of the term in 380: 3386: 3150: 1304: 532:

When the front of the key is pressed, the back of the key rises, the jack is lifted, and the plectrum plucks the string.

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is a thin, rectangular piece of wood that sits upright on the end of the keylever. The jacks are held in place by the

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The great bulk of the standard repertoire for the harpsichord was written during its first historical flowering, the

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When the jack arrives in fully lowered position, the felt damper touches the string, causing the note to cease.

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than later ones, although there are many exceptions. The largest harpsichords have a range of just over five

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shows a characteristic practice of his time, with the instrument mounted on a table and the player standing.

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In France, a great number of highly characteristic solo works were created and compiled into four books of

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instrument and as a soloing instrument. During the Baroque era, the harpsichord was a standard part of the

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was an instrument that could be folded up to make it more compact, thus facilitating travelling with it.

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In virtually all instances, "more than one" means two. For the one known three-manual instrument, see

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demanded by compositional practice and theoretical experimentation. More common were instruments with

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the player can select any of the sets of jacks labeled in "figure 4" as A, or B and C, or all three.

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of older music, in new compositions, and, in rare cases, in certain styles of popular music (e.g.,

142: 85: 3346: 1870:. A catalogue, originating with work by Boalch in the 1950s, of all extant historical instruments. 3258: 3238: 3213: 3203: 3155: 3035: 3010: 2995: 2985: 2980: 2950: 2727: 2689: 2629: 2541: 1944: 1600: 1486: 1478: 1142: 685:

When describing a harpsichord it is customary to specify its choirs of strings, often called its

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The term denotes the whole family of similar plucked-keyboard instruments, including the smaller

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view for most of the 19th century: an exception was its continued use in opera for accompanying

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firms produced sophisticated harpsichords of great power and sonority. German builders such as

3294: 3043: 2955: 2910: 2797: 2782: 2709: 2679: 2644: 2621: 2604: 2500: 2483: 2386: 1957: 1935: 1922: 1907: 1895: 1885: 1863: 1838: 1818: 1789: 1763: 1616: 1470: 1431: 1404: 1394: 1357: 1353: 1085: 1030: = 415 Hz, roughly a semitone lower than the modern standard concert pitch of A 775: 580: 440: 230: 182: 41: 2123: 1612: 980:, built in the 16th century, had an unusual keyboard layout, designed to accommodate variant 689:. To describe the pitch of the choirs of strings, pipe organ terminology is used. Strings at 3218: 3160: 3048: 2970: 2925: 2880: 2855: 2850: 2805: 2772: 2767: 2732: 2674: 2649: 2437: 2401: 2226: 2203: 1711: 1462: 1349: 1221: 1106: 947: 943: 930: 925: 812: 807: 690: 404: 400: 299: 134: 93: 77: 53: 1660: 900:

mentions his "tryangle" several times. This was not the percussion instrument that we call

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today; rather, it was a name for octave-pitched spinets, which were triangular in shape.

546: 474: 32: 3253: 3228: 3185: 2960: 2930: 2875: 2865: 2737: 2722: 2664: 2654: 2562: 2546: 2508: 2452: 2414: 2333: 2251: 1862:, 3rd ed., with updates by Andreas H. Roth and Charles Mould, Oxford University Press, 1254: 1225: 981: 965: 960: 913: 750:

in the lowest register. It replaced rarely used bass notes with more widely used notes.

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A particularly vivid effect is obtained when the strings plucked simultaneously are an

194: 150: 114: 1892:. Covers the innovations of the Ruckers family, the founders of the Flemish tradition. 1451:

Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano".

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that the lowest note is a C, played on a key that normally would sound E. In another

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Performed by Sylvia Kind on a harpsichord of the type made in the early 20th century

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More than 450 Harpsichords at the MIMO (Musical Instruments Museums Online) portal

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for the lowest register. The rationale behind this system was that the low notes F

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Many harpsichords have a lid that can be raised, a cover for the keyboard, and a

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The Historical Harpsichord, Vol. 4, A Monograph Series in Honor of Frank Hubbard

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choirs; these instruments have recently served as models for modern builders.

353: 206: 198: 158: 146: 1474: 1408: 3119: 2355: 2256: 1265:. For a detailed account of music composed for the revived harpsichord, see 1262: 856: 742: 174: 170: 1149:. Perhaps the most celebrated composers who wrote for the harpsichord were 893:

face in opposite directions, and each plucks a string adjacent to the gap.

704: 1153:(1685–1759), who composed numerous suites for harpsichord, and especially 3104: 2286: 2231: 667: 624: 516: 464: 309:

Johann Sebastian Bach – English Suite No. 1 in A major, BWV 806 – prelude

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Three historic harpsichords from the Hans Adler Memorial collection at

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Byron's letters and journals: 1816–1817 : 'So late into the night'

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The Modern Harpsichord: Twentieth Century Instruments and Their Makers

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At the other end of its vibrating length, the string passes over the

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Detail of the harpsichord by Karl Conrad Fleischer; Hamburg, 1720 in

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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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Germann, Sheridan (2002) Harpsichord Decoration: A Conspectus. In

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Detail of the mechanism of the Harpsichord by Christian Zell, at

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Cembalobau: Erfahrungen und Erkenntnisse aus der Werkstattpraxis

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in 1923, and modeled after a 1698 instrument by Joannes Carcassi

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An early diagram of a vertical harpsichord (clavicytherium) by

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made from quill or plastic. The strings are under tension on a

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Figure 1: schematic view of a 2 × 8' single manual harpsichord

1015:". The traditional pitch range for a 5-octave instrument is F 251: 209:). In the 20th century, it made a resurgence, being used in 1342:"Buff stop [harp stop and (erroneously) lute stop]" 399:

extended the sound repertoire of the instrument by adding

842:, or occasionally with highly elaborate painted artwork. 543:), which is covered with soft felt to muffle the impact. 491:

that passes through a hole drilled through the keylever.

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Harpsichord attributed to Girolama Zenti, Viterbo, 1622

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A few historic harpsichords from the collection at the

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may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines

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designated as such, and in the harpsichord part of his

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The vertical motion of the jack is then stopped by the

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Domenico Scarlatti – Sonata in D minor K. 9, Allegretto

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Ruckers, a Harpsichord and Virginal Building Tradition

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An extensive survey by a leading contemporary scholar.

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Performed by Martha Goldstein on a Flemish harpsichord

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The Harpsichord and Clavichord: an introductory study

1708:"Bach on the Pedal Harpsichord by E. Power Biggs at" 277:

Performed by Robert Schröter on a French harpsichord

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Golden Harpsichord by Michele Todini, Rome, c. 1675

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Makers of the Harpsichord and Clavichord, 1440–1840

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Johann Sebastian Bach – Prelude in C major, BWV 846

2146:Interview with harpsichord builder Craig Tomlinson 1942:. (material from here is also available online in 1808:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1781: 1604: 366:starting in the late 16th century, notably by the 1261:is scored for harpsichord, piano and two chamber 733:of the instrument to play in different keys (see 1760:The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments 1003:On the whole, earlier harpsichords have smaller 149:, a harpsichord may have more than one keyboard 2081:Double virginal by Hans Ruckers, Antwerp, 1581 2589: 2188: 1611:. Harvard: Harvard University Press. p. 1157:(1685–1750), whose solo works (for instance, 8: 1535: 1533: 1326:. For forged three-manual instruments, see 1215:Modern harpsichord, made by Colzani in 2021 1185:Two of the most prominent composers of the 942:Ottavini are small spinets or virginals at 709:depressed lower key lifts jacks A, B and C. 2596: 2582: 2574: 2195: 2181: 2173: 550:Figure 3: how the harpsichord action works 2162:International Music Score Library Project 2111:Harpsichord by Pleyel et Cie, Paris, 1928 2086:Harpsichord by Jan Couchet, Antwerp, 1650 2028:Learn how and when to remove this message 1932:The New Grove: Early Keyboard Instruments 1837:(2nd ed.). London: Faber and Faber. 1710:. Jsbach.org. 20 May 1995. Archived from 811:A false inner–outer harpsichord from the 746:Some early harpsichords and organs had a 1877:, ed. by Howard Schott. Pendragon Press. 1788:(2 ed.). Harvard University Press. 1575: 379:French tradition, by makers such as the 1587: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1503: 1387:Kottick, Edward L. (15 February 2016). 1354:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04266 1315: 633:, a thin panel of wood usually made of 1340:Ripin, Edwin M.; Koster, John (2001). 653:Multiple manuals and choirs of strings 616:, which is plucked and creates sound. 351: 154: 2106:Harpsichord, Italy, late 17th century 2096:Spinetta or Virginal, Venice, c. 1540 1784:Three Centuries of Harpsichord Making 1295:List of historical harpsichord makers 774:. Deep bass notes typically form the 181:. The harpsichord was widely used in 7: 1956:, Hildesheim/Zürich/New York, 2012, 1902:, Fachbuchreihe Das Musikinstrument 1659:. Harpsichord.org.uk. Archived from 835:for holding sheet music and scores. 487:is a simple pivot, which rocks on a 201:(and then the increasing use of the 1239:for the instrument were written by 1026:Tuning pitch is often taken to be A 2091:Octave virginal, Augsburg, c. 1600 572:Sound board of a harpsichord with 352:Problems playing these files? See 211:historically informed performances 27:Plucked-string keyboard instrument 25: 1921:, New York : October House, 1117:of the late Renaissance, notably 3345: 3336: 3335: 2871:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 2158:Scores featuring the harpsichord 1977: 1906:, Bergkirchen : Bochinsky, 1279: 1201:Music of the harpsichord revival 641:or—in some Italian harpsichords— 334: 313: 288: 267: 754:Some early harpsichords used a 586:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 564:Strings, tuning, and soundboard 457:Museu de la Música de Barcelona 410:Around the year 1700 the first 1884:, Cambridge University Press, 1758:Dearling, Robert, ed. (1996). 592:Each string is wound around a 509:Figure 2: upper part of a jack 330:Adriano Banchieri – The Battle 1: 2614:List of Renaissance composers 1806:The Harpsichord Owner's Guide 1687:Keith Hill – Instrument Maker 1122: 1080:being played on a harpsichord 649:that secures it to the case. 623:, another sharp edge made of 234: 157:. Harpsichords may also have 2048:"Queen Elizabeth's Virginal" 1917:Zuckermann, Wolfgang (1969) 1817:. Indiana University Press. 1815:A History of the Harpsichord 1393:. Indiana University Press. 1390:A history of the harpsichord 1305:List of keyboard instruments 1231:(1872–1951) and in France, 871:Lady Standing at a Virginal 3418: 3402:Basso continuo instruments 3244:Petrus Phalesius the Elder 3059:English Virginalist School 2076:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2056:Victoria and Albert Museum 1734:"The Transposing Keyboard" 1204: 1175:Fifth Brandenburg Concerto 911: 885: 854: 736:History of the harpsichord 245:History of the harpsichord 242: 3382:Early musical instruments 3315: 3026:Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck 2611: 1951:Beurmann, Andreas (2012) 1858:Boalch, Donald H. (1995) 1833:Russell, Raymond (1973). 1160:The Well-Tempered Clavier 1078:Little Prelude in C major 467:(a wedge-shaped piece of 302:on an Italian harpsichord 97: 2119:Witwatersrand University 1813:Kottick, Edward (2003). 1804:Kottick, Edward (1987). 1642:18 February 2018 at the 1430:, USA; Revised edition. 1324:Hieronymus Albrecht Hass 1267:Contemporary harpsichord 1207:Contemporary harpsichord 661:A two-manual harpsichord 397:Hieronymus Albrecht Hass 3397:Renaissance instruments 3054:English Madrigal School 2514:Piano Technicians Guild 1601:Marchand, Leslie Alexis 1428:Oxford University Press 1422:Ehrlich, Cyril (1990). 1229:Violet Gordon-Woodhouse 1195:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1147:555 harpsichord sonatas 1115:English virginal school 999:Compass and pitch range 2896:Tomás Luis de Victoria 2700:Oswald von Wolkenstein 1880:O'Brien, Grant (1990) 1287:Classical music portal 1216: 1151:Georg Friedrich Händel 1081: 934: 875: 820: 751: 726: 710: 662: 589: 577: 551: 510: 479: 459: 256: 240: 126: 118: 89: 81: 73: 65: 57: 45: 2916:Transition to Baroque 2861:Pierre de Manchicourt 1515:Find full details in 1214: 1075: 929:An ottavino built by 928: 864: 810: 770:are seldom needed in 745: 724: 707: 660: 583: 571: 549: 508: 477: 454: 416:Bartolomeo Cristofori 255: 228: 133:played by means of a 38:The Judgment of Midas 35: 3377:Keyboard instruments 2946:Girolamo Frescobaldi 2753:Cristóbal de Morales 2535:Amplifiers, speakers 2377:Generalized keyboard 2208:keyboard instruments 1998:improve this article 1714:on 12 September 2018 1657:"Pedal Harpsichords" 1424:The Piano: A History 1328:Leopoldo Franciolini 1036:Jean-Philippe Rameau 896:The English diarist 364:Southern Netherlands 3387:Baroque instruments 3064:Florentine Camerata 3036:Composition schools 2695:Gaspar van Weerbeke 2382:Isomorphic keyboard 2372:Enharmonic keyboard 2262:Electronic keyboard 2010:footnote references 1762:. London: Carlton. 1566:, various locations 1519:, p. 133 ff., 1166:Goldberg Variations 1041:Treatise on Harmony 993:folding harpsichord 868:'s famous painting 778:of the chord, and F 3259:Thomas Vautrollier 3239:Ottaviano Petrucci 3214:Pierre Attaingnant 3204:Hieronymus Andreae 3011:Michael Praetorius 2996:Claudio Monteverdi 2986:Giovanni de Macque 2981:Luzzasco Luzzaschi 2951:Alfonso Fontanelli 2841:Francisco Guerrero 2816:Antonio de Cabezón 2728:Thomas Crecquillon 2710:Middle (1470–1530) 2690:Johannes Tinctoris 2630:Alexander Agricola 2542:Keyboard amplifier 2462:Piano construction 2140:Craftsman insights 1945:Grove Music Online 1934:. Macmillan, 1989 1896:Skowroneck, Martin 1683:"About Leith Hill" 1523:, p. 65 ff., 1346:Grove Music Online 1217: 1143:Domenico Scarlatti 1082: 935: 876: 821: 752: 727: 711: 663: 590: 578: 552: 511: 480: 460: 257: 241: 131:musical instrument 46: 3359: 3358: 2956:Giovanni Gabrieli 2783:Philippe Verdelot 2680:Johannes Ockeghem 2622:Early (1400–1470) 2605:Renaissance music 2571: 2570: 2038: 2037: 2030: 1962:978-3-487-14470-2 1795:978-0-674-88845-6 1769:978-1-85868-185-6 1622:978-0-674-08945-7 1467:10.1093/em/cal050 1400:978-0-253-02347-6 1363:978-1-56159-263-0 1246:Concert champêtre 1139:François Couperin 1073: 955:Pedal harpsichord 826:false inner–outer 596:(also known as a 539:(also called the 441:Martin Skowroneck 339: 318: 293: 272: 231:Arnault de Zwolle 104: 42:Hendrick Goltzius 16:(Redirected from 3409: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3219:Vittorio Baldini 3196:Music publishing 2971:Hans Leo Hassler 2926:Gregorio Allegri 2881:Cipriano de Rore 2856:Vicente Lusitano 2851:Orlando di Lasso 2806:Jacques Arcadelt 2773:Pierre de la Rue 2768:Josquin des Prez 2748:Clément Janequin 2743:Antoine de Févin 2733:Antonius Divitis 2675:Johannes Martini 2650:Guillaume Du Fay 2598: 2591: 2584: 2575: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2174: 2160:: Scores at the 2071: 2069: 2067: 2058:. Archived from 2033: 2026: 2022: 2019: 2013: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1848: 1828: 1809: 1799: 1787: 1773: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1704: 1698: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1653: 1647: 1634: 1628: 1626: 1610: 1597: 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1537: 1528: 1513: 1507: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1384: 1375: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1337: 1331: 1320: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1249:, 1927–28), and 1222:Arnold Dolmetsch 1193:(1732–1809) and 1181:Classical period 1124: 1074: 931:Arnold Dolmetsch 813:Deutsches Museum 789: 788: 783: 782: 769: 768: 763: 762: 691:eight-foot pitch 614:vibrating length 341: 340: 320: 319: 300:Martha Goldstein 295: 294: 274: 273: 254: 239: 236: 102: 99: 21: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3362: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3332: 3324: 3311: 3263: 3249:Girolamo Scotto 3234:Antonio Gardano 3190: 3129: 3083: 3030: 3021:Heinrich Schütz 3016:Philippe Rogier 2966:Orlando Gibbons 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901:Giaches de Wert 2891:Christopher Tye 2846:Claude Le Jeune 2836:Claude Goudimel 2831:Nicolas Gombert 2826:Andrea Gabrieli 2821:Jacobus Clemens 2792: 2788:Adrian Willaert 2718:Martin Agricola 2704: 2640:Antoine Busnois 2635:Gilles Binchois 2616: 2607: 2602: 2572: 2567: 2551: 2530: 2495: 2457: 2424: 2415:Manual keyboard 2396: 2360: 2341:Piano accordion 2210: 2201: 2170: 2167: 2128:Cobb Collection 2065: 2063: 2062:on 30 June 2007 2046: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2014: 1995: 1986:This article's 1982: 1978: 1971: 1855: 1853:Further reading 1845: 1832: 1825: 1812: 1803: 1796: 1776: 1770: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1644:Wayback Machine 1635: 1631: 1623: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1586: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1531: 1514: 1510: 1502: 1498: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1401: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1259:Double Concerto 1251:Manuel de Falla 1241:Francis Poulenc 1233:Wanda Landowska 1226:harpsichordists 1209: 1203: 1183: 1131: 1098: 1065: 1063: 1054: 1033: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1001: 974: 957: 944:four-foot pitch 940: 916: 910: 890: 884: 859: 853: 848: 801: 786: 785: 780: 779: 766: 765: 760: 759: 655: 566: 544: 514:In the jack, a 503: 449: 381:Blanchet family 359: 358: 350: 348: 347: 346: 345: 342: 335: 332: 326: 325: 324: 321: 314: 311: 305: 304: 303: 296: 289: 286: 280: 279: 278: 275: 268: 265: 258: 252: 247: 237: 223: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3353: 3343: 3325: 3321:Medieval music 3317: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3254:Tielman Susato 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3229:Valerio Dorico 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3069:Franco-Flemish 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2961:Carlo Gesualdo 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2931:Thomas Campion 2928: 2922: 2920: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876:Costanzo Porta 2873: 2868: 2866:Hans Neusidler 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2738:Costanzo Festa 2735: 2730: 2725: 2723:Antoine Brumel 2720: 2714: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2665:Heinrich Isaac 2662: 2657: 2655:John Dunstaple 2652: 2647: 2645:Loyset Compère 2642: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2563:Prepared piano 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2547:Leslie speaker 2544: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2455: 2453:Pedal keyboard 2450: 2445: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2387:Jankó keyboard 2384: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2334:Electric piano 2331: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2252:Clavicytherium 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2165: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2072: 2036: 2035: 1990:external links 1985: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1969:External links 1967: 1966: 1965: 1949: 1929: 1915: 1893: 1878: 1871: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1830: 1823: 1810: 1801: 1794: 1778:Hubbard, Frank 1774: 1768: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1725: 1699: 1674: 1663:on 23 May 2013 1648: 1629: 1621: 1592: 1580: 1578:, p. 138. 1568: 1556: 1544: 1529: 1508: 1496: 1461:(4): 635–644. 1443: 1436: 1414: 1399: 1376: 1362: 1332: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1274: 1271: 1255:Elliott Carter 1205:Main article: 1202: 1199: 1182: 1179: 1130: 1127: 1097: 1094: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1016: 1000: 997: 982:tuning systems 973: 972:Other variants 970: 966:E. Power Biggs 961:pedal keyboard 956: 953: 939: 936: 914:Clavicytherium 912:Main article: 909: 908:Clavicytherium 906: 886:Main article: 883: 880: 855:Main article: 852: 849: 847: 844: 800: 797: 654: 651: 565: 562: 561: 560: 557: 553: 533: 530: 512: 492: 448: 445: 349: 343: 333: 328: 327: 322: 312: 307: 306: 297: 287: 282: 281: 276: 266: 261: 260: 259: 250: 249: 248: 243:Main article: 222: 219: 195:continuo group 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3414: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3392:C instruments 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3328:Baroque music 3323: 3322: 3314: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3209:Andrea Antico 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088:Musical forms 3086: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 3001:Thomas Morley 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991:Luca Marenzio 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2886:Thomas Tallis 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2778:John Taverner 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2763:Jacob Obrecht 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556:Miscellaneous 2554: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2329:Digital piano 2327: 2326: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2313: 2312:Theatre organ 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2297:Hammond organ 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2222:Bowed clavier 2220: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044: 2043: 2042: 2032: 2029: 2021: 2011: 2007: 2006:inappropriate 2003: 1999: 1993: 1991: 1984: 1975: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1940:0-393-02554-3 1937: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1927:0-8079-0165-2 1924: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1912:3-932275-58-6 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1890:0-521-36565-1 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1868:0-19-318429-X 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1846: 1844:0-571-04795-5 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1824:0-253-34166-3 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1736:. Hubharp.com 1735: 1729: 1726: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1590:, p. 61. 1589: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576:Dearling 1996 1572: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1506:, p. 19. 1505: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1437:0-19-816171-9 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1208: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:Classical era 1180: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1167: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141:(1668–1733). 1140: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1125:1540–1623). 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1024: 1014: 1010: 1006: 998: 996: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 971: 969: 967: 962: 954: 952: 949: 945: 937: 932: 927: 923: 921: 920:upright piano 915: 907: 905: 903: 899: 894: 889: 881: 879: 873: 872: 867: 863: 858: 850: 845: 843: 841: 836: 834: 829: 827: 818: 814: 809: 805: 798: 796: 794: 777: 773: 757: 749: 744: 740: 738: 737: 732: 731:transposition 723: 719: 717: 706: 702: 698: 694: 692: 688: 683: 680: 675: 673: 669: 659: 652: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 631: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 587: 582: 575: 570: 563: 558: 554: 548: 542: 538: 534: 531: 528: 524: 519: 518: 513: 507: 501: 497: 493: 490: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 470: 466: 458: 453: 446: 444: 442: 438: 434: 433:Frank Hubbard 428: 426: 421: 417: 414:was built by 413: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 385:Pascal Taskin 382: 376: 374: 373:transposition 369: 365: 357: 355: 331: 310: 301: 298:Performed by 285: 264: 246: 232: 227: 220: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191:accompaniment 189:, both as an 188: 187:Baroque music 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 160: 156: 153:, and even a 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 43: 39: 34: 30: 19: 3326: 3319: 3290:Architecture 3224:Jacob Bathen 2941:John Dowland 2811:William Byrd 2685:Leonel Power 2392:Short octave 2276: 2272:Harmonichord 2169: 2166: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2138: 2064:. 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The early 409: 401:sixteen-foot 377: 360: 168: 110: 106: 58:clavicembalo 49: 47: 37: 29: 3372:Harpsichord 3280:Renaissance 3275:Early music 3171:Netherlands 3151:Elizabethan 3006:Jacopo Peri 2976:Alonso Lobo 2936:John Cooper 2798:Late (1530) 2758:Jean Mouton 2670:Jean Japart 2660:Walter Frye 2501:Maintenance 2474:Innovations 2420:Split sharp 2410:Frequencies 2351:Synthesizer 2277:Harpsichord 2215:Instruments 2041:Instruments 1454:Early Music 1129:Baroque era 1096:Renaissance 1086:Renaissance 866:Jan Vermeer 840:chinoiserie 833:music stand 793:arrangement 772:early music 687:disposition 672:pipe organs 489:balance pin 238: 1430 215:Baroque pop 183:Renaissance 155:pedal board 119:klavecimbel 50:harpsichord 3366:Categories 3305:Philosophy 3300:Literature 3268:Background 3134:Traditions 3110:Magnificat 3100:Intermedio 3044:Burgundian 2438:Expression 2307:Reed organ 2302:Pipe organ 2267:Fortepiano 2247:Clavichord 1752:References 1300:Clavichord 1263:orchestras 1155:J. S. Bach 1052:Decoration 630:soundboard 606:wrestplank 594:tuning pin 541:upper rail 529:) plectra. 425:recitative 420:fortepiano 412:fortepiano 354:media help 207:recitative 199:fortepiano 147:pipe organ 143:soundboard 86:Portuguese 3120:Offertory 3049:Colorists 2911:Mannerism 2469:Acoustics 2257:Claviharp 2066:12 August 2052:Furniture 2002:excessive 1491:191481821 1475:0306-1078 1409:933437874 1237:Concertos 1107:fantasias 1048:shifted. 1023:(FF–f‴). 857:Virginals 851:Virginals 668:harmonics 598:wrest pin 500:registers 447:Mechanism 171:virginals 98:клавеси́н 18:Arpicordo 3341:Category 3318: ← 3181:Portugal 3105:Madrigal 3079:Venetian 2356:Virginal 2287:Melodica 2232:Carillon 2227:Calliope 1780:(1967). 1692:30 April 1640:Archived 1637:Ottavino 1603:(1973). 1369:18 April 1273:See also 1163:and the 938:Ottavino 902:triangle 846:Variants 787:♯ 781:♯ 767:♯ 761:♯ 647:hitchpin 625:hardwood 602:pinblock 576:patterns 537:jackrail 517:plectrum 485:keylever 465:plectrum 405:two-foot 139:plectrum 135:keyboard 127:klawesyn 111:klavesin 107:klavesín 82:clavecín 66:clavecin 3331:→ 3161:Germany 3141:British 2484:Aliquot 2448:Sustain 2365:Layouts 2319:Orphica 2237:Celesta 2204:Musical 1996:Please 1988:use of 1954:Germany 1898:(2003) 1483:4137311 1090:Baroque 1076:Bach's 1009:octaves 643:cypress 574:Chladni 389:Kirkman 368:Ruckers 221:History 175:muselar 129:) is a 94:Russian 78:Spanish 74:Cembalo 54:Italian 3351:Portal 3176:Poland 3156:France 3146:Cyprus 3125:Pavane 2919:c.1600 2524:Wrench 2519:Tuning 2509:Action 2479:Wiring 2430:Pedals 2346:Spinet 2282:Keytar 1960: 1938: 1925: 1910: 1888: 1866: 1841: 1821: 1792: 1766: 1740:22 May 1718:22 May 1667:22 May 1619: 1489: 1481: 1473: 1434: 1407: 1397: 1360: 1224:, the 1135:ordres 1111:fugues 1109:, and 1103:suites 1092:eras. 1005:ranges 888:Spinet 882:Spinet 817:Munich 679:octave 635:spruce 621:bridge 527:celcon 523:delrin 439:, and 179:spinet 177:, and 151:manual 123:Polish 70:German 62:French 3295:Dance 3186:Spain 3166:Italy 3095:Carol 3074:Roman 2489:Cross 2324:Piano 2292:Organ 2242:Chime 2152:Music 1487:S2CID 1479:JSTOR 1311:Notes 1243:(the 1171:works 1061:Music 784:and G 764:and G 469:quill 393:Shudi 203:piano 115:Dutch 90:cravo 3115:Mass 2913:and 2443:Soft 2402:Keys 2206:and 2068:2007 1958:ISBN 1936:ISBN 1923:ISBN 1908:ISBN 1886:ISBN 1864:ISBN 1839:ISBN 1819:ISBN 1790:ISBN 1764:ISBN 1742:2013 1720:2013 1694:2018 1669:2013 1617:ISBN 1471:ISSN 1432:ISBN 1405:OCLC 1395:ISBN 1371:2021 1358:ISBN 1088:and 991:The 976:The 799:Case 776:root 716:lute 496:jack 494:The 483:The 403:and 391:and 383:and 185:and 164:lute 159:stop 3285:Art 2004:or 1463:doi 1350:doi 1257:'s 1137:by 1038:'s 815:in 739:). 639:fir 610:nut 604:or 525:or 217:). 113:), 109:or 103:tr. 40:by 3368:: 2054:. 2050:. 1904:83 1685:. 1615:. 1613:75 1532:^ 1485:. 1477:. 1469:. 1459:34 1457:. 1426:. 1403:. 1379:^ 1356:. 1348:. 1344:. 1269:. 1253:. 1189:, 1177:. 1123:c. 1105:, 1019:–F 968:. 948:8' 718:. 637:, 435:, 375:. 235:c. 233:, 173:, 166:. 125:: 121:, 117:: 96:: 92:, 88:: 84:, 80:: 76:; 72:: 68:, 64:: 60:, 56:: 48:A 2597:e 2590:t 2583:v 2196:e 2189:t 2182:v 2130:) 2126:( 2070:. 2031:) 2025:( 2020:) 2016:( 2012:. 1994:. 1964:. 1948:) 1847:. 1827:. 1798:. 1772:. 1744:. 1722:. 1696:. 1671:. 1625:. 1527:. 1493:. 1465:: 1440:. 1411:. 1373:. 1352:: 1330:. 1121:( 1032:4 1028:4 1021:6 1017:1 521:( 356:. 100:( 52:( 20:)

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