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Tiffany Studio after 1900, and opened his own glass factory on Long Island in 1892. In the early 1890s, working with Arthur Nash, an
English glassmaker from Stourbridge England, he invented a method for blending different colors of glass in a molten state in a furnace. They also treated glass with various metallic oxides and exposed it to acid fumes to achieve more brilliant lustre and light effects. Tiffany named this kind of
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632:. It was made by mixing, when cold, crushed glass, powdered enamels, and binder, usually water. The paste is applied to inner surface of a mold, then fired. When the firing is done, the mould is removed. If the glass piece does not crumble, it is a fully-colored free-standing piece of sculpture. The glass paste was used by other French glassmakers, including Albert Dammouse, Georges Despret and Francois Deorchement.
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glass. He inherited the family firm in 1884, and produced a remarkable series of glass objects, using techniques of engraving glass borrowed from
Chinese art glass, and methods of layering plaques of glass. He also developed methods to improve the color and luminosity of glass, without losing clarity. He presented his Art Nouveau works with success at the
559:
52:
1159:, the Belgian architect who designed some of the earliest Art Nouveau houses, used stained glass windows, combined with ceramics, wood and iron decoration with similar motifs, to create a harmony between functional elements and decoration, making a unified work of art. One example is the stained glass window of the doorway of the
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Their method was to produce objects in series, as well as one-of-a-kind items, and they adapted well to the new technology of electric light bulbs. The vases and lamps usually had very simple designs taken from plants or vegetables, with monochrome or richly varied colors of many different layers of
737:
Louis
Comfort Tiffany was the leading figure in American Art Nouveau glass design. His father was a famous New York jeweler, and he studied painting in New York and Paris before opening a firm of interior decoration in New York in 1897. He founded the Tiffany Glass Company in 1885, which became the
551:
and in 1908 he pioneered in the design of perfume bottles, small glass symbols of modernity, which became a new genre of glass art. One example was the sepia stained glass bottle for 'Ambre
Antique' Perfume. Another original design by Lalique was a sugar bowl made of sepia stained glass, wrapped in
341:
of that city. He learned glassmaking in the factory of his father in Nancy, which also made furniture and ceramics. He studied philosophy, botany and zoology, and also studied painting. He made study trips to London and Paris, where he discovered
Japanese art and decoration, which he applied to his
111:
style. Typically the forms are undulating, sinuous and colorful art, usually inspired by natural forms. Pieces are generally larger than drinking glasses, and decorative rather than practical, other than for use as vases and lighting fittings; there is little tableware. Prominently makers, from the
643:. They became expert in glass engraving techniques, especially acid etching and also in layering glass, adding as many as seven colors. They also followed the lead of Gallé in their choice of subjects, focusing on flora and animals. They opened up a collaboration with the Belgian glass factory of
207:
in Nancy. It was similar to marquetry in wood, a method of adding colors that are integral to the body of the piece. It involves adding thin layers of colored glass to the exterior of a glass object, often with a thin layer of clear crystal as the outer layer. He then fired the piece in the oven,
132:
in
Scotland and England, and Friedrich Zitzman, Karl Koepping and Max Ritter von Spaun in Germany. Art Nouveau glass included decorative objects, vases, lamps, and stained glass windows. It was usually made by hand, and was usually colored with metal oxides while in a molten state in a furnace.
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between 1895 and 1918, made by the
Fribourg stained glass workshop Kirsch & Fleckner. His windows document the influences of Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Historicism and folk art. The Martyrs' Window (1898-1899) is particularly influenced by Art Nouveau. It was awarded a gold medal at the World
141:
Art
Nouveau glass was in large part due to technical innovations that allowed glass to have more and better color, to more lustrous, and to have more unusual forms. Some of these techniques had been used for centuries, but Art Nouveau glass artists greatly expanded the ways they could be used.
234:. The resultant paste is applied to the inner surface of a negative mould forming a coating. After the coated mould is fired at the appropriate temperature the glass is fused creating a hollow object that can have thick or thin walls depending on the thickness of the pate de verre layers.
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fused a thin outer layer of glass to a thicker glass object, often of a different color. The larger object was dipped into molten glass, then heated to fuse the outer layer to the object. The outer layer could then be etched, often diamond, to reveal the color
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639:, a group of brothers originally from Alsace, whose members had fled from Alsace to Nancy after the German occupation in 1871. The brothers were skilled craftsmen, who found employment at first with Emile Gallé, then set up their own factory nearby in
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1081:, was a leading figure in Art Nouveau glass in the United Kingdom. Unlike most glass artists of the time, he showed little interest in purely natural forms such as plants and flowers. He was a member of the movement known as
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is made of two layers, often of different colors, one inside the other. The outer layer (overlay) is created first, then the inner layer is blown inside the first, then the whole piece is heated so the layers fuse
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651:, simpler and with fewer risks of breaking than the method used by Gallé and the Daum brothers. It involved touching the different layers of glass with enamels of various tones, then using acid to fix the colors.
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in Paris, which gave Art
Nouveau its name. He was particularly known for his floral lamps, which became emblems of the Art Nouveau style. Some of the most famous Tiffany lamps were designed by one his artists,
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was a technique invented by Emile Gallé. Translucent layers of enamel were built up in layers and then fused to a foil of precious metal, which was then heated and attached to the outside of the glass object.
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427:. They guided the company into the Art Nouveau. The Daum brothers expressed their goal at the end of the 1880s: "to apply in an industrial way the true principles of decorative art."
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Early Art
Nouveau stained glass generally used traditional techniques and subjects, but usually featured floral themes and women as the central figures. The windows made by
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was first invented in 17th or 18th century Venice. It is made to imitate aventurine quartz, it is a yellow glass filled with flecks of sparkling copper particles.
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is like cased glass, with two layers of different colors. The outer layer is then engraved with a diamond point or etched with acid to create a two-color design.
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Glassware and crystal were arts for which Nancy became particularly known. The glassmaker Jean Daum emigrated to France in 1878 and started his own studio,
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created vases and other works that were similar to the Secession style, made of metal and glass in geometric forms. The Belgian crystal firm of
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Glass-casting work by Francois-Emile DĂ©corchemont (1910). Dark green and blue grass with brown glass paste attachments. (Petit Palais)
188:. Molten glass was treated with metallic oxides that were absorbed into the glass and created a distinctive iridescent surface effect.
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used stained glass windows to create the atmosphere of his most Art celebrated Nouveau house, the Ryabushinsky House, now the
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process that he patented, in which the molten glass was tinted with metallic oxides to give its surface an iridescent effect.
1234:. He also used Art Nouveau glass to create the striking lamp in the shape of a jellyfish that ornaments the main stairway.
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was glass filled with webs of small cracks and fissures, refracting light and causing the glass to have a sparkling effect.
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Henri Cros was another notable figure in French glass, who rediscovered the ancient Roman technique of pate-de-verre, or
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705:(c. 1900). Double glass, devitrified on surface, etched with hydrofluoric acid and decorated with colored enamels. (
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then the outside surface was etched by acid or engraved with a diamond to expose the design in the layers beneath.
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created highly abstract and geometric forms for the far removed from the natural forms of the early Art Nouveau.
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in France was an important center for Art Nouveau glass manufacture. The dominant figure in the early style was
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was another prominent designer of Art Nouveau glass. Beginning in 1895 he made pieces for the shop of
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Catherine, detail from the Martyrs windows in Fribourg Cathedral, by Mehoffer (1898–99)
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produced crystal Art Nouveau vases in more traditional floral designs. The architect
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Vienna - the Vienna Secession - Johann Loetz Witwe, Otto Wagner and Koloman Moser
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Glass, particularly stained glass windows, played a significant part in the
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created more abstract, simpler and more geometric stained glass designs.
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Another notable glass designer of the Vienna Secession was the architect
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Sepia-colored glass sugar bowl with snakes of silver by Lalique (1902) (
1174:. The windows were made by LĂ©on Fargues. The decor is now found in the
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366:(1894). Glass marquetry and engraving, overlays applied to surface.
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Belgium - Philippe Wolfers, Serrurier-Bovy, and Val Saint Lambert
350:, bridging together architect, glass and furniture designers.
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was an important artist in this domain, working closely with
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glass dish by Dresser (1890s) (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
1093:, which adapted Japanese aesthetics to European subjects.
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also created stained glass designs for his interiors (see
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is a form of kiln casting which was frequently used by
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and other architects. He designed the windows for the
85:(1900–1902); Bottom: Vases by Johan Loetz Witwe (1900)
1618:"Objects of Beauty- Art Nouveau glass and jewellery"
1032:("Twilight") vase with bat design by Wolfers (1901)
957:One of the leading Belgian art glass designers was
635:Other notable figures in French glass art included
620:
Glass Casting and other artists in French glass art
90:
1218:created the windows for the eight side chapels of
1204:designed decorative angels for the windows of the
1060:White crystal vase with engraved floral design by
965:("The Thistles") vase in 1896 and a more abstract
810:Wisteria table lamp by Driscoll for Tiffany (1902)
1166:In France, Art Nouveau stained glass was used by
884:, the most notable of Vienna Secession churches.
1170:to decorate the interior of the jewelry shop of
969:("Twilight") vase in 1901. The Belgian designer
1385:by Tiffany (1908) (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
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923:Iridescent vases by Johann Loetz Witwe (1900)
8:
1780:Un Ensemble Art Nouveau - La Donation Rispal
1761:L'Art Nouveau- L'Utopie de la RĂ©conciliation
1666:Aesthetic Idealism in Modernist Architecture
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27:
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1447:for the Kirche am Steinhof by Wagner (1905)
552:serpents made of silver (see image below).
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329:France - Émile Gallé and the Daum brothers
26:
1782:(in French). Musée d'Orsay - Flammarion.
854:Jack-in-the-pulpit vase by Tiffany (1910)
727:The United States - Louis Comfort Tiffany
446:lamp with trees and fallen snow (c. 1900)
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414:Engraved crystal vase by Gallé (c. 1900)
230:and water, and often with colorants and
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1482:, detail from the Martyrs windows in
1327:(1908–09) (Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy)
1196:Later, in Vienna, the artists of the
7:
1620:. Victoria and Albert Museum, London
937:St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church
882:St. Charles Borromeo Cemetery Church
474:Daum vase with cricket design (1900)
1685:The Art of French Glass (1860-1914)
1112:(1890) (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
1048:(1904) (Metropolitan Museum of Art)
678:Cup of glass casting by Dammouse (
402:Orchid branch vase by Gallé (1900)
344:Paris Universal Exposition of 1900
25:
1226:In Moscow, the Russian architect
834:Favrile glass by Tiffany (1907) (
822:Iridescent vase by Tiffany (1904)
530:Tulip vase by Antonin Daum (1910)
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1343:department store in Paris (1912)
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247:Crackled glass vase with enamel
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184:was a type of glass invented by
61:
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1085:, and also was associated with
1759:Sembach, Klaus-JĂĽrgen (2013).
1702:Fahr-Becker, Gabriele (2015).
1683:Bloch-Dermant, Janine (1980).
1127:glass vase by Dresser (1895) (
1:
1459:Window in antechamber of the
1223:Exhibition in Paris in 1900.
1069:Britain - Christopher Dresser
666:work by Albert-Louis Dammouse
203:was a technique developed by
112:1890s onwards, are in France
1742:Le Musée de l'École de Nancy
878:Austrian Postal Savings Bank
275:flowers by Gallé (1890–1900)
1706:(in French). H.F. Ullmann.
1668:, Chapter Four, p. 131–139
1480:Dying Catherina and Barbara
606:Bottle made by Lalique for
378:Orchid vase by Gallé (1897)
346:, and was a founder of the
255:applied to the surface, by
1828:
1778:Thiébaut, Olivier (2007).
1662:Brumfield, William Craft,
836:Metropolitan Museum of Art
730:
588:Calouste Gulbenkian Museum
494:design of engraved glass,
297:Victoria and Albert Museum
137:Techniques and innovations
1725:(in French). Flammarion.
1721:Garner, Philippe (1976).
1416:Stained glass windows by
1309:Musée de l'Ecole de Nancy
1276:
1182:Department store (1912).
1001:("The Thistles") vase by
32:
1740:Thomas, Valerie (2009).
1339:Detail of the cupola of
935:Stained glass window of
390:Bud vase by Gallé (1900)
1428:, by Otto Wagner (1905)
1368:Yale University Library
1129:Cleveland Museum of Art
514:flowers, designed with
458:Daum crystal vase with
431:glass within the lamp.
287:Examples of iridescent
124:brothers, the American
1763:(in French). Taschen.
1270:The jewellery shop of
1246:Doorway window of the
1046:Gustave Serrurier-Bovy
1017:Vase by Wolfers (1899)
971:Gustave Serrurier-Bovy
961:, whose work included
891:, who was part of the
628:that was described by
1744:(in French). Somogy.
1687:. The Vendome Press.
1356:Louis Comfort Tiffany
1280:, Paris, designed by
1187:Louis Comfort Tiffany
1152:Stained glass windows
983:Stained glass windows
768:Louis Comfort Tiffany
567:("Parakeet") bowl of
536:France - René Lalique
293:Louis Comfort Tiffany
271:Glass marquetry with
186:Louis Comfort Tiffany
126:Louis Comfort Tiffany
83:Louis Comfort Tiffany
73:Top: Begonia cup by
28:Art Nouveau glass art
18:Art Nouveau glass art
1208:, a church built by
1163:in Brussels (1895).
1091:Anglo-Japanese style
1073:The Scottish artist
701:("Berries") vase by
362:Begonia Rose cup by
1607:, pp. 160–163.
1571:, pp. 123–126.
1508:Notes and citations
1362:in the larger work
1110:Christopher Dresser
1075:Christopher Dresser
130:Christopher Dresser
29:
1605:Bloch-Dermant 1980
1593:Bloch-Dermant 1980
1545:Bloch-Dermant 1980
1533:Bloch-Dermant 1980
1521:Bloch-Dermant 1980
1484:Fribourg Cathedral
1461:Ryabushinsky House
1422:Kirche am Steinhof
1383:View of Oyster Bay
1358:. Panel depicting
1341:Galeries Lafayette
1248:HĂ´tel van Eetvelde
1220:Fribourg Cathedral
1206:Kirche am Steinhof
1180:Galeries Lafayette
1161:HĂ´tel van Eetvelde
909:Johann Loetz Witwe
786:for Tiffany (1900)
782:Dragonfly lamp by
1789:978-2-0801-1608-6
1770:978-3-8228-3005-5
1751:978-2-7572-0248-7
1713:978-3-8480-0857-5
1664:Fedor Shekhtel -
1286:Carnavalet Museum
1176:Carnavalet Museum
1062:Val Saint Lambert
975:Val Saint Lambert
893:Wiener Werkstätte
645:Val Saint Lambert
498:, and gold (1901)
462:flowers (c. 1900)
101:Art Nouveau glass
98:
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1003:Philippe Wolfers
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985:section below).
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866:Vienna Secession
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1168:Alphonse Mucha
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168:Crackled glass
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1202:Koloman Moser
1199:
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1191:Favrile glass
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764:Favrile glass
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740:Favrile glass
734:
733:Tiffany glass
726:
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712:
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703:Muller Frères
700:
694:
689:
685:
681:
680:Musée d'Orsay
674:
669:
665:
664:Glass casting
659:
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646:
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638:
637:Muller Frères
633:
631:
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626:glass casting
619:
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612:François Coty
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608:Ambre Antique
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549:François Coty
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298:
295:(1896–1902) (
294:
290:
289:Favrile glass
283:
278:
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267:
262:
258:
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250:
243:
238:
233:
229:
225:
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216:glass casting
213:
212:Pâte de verre
210:
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193:Flashed glass
190:
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181:Favrile glass
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79:Favrile glass
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19:
1779:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1684:
1677:Bibliography
1667:
1663:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1479:
1440:
1402:Angel Window
1401:
1382:
1363:
1359:
1300:
1256:Victor Horta
1232:Gorky Museum
1225:
1214:
1195:
1184:
1165:
1157:Victor Horta
1155:
1143:
1124:
1105:
1083:Aestheticism
1072:
1029:
999:Les Chardons
998:
997:Drawing for
979:Victor Horta
966:
963:Les Chardons
962:
956:
886:
863:
736:
707:Petit Palais
698:
648:
634:
623:
607:
573:René Lalique
564:
541:René Lalique
539:
429:
425:Auguste Daum
418:
333:The city of
332:
211:
200:
191:
179:
174:Émaux-Bijoux
173:
167:
160:
152:
146:
140:
114:René Lalique
100:
99:
91:Years active
1812:Art Nouveau
1624:January 23,
1467:(1900–1902)
1400:design for
1370:(1887–1890)
1210:Otto Wagner
947:(1908–1911)
874:Otto Wagner
770:(1893–1897)
744:Samuel Bing
649:fluogravure
610:perfume by
545:Samuel Bing
364:Émile Gallé
339:Émile Gallé
257:Emile Gallé
220:Émile Gallé
205:Émile Gallé
161:Cased glass
154:Cameo glass
118:Emile Gallé
109:Art Nouveau
75:Emile Gallé
1801:Categories
1323:Window by
1303:window by
1277:rue Royale
1030:Crépuscule
967:Crépuscule
731:See also:
571:glass, by
569:opalescent
492:cornflower
421:Daum Glass
315:Vase with
228:gum arabic
224:Daum Glass
94:1890s–1914
1807:Glass art
1490:(1898–99)
1364:Education
1307:(1904), (
1087:Symbolism
699:Les Baies
641:Lunéville
565:Perruches
164:together.
1420:for the
1301:Aquarium
1252:Brussels
1212:(1905).
1089:and the
1044:Vase by
907:Vase by
766:vase by
709:, Paris)
512:magnolia
273:clematis
197:beneath.
120:and the
103:is fine
1366:in the
1079:Glasgow
1077:, from
253:cicadas
232:enamels
107:in the
1786:
1767:
1748:
1729:
1710:
1691:
1426:Vienna
1404:(1905)
1288:(1901)
1274:at 6,
1258:(1895)
1144:Clutha
1125:Clutha
1106:Clutha
1005:(1896)
941:Vienna
911:(1900)
614:(1908)
592:Lisbon
518:(1903)
496:enamel
321:daises
317:lilies
301:London
259:(1889)
249:mantis
1723:Gallé
1486:, by
1360:Music
684:Paris
630:Pliny
488:candy
486:Daum
335:Nancy
105:glass
1784:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1746:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1626:2020
1441:Adam
460:iris
444:Daum
319:and
251:and
222:and
122:Daum
1443:by
1424:in
1254:by
1250:in
943:by
939:in
291:by
214:or
81:by
1803::
838:,
751:.
682:,
590:,
299:,
128:,
116:,
1792:.
1773:.
1754:.
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1716:.
1697:.
1628:.
1311:)
1131:)
842:)
686:)
594:)
303:)
20:)
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