314:
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tend to be supporters of the president. Similarly, at the state and local levels, governors and mayors retain appointments powers. Some scholars have argued that patronage may be used for laudable purposes, such as the "recognition" of minority communities through the appointment of their members to a high-profile position. Bearfield has argued that patronage be used for four general purposes: create or strengthen a political organization; achieve democratic or egalitarian goals; bridge political divisions and create coalitions, and to alter the existing patronage system.
818:
273:
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980:-809), such books were translated into Arabic. Thus Khurasan and Transoxania were effectively bypassed in this transfer of learning from India to Islam, even though, undeniably the Barmakis cultural outlook owed something to their land of origin, northern Afghanistan, and Yahya al Barmaki's interest in medicine may have derived from no longer identifiable family tradition.
392:
also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the middle 19th century that
European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly supported system of museums, theaters, mass audiences and mass consumption that
928:". During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while also reducing the footprint of foreign companies. Venezuela's economy was then largely state-run and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected. Senior fellow at the
905:
Political patronage is not always considered corrupt. In the United States, the U.S. Constitution provides the president with the power to appoint individuals to government positions. The president also may appoint personal advisers without congressional approval. Not surprisingly, these individuals
802:
In 2012, the
African National Congress (ANC) mayor of Beaufort West in the Western Cape Province wrote a letter that openly and illegally solicited funds from the Construction Education and Training Authority for the ANC's 2016 election campaign. This episode, amongst many others including instances
154:
systems were abolished, patronage was used to maintain rigid class structures. With the rise of a labor class, traditional patronage changed in the 20th century to allow some participation in power structures, but many systems still favor a small powerful elite, who distribute economic and political
979:
We know of Yahya b Khalid al
Barmaki (805) as a patron of physicians and, specifically, of the translation of Hindu medical works into both Arabic and Persian. In all likelihood, however, his activity took place in the orbit of the caliphal court in Iraq, where at the behest of Harun al Rashid (786
902:. Under these decrees, it was declared that the employment status of most public employees could not be affected positively or negatively based on political allegiance, with exceptions for politically inclined positions. The case is still in negotiation today, as there are points yet to be decided.
841:
was an
American politician who ran what is considered now to have been one of the most corrupt political machines in the country's history. Tweed and his corrupt associates ruled for a brief time with absolute power over the city and state of New York. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the
420:
Charitable and other non-profit making organizations often seek one or more influential figureheads to act as patrons. The relationship often does not involve money. As well as conferring credibility, these people can use their contacts and charisma to assist the organization to raise funds or to
1609:
La boliburguesĂa –un tĂ©rmino acuñado por el periodista Juan Carlos Zapata para definir a la oligarquĂa que ha crecido bajo protecciĂłn del gobierno chavista– consituye hoy una "nueva clase social" de empresarios y polĂticos que se han servido de la falta de control del
Parlamento, FiscalĂa y
898:, occurred involving political patronage and its constitutionality. Shakman claimed that much of the patronage going on in Chicago politics was unlawful on the grounds of the first and fourteenth amendments. Through a series of legal battles and negotiations, the two parties agreed upon
412:. In the latter part of the 20th century, the academic sub-discipline of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.
803:
revolving around
President Jacob Zuma, revealed how the African National Congress as ruling political party utilized patronage to reward supporters and strengthen the leading faction of the party's control over governmental institutions.
932:, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they have". According to
989:
In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting event may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic—with some notable exceptions. Those who attend the
889:. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined as a national political issue.
433:
Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if less expensive options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'. Patronage may entitle members of a
134:, the system was designed to maintain an inexpensive, subservient labor force, which could be utilized to limit production costs and allow wealth and its privileges to be monopolized by a small elite. Long after
98:
and the heads of a number of commissions and agencies; in many cases, these appointments go to people who have supported the political party of the prime minister. As well, the term may refer to a type of
821:
A "Thank you for your patronage" message (in the sense "Thank you for being our customer") from
Orologio Restaurant in the Alphabet City area of the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City
894:
1307:
publiés pour la Société de l’histoire de l’art français, par M. Anatole de
Montaiglon, tome IX (1780–1788), Charvay Frères, Libraires de la Société, 4, rue de Furstenberg, Paris, 1889, p. 186
94:, which is the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. Some patronage systems are legal, as in the Canadian tradition of the prime minister to appoint
1360:
1416:
396:
This kind of system continues across many fields of the arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to
111:
or fraudulently awarded appointments or government contracts. The opposite of this structure, where all individuals advance based on their personal traits and abilities, is
667:
such as fraudulently awarding non-competitive government contracts to friends or relatives or pressuring the public service to hire an unqualified family member or friend.
2651:
2430:
299:
named a plant after the baron to thank him for his support. This plant had already received its scientific name a few years earlier and is therefore not known today as
58:, and other wealthy and influential people have provided to artists such as musicians, painters, and sculptors. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or
206:
Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as
2380:
2180:
1010:, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring one or more professionals. The rest of the team may be amateurs, often including the patron themself.
1691:
278:
1305:
Procès-Verbaux de l’Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture (1648–1793) – Nomination de M. le Baron de
Besenval comme Honoraire Amateur, le 7 février 1784,
1833:
1144:
203:
defined a patron as "one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help".
124:, concentrating economic and political power in a small minority which held privileges that the majority of the population did not. In this system, the
1674:
313:
2435:
1630:
130:
holds authority and influence over a less powerful person, whom he protects by granting favors in exchange for loyalty and allegiance. With roots in
583:
2143:
971:
938:, "y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business executives, Chavez put a new face on the system of patronage".
1858:
886:
859:
1802:
1451:
1275:
1099:
1044:
1364:
2457:
1588:
881:, a disappointed office-seeker, assassinated him. To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the
555:
659:, this is not the case. Other types of political patronage may violate the laws or ethics codes, such as when political leaders engage in
329:
of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines also benefited from patronage, including those who studied
1843:
46:
is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art,
2579:
1895:
784:
701:, it is expected that one gains political debts and dispenses political favor to advance one's career or gain influence, if not wealth.
598:
revenue, secondary funding sources include audience members and philanthropists who donate to for-profit and non-profit organizations.
2589:
2479:
855:
2647:
2413:
1828:
1470:
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2614:
2557:
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on the third Sunday of
November. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Sunday in November, to be designated by the
1054:
1049:
2700:
874:
526:, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of
2567:
2256:
1089:
953:
were patrons of the sciences, which greatly helped the propagation of Indian science and scholarship from the neighboring
761:
682:
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2418:
2220:
698:
519:
2574:
2552:
2373:
1510:
1022:
975:; the vizier Ja'far appears in several stories, as well as a tale that gave rise to the expression "Barmecide feast".
718:
690:
635:. In most countries, the executive has the right to make many appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also
1398:
2599:
2484:
1267:
999:
539:
35:
1120:
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546:. The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salve sancta parens".
80:
1183:
2638:
2631:
2609:
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have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they make decisions on the appointment of
425:
are especially prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.
296:
107:
in which a party in power rewards groups, families, or ethnicities for their electoral support using illegal
2562:
2423:
2080:
1888:
1334:
385:
31:
1713:
210:. Many languages have terms for patrons (such as the English "mecenate") that are derived from the name of
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2537:
2361:
1863:
1848:
954:
632:
318:
1551:
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2175:
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929:
863:
787:
776:
238:
2407:
1610:
ContralorĂa, para enriquecerse y hacer toda suerte de negocios, algunas veces de dudosa solvencia moral
408:
than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by
365:
1671:
866:. In 1873, Tweed was convicted for diverting between $ 40 million and $ 200 million of public monies.
2494:
2447:
2244:
2133:
1952:
1739:
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in order to sway the votes in his favour, making Stalin the effective leader of the country by 1929.
652:
422:
389:
288:
284:
207:
100:
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2511:
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1922:
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851:
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377:
104:
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2452:
2278:
2128:
1881:
1759:
1635:
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BoliburguesĂa is a term that was coined by journalist Juan Carlos Zapata in order to "define the
878:
768:
656:
648:
579:
563:
527:
515:
334:
330:
121:
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1114:
For a recent study of political patronage in the People's Republic of China, see Hillman, Ben.
817:
2705:
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2006:
1937:
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1271:
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1240:
1232:
1167:
1159:
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607:
476:
369:
250:
1492:
717:'s retirement from politics in March 1923 following a stroke, a power struggle began between
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2308:
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1962:
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180:
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all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons. Figures as late as
164:
542:. In many places, the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of
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2318:
2215:
2097:
1932:
1436:
1034:
925:
870:
737:
714:
677:
492:
305:
229:, used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through
211:
200:
184:
1266:. Vol. 1: The Colonial Era and the Short Nineteenth Century. New York, New York:
2689:
2467:
2356:
2346:
2268:
2107:
2102:
2001:
1791:
1763:
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998:, are still traditionally referred to as "patrons," largely at the insistence of the
882:
843:
826:
812:
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575:
409:
242:
234:
215:
149:
55:
1179:
946:
There are historical examples where the noble classes financed scientific pursuits.
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2033:
1957:
1117:
Patronage and Power: Local State Networks and Party-state Resilience in Rural China
1003:
847:
834:
745:
721:
710:
535:
531:
373:
272:
246:
188:
108:
63:
1755:
1386:
Mershman, Francis. "Feast of the Patronage of Our Lady." The Catholic Encyclopedia
291:(1791). As in the field of the arts, the baron was also a patron in the field of
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2043:
2016:
2011:
1972:
1967:
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196:
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113:
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is the commonly used term for the right to present a candidate to a benefice.
397:
381:
349:
345:
266:
141:
1740:"Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon"
1672:
Davis, Seth: The difference between patrons and fans, Golf.com, April 6 2007.
1385:
1236:
1163:
2060:
1977:
1908:
1262:. In Bulmer-Thomas, Victor; Coatsworth, John; Cortes-Conde, Roberto (eds.).
950:
921:
791:
753:
640:
594:
While most news companies, particularly in North America are funded through
357:
262:
254:
131:
1772:
1145:"The Role of Patronage in the Peasant Political Struggle in Latin America"
17:
2401:
2298:
2038:
2023:
1994:
1947:
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741:
694:
664:
660:
636:
624:
464:
445:
258:
226:
218:
59:
2155:
2065:
1942:
1927:
1417:"Power, patronage and gatekeeper politics in the time of Truman Prince"
1115:
1059:
1014:
361:
353:
337:
135:
1091:
Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective
969:
in Baghdad. The power of the Barmakids in those times is reflected in
2123:
2075:
2070:
1989:
767:. Stalin used patronage to appoint many Stalinist delegates (such as
725:
628:
468:
438:
to a share of the surplus or profit generated by the co-op, called a
292:
222:
199:
dominated a society and controlled a significant share of resources.
192:
51:
120:
In many Latin American countries, patronage developed as a means of
1348:
Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England, 1558–1658,
1984:
1388:
Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 11 November 2016
854:, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the
816:
523:
341:
312:
271:
230:
71:
1631:"Venezuela Sees Chavez Friends Rich After His Death Amid Poverty"
187:
kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a
1007:
995:
1877:
62:, the business given to a store by a regular customer, and the
570:, which led to the formation of the Associate Presbytery, the
27:
Support that one organization or individual bestows to another
965:. They are also credited with the establishment of the first
631:
in the UK). Patronage is therefore a recognized power of the
895:
Michael L. Shakman v. Democratic Organization of Cook County
233:. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of
643:, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the
321:, showing that it was commissioned by the Imperial family
1094:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10.
957:
into the Arabic world. They patronized scholars such as
1320:
Blog Schweizerisches Nationalmuseum, 29. September 2021
693:
without mastery of the padrino system. From the lowest
522:
on 6 May 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of
79:('patron'), one who gives benefits to his clients (see
1399:"Pew: Impact Of Billionaire Funded Journalism Is Tiny"
1211:
Hall, Anthony (July 1974). "Patron-Client Relations".
994:, one of the four major championships of professional
155:
favors in exchange for benefits to the lower classes.
1629:
Smith, Michael; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (12 August 2014).
892:
Beginning in 1969, a Supreme Court case in Chicago,
514:
of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted by
2520:
2389:
2327:
2191:
2116:
1915:
1790:
1442:. New York: Carrol & Graf Publishers. p.
1435:
1158:(6). Mepple, Belgium: J.A. Boom en Zoon: 411–419.
1331:Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy,
1002:. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by
681:", has been the source of many controversies and
171:. It is known in greatest detail in reference to
1785:This is the reference for the Canon law section.
1533:"SHAKMAN v. DEMOCRATIC ORGANIZATION OF COOK CTY"
2381:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1550:Bearfield, Domonic A. (January–February 2009).
1264:The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America
977:
924:that has developed under the protection of the
862:, the New York City Board of Advisors, and the
655:); in other countries, such as those using the
544:Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces
179:Europe, though patronage can also be traced in
167:onward, patronage of the arts was important in
86:In some countries the term is used to describe
1595:(in Spanish). 24 November 2009. Archived from
627:inside and outside government (for example on
1889:
1692:"'Rules' critics must look at bigger picture"
1552:"What Is Patronage? A Critical Reexamination"
1303:Académie Royale de peinture et de sculpture:
1138:
1136:
558:, (in force until 1874) resulted in multiple
147:
139:
125:
30:"Patron" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
1738:Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021).
1350:Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1993.
1206:
1204:
74:
1896:
1882:
1874:
1793:Spoils of Power: the Politics of Patronage
1318:Die Leidenschaften des Herrn von Besenval,
1294:, London: Thames and Hudson, 1987, p. 203.
833:, patronage became a controversial issue.
1659:History of Civilizations of Central Asia
1477:. New York. 4 July 2005. Archived from
1080:
972:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights
393:is familiar in the contemporary world.
317:19th-century Japanese vase bearing the
860:United States House of Representatives
364:. Artists as diverse and important as
138:, and other forms of bondage like the
1045:Civil service reform (disambiguation)
325:While sponsorship of artists and the
214:, generous friend and adviser to the
7:
1783:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1771:Sägmüller, Johannes Baptist (1913).
675:Political patronage, also known as "
582:, which led to the formation of the
574:, which led to the formation of the
556:Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711
1661:. Vol. 4, Part 2. p. 300.
2480:Index of painting-related articles
1361:"British Monarchy website, London"
858:. At times he was a member of the
691:political arena of the Philippines
25:
1818:
1777:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
1716:. Irish Times. 21 September 2010
1690:McGee, Eugene (4 October 2010).
1589:"Auge y caĂda de un boliburguĂ©s"
1568:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2008.01941.x
1423:. Johannesburg. 3 February 2016.
1143:Huizer, Gerrit (November 1969).
1055:Corporate social responsibility
1050:Community-supported agriculture
1744:Journal of Development Studies
1657:Bosworth, C. E.; Asimov, M.S.
1213:The Journal of Peasant Studies
421:affect government policy. The
1:
1756:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622
1714:"A new tradition in the GAA?"
1434:Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2005).
1290:Quoted in Michael Rosenthal,
534:ordered it to be kept in the
2419:Museum collection management
2342:Art history (academic study)
2221:alternative exhibition space
1774:"Patron and Patronage"
1556:Public Administration Review
1025:are referred to as patrons.
663:(hiring family members) and
520:Sacred Congregation of Rites
221:. Some patrons, such as the
2580:Colossal sculptures in situ
2284:Artist-in-residence program
1023:Gaelic Athletic Association
842:third-largest landowner in
444:. This refund is a form of
281:dans son salon de compagnie
50:refers to the support that
2722:
2590:Contemporary art galleries
2485:Outline of the visual arts
1268:Cambridge University Press
1000:Augusta National Golf Club
913:
885:in 1883, which set up the
810:
605:
490:
36:Patronage (disambiguation)
29:
2660:
1789:Simpson, Jeffrey (1988).
1677:October 15, 2007, at the
1329:F. W. Kent et al., eds.,
1229:10.1080/03066157408437908
1128:Stanford University Press
699:President of the Republic
689:that one cannot join the
245:groups sponsored art and
81:patronage in ancient Rome
2644:Most expensive paintings
2431:Conservation-restoration
2233:Contemporary art gallery
1013:Also, people who attend
887:Civil Service Commission
2652:works by living artists
2414:Classificatory disputes
1834:Encyclopædia Britannica
1497:Encyclopedia of Chicago
1335:Oxford University Press
1258:Monteiro, John (2006).
1088:Hale, Henry E. (2014).
1021:games organised by the
584:Free Church of Scotland
386:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
301:Besenvalia senegalensis
32:Patron (disambiguation)
1864:Encyclopedia Americana
1849:Encyclopedia Americana
1837:(11th ed.). 1911.
1403:Silicon Valley Watcher
982:
955:Academy of Gundishapur
822:
322:
319:Imperial chrysanthemum
310:
148:
140:
126:
75:
64:guardianship of saints
2701:Political terminology
2289:Artist-run initiative
2176:Visual arts education
1823:Texts on Wikisource:
1780:Catholic Encyclopedia
1511:"The Shakman Decrees"
930:Brookings Institution
864:New York State Senate
820:
777:Grigory Ordzhonikidze
606:Further information:
506:Patronage of Our Lady
316:
297:Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz
275:
239:Roman Catholic Church
2585:Contemporary artists
2448:Destination painting
2245:Single-artist museum
2134:Conservator-restorer
1797:. Toronto: Collins.
1367:on 21 September 2012
1270:. pp. 185–234.
1221:Taylor & Francis
1006:and other media. In
963:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
846:, a director of the
653:United States Senate
423:British royal family
390:Ludwig van Beethoven
289:Henri-Pierre Danloux
2575:Art reference books
2369:History of painting
1953:Fine-art photograph
1694:. Irish Independent
1599:on 25 November 2009
1189:on 23 February 2019
900:The Shakman Decrees
852:Tenth National Bank
501:Patronage festivity
404:has a more neutral
378:William Shakespeare
88:political patronage
2670:Visual arts portal
2600:National galleries
2453:Eclecticism in art
2408:Catalogue raisonné
2279:Artist cooperative
1636:Bloomberg Business
1593:talcualdigital.com
1521:on 26 August 2013.
1316:Andreas Affolter:
1260:"6. Labor Systems"
1152:Sociologische Gids
1123:2014-10-06 at the
992:Masters Tournament
935:Bloomberg Business
879:Charles J. Guiteau
856:Metropolitan Hotel
823:
769:Vyacheslav Molotov
657:Westminster system
649:advice and consent
580:Disruption of 1843
564:Church of Scotland
528:Philip IV of Spain
463:See main articles
366:Chrétien de Troyes
331:natural philosophy
323:
311:
183:, the traditional
122:population control
2683:
2682:
2274:Artist collective
2088:Site-specific art
1938:Cultural artifact
1804:978-0-00-217759-7
1493:"Shakman Decrees"
1481:on 27 April 2007.
1453:978-0-7867-1686-9
1346:Cedric C. Brown,
1277:978-0-521-81289-4
1101:978-1-107-07351-7
926:Chavez government
869:Six months after
762:General Secretary
748:, former Premier
685:. It has been an
621:Political leaders
608:Political machine
572:secession of 1761
568:secession of 1733
477:Church of England
370:Leonardo da Vinci
285:HĂ´tel de Besenval
279:Baron de Besenval
92:patronal politics
70:derives from the
16:(Redirected from
2713:
2639:Stolen paintings
2507:Sociology of art
2458:Economics of art
2309:Sculpture garden
2294:Artist-run space
2093:Social sculpture
1963:Installation art
1898:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1822:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1776:
1767:
1750:(8): 1373–1396.
1726:
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1710:
1704:
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1669:
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1585:
1579:
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1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:. Archived from
1507:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1483:
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1467:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1431:
1425:
1424:
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1407:
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1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1363:. Archived from
1357:
1351:
1344:
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1308:
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1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1255:
1249:
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1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1182:. Archived from
1149:
1140:
1131:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1085:
1040:Benefactor (law)
959:Jabir ibn Hayyan
839:William M. Tweed
773:Lazar Kaganovich
758:Grigory Zinoviev
730:Nikolai Bukharin
697:official to the
633:executive branch
566:, including the
512:liturgical feast
441:patronage refund
153:
145:
129:
78:
60:church benefices
21:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2665:Painting portal
2656:
2563:sculpture parks
2516:
2475:Elements of art
2443:Cultural policy
2385:
2337:Timeline of art
2323:
2314:Sculpture trail
2193:
2187:
2112:
2029:Performance art
1911:
1902:
1856:
1841:
1826:
1815:
1805:
1788:
1770:
1737:
1734:
1732:Further reading
1729:
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1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
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1679:Wayback Machine
1670:
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1587:
1586:
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1572:
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1549:
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1531:
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1526:
1515:Cook FP Shakman
1509:
1508:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1469:
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1464:
1454:
1433:
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1428:
1415:
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1397:
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1384:
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1359:
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1328:
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1315:
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1302:
1298:
1289:
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1278:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1210:
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1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1125:Wayback Machine
1113:
1109:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1031:
1019:Gaelic football
987:
944:
918:
912:
815:
809:
800:
781:Mikhail Kalinin
707:
673:
618:
616:No-bid contract
604:
592:
552:
508:
503:
497:Cardinal nephew
491:Main articles:
489:
459:
454:
431:
418:
185:Southeast Asian
161:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
2719:
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2667:
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2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:by nationality
2612:
2602:
2597:
2595:Modern artists
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2538:Art techniques
2535:
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2524:
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2509:
2504:
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2465:
2455:
2450:
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2428:
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2424:deaccessioning
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
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2378:
2377:
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2349:
2344:
2339:
2333:
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2329:History of art
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2319:Virtual museum
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
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2259:
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2216:Art exhibition
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
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2189:
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2173:
2168:
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2120:
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2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Soft sculpture
2095:
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2078:
2073:
2068:
2058:
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2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
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2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Conceptual art
1930:
1925:
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1872:
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1813:External links
1811:
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914:Main article:
911:
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811:Main article:
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738:Mikhail Tomsky
719:Soviet Premier
715:Vladimir Lenin
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678:padrino system
672:
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212:Gaius Maecenas
201:Samuel Johnson
195:system and an
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2127:
2125:
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2115:
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2108:Artwork title
2106:
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2103:Stained glass
2101:
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2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
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2003:
2002:New media art
2000:
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1405:. March 2014.
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1004:sportswriters
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916:BoliburguesĂa
909:
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903:
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890:
888:
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883:Pendleton Act
880:
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867:
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861:
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853:
849:
845:
844:New York City
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:United States
819:
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813:Spoils system
807:United States
806:
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765:Joseph Stalin
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327:commissioning
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249:, as seen in
248:
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235:religious art
232:
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224:
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217:
216:Roman Emperor
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
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186:
182:
178:
174:
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165:ancient world
158:
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150:repartimiento
144:
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49:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
2696:Philanthropy
2558:most visited
2406:
2170:
2034:Plastic arts
1958:Found object
1862:
1847:
1832:
1792:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1685:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1634:
1608:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1592:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1562:(1): 64–76.
1559:
1555:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1519:the original
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1479:the original
1474:
1471:"Boss Tweed"
1465:
1457:
1437:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1355:
1347:
1342:
1330:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1263:
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1216:
1212:
1193:10 September
1191:. Retrieved
1184:the original
1155:
1151:
1116:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1012:
988:
978:
970:
948:
945:
933:
919:
904:
893:
891:
868:
848:Erie Railway
824:
801:
798:South Africa
746:Leon Trotsky
722:Alexei Rykov
708:
676:
674:
619:
593:
553:
550:Presbyterian
543:
536:Papal States
532:Benedict XIV
509:
480:
474:
462:
439:
432:
419:
401:
395:
374:Michelangelo
360:, and other
350:philosophers
324:
304:
300:
276:
247:architecture
205:
181:feudal Japan
162:
119:
112:
91:
87:
85:
67:
47:
43:
42:
40:
2675:Arts portal
2548:Art museums
2463:art finance
2264:Arts centre
2228:Art gallery
2211:Art commune
2201:Art auction
2044:Printmaking
1973:Mixed media
1968:Kinetic art
1905:Visual arts
1458:boss tweed.
1223:: 506–509.
829:during the
750:Lev Kamenev
687:open secret
671:Philippines
647:(as in the
645:legislature
641:democracies
639:). In some
612:Pork barrel
596:advertising
436:cooperative
406:connotation
358:astrologers
295:. In 1782,
267:handicrafts
197:aristocracy
177:Renaissance
169:art history
114:meritocracy
66:. The word
2690:Categories
2648:sculptures
2502:Provenance
2397:Art market
2304:Commission
2252:Art school
2240:Art museum
2206:Art colony
2194:and events
2054:street art
2049:Public art
1438:Boss Tweed
1245:4654622533
1172:1083129639
1076:References
967:paper mill
831:Gilded Age
734:Profintern
683:corruption
590:Journalism
578:, and the
560:secessions
429:Commercial
400:—the term
398:plutocrats
382:Ben Jonson
354:alchemists
335:pre-modern
255:cathedrals
243:Protestant
241:and later
225:family of
142:encomienda
105:favoritism
101:corruption
18:Art patron
2627:Sculptors
2533:Art media
2495:sculpture
2436:paintings
2357:Criticism
2139:paintings
2129:Collector
2061:Sculpture
1978:bricolage
1909:art world
1859:Patronage
1764:229717871
1720:4 October
1698:4 October
1603:16 August
1573:19 August
1371:5 October
1292:Constable
1237:0306-6150
1164:0038-0334
951:Barmakids
922:oligarchy
910:Venezuela
877:in 1881,
875:president
792:Sovnarkom
788:Politburo
783:) to the
754:Comintern
637:sinecures
625:officials
562:from the
481:patronage
402:patronage
342:musicians
263:sculpture
163:From the
132:feudalism
44:Patronage
2706:The arts
2605:Painters
2490:painting
2402:The arts
2362:feminist
2299:Biennale
2039:Portrait
2024:Painting
1995:graffiti
1948:Fine art
1907:and the
1675:Archived
1642:16 April
1333:Oxford,
1180:58913901
1121:Archived
1070:Sinecure
1065:Premiere
1029:See also
744:founder
742:Red Army
695:barangay
665:cronyism
661:nepotism
602:Politics
540:ordinary
487:Catholic
465:Advowson
457:Anglican
446:dividend
362:scholars
259:painting
251:churches
227:Florence
219:Augustus
208:sponsors
193:imperial
173:medieval
96:senators
76:patronus
2610:by name
2553:largest
2390:Related
2374:outline
2156:Curator
2144:frescos
2081:tallest
2066:carving
2017:virtual
2012:digital
2007:history
1943:Drawing
1928:Collage
1916:Artwork
1867:. 1920.
1852:. 1920.
1337:, 1987.
1130:, 2014.
1060:Patreon
1015:hurling
942:Science
873:became
835:Tammany
825:In the
756:leader
736:leader
728:editor
713:leader
651:of the
629:quangos
530:. Pope
518:of the
475:In the
416:Charity
346:writers
338:science
303:but as
283:at the
136:slavery
52:princes
2632:female
2257:Europe
2192:Places
2181:Europe
2171:Patron
2161:Dealer
2151:Critic
2124:Artist
2076:statue
2071:relief
1990:fresco
1844:Patron
1829:Patron
1801:
1762:
1537:Leagle
1450:
1274:
1243:
1235:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1098:
985:Sports
850:, the
779:, and
760:, and
726:Pravda
711:Soviet
709:After
705:Russia
614:, and
516:decree
499:, and
469:Parish
410:grants
380:, and
293:botany
237:. The
223:Medici
127:patrĂłn
68:patron
2521:Lists
2512:Style
2166:Model
2117:Roles
1985:Mural
1760:S2CID
1187:(PDF)
1176:S2CID
1148:(PDF)
949:Many
837:boss
785:Party
524:Spain
287:, by
231:usury
189:royal
109:gifts
72:Latin
56:popes
1799:ISBN
1722:2010
1700:2010
1644:2015
1605:2010
1575:2009
1448:ISBN
1373:2012
1272:ISBN
1241:OCLC
1233:ISSN
1195:2020
1168:OCLC
1160:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1008:polo
996:golf
961:and
790:and
554:The
510:The
467:and
388:and
372:and
265:and
175:and
159:Arts
146:and
34:and
1861:".
1846:".
1831:".
1752:doi
1564:doi
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277:Le
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