644:, the "one purpose beating and killing whites." The demographics of those arrested for rioting were different, as well; the majority of those arrested in Miami were "not poor or unemployed or members of the criminal class." In addition, the authors observed that "Blacks in Miami seemed willing to give the criminal justice system an opportunity to apply itself"; in previous riots, the delay between an unjust killing and the riot was usually hours or days, much shorter than the five-month gap between McDuffie's death (December 1979) and the riots (May 1980).
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he drove into a wall while trying to get away, and the crowd set his car on fire, burning him to death inside it. In other incidents that night, at least 23 were injured, some critically. The driver of a car with three white people lost control after it was surrounded and stoned; after the car struck and injured two black pedestrians, the occupants were pulled out and beaten, and one of the men in the car would die from his injuries 26 days later.
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three witnesses (Veverka, Meier, and Hanlon) who had been immunized in exchange for their testimony. In her instructions to the jury, Judge
Nesbitt said, "a witness who realizes he must procure his own freedom by incriminating others has a motive to falsify." The three men who gave sworn statements were Veverka, Hanlon, and Meier. Hanlon was the only defendant to take the stand. After their testimony, Marerro was given a new charge of
480:, Bobby Jones, suspended three officers on December 27. Diggs, Hanlon, Marrero, and Watts were charged with manslaughter and tampering with physical evidence on December 28; Evans was charged with being an accessory after the fact, and four other officers were suspended with pay. Marrero was charged with second-degree murder on February 1, 1980. Jones said that since 1973, the four accused of manslaughter had been cited in 47
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strong and very powerful blows. His entire face was covered with blood." Hanlon added he was the officer who had driven over McDuffie's motorcycle; Hanlon also gouged the pavement with a tire iron to simulate skid marks and threw McDuffie's watch into the gutter. A patrol car had been used to deliberately run over the motorcycle to break its gauges and make it seem that McDuffie crashed.
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according to
Officer Charles Veverka, McDuffie subsequently struck his head on the ground, after which he attempted to flee on foot. The officers caught him and a scuffle ensued in which McDuffie allegedly kicked Sgt. Ira Diggs, who wrote "the subject was observed to be fighting violently." Police drove a squad car over the motorbike to make the incident look like an accident.
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Metro
Justice Building. By 6:00 p.m. that night, the protest had turned into a riot. While driving home after a day of fishing, three white men were dragged from their car and beaten to death in northwestern Miami. A butcher driving home from work that night was ambushed by a stone-throwing mob;
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after the prosecution rested. Judge
Nesbitt said the state had failed to prove its case. Nine days later, the all-White six-man jury acquitted the remaining officers on all counts of the indictment after less than three hours of deliberation because of inconsistent witness testimony. One juror called
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Officer
William Hanlon later testified that he had choked McDuffie to the ground with his nightstick before he managed to handcuff McDuffie. Hanlon testified that after McDuffie was restrained, Officer Alex Marrero struck McDuffie on the head with Marrero's Kel-Lite "at least three times. It was very
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Officer
Veverka made a sworn statement on December 26 that he had lied in the initial report. According to Veverka's statement, after McDuffie stopped, Veverka pulled him off his motorcycle, and McDuffie responded by taking a swing at Veverka. More officers arrived shortly afterward and, according to
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The medical examiner, Dr. Ronald Wright, said McDuffie's injuries were not consistent with a motorcycle crash, and that if McDuffie had fallen off the motorcycle, as the police claimed, it did not make sense that its gauges would be broken. Wright said that it seemed that he had been beaten to death.
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The defense said that the police were violently attacked by McDuffie, an ex-Marine they called a karate expert, and that only "necessary force" was used to subdue him. The chief assistant state attorney disagreed: "Somebody beat this man's brains in." The defense also attacked the credibility of the
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On
December 17, Veverka was acquitted in the week-long trial after the jury deliberated for more than 16 hours. The jury foreman cited Veverka's voluntary sworn statement contradicting initial police reports as the biggest factor in the acquittal. Minor incidents of violence were reported in Miami
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probes. Ubaldo Del Toro later was charged with being an accessory to the crime, as well as fabricating evidence; neither Evans nor Del Toro were involved in the stop. Another officer was charged with tampering with evidence. The eight officers involved were all dismissed from the force and five of
420:"In the process of arresting and handcuffing him, McDuffie's helmet was removed and he was thrown to the ground. Officers Ira Diggs, Michael Watts, William Hanlon and Alex Marrero proceeded to strike McDuffie in and around the head and chest with flashlights and nightsticks no less that five times.
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TAMARA LUSH, "Whatever happened to redemption? Everybody says Bill Hanlon is a fine man and would make a fine lawyer. He has done free legal work, helped foster kids, volunteered at his church. But he did a terrible thing 26 years ago, and no matter how much good he does, he can't seem to live it
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In that initial report, four of the officers involved in the chase claimed McDuffie had run a red light or stop sign and subsequently led police on an eight-minute chase. Sgt. Herbert Evans (who was not at the scene) added that McDuffie lost control of his motorcycle while making a left turn and,
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Officer Mark Meier testified the high-speed chase had slowed to 25 miles per hour when McDuffie shouted, "I give up" and stopped. Meier said that between three and eight officers then surrounded McDuffie, pulled off his helmet and proceeded to beat him with nightsticks. He said that the officer
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On
November 17, 1981, Dade County commissioners agreed to a $ 1.1 million settlement with McDuffie's family in exchange for their dropping a $ 25 million civil lawsuit against the county. Of that amount, the family's legal team received $ 483,833, while McDuffie's two children each received $
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sections of the city. In one incident, a black man who had driven to a convenience store was shot in the chest with a shotgun from a passing pickup truck while his family watched. In addition, fires, burglaries, and looting increased, with police reluctant to enter some areas for fear of
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motorcycle. McDuffie had accumulated traffic citations and was riding with a suspended license. According to the initial police report, he had led police on an eight-minute high-speed chase through residential streets at speeds of over 80 miles per hour (130 km/h).
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By the third day, the violence declined as the city imposed a curfew from 8:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., coupled with a temporary ban on the sale of firearms and liquor. Governor Graham sent in 2,500 National
Guardsmen in addition to the 1,000 already in the city.
656:, and authorized the release of funds to allow the city to rebuild. The Miami Fraternal Order of Police had threatened a walkout unless the officers were reinstated. The following day, the five officers who had been acquitted were reinstated in their jobs.
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In the immediate aftermath of the trial, William Hanlon worked part-time as a chauffeur and real estate agent. On April 20, 2006, Hanlon, who had trained as a lawyer, was permanently denied admittance to the bar by
Florida's state Supreme Court.
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lance corporal. McDuffie was beaten to death by four police officers after a traffic stop. After the officers were tried and acquitted on charges including manslaughter and evidence tampering, a riot broke out in the Black neighborhoods of
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to warn motorists away from the area, as drivers had reported having rocks thrown at them. The city came to a standstill. Reports of sniper fire at freeway drivers also stopped traffic until the military could restore order.
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McDuffie was transported to a nearby hospital where he died four days later of his injuries. McDuffie's ex-wife, who was planning to re-marry him on February 7, 1980, was on duty as a nurse's aide when he was transported to
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flashlights. Veverka said he tried to pull McDuffie out of the fracas, but was unable to. Captain Marshall Frank investigated the cover-up, and made a sworn affidavit which led to criminal charges against four officers.
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425:"During this time, the defendants used their flashlights and nightsticks to repeatedly strike the motorcycle upon which McDuffie had been riding and which, at the time he was initially apprehended, was undamaged.
430:"At the instructions of Sergeant Herb Evans, the defendants subsequently reported that the injuries to McDuffie and damage to his motorcycle were the result of a motorcycle accident. There was no accident."
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Alex Marrero's wife petitioned for divorce the day after the acquittal. Marrero became a private detective, and was later indicted for conspiracy to distribute cocaine and commit bribery in 1989.
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By the end of the struggle, the officers had, in the words of medical examiner Dr. Ronald Wright, cracked McDuffie's skull "like an egg" using "long, heavy blunt objects. This was a melee."
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violations. On July 28, 1980, a federal grand jury indicted Charles Veverka, despite his having received immunity from the original charges filed by the state during the first trial.
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In total, 18 people were killed over the three days of rioting, while 370 people, some of them children, were hurt and 787 were arrested. Property destruction exceeded $ 100 million.
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In 1981 Dade County settled a civil lawsuit filed by McDuffie's family for $ 1.1 million. The 1980 Miami riots were the deadliest urban riots in a single city since the
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McDuffie's death "a tragedy" but felt "the Dade County Public Safety Department and the state attorney's office were in such a hurry to appease everybody they blew ."
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In the early morning hours of December 17, 1979, a group of six White police officers stopped thirty-three-year-old McDuffie, who was riding a black-and-orange 1973
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troops into the area; despite his doubling their number the next day, the riot continued. Twelve more people were killed and 165 injured as violence spread to the
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683:; each city asked that it be moved from their venues due to its controversial racial aspects. Journalists referred to the case as "The Trial That Nobody Wants."
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after the verdict was announced. Veverka's attorney, Denis Dean predicted that no further indictments would be forthcoming from the case and none were issued.
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Charles Veverka resumed his job as a security guard after his December 1980 acquittal on the charges he had violated McDuffie's civil rights.
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on the night of May 17. Riots continued until May 20, resulting in at least 18 deaths and an estimated $ 100 million in property damage.
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The May 17 verdict resulted in protests in the Miami streets that night; approximately 5,000 people attended a protest at the
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1776:"Dade County commissioner approved a proposed $ 1 million out-of-court settlement with the relatives of Arthur McDuffie"
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435: — Capt. Marshall Frank, Metropolitan Dade County Department of Public Safety, Sworn affidavit, quoted in
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Days after the verdict, the U.S. Justice Department said it would seek indictments of the policemen for federal
546:. Hanlon was charged with felonies, while Veverka was charged with a civil rights violation, but was acquitted.
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Eric Seymen was never charged criminally, but was dismissed from the police for complicity with the cover-up.
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Driver Michael Kulp, 18; his brother Jeffrey, 22, who later died; and Jeffrey's girlfriend Debra Gettman, 23.
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Herbert Evans earned a master's degree from the University of Miami and stated he may apply to law school.
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On May 22, 1980, Michael Watts was rushed to the hospital after attempting to commit suicide by breathing
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Ira Diggs (manslaughter, aggravated battery, tampering with evidence, being an accessory after the fact)
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Benny Higdon, 21; Higdon's brother-in-law Robert Owens, 15; and Owens's friend Charles Barreca, 15.
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1181:. Confronting Racial Isolation in Miami (Report). United States Commission on Civil Rights.
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727:. The police said that his attempt was related to a romantic breakup and not his trial.
329:, starting in earnest on May 18, 1980, following an all-White male jury acquitting four
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526:. Jury selection began on March 31, 1980. The lead prosecutor of the case was
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Ubaldo Del Toro (tampering with evidence and being an accessory after the fact)
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Herbert Evans (tampering with evidence and being an accessory after the fact)
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1518:"Prosecutors have decided not to try a 20-year-old Black man a fourth time"
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Sgt. Ira Diggs and Officers William Hanlon, Michael Watts, and Alex Marrero
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337:(December 3, 1946 – December 21, 1979), a Black insurance salesman and
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1172: 1980) ("Case No. 79-21601A, quoted in footnotes 46 and 47 of
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professor Marvin Dunn and journalism instructor Bruce Porter released
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Because of the volatile atmosphere in Miami, which presiding judge
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4478:(Report). State Library and Archives of Florida. October 30, 1980.
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them would go on to stand trial in March 1980 on various charges:
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1946:, 15 May 2005, at South Florida Community Development Corporation
757:
List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States
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399:. The coroner's report concluded that he had suffered multiple
29:
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
445:
Veverka, "six to eight" of them began beating McDuffie with
5138:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
1929:, various news articles, May 21 & 22 and June 22, 1980.
852:"McDuffie Riots: Eerie Scene From Miami Race Riot Of 1980"
502:
Alex Marrero (second-degree murder and aggravated battery)
2002:"Miami riots 1980: My friend was killed by my colleagues"
1176:"VII — Administration of Justice: A Continuing Sore Spot"
1015:"Seven Week Long Dade County Trial May Go To Jury Today"
4242:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
202:
acquittal of officers who beat Arthur McDuffie to death
5239:
Riots and civil disorder in Miami-Dade County, Florida
1409:"A convicted murder was charged Wednesday with murder"
767:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
5229:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
1277:"Veverka manslaughter trial bounces around the South"
1082:"Four Miami Police Officers Charged in Fatal Beating"
4694:
1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity
549:
On April 25, officer Mark Meier was given immunity.
5234:
Racially motivated violence against white Americans
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Report of Governor's Dade County Citizens Committee
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1242:"Three Dead In Miami: Rioting Erupts After Verdict"
522:had termed a "time bomb," the trial was shifted to
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Michael Watts (manslaughter and aggravated battery)
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1865:"Acquitted Miami Officer Apparently Tries Suicide"
1670:
1644:"Massive anger at whites was cause of Miami riots"
1464:
1438:"Riot Victim, 12, Spirited Despite Leg Amputation"
1940:AMY DRISCOLL, "THE McDUFFIE RIOTS 25 YEARS LATER"
1672:"Study Finds Miami Riot Was Unlike Those of 60's"
403:, one of which was 10 inches (250 mm) long.
3686:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1724:"Ex-policeman acquitted in slaying of Black man"
949:"McDuffie Death: It Seemed to Be Open-Shut Case"
1330:"Only one man with a bullhorn and a couple ..."
415:
1698:"Racial strife worries over trial spurs talks"
4498:
2080:List of lynching victims in the United States
2051:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1466:"1 Guilty, 1 Innocent in Miami Rioting Trial"
1432:
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1174:Pendleton Jr., Clarence M., Chairman (1982).
636:, a report which concluded that unlike prior
511:Charles Veverka (immunized for his testimony)
8:
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1191:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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675:. It had been moved initially from Miami to
499:William Hanlon (immunized for his testimony)
5189:African-American riots in the United States
4468:Miami Riots, May 1980 - After Action Report
4116:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1902:The Miami Riot of 1980: Crossing the Bounds
1113:"Ex-Florida Policeman Is Declared Innocent"
1076:
1074:
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1051:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
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922:"Aftermath of 20 minutes on a Miami street"
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3932:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3662:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
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2058:
2044:
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869:
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628:On the one-year anniversary of the riots,
131:
5143:Mass racial violence in the United States
4408:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3868:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2646:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1900:Porter, Bruce & Dunn, Marvin (1984).
762:Mass racial violence in the United States
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4615:St. Petersburg sanitation strike of 1968
4470:(Report). National Institute of Justice.
1972:Video: "Bullets Don't Have Eyes" c. 2010
1814:"Ex-cops in McDuffie case not unscathed"
1383:"Four blacks go on trial in riot deaths"
1303:"Three Jurors Placed Under Police Guard"
1211:"Sporadic Violence Breaks Calm In Miami"
652:The federal government declared Miami a
505:Mark Meier (immunized for his testimony)
27:Period of civil unrest in Miami, Florida
4237:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1982:Harold Lee Rush, "Who Killed McDuffie?"
1047:A History of Florida Through Black Eyes
843:
778:
714:Mark Meier worked as a security guard.
5224:Police misconduct in the United States
1184:
1040:
1038:
1036:
552:On May 8, Del Toro was acquitted on a
210:riots, looting, arson, sniping, murder
5219:Police brutality in the United States
5098:1973 Oklahoma State Penitentiary riot
3874:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3780:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2026:1980-89 Special Report: 'Miami Riots'
1812:Seibert, Barney (December 20, 1980).
821:Shanreka Perry, 11; Albert Nelson, 75
7:
5209:May 1980 events in the United States
4554:Hunters Point social uprising (1966)
4449:Lynching deaths in the United States
3579:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
1977:Video: "The Eye of Overtown" c. 2009
1492:"First white charged in Miami riots"
1328:Seibert, Barney (February 7, 1981).
331:Dade County Public Safety Department
238:Dade County Public Safety Department
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4521:in the history of the United States
4110:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3886:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3668:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1952:, African American Registry article
696:202,500, and his mother, $ 67,500.
5121:New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
4649:1973 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
4644:1971 Idaho State Penitentiary riot
4571:1973 San Quentin State Prison riot
1642:Smith, Stephen C. (May 20, 1981).
947:Lardner, George Jr. (1980-05-21).
920:Spratling, Rick (March 18, 1980).
876:"Whatever happened to redemption?"
25:
5184:African-American history in Miami
4010:American Crusade Against Lynching
3656:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1967:Video: "This is Overtown" c. 2009
984:"Victim's dreams of new life end"
612:Local police barricaded parts of
5179:1980 crimes in the United States
4683:Racial unrest in Cairo, Illinois
4466:Miami Police Department (1980).
4222:America's Black Holocaust Museum
4005:American anti-lynching activists
3977:Nadir of American race relations
3567:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3503:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
2020:. The Miami Herald. May 7, 2014.
1839:"DEA agent, former cop indicted"
1463:Harris, Art (October 29, 1980).
630:Florida International University
34:
5040:1968 Kansas City, Missouri riot
4428:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4062:National Conference on Lynching
3620:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3497:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2838:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1997:, requires premium subscription
1275:Sisk, Mack (December 8, 1980).
45:needs additional citations for
5071:New Haven Black Panther trials
4873:Clifford Glover shooting riots
3544:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1572:The Corpse Had a Familiar Face
671:The federal trial was held in
1:
4444:Lynching in the United States
3745:Springfield race riot of 1908
2163:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
2067:Lynching in the United States
1950:"Riot erupts in Liberty City"
1139:"Officers facing death probe"
5214:Miami-Dade Police Department
5199:History of racism in Florida
4991:1974 Huntsville Prison siege
4938:Wooster Avenue riots of 1968
4673:1966 Chicago West Side riots
4338:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
4269:And you are lynching Negroes
4121:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3856:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3762:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3704:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3550:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1750:"Miami Streets Remain Quiet"
357:and remained such until the
5109:Boston busing desegregation
5050:1968 Washington, D.C. riots
4817:1970 Asbury Park race riots
4247:Southern Poverty Law Center
3892:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3520:? Lachenais and four others
2958:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
2275:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1894:The World Book Encyclopedia
1669:Thomas, Jo (May 17, 1981).
874:Lush, Tamara (2006-05-21).
473:The acting director of the
462:struck him at least twice.
233:Florida Army National Guard
5255:
4620:Escambia High School riots
3728:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3698:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3674:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3626:Benjamin and Mollie French
1896:, 1982, volume 13, pg. 396
1357:"Blacks aid arrest effort"
691:Further legal developments
339:United States Marine Corps
4559:Sunset Strip curfew riots
4035:William O'Connell Bradley
3945:
3774:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3526:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3509:New York City draft riots
3478:
3467:
2086:
2073:
1605:"In The Jungle of Cities"
397:Jackson Memorial Hospital
333:officers in the death of
260:No centralized leadership
255:
219:
139:
5034:King assassination riots
5018:Long, hot summer of 1967
5013:Ghetto riots (1964–1969)
4898:1969 Greensboro uprising
4758:1966 Benton Harbor riots
4548:Compton's Cafeteria riot
4299:Deaths in police custody
3786:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3597:Chinese massacre of 1871
3515:Detroit race riot (1863)
3150:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2942:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1906:Lexington, Massachusetts
1544:"Miami faces more riots"
478:Public Safety Department
370:Death of Arthur McDuffie
5103:Baltimore police strike
5055:Wilmington riot of 1968
4850:1968 New York City riot
4845:1967 New York City riot
4778:1970 Memorial Park riot
4600:1967 Riviera Beach riot
4280:Battle of Liberty Place
4275:Attack on John Shillady
4263:James Allen (collector)
4096:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3880:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3804:Omaha race riot of 1919
3792:Longview, TX, race riot
3768:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3710:Julia and Frazier Baker
3692:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3644:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3602:Meridian, MS, race riot
3585:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2558:Paul Reed and Will Cato
2243:Big Nose George Parrott
1756:. AP. December 18, 1980
1730:. AP. December 18, 1980
1603:Chase, Anthony (1986).
1569:Buchanan, Edna (1987).
1217:. AP. December 19, 1980
1145:. AP. December 27, 1979
1119:. AP. December 17, 1980
1088:. AP. December 29, 1979
5077:Student strike of 1970
4783:Livernois–Fenkell riot
4735:Baltimore riot of 1968
4730:Cambridge riot of 1967
4711:Disco Demolition Night
4605:1968 Tallahassee riots
4414:United States v. Shipp
4166:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3997:Anti-lynching movement
3914:Freedom Summer Murders
3844:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3809:Knoxville riot of 1919
2678:Laura and L. D. Nelson
2014:"McDuffie Riots, 1980"
1910:D.C. Heath and Company
1704:. AP. October 30, 1980
752:1992 Los Angeles Riots
634:The Miami Riot of 1980
520:Lenore Carrero Nesbitt
432:
379:
378:Arthur McDuffie (1979)
359:1992 Los Angeles riots
5092:Wounded Knee incident
5045:1968 Louisville riots
4968:1968 Pittsburgh riots
4812:Trenton Riots of 1968
4807:1967 Plainfield riots
4678:Waukegan riot of 1966
4667:Division Street riots
4385:Summer in Mississippi
4332:Mississippi Cold Case
4286:The Birth of a Nation
4227:Civil Rights Memorial
4156:Sidney Johnston Catts
4134:Defenders of lynching
3820:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3798:Elaine, AR, race riot
3756:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3722:Watkinsville lynching
3680:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3638:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3614:Election riot of 1874
3561:Camilla, GA, massacre
3483:Death of Joseph Smith
2107:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1444:. AP. January 7, 1981
1045:Dunn, Marvin (2016).
990:. AP. January 1, 1980
532:U.S. Attorney General
377:
4949:Kent State shootings
4103:Costigan-Wagner Bill
4040:Ella Barksdale Brown
3838:Perry, FL, race riot
3750:Slocum, TX, massacre
3650:Mart and Tom Horrell
3608:Colfax, LA, massacre
3591:Bear River City riot
3441:James Craig Anderson
3241:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2846:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
544:second-degree murder
361:twelve years later.
163:Dade County, Florida
54:improve this article
5204:Mass murder in 1980
5028:Orangeburg massacre
5023:1967 Milwaukee riot
4973:1969 York race riot
4933:1968 Avondale riots
4928:1967 Avondale riots
4903:Greensboro massacre
4822:Camden Riot of 1971
4345:The Ox-Bow Incident
4325:Mississippi Burning
4176:John Trotwood Moore
3832:Tulsa race massacre
3826:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3321:Mack Charles Parker
3249:Willie James Howard
1961:St Petersburg Times
1927:The Washington Post
1871:. UPI. May 23, 1980
1782:. November 18, 1981
1754:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1609:Michigan Law Review
1524:. December 17, 1981
1471:The Washington Post
1415:. December 23, 1981
1307:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1246:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1215:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1117:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1019:Santa Cruz Sentinel
737:Race riots in Miami
411:Frank investigation
142:Race riots in Miami
4943:Glenville shootout
4867:Attica Prison riot
4705:Humboldt Park riot
4689:1968 Chicago riots
4565:Chicano Moratorium
4359:Reconstruction era
4171:John Temple Graves
4015:Jessie Daniel Ames
3962:Indiana White Caps
3632:Ellenton, SC, riot
3555:Reno Brothers Gang
3305:Judge Edward Aaron
2502:Ballie Crutchfield
1987:2010-10-16 at the
1869:The New York Times
1728:San Bernardino Sun
1677:The New York Times
1550:. AP. May 20, 1980
1442:The New York Times
1363:. AP. May 27, 1980
1309:. AP. May 19, 1980
1283:. Associated Press
1259:continuation, p.20
1248:. AP. May 18, 1980
1143:San Bernardino Sun
1086:The New York Times
1021:. AP. May 16, 1980
988:San Bernardino Sun
928:. Associated Press
673:San Antonio, Texas
660:Civil rights trial
536:Clinton presidency
482:citizen complaints
437:The New York Times
380:
173:West Coconut Grove
69:"1980 Miami riots"
5151:
5150:
5066:1970 Augusta riot
4840:1967 Buffalo riot
4802:1967 Newark riots
4773:1968 Detroit riot
4768:1967 Saginaw riot
4763:1967 Detroit riot
4753:1966 Detroit riot
4576:White Night riots
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4402:They Won't Forget
4319:Lynching postcard
4232:The Legacy Museum
4201:James K. Vardaman
4141:Theodore G. Bilbo
4129:
4128:
4020:Martin C. Ansorge
3941:
3940:
3926:Michael Schwerner
3733:Kemper County, MS
3573:Pulaski, TN, riot
3463:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3166:Shedrick Thompson
3046:Bernice Raspberry
2766:Name unknown (MS)
2670:Name unknown (TX)
2291:Joseph Vermillion
2259:John Wesley Heath
1389:. January 6, 1981
355:1967 Detroit riot
321:that occurred in
311:
310:
246:
245:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5246:
5194:Arson in Florida
5131:Related articles
5115:Herman Hill riot
4879:August Rebellion
4626:1980 Miami riots
4595:1967 Tampa riots
4507:
4500:
4493:
4484:
4479:
4471:
4256:Related articles
4206:Thomas E. Watson
4196:Benjamin Tillman
4161:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4085:
3947:
3850:Jim and Mark Fox
3538:Memphis massacre
3473:Multiple victims
3469:
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1845:. April 20, 1989
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4610:1968 Miami riot
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3902:Harriette Moore
3862:Tate County, MS
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858:. May 29, 2013.
856:Huffington Post
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5169:1980s in Miami
5166:
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4890:North Carolina
4886:
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4379:Stone Mountain
4376:
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4224:
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4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:Goodloe Sutton
4188:
4183:
4181:John T. Morgan
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4151:Julian S. Carr
4148:
4146:Cole L. Blease
4143:
4137:
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4082:
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4076:
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4059:
4054:
4047:
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4037:
4032:
4030:Flossie Bailey
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3979:
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3969:
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3959:
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3922:Andrew Goodman
3911:
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3716:Pana, IL, riot
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3457:
3456:
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3437:
3433:James Byrd Jr.
3429:
3421:
3417:Michael Donald
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3313:Willie Edwards
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3233:Johannes Kunze
3229:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3174:George Armwood
3170:
3162:
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3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3094:Winston Pounds
3090:
3082:
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3002:
2994:
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2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2902:John Hartfield
2898:
2894:Wesley Everest
2890:
2882:
2878:Wallace Baynes
2874:
2870:Olli Kinkkonen
2866:
2862:Jim McIlherron
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2742:Charles Fisher
2738:
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2642:
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2570:
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2550:Marie Thompson
2546:
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2526:J. D. Mayfield
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2363:Samuel J. Bush
2359:
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2303:
2299:George Meadows
2295:
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2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2187:Alexander Boyd
2183:
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2159:
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2135:
2127:
2119:
2115:Josefa Segovia
2111:
2103:
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2010:
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1992:
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1934:External links
1932:
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1648:The Desert Sun
1634:
1615:(4): 737–759.
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1199:
1170:11th Cir. Fla.
1165:State v. Diggs
1156:
1130:
1099:
1066:
1060:978-1519372673
1059:
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926:The Desert Sun
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567:Downtown Miami
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4861:Hard Hat Riot
4859:
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4374:Silent Parade
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4313:Hang 'Em High
4310:
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4073:Strange Fruit
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4048:
4046:
4045:Father Divine
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3998:
3994:
3988:
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3968:
3967:Jim Crow laws
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3739:Walker family
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3449:Ahmaud Arbery
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3434:
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3425:Yusef Hawkins
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:Betty Gardner
3398:
3394:
3393:Marian Pyszko
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:Carol Jenkins
3374:
3370:
3366:
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3361:Vernon Dahmer
3358:
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3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
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3302:
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3289:George W. Lee
3286:
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3258:
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3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3142:James Cameron
3139:
3135:
3134:George Hughes
3131:
3127:
3126:J. C. Collins
3123:
3119:
3118:Leonard Woods
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
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3059:
3055:
3054:Owen Flemming
3051:
3047:
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3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:Fred N. Selak
3003:
2999:
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2854:George Taylor
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:Robert Prager
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Charles Jones
2811:
2807:
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2799:
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654:disaster area
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5083:
4960:Pennsylvania
4699:Days of Rage
4625:
4518:civil unrest
4420:
4412:
4400:
4391:Sundown town
4383:
4351:
4343:
4330:
4323:
4311:
4304:
4293:The Clansman
4291:
4284:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4079:Ida B. Wells
4067:Paul Robeson
3972:Ku Klux Klan
3918:James Chaney
3908:Anniston, AL
3532:Plummer Gang
3487:Joseph Smith
3408:
3385:Henry Marrow
3345:Frank Morris
3273:Willie Earle
3182:Cordie Cheek
3110:Henry Choate
3030:Dan Anderson
2990:Raymond Byrd
2974:Samuel Smith
2926:Willie Baird
2806:Frank Little
2798:Paulo Boleta
2726:Robert Perry
2702:Mary Jackson
2662:King Johnson
2614:James Hodges
2534:George White
2518:Walker Davis
2419:Jacob Henson
2347:Robert Lewis
2307:Ellen Watson
2195:Jim Williams
2171:Wyatt Outlaw
2017:
2005:
1960:
1944:Miami Herald
1943:
1926:
1901:
1893:
1873:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:UPI Archives
1842:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1818:UPI Archives
1817:
1784:. Retrieved
1780:UPI Archives
1779:
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1647:
1637:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1586:. Retrieved
1571:
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:UPI Archives
1521:
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:UPI Archives
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:UPI Archives
1412:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:UPI Archives
1386:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1360:
1336:. Retrieved
1333:UPI Archives
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1280:
1250:. Retrieved
1245:
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1164:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1142:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1116:
1090:. Retrieved
1085:
1046:
1023:. Retrieved
1018:
992:. Retrieved
987:
964:. Retrieved
952:
942:
930:. Retrieved
925:
885:. Retrieved
879:
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826:
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
706:
703:
694:
685:
670:
666:civil rights
663:
651:
633:
627:
619:
611:
607:
594:Liberty City
580:ordered 500
572:
564:
551:
548:
540:
517:
472:
464:
460:
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443:
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416:
405:
393:
389:
381:
352:
348:Liberty City
334:
314:
312:
259:
258:
251:Lead figures
183:Liberty City
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5111:(1974–1988)
4922:Hough riots
4685:(1967–1973)
4622:(1972–1977)
4542:Watts riots
4423:(1999 film)
4307:(1936 film)
4186:James Rolph
4088:Legislation
4051:Flag Salute
3491:Hyrum Smith
3337:Lemuel Penn
3329:Louis Allen
3297:Emmett Till
3281:Lamar Smith
3257:Recy Taylor
3190:Claude Neal
3038:Will Sherod
3022:John Carter
2998:James Clark
2950:Henry Lowry
2822:Ell Persons
2710:Rob Edwards
2686:Will Porter
2542:David Wyatt
2510:George Ward
2387:Henry Smith
2283:Amos Miller
2267:Eliza Woods
2203:David Jones
2147:Bill Sketoe
2131:Joshua Boyd
2091:Before 1900
1991:, 1980 poem
1187:cite report
700:Ex-officers
681:New Orleans
598:Brownsville
586:Black Grove
534:during the
475:Dade County
447:nightsticks
384:Kawasaki Z1
178:Brownsville
5174:1980 riots
5158:Categories
5084:Kitty Hawk
5060:Zip to Zap
4794:New Jersey
4534:California
4437:Categories
4364:Red Summer
4057:N.A.A.C.P.
3982:Red Shirts
3814:Red Summer
3353:James Reeb
3225:Felix Hall
3217:After 1940
2966:Joe Pullen
2934:Roy Belton
2886:Will Brown
2790:Jeff Brown
2750:John Evans
2734:? Anderson
2638:"Pie" Hill
2606:Jim Miller
2582:Slab Pitts
2574:Ed Johnson
2411:Amos Hicks
2331:Dick Lundy
2323:Jim Taylor
1702:Desert Sun
1548:Desert Sun
1361:Desert Sun
1281:Desert Sun
966:2020-12-03
887:2020-05-30
838:References
578:Bob Graham
528:Janet Reno
449:and heavy
365:Background
319:race riots
283:Casualties
268:Bob Graham
80:newspapers
4525:1964–1980
4354:(musical)
3070:Joe Smith
3014:Tom Payne
2982:L. Q. Ivy
2910:Jay Lynch
2758:Leo Frank
2486:1900–1940
1588:12 August
1554:12 August
1528:12 August
1502:12 August
1476:12 August
1448:12 August
1419:12 August
1393:12 August
1367:12 August
1338:12 August
961:0190-8286
648:Aftermath
576:governor
199:Caused by
110:July 2013
4832:New York
4745:Michigan
4722:Maryland
4659:Illinois
4421:Vendetta
3957:Lynching
3928:) (1964)
3493:) (1844)
2467:Sam Hose
2006:BBC News
1985:Archived
731:See also
624:Analysis
590:Overtown
530:, later
451:Kel-Lite
344:Overtown
304:Arrested
296:Injuries
288:Death(s)
188:Overtown
158:Location
140:Part of
4587:Florida
3950:General
2339:Joe Coe
2211:Jo Reed
2031:YouTube
1875:10 June
1849:10 June
1823:10 June
1786:10 June
1629:1288843
1092:10 June
677:Atlanta
574:Florida
484:and 13
327:Florida
225:Rioters
215:Parties
207:Methods
94:scholar
5123:(1980)
5117:(1979)
5105:(1974)
5094:(1973)
5088:(1972)
5073:(1970)
5062:(1969)
5036:(1968)
5030:(1968)
5006:Others
4998:(1978)
4951:(1970)
4945:(1968)
4924:(1966)
4905:(1979)
4881:(1974)
4875:(1973)
4869:(1971)
4863:(1970)
4857:(1969)
4785:(1975)
4713:(1979)
4707:(1977)
4701:(1969)
4669:(1966)
4578:(1979)
4567:(1970)
4561:(1966)
4550:(1966)
4544:(1965)
4352:Parade
4340:(1965)
4215:Memory
3934:(1964)
3910:(1961)
3904:(1952)
3894:(1946)
3888:(1945)
3882:(1943)
3876:(1937)
3870:(1933)
3864:(1932)
3858:(1930)
3852:(1927)
3846:(1923)
3840:(1922)
3834:(1921)
3828:(1920)
3822:(1920)
3816:(1919)
3800:(1919)
3794:(1919)
3788:(1919)
3782:(1918)
3776:(1917)
3770:(1916)
3764:(1912)
3758:(1911)
3752:(1910)
3741:(1908)
3735:(1906)
3724:(1905)
3718:(1899)
3712:(1898)
3706:(1898)
3700:(1898)
3694:(1897)
3688:(1892)
3682:(1892)
3676:(1891)
3670:(1880)
3664:(1879)
3658:(1879)
3652:(1878)
3646:(1878)
3640:(1876)
3634:(1876)
3628:(1876)
3622:(1874)
3610:(1873)
3604:(1871)
3593:(1868)
3587:(1868)
3581:(1868)
3575:(1868)
3569:(1868)
3563:(1868)
3557:(1868)
3546:(1866)
3540:(1866)
3534:(1864)
3528:(1864)
3522:(1863)
3511:(1863)
3505:(1862)
3499:(1858)
3451:(2020)
3443:(2011)
3435:(1998)
3427:(1989)
3419:(1981)
3411:(1979)
3403:(1978)
3395:(1975)
3387:(1970)
3379:(1968)
3371:(1967)
3363:(1966)
3355:(1965)
3347:(1964)
3339:(1964)
3331:(1964)
3323:(1959)
3315:(1957)
3307:(1957)
3299:(1955)
3291:(1955)
3283:(1955)
3275:(1947)
3267:(1946)
3259:(1944)
3251:(1944)
3243:(1943)
3235:(1943)
3227:(1941)
3208:(1940)
3200:(1940)
3192:(1934)
3184:(1933)
3176:(1933)
3168:(1932)
3160:(1931)
3152:(1931)
3144:(1930)
3136:(1930)
3128:(1928)
3120:(1927)
3112:(1927)
3104:(1927)
3096:(1927)
3088:(1927)
3080:(1927)
3072:(1927)
3064:(1927)
3056:(1927)
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3040:(1927)
3032:(1927)
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3016:(1927)
3008:(1926)
3000:(1926)
2992:(1926)
2984:(1925)
2976:(1924)
2968:(1923)
2960:(1922)
2952:(1921)
2944:(1921)
2936:(1920)
2928:(1920)
2920:(1919)
2912:(1919)
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2896:(1919)
2888:(1919)
2880:(1919)
2872:(1918)
2864:(1918)
2856:(1918)
2848:(1918)
2840:(1918)
2832:(1918)
2824:(1917)
2816:(1917)
2808:(1917)
2800:(1916)
2792:(1916)
2784:(1916)
2776:(1916)
2768:(1915)
2760:(1915)
2752:(1914)
2744:(1914)
2736:(1913)
2728:(1913)
2720:(1912)
2712:(1912)
2704:(1912)
2696:(1911)
2688:(1911)
2680:(1911)
2672:(1911)
2664:(1911)
2656:(1910)
2648:(1909)
2640:(1909)
2632:(1909)
2624:(1909)
2616:(1909)
2608:(1909)
2600:(1907)
2592:(1907)
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2576:(1906)
2568:(1906)
2560:(1904)
2552:(1904)
2544:(1903)
2536:(1903)
2528:(1903)
2520:(1903)
2512:(1901)
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2477:(1899)
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2445:(1898)
2437:(1897)
2429:(1897)
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2389:(1893)
2381:(1893)
2373:(1893)
2365:(1893)
2357:(1892)
2349:(1892)
2341:(1891)
2333:(1891)
2325:(1891)
2317:(1890)
2309:(1889)
2301:(1889)
2293:(1889)
2285:(1888)
2277:(1886)
2269:(1886)
2261:(1884)
2253:(1882)
2245:(1881)
2237:(1879)
2229:(1878)
2221:(1877)
2213:(1875)
2205:(1872)
2197:(1871)
2189:(1870)
2181:(1870)
2173:(1870)
2165:(1868)
2157:(1864)
2149:(1864)
2141:(1864)
2133:(1863)
2125:(1858)
2117:(1851)
2109:(1837)
2101:(1836)
1957:down."
1916:
1760:9 June
1734:9 June
1708:9 June
1682:9 June
1654:9 June
1627:
1579:
1313:9 June
1287:9 June
1252:9 June
1221:9 June
1168: (
1149:8 June
1123:9 June
1057:
1025:8 June
994:8 June
959:
932:8 June
605:fire.
603:sniper
596:, and
439:(1979)
428:
423:
418:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
4983:Texas
4636:Idaho
4514:Riots
3898:Harry
1625:JSTOR
1179:(PDF)
773:Notes
561:Riots
524:Tampa
469:Trial
323:Miami
317:were
168:Miami
101:JSTOR
87:books
5086:riot
5082:USS
4914:Ohio
4516:and
4395:list
4305:Fury
3987:Jews
3900:and
3616:(AL)
1914:ISBN
1877:2020
1851:2020
1825:2020
1788:2020
1762:2020
1736:2020
1710:2020
1684:2020
1656:2020
1650:. AP
1590:2020
1577:ISBN
1556:2020
1530:2020
1504:2020
1478:2020
1450:2020
1421:2020
1395:2020
1369:2020
1340:2020
1315:2020
1289:2020
1254:2020
1223:2020
1193:link
1151:2020
1125:2020
1094:2020
1055:ISBN
1027:2020
996:2020
957:ISSN
934:2020
642:1968
640:and
346:and
313:The
148:Date
73:news
2029:on
1617:doi
1197:").
307:600
299:350
56:by
5160::
3924:,
3920:,
3489:,
2016:.
2004:.
1959:,
1942:,
1912:.
1908::
1904:.
1867:.
1841:.
1816:.
1796:^
1778:.
1752:.
1726:.
1700:.
1675:.
1646:.
1623:.
1613:84
1611:.
1607:.
1546:.
1520:.
1494:.
1469:.
1440:.
1429:^
1411:.
1385:.
1359:.
1348:^
1305:.
1279:.
1265:^
1244:.
1231:^
1213:.
1202:^
1189:}}
1185:{{
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