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485:, usually disparagingly. Keynes states that " is unable to devise any satisfactory formula to evaluate new equipment against old when, owing to changes in technique, the two are not identical. I believe that the concept at which Professor Pigou is aiming is the right and appropriate concept for economic analysis. But, until a satisfactory system of units has been adopted, its precise definition is an impossible task."
1458:
399:), Pigou developed Marshall’s concept of externality, which is a cost imposed or benefit conferred on others that is not accounted for by the person who creates these costs or benefits. Pigou argued that negative externalities (costs imposed) should be offset by a tax, while positive externalities should be offset by a subsidy. In the early 1960s Pigou's analysis was criticised by
450:
of four years of war, England suffered from an economic depression long before the Great
Depression, due in part to the fact that employers were hesitant to continue to hire women and veterans. This new factor of unemployment, Pigou writes, could be solved with subsidies provided by the government to industries suffering the most, such as manufacturing.
342:, which examines the overall benefit to society that comes from all the decisions made: those that individuals make about buying, selling and working, and those that firms make about production and employment. His first work was more philosophical than his later work, as he expanded the essay which had won him the Adam Smith Prize in 1903 into
550:
and others, who became far greater climbers. An illness affecting his heart developed in the early 1930s, however, and this affected his vigour, curtailing his climbing and leaving him with phases of debility for the rest of his life. Pigou gave up his professor's chair in 1943, but remained a Fellow
333:
Pigou began lecturing on economics in 1901 and started giving the course on advanced economics to second year students on which was based the education of many
Cambridge economists over the next thirty years. In his early days he lectured on a variety of subjects outside economics. He became a Fellow
475:
on real money balances to argue that the economy would be more self-stabilizing than Keynes proposed. In a couple of lectures delivered in 1949 he made a more favourable, though still critical evaluation of Keynes' work: "I should say... that in setting out and developing his fundamental conception,
449:
was understood as part of a functional market. However, Pigou also notes that there is another type of unemployment that emerges not because people are unwilling to work at market wages but because employers have lower demand for labor. With the lack of employment that resulted from the devastation
334:
of King's
College on his second attempt in March 1902, and was appointed Girdler's Lecturer in the summer of 1904. He devoted himself to exploring the various departments of economic doctrine, and as a result published the works on which his worldwide reputation rests. He specifically studied under
445:, first published in 1933, describe many of the factors that contribute to unemployment, such as sticky wages, and an unwillingness to work at the market price. Both of these are factors that were given by Alfred Marshall and reinforced by Pigou. Up until the post-World War One era,
520:
on the
Currency and Foreign Exchange (1918–1919), the Royal Commission on the Income Tax (1919–1920), and the Chamberlain Committee on the Currency and Bank of England Note Issues (1924–1925). The report of the last body was the prelude to the much criticised restoration of the
457:, but the most visible is Pigou’s theory that unemployment is either frictional or voluntary. However, the separation between frictional and voluntary unemployment is the first foray into understanding the way unemployment impacts the labor market until the publishing of Keynes
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Keynes made a very important, original and valuable addition to the armoury of economic analysis". He later said that he had come with the passage of time to feel that he had failed earlier to appreciate some of the important things that Keynes was trying to say.
44:
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265:. His reputation was affected adversely by influential economic writers who used his work as the basis on which to define their own opposing views. He reluctantly served on several public committees, including the
403:, who argued that taxes and subsidies are not necessary if the partners in the transaction can bargain over the transaction. The externality concept remains central to modern welfare economics and particularly to
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301:, where he was in Newlands house and became the first modern head of school. The school's economics society is named The Pigou Society in his honour. In 1896 he was admitted as a history scholar to
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to work on probability theory. Pigou and Keynes had great mutual affection and regard for each other, and their intellectual differences never put their personal friendship seriously in jeopardy.
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of King's
College until his death. In his later years he gradually became more of a recluse, emerging occasionally from his rooms to give lectures or to take a walk.
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in 1925, but resigned later in 1947. In later years he withdrew from national affairs and devoted himself to more academic economics and writing weighty letters to
889:
317:, of which he was President in 1900. He came to economics through the study of philosophy and ethics under the Moral Science Tripos. He studied economics under
438:. Sticky wages are when workers’ earnings don’t adjust quickly to changes in labour market conditions. This can slow an economy's recovery from a recession.
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when it required an obligation to destroy human life. He remained at
Cambridge, but during the vacations was an ambulance driver at the front for the
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Pigou’s contributions to solving unemployment serve as a basic foundation for understanding the phenomena of labor market externalities. His
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Medema, Steven G. (1 December 2008). ""Losing My
Religion":Sidgwick, Theism, and the Struggle for Utilitarian Ethics in Economic Analysis".
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A neglected aspect of Pigou's work is his analysis of a range of labour-market phenomena studied by subsequent economists, including
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Pigou never married. He had good friendships, particularly in his later years. He had a penchant for complaining about politicians.
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English Verse in 1899, and the Cobden (1901), Burney (1901), and Adam Smith Prizes (1903), and made his mark in the
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325:. His first and unsuccessful attempt at a fellowship of King's was a thesis on "Browning as a Religious Teacher".
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Pigou was generally critical of
Keynesian macroeconomics and developed the idea of the
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Chapter 8 and epilogue, The First
Serious Optimist: A. C. Pigou... by Kumekawa, Ian
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Keynes, in turn, was very critical of Pigou, mentioning Pigou at least 17 times in
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He loved mountains and climbing, and introduced climbing to many friends, such as
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and the idea that externality problems could be corrected by the imposition of a
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around the world. His work covered various fields of economics, particularly
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609:"Review of the Fifth Edition of Marshall's Principles of Economics", 1907,
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The First Serious Optimist: A.C. Pigou and the Birth of Welfare Economics
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One of his early acts was to provide private financial support for
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on problems of the day. He was a foreign honorary member of the
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Pigou had strong principles, and these gave him some problems in
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64:
747:"Real and Money Wage Rates in Relation to Unemployment", 1937,
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in succession to Alfred Marshall. He held the post until 1943.
219:
453:
Keynes argues against several points that Pigou makes in his
237:. As a teacher and builder of the School of Economics at the
225:
882:
Nahid Aslanbeigui, 2008. "Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877–1959),"
736:"Mr. J.M. Keynes' General Theory of Employment ...," 1936,
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and focused on normative economics. He became intrigued by
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1218:
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at the old parity of exchange. Pigou was elected to the
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Zeitschrift für Nationalökonomie / Journal of Economics
1045:""The Theory of Unemployment" by Professor A. C. Pigou"
938:(First ed.). Yale University Press. p. 72.
658:(1st ed.). London: MacMillan and Co., Ltd. 1920.
1290:
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
936:
A little history of economics : revised version
923:. No. 36717. London. 17 March 1902. p. 11.
704:"The Law of Diminishing and Increasing Cost", 1927,
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The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
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780:"Economic Progress in a Stable Environment", 1947,
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685:"Exchange Value of Legal Tender Money", 1922, in:
233:; 18 November 1877 – 7 March 1959) was an English
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1252:General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
754:"Money Wages in Relation to Unemployment", 1938,
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383:, 1920, in which he introduced the concept of
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810:Keynes's General Theory: A retrospective view
788:Aspects of British Economic History 1918-1925
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1367:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1395:Aslanbeigui, Nahid & Guy Oakes (2015).
616:"Producers' and Consumers' Surplus", 1910,
592:Protective & Preferential Import Duties
513:, but showed little aptitude for the work.
1185:"Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment"
1146:"Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment"
1115:"Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment"
1084:"Professor Pigou's Theory of Unemployment"
667:A Levy on Capital and a Levy on War Wealth
583:Principles and Methods of Industrial Peace
364:, likely to be interpreted as support for
344:Principles and Methods of Industrial Peace
321:, whom he later succeeded as professor of
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575:"Monopoly and Consumers' Surplus", 1904,
885:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
767:"The Classical Stationary State", 1943,
360:In 1909 he wrote an essay in favour of
1364:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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672:"Empty Economic Boxes: A reply", 1922,
379:Pigou's most enduring contribution was
1324:"Review of A Study in Public Finance"
537:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
1469:Works by or about Arthur Cecil Pigou
305:, where he first read history under
1523:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
1420:A.C.Pigou: Journal Papers 1902-1922
1292:. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
796:, 1949. First-page chapter-preview
637:Some Aspects of the Housing Problem
391:(also spelled "Pigouvian tax"). In
1229:. Frank Cass and Company Limited.
1150:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
731:The Economics of Stationary States
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1528:Presidents of the Cambridge Union
669:, 1920 (London: Humphrey Milford)
516:He was a reluctant member of the
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829:Liberalism in the United Kingdom
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1533:British conscientious objectors
902:"Pigou, Arthur Cecil (PG896AC)"
717:"An Analysis of Supply", 1928,
564:Browning as a Religious Teacher
434:, segmented labour market, and
1558:Fellows of the British Academy
645:Quarterly Journal of Economics
351:Professor of Political Economy
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1422:. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1288:Keynes, John Maynard (1936).
1250:Keynes, John Maynard (1936).
965:. New York, Longmans, Green.
27:English economist (1877–1959)
1418:Collard, David, ed. (2002).
1381:UK public library membership
1119:Journal of Political Economy
959:Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1909).
855:History of Political Economy
680:The Political Economy of War
643:"The Value of Money." 1917,
589:Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1906).
962:The policy of land taxation
919:"University intelligence".
906:A Cambridge Alumni Database
775:Lapses from Full Employment
693:Essays in Applied Economics
687:Essays in Applied Economics
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1433:Princeton University Press
1278:Times Obituary, March 1959
908:. University of Cambridge.
790:, 1947 (London: Macmillan)
762:Employment and Equilibrium
725:The Theory of Unemployment
640:, Warburton Lecture, 1914.
539:, a foreign member of the
415:to address the problem of
349:In 1908 Pigou was elected
297:. He won a scholarship to
295:Sir John Lees, 3rd Baronet
1543:English mountain climbers
934:Kishtainy, Niall (2017).
867:10.1215/00182702-2007-066
712:A Study in Public Finance
303:King's College, Cambridge
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1503:Environmental economists
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656:The Economics of Welfare
570:The Riddle of the Tariff
393:The Economics of Welfare
381:The Economics of Welfare
281:Early life and education
1513:Neoclassical economists
1043:Hawtrey, R. G. (1934).
699:Industrial Fluctuations
507:Friends' Ambulance Unit
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432:internal labour markets
405:environmental economics
355:University of Cambridge
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311:Chancellor's Gold Medal
239:University of Cambridge
188:Chancellor's Gold Medal
123:University of Cambridge
1461:Quotations related to
1427:Kumekawa, Ian (2017).
1373:10.1093/ref:odnb/35529
1227:Theory of Unemployment
1225:Pigou, Arthur (1933).
1183:Harrod, R. F. (1934).
1144:Harris, S. E. (1935).
1082:Opie, Redvers (1935).
803:22 August 2011 at the
660:— 4th ed. 1932:
499:conscientious objector
455:Theory of Unemployment
443:Theory of Unemployment
253:theory, unemployment,
135:Neoclassical economics
1322:Dalton, Hugh (1928).
1254:. Palgrave Macmillan.
424:collective bargaining
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249:, but also included
995:on 20 December 2016
816:Essays in Economics
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362:Land Value Taxation
1508:Welfare economists
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1463:Arthur Cecil Pigou
1401:Palgrave Macmillan
1397:Arthur Cecil Pigou
740:, N.S. 3(10), pp.
624:Wealth and Welfare
558:Major publications
518:Cunliffe Committee
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395:(initially called
285:Pigou was born at
267:Cunliffe Committee
205:Arthur Cecil Pigou
36:Arthur Cecil Pigou
1410:978-1-137-31450-5
1379:(Subscription or
794:The Veil of Money
340:welfare economics
323:political economy
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119:Institution
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