450:, splinting and surgery. An approach that occupational therapists use is orthopedic management. Using casts in order to correct joint deformities can be very effective since the joints can be misaligned and present with deformities. Another vital intervention that occupational therapists use to treat arthrogryposis, is range of motion exercises. This is in order to increase joint mobility. The primary long-term goals of these treatments are increasing joint mobility and muscle strength and the development of adaptive use patterns that allow for walking and independence with activities of daily living. Since arthrogryposis has many different types, the treatment varies between patients depending on the symptoms.
573:
193:
48:
476:
513:
596:
Therapeutic interventions that are cornerstones in the treatment of AMC include: stretching and range of motion exercises, physical, occupational and speech therapy, splinting and serial casting. Surgical intervention may also improve joint mobility and function. Other positive prognostic factors for
555:
can also be used as a first line treatment in older and more resistant cases. In such severe and neglected cases bony surgery in the form of foot osteotomies and arthrodesis is usually indicated. It is usually accompanied by soft tissue surgery in the form of release of contracted tendon and capsular
466:
are developing a light and unobtrusive therapeutic garment, suitable for babies and children, called the
Playskin Lift. The garment looks like normal clothing but contains bundled steel wires under the arms, which help to push the arms toward a lifted position while allowing the wearer to move freely
458:
There are a number of passive devices for enhancing limb movement, intended to be worn to aid movement and encourage muscular development. For example, the
Wilmington Robotic Exoskeleton is a potential assistive device built on a back brace, shadowing the upper arm and forearm. It can be difficult to
330:
Research on prenatal diagnosis has shown that a diagnosis can be made prenatally in approximately 50% of fetuses presenting arthrogryposis. It could be found during routine ultrasound scanning showing a lack of mobility and abnormal position of the foetus. There are other options for visualization of
592:
AMC is considered non-progressive, so with proper medical treatment things can improve. The joint contractures will not get worse than they are at the time of birth. There is no way to resolve or cure AMC completely but with proper treatment most children make significant improvements in their range
568:
is classically managed by serial casting according to the reversed
Ponseti method. Resistant or recurrent cases may be offered an extensive soft tissue release. However this is fraught with risk of foot stiffness and pain in the long term. Talectomy or excision of the talus to give room for creation
200:
Research of arthrogryposis has shown that anything that inhibits normal joint movement before birth can result in joint contractures. Arthrogryposis could be caused by genetic and environmental factors. In principle: any factor that curtails fetal movement can result in congenital contractures. The
529:
The flap is taken from the radial side of the index finger. It is proximally based at the distal edge of the thumb-index web. The flap is made as wide as possible, but still small enough to close with the excessive skin on the palmar side of the index finger. The flap is rotated around the tightest
147:
Range of motion can be different between joints because of the different deviations. Some types of arthrogryposis like amyoplasia have a symmetrical joint/limb involvement, with normal sensations. The contractures in the joints can result in delayed walking development in the first five years, but
135:
Often, every joint in a patient with arthrogryposis is affected; in 84% all limbs are involved, in 11% only the legs, and in 4% only the arms are involved. Every joint in the body, when affected, displays typical signs and symptoms: for example, the shoulder (internal rotation); wrist (volar and
321:
The underlying aetiology and pathogenesis of congenital contractures, particularly arthrogryposis and the mechanism of the mutations remains an active area of investigation, because identifying these factors could help to develop treatment and congenital finding of arthrogryposis.
492:, a wedge osteotomy is made. Sufficient bone is resected to at least be able to put the wrist in a neutral position. If the wrist also has ulnar deviation, more bone can be taken from the radial side to correct this abnormality. This position is held into place with two cross
3026:
126:
or part of a syndrome). Amyoplasia is characterized by severe joint contractures and muscle weakness. Distal arthrogryposis mainly involves the hands and feet. Types of arthrogryposis with a primary neurological or muscle disease belong to the syndromic group.
520:
The soft tissue envelope in congenital contractual conditions such as clasped or arthrogrypotic thumbs is often deficient in two planes, the thumb-index web and the flexor aspect of the thumb. There is often an appearance of increased skin at the base of the
542:
Generally, foot surgery is usually reserved for patients with a walking or ambulatory potential. Foot surgery may also be indicated to assist brace and orthosis fitting and hence promote supported standing. The most common foot deformity in arthrogryposis is
151:
Intelligence is normal to above normal in children with amyoplasia, but it is not known how many of these children have an above-normal intelligence, and there is no literature available about the cause of this syndrome. There are a few syndromes like the
285:
Loss of muscle mass with an imbalance of muscle power at the joint can lead to connective tissue abnormality. This leads to joint fixation and reduced fetal movement. Also muscle abnormalities could lead to a reduction of fetal movement. Those could be:
525:
that is part of the deformity. This tissue can be used to resurface the thumb-index web after a comprehensive release of all the tight structures to allow for a larger range of motion of the thumb. This technique is called the index rotation flap.
160:. Arthrogryposis is not a diagnosis but a clinical finding, so this disease is often accompanied with other syndromes or diseases. These other diagnoses could affect any organ in a patient. There are a few slightly more common diagnoses such as
3019:
2588:
2573:
277:). This is mostly seen in distal arthrogryposis. Mutations in at least five genes (TNN12, TNNT3, TPM2, MYH3 and MYH8) could cause distal arthrogryposis. There could be also connective tissue, neurological or muscle development disorders.
3012:
415:
Arthrogryposis multiplex with deafness, inguinal hernias, and early death. This syndrome is suspected to be inherited in an X-linked or autosomal recessive fashion. There were only three reported cases with all three patients
487:
is indicated for wrists with excessive flexion contracture deformity when non-surgical interventions such as occupational therapy and splinting have failed to improve function. On the dorsal side, at the level of the
1251:
1715:
Illum N, Reske-Nielsen E, Skovby F, Askjaer SA, Bernsen A (November 1988). "Lethal autosomal recessive arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with whistling face and calcifications of the nervous system".
2725:
1824:
Tiemann, Christian; BĂĽhrer, Christoph; Burwinkel, Barbara; Wirtenberger, Michael; Hoehn, Thomas; HĂĽbner, Christoph; van
Landeghem, Frank; Stoltenburg-Didinger, Gisela; Obladen, Michael (2005-08-30).
1964:
Di Rocco M, Callea F, Pollice B, Faraci M, Campiani F, Borrone C (October 1995). "Arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome: report of five patients from three
Italian families".
2839:
2158:
2258:
2519:
Hoff JM, Loane M, Gilhus NE, Rasmussen S, Daltveit AK (December 2011). "Arthrogryposis multiplexa congenita: an epidemiologic study of nearly 9 million births in 24 EUROCAT registers".
3713:
1482:
504:
may be performed to correct ulnar deviation or wrist extension weakness, or both. This tendon transfer is only used if the extensor carpi ulnaris appears to be functional enough.
609:
Arthrogryposis is a rare condition. Some authors say the overall prevalence is one in 3,000 and others say it is one in 11,000–12,000 among
European live births. Congenital
2718:
1578:
331:
details and structures using techniques such as 4D ultrasound. In clinic a child can be diagnosed with arthrogryposis with physical examination, confirmed by ultrasound,
136:
ulnar); hand (fingers in fixed flexion and thumb in palm); hip (flexed, abducted and externally rotated, frequently dislocated); elbow (extension and pronation) and foot
318:
Seventy to eighty percent of cases of the most severe forms of arthrogryposis are caused by neurological abnormalities, which can be either genetic or environmental.
597:
independent walking are active hips and knees, hip flexion contractures of less than 20 degrees and knee flexion contractures of less than 15 degrees without severe
2189:
2025:
Mishra S, Rai A, Srivastava P, Phadke SR (2019) A mild phenotype of LGI4-Related arthrogryposis multiplex congenita with intrafamilial variability. Eur J Med Genet
569:
of plantigrade foot has been practiced. Naviculectomy or midtarsal resection arthroplasty represents a less invasive option with satisfactory short-term results.
556:
structures. In older patients near skeletal maturity joint fusion or arthrodesis may be indicated as well. Less frequent patients with arthrogryposis may develop
2711:
1243:
2927:
3606:
3099:
3004:
1875:
1762:
1603:
1266:
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1653:
1441:
1282:
823:
Bevan WP, Hall JG, Bamshad M, Staheli LT, Jaffe KM, Song K (2007). "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (amyoplasia): an orthopaedic perspective".
622:
377:
115:
of the muscle tissue causing muscle shortening, and therefore are unable to perform active extension and flexion in the affected joint or joints.
2250:
1520:
156:
and Gordon syndrome, which have craniofacial involvement. The amyoplasia form of arthrogryposis is sometimes accompanied with a midline facial
47:
2132:
1364:
1334:
920:
265:. Other mutations that could cause arthrogryposis are: single gene defects (X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant),
2227:
3547:
1575:"Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita, Neurogenic Type - What does AMCN stand for? Acronyms and abbreviations by the Free Online Dictionary"
358:
other anomalies, also known as Cote
Adamopoulos Pantelakis syndrome, Trichooculodermovertebral syndrome, TODV syndrome and Alves syndrome.
2607:
1423:
1032:"The 1960s epidemic of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a survey from the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America"
2447:"Naviculectomy for two ambulatory children with intractable congenital vertical talus: redefining the indications of an old technique"
1628:
1014:
1553:
1826:"Arthrogryposis multiplex with deafness, inguinal hernias, and early death: A family report of a probably autosomal recessive trait"
1457:
Kizilates SU, Talim B, Sel K, Köse G, Caglar M (March 2005). "Severe lethal spinal muscular atrophy variant with arthrogryposis".
2855:
3501:
483:
Children with the amyoplasia type of arthrogryposis usually have flexion and ulnar deviation of the wrists. Dorsal carpal wedge
225:
during pregnancy. Congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), may occur when there is vertical transmission of the Zika virus to the fetus.
3220:
1504:
593:
of motion and ability to move their limbs, which enables them to carry out daily activities and live relatively normal lives.
646:
501:
2951:
1574:
399:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita neurogenic type (AMCN). This particular type of AMC has been linked to the AMCN gene on
217:(low volume or abnormal distribution of intrauterine fluid), and defects in the fetal blood supply. Other causes could be:
2922:
2035:
Binkiewicz-Glinska A, Sobierajska-Rek A, Bakula S, Wierzba J, Drewek K, Kowalski IM, Zaborowska-Sapeta K (November 2013).
2010:
1899:
1805:
1786:
1488:
1408:
1389:
1310:
1200:
3336:
1216:
Stoll C, Alembik Y, Finck S, Janser B (1992). "Arthrogryposis, ectodermal dysplasia and other anomalies in two sisters".
390:
153:
3039:
2197:
253:
Research has shown that there are more than 35 specific genetic disorders associated with arthrogryposis. Most of those
196:
A child with
Sheldon–Hall syndrome, a form of arthrogryposis caused by mutations in the MYH3, TNN12, TNNT3 or TPM2 genes
2355:"The effectiveness of the Ponseti method for treating clubfoot associated with arthrogryposis: up to 8 years follow-up"
3506:
3225:
3055:
3043:
2888:
3537:
332:
3591:
3511:
1162:
Banker BQ, Victor M, Adams RD (September 1957). "Arthrogryposis multiplex due to congenital muscular dystrophy".
531:
221:, limb immobilization and viral infections. A specific virus that may cause arthrogryposis is contraction of the
173:
3446:
3089:
2878:
2651:
169:
3708:
3483:
3117:
3094:
3718:
2946:
2873:
497:
463:
2498:
1599:
1286:
84:
in two or more areas of the body. It derives its name from Greek, literally meaning 'curving of joints' (
3386:
3051:
2280:
Van Heest AE, Rodriguez R (February 2013). "Dorsal carpal wedge osteotomy in the arthrogrypotic wrist".
1871:
1758:
1438:
1263:
1649:
1524:
3601:
2934:
443:
355:
161:
2128:
3419:
3035:
2986:
2939:
2868:
2826:
2592:
1356:
1326:
2318:
Ezaki M, Oishi SN (March 2010). "Index rotation flap for palmar thumb release in arthrogryposis".
1119:
Smit LM, Barth PG (June 1980). "Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita due to congenital myasthenia".
17:
3281:
2901:
2863:
2219:
1989:
1853:
1740:
1144:
1101:
889:
565:
561:
557:
348:
209:
The malformations of arthrogryposis can be secondary to environmental factors such as: decreased
141:
2981:
1917:"Arthrogryposis, ophthalmoplegia, and retinopathy: confirmation of a new type of arthrogryposis"
241:
Arthrogryposis could also be caused by intrinsic factors. This includes molecular, muscle- and
3616:
3596:
2834:
2662:
2536:
2476:
2427:
2386:
2335:
2297:
2109:
2068:
1981:
1946:
1845:
1732:
1697:
1474:
1225:
1179:
1136:
1093:
1053:
1010:
988:
947:
881:
840:
792:
718:
406:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita pulmonary hypoplasia, also with a large number of synonyms.
242:
226:
60:
229:
of the mother leads also in rare cases to arthrogryposis. The major cause in humans is fetal
3663:
3658:
3579:
3571:
3491:
3455:
3263:
3215:
3172:
2811:
2803:
2528:
2466:
2458:
2417:
2376:
2366:
2327:
2289:
2099:
2058:
2048:
1973:
1936:
1928:
1915:
Schrander-Stumpel CT, Höweler CJ, Reekers AD, De Smet NM, Hall JG, Fryns JP (January 1993).
1837:
1724:
1687:
1466:
1171:
1128:
1085:
1043:
978:
937:
929:
916:"Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Long-term follow-up from birth until skeletal maturity"
871:
832:
782:
774:
708:
698:
580:
447:
420:
400:
65:
1624:
572:
148:
severity of contractures do not necessarily predict eventual walking ability or inability.
3679:
3414:
3244:
3210:
3163:
2784:
1545:
1508:
1445:
1270:
1196:
431:
383:
214:
177:
2906:
2006:
1895:
1801:
1782:
1404:
1385:
1306:
1470:
396:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 2B, also known as
Sheldon–Hall syndrome.
3542:
3473:
3437:
3331:
3235:
3109:
2976:
2758:
2601:
2471:
2446:
2381:
2354:
2063:
2036:
1941:
1916:
1132:
983:
966:
942:
915:
787:
762:
713:
686:
552:
548:
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or talipes equinovarus. In the early years of life the serial casting according to the
165:
2597:
1692:
1675:
1521:"Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita distal type II associated with facial abnormality"
192:
3702:
3552:
3496:
3463:
3346:
3167:
2763:
2753:
1744:
430:
Another form has been related to mutations in the leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 4 (
295:
266:
1993:
1857:
1501:
1148:
1105:
1076:
Rink BD (June 2011). "Arthrogryposis: a review and approach to prenatal diagnosis".
613:
is the most common single contracture and its prevalence is one in 500 live births.
3634:
3527:
3369:
3341:
3127:
3122:
2971:
2816:
2794:
2014:
1903:
1825:
1809:
1790:
1412:
1393:
1314:
1204:
1048:
1031:
893:
522:
489:
475:
303:
218:
210:
181:
2691:
2086:
Rahman T, Sample W, Jayakumar S, King MM, Wee JY, Seliktar R, et al. (2006).
642:
426:
Arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis syndrome, also known as ARC Syndrome.
2656:
2532:
2462:
2331:
1089:
836:
3557:
3324:
3315:
3200:
3132:
2734:
576:
409:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita whistling face, also known as Illum syndrome.
270:
81:
2667:
2293:
3532:
3468:
3381:
3375:
3351:
3319:
3286:
3255:
3205:
3177:
2991:
2779:
2582:
2422:
2405:
2371:
2104:
2087:
933:
307:
299:
274:
262:
222:
157:
119:
2053:
1175:
876:
859:
3639:
3584:
3391:
3276:
3269:
3250:
3182:
3146:
2748:
2686:
1244:"ORPHA1139 Arthrogryposis - epileptic seizures - migrational brain disorder"
598:
544:
484:
364:
Arthrogryposis IUGR thoracic dystrophy, also known as Van
Bervliet syndrome.
287:
254:
2540:
2480:
2431:
2390:
2339:
2301:
2113:
2072:
1849:
1728:
1478:
1183:
1097:
951:
885:
844:
796:
722:
1985:
1950:
1736:
1701:
1229:
1140:
1057:
992:
703:
685:
Kalampokas E, Kalampokas T, Sofoudis C, Deligeoroglou E, Botsis D (2012).
3081:
3077:
3059:
1841:
778:
610:
291:
258:
230:
137:
123:
112:
1932:
3649:
3307:
1977:
493:
2565:
2703:
2577:
1676:"Primary pulmonary hypoplasia and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita"
2521:
European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology
2037:"Arthrogryposis in infancy, multidisciplinary approach: case report"
571:
511:
474:
389:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 2A, also known as
298:
disorders. This is mostly the result of abnormal function of the
3192:
2845:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2129:"Robot exoskeleton lets girl lift her arms, reach for the stars"
1427:
512:
376:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita distal (AMCD), also known as
111:
Children born with one or more joint contractures have abnormal
3008:
2707:
3625:
3155:
3068:
2896:
367:
Arthrogryposis-like disorder, also known as Kuskokwim disease.
2494:
1357:"Arthrogryposis-like hand anomaly and sensorineural deafness"
361:
Arthrogryposis epileptic seizures migrational brain disorder.
102:
86:
2220:"Researchers combat developmental delays with 'super suits'"
914:
Fassier A, Wicart P, Dubousset J, Seringe R (October 2009).
370:
Arthrogryposis-like hand anomaly and sensorineural deafness.
1386:
Arthrogryposis-like hand anomaly and sensorineural deafness
967:"Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a report of two cases"
864:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
2159:"Building functional, fashionable exoskeletons for babies"
1030:
Wynne-Davies R, Williams PF, O'Connor JC (February 1981).
412:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, distal type 1 (AMCD1).
687:"Diagnosing arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: a review"
767:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2251:"Wearable tech: Supporting limbs, easing Parkinson's"
2007:
Arthrogryposis renal dysfunction cholestasis syndrome
1872:"ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs"
1759:"ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs"
1650:"ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs"
1283:"ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs"
1036:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
534:
of the thumb, allowing for a larger range of motion.
373:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita CNS calcification.
245:
development disorders or neurological abnormalities.
2555:
1405:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita CNS calcification
1009:. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Pub. 2019. p. 31.
860:"Congenital Vertical Talus: Etiology and Management"
3672:
3648:
3624:
3615:
3570:
3520:
3482:
3454:
3445:
3436:
3402:
3362:
3306:
3299:
3234:
3191:
3154:
3145:
3108:
3076:
3067:
3050:
2964:
2915:
2887:
2854:
2825:
2802:
2793:
2772:
2741:
2677:
2559:
1439:
ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs
1264:
ORPHANET - About rare diseases - About orphan drugs
971:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology
59:
37:
32:
2092:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development
2088:"Passive exoskeletons for assisting limb movement"
281:Muscle and connective tissue development disorders
261:, which means the mutation results in a different
1783:Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita whistling face
761:Bamshad M, Van Heest AE, Pleasure D (July 2009).
423:retinopathy, also known as Oculomelic amyoplasia.
2320:Techniques in Hand & Upper Extremity Surgery
3714:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
3020:
2719:
2445:El-Sobky TA, Samir S, Mahmoud S (July 2020).
2404:Machida J, Inaba Y, Nakamura N (March 2017).
386:, also known as distal arthrogryposis type 3.
122:, distal arthrogryposis, and syndromic (is a
8:
2928:Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
2353:Matar HE, Beirne P, Garg N (February 2016).
1830:American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
343:Some of the different types of AMC include:
201:exact causes of arthrogryposis are unknown.
94:
3621:
3451:
3442:
3303:
3151:
3073:
3064:
3027:
3013:
3005:
2799:
2726:
2712:
2704:
2556:
2406:"Management of foot deformity in children"
1896:Arthrogryposis ophthalmoplegia retinopathy
1674:Leichtman LG, Say B, Barber N (May 1980).
1121:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
756:
754:
752:
46:
29:
2495:"AMC Support Inc. - Find out more today!"
2470:
2421:
2380:
2370:
2103:
2062:
2052:
1940:
1691:
1047:
982:
941:
909:
907:
905:
903:
875:
786:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
712:
702:
442:The treatment of arthrogryposis includes
2451:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B
2313:
2311:
496:. In addition, a tendon transfer of the
191:
118:AMC has been divided into three groups:
55:Drawing of an infant with arthrogryposis
41:Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC)
2152:
2150:
1197:Arthrogryposis and ectodermal dysplasia
1071:
1069:
1067:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
634:
623:X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2
583:gold medallist born with arthrogryposis
378:X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2
1307:Arthrogryposis IUGR thoracic dystrophy
1078:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey
2190:"Learning to Move with Move to Learn"
1819:
1817:
763:"Arthrogryposis: a review and update"
643:"The Free Dictionary: Arthrogryposis"
7:
3548:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
2135:from the original on 14 January 2017
233:; however, this is disputed lately.
1471:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.10.003
1424:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1367:from the original on 4 October 2021
1361:Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
1337:from the original on 4 October 2021
1331:Comparative Toxicogenomics Database
858:Miller M, Dobbs MB (October 2015).
459:fit and heavy and awkward to wear.
3038:malformations and deformations of
2359:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics
2230:from the original on 4 August 2017
1802:Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
1133:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1980.tb03718.x
984:10.1111/j.1442-9071.1994.tb00780.x
921:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics
25:
18:Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
2261:from the original on 8 April 2019
2127:Jean-Francois E (April 2, 2014).
965:Brooks JG, Coster DJ (May 1994).
551:usually yields good results. The
825:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
649:from the original on 12 May 2013
347:Arthrogryposis multiplex due to
100:, late Latin form of late Greek
3221:Congenital patellar dislocation
3100:Wallis–Zieff–Goldblatt syndrome
2501:from the original on 2021-08-29
1878:from the original on 2019-04-08
1765:from the original on 2020-09-25
1656:from the original on 2020-11-28
1631:from the original on 2012-04-02
1606:from the original on 2012-04-02
1581:from the original on 2019-04-08
1556:from the original on 2019-08-13
1254:from the original on 2019-04-08
2410:Journal of Orthopaedic Science
2249:Fishman M (January 19, 2015).
1966:European Journal of Pediatrics
1049:10.1302/0301-620X.63B1.7204479
691:ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology
502:extensor carpi radialis brevis
1:
2923:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
1693:10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80591-9
479:Dorsal carpal wedge osteotomy
80:) describes congenital joint
2533:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.027
2463:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000663
2332:10.1097/BTH.0b013e3181d44583
2188:Maguire G (April 21, 2017).
1090:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31822bf5bb
837:10.1097/BPO.0b013e318070cc76
103:
87:
3507:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
3502:Hallermann–Streiff syndrome
3226:Congenital knee dislocation
3044:musculoskeletal abnormality
2952:Adult-onset Still's disease
2889:Connective tissue disorders
2282:The Journal of Hand Surgery
1921:Journal of Medical Genetics
1507:September 27, 2007, at the
306:-associated complex in the
3737:
3538:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
2294:10.1016/j.jhsa.2012.10.034
2157:Chen E (27 January 2016).
1444:December 26, 2004, at the
1007:Children with disabilities
314:Neurological abnormalities
174:tracheoesophageal fistulas
3512:Treacher Collins syndrome
3363:reduction deficits / limb
2423:10.1016/j.jos.2016.12.009
2372:10.1007/s11832-016-0712-1
2105:10.1682/JRRD.2005.04.0070
1680:The Journal of Pediatrics
934:10.1007/s11832-009-0187-4
566:congenital vertical talus
558:congenital vertical talus
532:metacarpophalangeal joint
530:part of the thumb to the
184:, and eye abnormalities.
142:congenital vertical talus
54:
45:
3337:Cenani–Lenz syndactylism
3090:Cleidocranial dysostosis
2879:Enteropathic arthropathy
2054:10.1186/1471-2431-13-184
1625:"CTD: Disease Not Found"
1600:"CTD: Disease Not Found"
877:10.5435/JAAOS-D-14-00034
391:Freeman–Sheldon syndrome
273:disorders (for example:
170:congenital heart defects
3484:Craniofacial dysostosis
1550:Genetics Home Reference
1546:"Sheldon-Hall syndrome"
3040:musculoskeletal system
2947:Palindromic rheumatism
2874:Ankylosing spondylitis
2817:Tuberculosis arthritis
1729:10.1055/s-2008-1052443
1176:10.1093/brain/80.3.319
584:
517:
498:extensor carpi ulnaris
480:
464:University of Delaware
197:
95:
3592:Klippel–Feil syndrome
575:
515:
478:
310:of skeletal muscles.
195:
3602:Spina bifida occulta
3118:Madelung's deformity
3095:Sprengel's deformity
2935:Rheumatoid arthritis
1842:10.1002/ajmg.a.30860
779:10.2106/JBJS.I.00281
467:from that position.
444:occupational therapy
356:ectodermal dysplasia
335:, or muscle biopsy.
162:pulmonary hypoplasia
3420:RAPADILINO syndrome
2869:Psoriatic arthritis
2163:NewsWorks The Pulse
1933:10.1136/jmg.30.1.78
1459:Pediatric Neurology
1327:"Kuskokwim disease"
704:10.5402/2012/264918
516:Index rotation flap
462:Researchers at the
454:Passive enhancement
3282:Rocker bottom foot
2902:systemic sclerosis
2864:Reactive arthritis
2735:Diseases of joints
2678:External resources
2194:Distillations Blog
1978:10.1007/BF01959793
1269:2019-04-08 at the
1218:Genetic Counseling
585:
562:rocker bottom foot
518:
481:
349:muscular dystrophy
198:
140:and less commonly
131:Signs and symptoms
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3617:Thoracic skeleton
3597:Spondylolisthesis
3566:
3565:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3295:
3294:
3141:
3140:
3002:
3001:
2960:
2959:
2835:Chondrocalcinosis
2701:
2700:
773:(Suppl 4): 40–6.
243:connective tissue
237:Intrinsic factors
227:Myasthenia gravis
205:Extrinsic factors
71:
70:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3726:
3664:Pectus carinatum
3659:Pectus excavatum
3622:
3580:Spinal curvature
3572:Vertebral column
3492:Crouzon syndrome
3456:Craniosynostosis
3452:
3443:
3308:fingers and toes
3304:
3216:Discoid meniscus
3173:Upington disease
3152:
3074:
3065:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3006:
2987:Bouchard's nodes
2940:Felty's syndrome
2812:Septic arthritis
2800:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2705:
2557:
2545:
2544:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2226:. May 17, 2016.
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:on 23 March 2018
2196:. Archived from
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:on 4 August 2017
2165:. Archived from
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2056:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1912:
1906:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1523:. Archived from
1517:
1511:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1396:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1323:
1317:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1285:. Archived from
1279:
1273:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1003:
997:
996:
986:
962:
956:
955:
945:
911:
898:
897:
879:
855:
849:
848:
820:
801:
800:
790:
758:
727:
726:
716:
706:
682:
659:
658:
656:
654:
639:
581:Paralympic Games
448:physical therapy
178:inguinal hernias
106:
98:
90:
66:Medical genetics
50:
30:
21:
3736:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3684:
3680:Poland syndrome
3668:
3644:
3611:
3562:
3516:
3478:
3424:
3415:Larsen syndrome
3403:multiple joints
3398:
3358:
3291:
3230:
3211:Genu recurvatum
3187:
3164:Hip dislocation
3137:
3104:
3054:
3046:
3033:
3003:
2998:
2982:Heberden's node
2965:Noninflammatory
2956:
2911:
2883:
2850:
2821:
2789:
2785:Joint stiffness
2768:
2737:
2732:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2673:
2672:
2568:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2255:Delaware Online
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2005:
2001:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1717:Neuropediatrics
1714:
1713:
1709:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1509:Wayback Machine
1502:Gordon Syndrome
1500:
1496:
1485:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1446:Wayback Machine
1437:
1433:
1422:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1338:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:Wayback Machine
1257:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1005:
1004:
1000:
964:
963:
959:
913:
912:
901:
857:
856:
852:
822:
821:
804:
760:
759:
730:
684:
683:
662:
652:
650:
641:
640:
636:
631:
619:
607:
590:
540:
510:
473:
456:
440:
421:ophthalmoplegia
419:Arthrogryposis
384:Gordon syndrome
354:Arthrogryposis
341:
328:
316:
283:
251:
249:Molecular basis
239:
215:oligohydramnios
207:
190:
154:Freeman–Sheldon
133:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Arthrogryposis
3701:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Dolichocephaly
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3474:Trigonocephaly
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3449:
3447:Skull and face
3440:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Arthrogryposis
3406:
3404:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Arachnodactyly
3329:
3328:
3327:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3240:
3238:
3236:foot deformity
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3110:hand deformity
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3071:
3062:
3048:
3047:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2977:Osteoarthritis
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:Oligoarthritis
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2648:
2604:
2585:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:Classification
2553:
2552:External links
2550:
2547:
2546:
2511:
2486:
2457:(4): 387–391.
2437:
2416:(2): 175–183.
2396:
2345:
2307:
2272:
2241:
2211:
2180:
2146:
2119:
2078:
2041:BMC Pediatrics
2027:
2018:
1999:
1956:
1907:
1888:
1863:
1836:(2): 125–129.
1813:
1794:
1775:
1750:
1707:
1666:
1641:
1616:
1591:
1566:
1537:
1512:
1494:
1449:
1431:
1416:
1397:
1378:
1348:
1318:
1299:
1274:
1235:
1208:
1189:
1154:
1111:
1063:
1022:
1016:978-1681253206
1015:
998:
957:
899:
870:(10): 604–11.
850:
831:(5): 594–600.
802:
728:
660:
633:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
618:
615:
606:
603:
589:
586:
560:also known as
553:Ponseti method
549:Ponseti method
539:
538:Foot surgeries
536:
509:
506:
472:
469:
455:
452:
439:
436:
428:
427:
424:
417:
413:
410:
407:
404:
397:
394:
387:
381:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
352:
340:
339:Classification
337:
327:
324:
315:
312:
282:
279:
250:
247:
238:
235:
206:
203:
189:
186:
166:cryptorchidism
132:
129:
108:, 'hooking').
74:Arthrogryposis
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
33:Arthrogryposis
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3732:
3731:
3720:
3719:Rare diseases
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3608:
3607:Sacralization
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Plagiocephaly
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Hypertelorism
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Scaphocephaly
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:Brachydactyly
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:Either / both
3298:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Hip dysplasia
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3007:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
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2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
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2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
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2859:
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2853:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2764:Polyarthritis
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Monoarthritis
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2605:
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2599:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:(2): 347–50.
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
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2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
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2349:
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2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:(2): 265–70.
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2224:Science Daily
2221:
2215:
2212:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2098:(5): 583–90.
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:Rare Diseases
2013:'s Office of
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:(10): 835–9.
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:Rare Diseases
1902:'s Office of
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:Rare Diseases
1808:'s Office of
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:Rare Diseases
1789:'s Office of
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:(4): 186–92.
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1655:
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1645:
1642:
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1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1527:on 2007-09-27
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:Rare Diseases
1411:'s Office of
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:Rare Diseases
1392:'s Office of
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:Rare Diseases
1313:'s Office of
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1289:on 2005-11-04
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:Rare Diseases
1203:'s Office of
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:(3): 319–34.
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:(6): 369–77.
1083:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
977:(2): 127–32.
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
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949:
944:
939:
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931:
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927:
923:
922:
917:
910:
908:
906:
904:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
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851:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
817:
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813:
811:
809:
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803:
798:
794:
789:
784:
780:
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743:
741:
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737:
735:
733:
729:
724:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
661:
648:
644:
638:
635:
628:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
612:
604:
602:
600:
594:
587:
582:
579:, a ten-time
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:. Similarly,
563:
559:
554:
550:
546:
537:
535:
533:
527:
524:
514:
508:Thumb surgery
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
477:
471:Wrist surgery
470:
468:
465:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
437:
435:
433:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
346:
345:
344:
338:
336:
334:
325:
323:
319:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:mitochondrial
293:
289:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
267:mitochondrial
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
194:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
149:
145:
143:
139:
130:
128:
125:
121:
116:
114:
109:
107:
105:
99:
97:
91:
89:
83:
79:
75:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3528:Macrocephaly
3409:
3374:
3370:Acheiropodia
3342:Ectrodactyly
3262:
3243:
3128:Oligodactyly
3123:Clinodactyly
3052:Appendicular
2972:Hemarthrosis
2856:Seronegative
2842:(Pseudogout)
2795:Inflammatory
2685:
2661:
2650:
2606:
2587:
2572:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2489:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2326:(1): 38–40.
2323:
2319:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2254:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:the original
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2167:the original
2162:
2137:. Retrieved
2122:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2021:
2002:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1927:(1): 78–80.
1924:
1920:
1910:
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1866:
1833:
1829:
1797:
1778:
1767:. Retrieved
1753:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1686:(5): 950–1.
1683:
1679:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1594:
1583:. Retrieved
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1515:
1497:
1465:(3): 201–4.
1462:
1458:
1452:
1434:
1419:
1400:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1330:
1321:
1302:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1277:
1256:. Retrieved
1247:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1127:(3): 371–4.
1124:
1120:
1114:
1081:
1077:
1042:(1): 76–82.
1039:
1035:
1025:
1006:
1001:
974:
970:
960:
925:
919:
867:
863:
853:
828:
824:
770:
766:
694:
690:
651:. Retrieved
637:
608:
605:Epidemiology
595:
591:
541:
528:
523:index finger
519:
482:
461:
457:
441:
429:
342:
329:
320:
317:
304:glycoprotein
284:
269:defects and
252:
240:
219:hyperthermia
211:intrauterine
208:
199:
182:cleft palate
150:
146:
134:
117:
110:
101:
93:
85:
77:
73:
72:
3558:Saddle nose
3325:Webbed toes
3316:Polydactyly
3201:Genu valgum
3133:Polydactyly
2365:(1): 15–8.
1224:(1): 35–9.
577:Lee Pearson
271:chromosomal
92:, 'joint';
82:contracture
38:Other names
3703:Categories
3533:Platybasia
3469:Oxycephaly
3382:Phocomelia
3376:Ectromelia
3352:Stub thumb
3320:Syndactyly
3287:Hammer toe
3256:Pigeon toe
3206:Genu varum
3178:Coxa valga
3036:Congenital
2992:Osteophyte
2804:Infectious
2780:Joint pain
2663:DiseasesDB
2505:2006-10-12
2047:(1): 184.
1882:2007-04-25
1769:2007-04-25
1660:2007-04-25
1635:2011-11-07
1610:2011-11-07
1585:2007-04-25
1560:2019-09-12
1531:2007-04-25
1293:2007-04-25
1258:2008-08-10
697:: 264918.
629:References
308:sarcolemma
300:dystrophin
275:trisomy 18
263:amino acid
223:Zika virus
213:movement,
158:hemangioma
120:amyoplasia
3585:Scoliosis
3392:Hemimelia
3277:Pes cavus
3270:Flat feet
3251:Club foot
3183:Coxa vara
2907:Sjögren's
2749:Arthritis
2687:eMedicine
1745:260242391
599:scoliosis
588:Prognosis
545:club feet
485:osteotomy
438:Treatment
326:Diagnosis
288:dystrophy
255:mutations
61:Specialty
3635:Cervical
3082:shoulder
3078:clavicle
3060:dysmelia
2773:Symptoms
2541:22005589
2499:Archived
2481:31356503
2432:28081930
2391:26833334
2340:20216051
2302:23267756
2259:Archived
2228:Archived
2204:22 March
2133:Archived
2114:17123200
2073:24215600
1994:32845371
1876:Archived
1858:41345689
1850:16059941
1763:Archived
1654:Archived
1629:Archived
1604:Archived
1579:Archived
1554:Archived
1505:Archived
1489:16634238
1479:15730903
1442:Archived
1426:(OMIM):
1365:Archived
1335:Archived
1267:Archived
1252:Archived
1248:Orphanet
1184:13471804
1149:39261871
1106:34468857
1098:21851751
952:19669823
886:26337950
845:17585274
797:19571066
723:23050160
647:Archived
617:See also
611:clubfoot
434:) gene.
292:myopathy
259:missense
231:akinesia
138:clubfoot
124:syndrome
113:fibrosis
104:grūpōsis
96:grČłpĹŤsis
3650:sternum
2827:Crystal
2742:General
2692:ped/142
2657:D001176
2472:7255489
2382:4763152
2131:. CNN.
2064:3833971
1986:8529684
1951:8423615
1942:1016242
1737:3205375
1702:7365612
1371:7 March
1341:7 March
1230:1590979
1141:6446471
1058:7204479
993:7917267
943:2758174
894:2282828
788:2698792
714:3461621
653:11 July
500:to the
494:K-wires
88:arthron
3673:other:
3387:Amelia
3264:valgus
2646:208085
2643:108145
2640:601680
2637:208155
2634:301830
2631:108200
2628:208200
2625:601701
2622:301830
2619:208100
2616:108120
2613:108110
2602:754.89
2539:
2479:
2469:
2430:
2389:
2379:
2338:
2300:
2265:10 May
2234:10 May
2173:10 May
2139:10 May
2112:
2071:
2061:
1992:
1984:
1949:
1939:
1856:
1848:
1743:
1735:
1700:
1486:
1477:
1428:301830
1228:
1182:
1147:
1139:
1104:
1096:
1056:
1013:
991:
950:
940:
892:
884:
843:
795:
785:
721:
711:
490:carpus
188:Causes
3640:Bifid
3521:other
3438:Axial
3245:varus
2916:Other
2668:31688
2598:728.3
2583:Q74.3
1990:S2CID
1854:S2CID
1741:S2CID
1483:INIST
1164:Brain
1145:S2CID
1102:S2CID
890:S2CID
416:dead.
403:5q35.
401:locus
3626:ribs
3193:knee
3069:Arms
3056:limb
2846:Gout
2840:CPPD
2652:MeSH
2608:OMIM
2593:9-CM
2537:PMID
2477:PMID
2428:PMID
2387:PMID
2336:PMID
2298:PMID
2267:2017
2236:2017
2206:2018
2175:2017
2141:2017
2110:PMID
2069:PMID
1982:PMID
1947:PMID
1846:PMID
1733:PMID
1698:PMID
1475:PMID
1373:2021
1343:2021
1226:PMID
1180:PMID
1137:PMID
1094:PMID
1054:PMID
1040:63-B
1011:ISBN
989:PMID
948:PMID
882:PMID
841:PMID
793:PMID
719:PMID
695:2012
655:2013
432:LGI4
294:and
257:are
3156:hip
3147:Leg
2897:SLE
2589:ICD
2574:ICD
2529:doi
2525:159
2467:PMC
2459:doi
2418:doi
2377:PMC
2367:doi
2328:doi
2290:doi
2100:doi
2059:PMC
2049:doi
2011:NIH
2009:at
1974:doi
1970:154
1937:PMC
1929:doi
1900:NIH
1898:at
1838:doi
1834:137
1806:NIH
1804:at
1787:NIH
1785:at
1725:doi
1688:doi
1467:doi
1409:NIH
1407:at
1390:NIH
1388:at
1311:NIH
1309:at
1201:NIH
1199:at
1172:doi
1129:doi
1086:doi
1044:doi
979:doi
938:PMC
930:doi
872:doi
833:doi
783:PMC
775:doi
709:PMC
699:doi
488:mid
333:MRI
78:AMC
3705::
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3166:/
3080:/
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954:.
932::
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393:.
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302:-
76:(
20:)
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