1572:
1567:
135:
1604:
1324:
112:
1594:
463:
After several decades of uncertainty, Arthropleuridea was placed within the
Diplopoda in the year 2000. However, there is still controversy regarding the relationships of the three orders to living millipede groups. Some authors place Arthropleuridea within the
330:
Most arthropleurideans are thought to have been terrestrial, although, without any known respiratory structure, terrestriality is assumed only by analogy to modern arthropods. Early forms, however, including
933:
Kraus, O; C. Brauckman (2003). "Fossil giants and surviving dwarfs. Arthropleurida and
Pselaphognatha (Ateolocerata, Diplopoda): characters, phylogenetic relationships and construction".
722:
848:
Wilson, Heather M.; Shear, William A. (2000). "Microdecemplicida, a new order of minute arthropleurideans (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) from the
Devonian of New York State, U.S.A.".
786:"Euramerican Late Pennsylvanian/Early Permian arthropleurid/tetrapod associations – implications for the habitat and paleobiology of the largest terrestrial arthropod"
632:
447:, of the order Microdecemplicida, was dwarfed by the other Arthropleurideans, at just a few millimeters long. The genus is known from the Middle through Upper
541:"The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)"
673:
969:
883:
Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the
Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny".
1733:
307:. Besides their size, their most distinguishing features were their legs with eight segments (as many as 30 pairs) and extremely tough
1753:
730:
768:
706:
491:), and leaving only Microdecemplicida as a sister group to the living Chilognatha. Under this hypothesis, Arthropleuridea would be
388:
1738:
275:
research suggests
Arthropleuridea be included among millipedes in the class Diplopoda. The subclass contains three recognized
1571:
134:
1728:
1566:
516:
1748:
1743:
1723:
480:). An alternate hypothesis breaks up the subclass: placing the orders Arthropleurida and Eoarthropleurida within the
640:
1587:
760:
962:
1625:
581:
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the
Myriapoda".
1695:
481:
341:. For this reason, some question Arthropleuridea's inclusion among millipedes because no modern aquatic
312:
1597:
808:
540:
1682:
1663:
590:
368:
268:
1608:
955:
324:
259:. Members are characterized by possessing diplosegement (fused "double segments", as in modern-day
1323:
665:
865:
560:
129:
1700:
379:
atmosphere at that time probably enabled them to grow so large. It was previously believed that
900:
764:
702:
606:
227:
947:
752:
1428:
892:
857:
827:
813:(Arthropoda, Arthropleurida) from the Silurian of Britain and the Devonian of North America"
598:
552:
510:
452:
222:
1456:
1195:
1153:
1122:
896:
477:
276:
594:
1506:
1446:
1418:
1373:
1368:
1243:
1200:
1141:
1104:
694:
507:, another extinct group of millipedes including the earliest known air-breathing animal
443:
423:
338:
333:
217:
375:
ever to have lived. The lack of large terrestrial vertebrate predators and the highly
1717:
1516:
1489:
1471:
1266:
869:
831:
785:
564:
504:
436:
416:
408:
396:
272:
248:
69:
1541:
1479:
1363:
1276:
1185:
1172:
492:
469:
387:
as the coal swamps dried out. However, many fossils have been discovered after the
360:
355:
120:
1657:
1484:
1387:
1294:
1271:
1261:
1238:
1190:
1066:
484:
465:
308:
304:
111:
44:
1648:
784:
Schneider, Joerg; Lucas, Spencer; Werneburg, Ralf; Rößler, Ronny (2010-05-01).
1494:
1438:
1224:
1095:
1049:
1041:
861:
602:
488:
473:
384:
271:
plates buttressing the leg insertions. Despite their unique features, recent
260:
256:
89:
54:
1117:
1012:
1006:
1000:
979:
372:
342:
300:
244:
186:
176:
166:
146:
94:
38:
32:
904:
610:
1674:
918:
Hoffman, RL (1969). "Myriapoda, exclusive of
Insecta". In RC Moore (ed.).
1642:
448:
428:
392:
371:. Reaching over 2 meters in length, arthropleurids are among the largest
264:
252:
241:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
28:
556:
400:
99:
74:
1233:
994:
432:
412:
376:
296:
156:
1619:
513:, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
280:
1687:
922:. Lawrence: Geol. Soc. Am./Univ. Kans. Press. pp. R572–606.
320:
316:
292:
1623:
1339:
1025:
951:
850:
Transactions of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
519:, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
820:
Neues
Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
920:
790:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
427:
has been found from the Upper Silurian through the Upper
267:
lobes separated from the body axis by a suture, and by
757:
Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of Europe
1632:
1534:
1525:
1503:
1470:
1455:
1437:
1415:
1386:
1354:
1285:
1252:
1222:
1213:
1171:
1152:
1134:
1103:
1094:
1065:
1040:
295:swamps that were common at the time and may have
843:
841:
753:"The tradition of tracking dinosaurs in Europe"
391:. A more recent proposal is that predation by
337:(order Eoarthropleurida), appear to have been
963:
670:Studies in Arthropod Morphology and Evolution
8:
751:M. G. Lockley & Christian Meyer (2013).
576:
574:
1620:
1531:
1467:
1412:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1219:
1168:
1164:
1100:
1091:
1037:
1033:
1022:
970:
956:
948:
110:
20:
626:
624:
622:
620:
539:Neil Davies; et al. (Dec 21, 2021).
367:up to 50 cm wide have been found at
807:William Shear & Paul Selden (1995).
528:
472:to all living Chilognathan millipedes (
251:period, having first arisen during the
897:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210
659:
657:
583:Arthropod Structure & Development
299:in the undergrowth. They were either
7:
1593:
534:
532:
353:Arthropleuridea is most famous for
291:Arthropleurids lived in the moist
14:
633:"Class? and Order Arthropleurida"
545:Journal of the Geological Society
389:Carboniferous rainforest collapse
1603:
1602:
1592:
1570:
1565:
1322:
315:, so the animals must have used
133:
676:from the original on 2007-04-03
664:Shultz, Jeff; Heather Wilson.
407:has been found from the Upper
16:Extinct subclass of millipedes
1:
935:Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg
723:"The Excitement of Discovery"
403:caused it to become extinct.
459:Classification and placement
885:Annual Review of Entomology
247:that flourished during the
1770:
1734:Prehistoric arthropod taxa
832:10.1127/njgpa/196/1995/347
672:. University of Maryland.
311:. There is no evidence of
240:is an extinct subclass of
1754:Pridoli first appearances
1583:
1563:
1350:
1346:
1335:
1320:
1167:
1036:
1032:
1021:
989:
862:10.1017/S0263593300002674
761:Columbia University Press
603:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002
487:(as sister to the living
214:
209:
130:Scientific classification
128:
118:
109:
23:
1297:(flat-backed millipedes)
727:Virtual Museum of Canada
359:(order Arthropleurida).
1739:Carboniferous myriapods
1125:(giant pill millipedes)
699:Arthropod Relationships
697:; R. H. Thomas (1998).
255:, and perishing in the
1461:(worm-like millipedes)
1176:(suctorial millipedes)
1158:(worm-like millipedes)
1696:Paleobiology Database
349:Distribution and size
279:, each with a single
1729:Arthropod subclasses
1052:(bristle-millipedes)
978:Orders of the class
517:Colonization of land
369:Joggins, Nova Scotia
124:fossil illustration
733:on February 4, 2012
595:2010ArtSD..39..174S
557:10.1144/jgs2021-115
1749:Silurian myriapods
1744:Devonian myriapods
1724:Millipede taxonomy
763:. pp. 25–52.
1711:
1710:
1626:Taxon identifiers
1617:
1616:
1579:
1578:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1463:
1382:
1381:
1374:Microdecemplicida
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1209:
1208:
1178:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1126:
1110:
1108:(pill millipedes)
1061:
1060:
1053:
983:
666:"Arthropleuridea"
631:Kazlev, M. Alan.
235:
234:
228:Microdecemplicida
205:
1761:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1588:List of families
1574:
1569:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1510:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1422:
1413:
1369:Eoarthropleurida
1352:
1348:
1337:
1326:
1296:
1288:
1255:
1227:
1220:
1216:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1137:
1124:
1123:Sphaerotheriida
1109:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1023:
981:
972:
965:
958:
949:
943:
942:
930:
924:
923:
915:
909:
908:
880:
874:
873:
845:
836:
835:
817:
804:
798:
797:
781:
775:
774:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
729:. Archived from
719:
713:
712:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
661:
652:
651:
649:
648:
643:on 13 March 2006
639:. Archived from
628:
615:
614:
589:(2–3): 174–190.
578:
569:
568:
536:
511:Euthycarcinoidea
265:paranotal tergal
223:Eoarthropleurida
203:
198:
138:
137:
114:
104:
41:
27:Temporal range:
21:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1664:Arthropleuridea
1662:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:Arthropleuridea
1628:
1618:
1613:
1575:
1545:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1504:
1499:
1460:
1458:
1457:Helminthomorpha
1451:
1433:
1429:Zosterogrammida
1416:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1378:
1356:Arthropleuridea
1342:
1327:
1302:
1286:
1281:
1253:
1248:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:Siphonocryptida
1175:
1157:
1155:
1154:Helminthomorpha
1144:
1135:
1130:
1107:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1057:
1028:
1017:
985:
976:
946:
932:
931:
927:
917:
916:
912:
882:
881:
877:
847:
846:
839:
815:
806:
805:
801:
783:
782:
778:
771:
750:
749:
745:
736:
734:
721:
720:
716:
709:
695:Fortey, Richard
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
663:
662:
655:
646:
644:
630:
629:
618:
580:
579:
572:
538:
537:
530:
526:
501:
478:Helminthomorpha
461:
351:
289:
238:Arthropleuridea
202:
200:Arthropleuridea
196:
132:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
25:
24:Arthropleuridea
17:
12:
11:
5:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1669:
1654:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1507:incertae sedis
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:Palaeosomatida
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:Amynilyspedida
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1419:incertae sedis
1410:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1364:Arthropleurida
1360:
1358:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1244:Spirostreptida
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1201:Siphonophorida
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1180:
1162:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:Glomeridesmida
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1098:
1089:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
990:
987:
986:
977:
975:
974:
967:
960:
952:
945:
944:
925:
910:
891:(1): 401–420.
875:
856:(4): 351–375.
837:
826:(3): 347–375.
811:Eoarthropleura
799:
776:
769:
743:
714:
707:
686:
653:
616:
570:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
514:
508:
500:
497:
460:
457:
444:Microdecemplex
424:Eoarthropleura
350:
347:
334:Eoarthropleura
288:
285:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
218:Arthropleurida
212:
211:
207:
206:
204:Waterlot, 1934
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
116:
115:
107:
106:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1766:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1544:(superfamily)
1543:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:Archipolypoda
1469:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1385:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Chordeumatida
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1173:Colobognatha
1170:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1105:Oniscomorpha
1102:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1064:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
991:
988:
984:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
954:
953:
950:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
842:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
812:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
780:
777:
772:
770:9780231504607
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
744:
732:
728:
724:
718:
715:
710:
708:0-412-75420-7
704:
700:
696:
690:
687:
675:
671:
667:
660:
658:
654:
642:
638:
634:
627:
625:
623:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
533:
529:
523:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
505:Archipolypoda
503:
502:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:
440:
438:
437:North America
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
418:
417:North America
414:
410:
409:Carboniferous
406:
402:
398:
397:aridification
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
335:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:Early Permian
254:
250:
249:Carboniferous
246:
243:
239:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
208:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
37:423–290
34:
30:
29:Late Silurian
22:
19:
1633:
1542:Xyloiuloidea
1517:Pleurojulida
1505:
1490:Euphoberiida
1485:Cowiedesmida
1480:Archidesmida
1417:
1355:
1295:Polydesmida
1272:Siphoniulida
1186:Platydesmida
1136:Limacomorpha
999:Superphylum
982:(millipedes)
938:
934:
928:
919:
913:
888:
884:
878:
853:
849:
823:
819:
810:
802:
793:
789:
779:
756:
746:
735:. Retrieved
731:the original
726:
717:
701:. Springer.
698:
689:
678:. Retrieved
669:
645:. Retrieved
641:the original
636:
586:
582:
548:
544:
493:paraphyletic
470:sister group
462:
455:state, USA.
442:
441:
422:
421:
405:Arthropleura
404:
381:Arthropleura
380:
365:Arthropleura
364:
356:Arthropleura
354:
352:
332:
329:
309:exoskeletons
305:detritivores
290:
287:Paleobiology
273:phylogenetic
237:
236:
199:
121:Arthropleura
119:
18:
1658:Wikispecies
1277:Stemmiulida
1262:Callipodida
1254:Nematophora
1239:Spirobolida
1191:Polyzoniida
1050:Polyxenida
1042:Penicillata
485:Penicillata
466:Chilognatha
345:are known.
325:respiration
269:sclerotized
173:Subphylum:
1718:Categories
1609:Millipedes
1536:Juliformia
1439:Pentazonia
1225:Juliformia
1096:Pentazonia
1011:Subphylum
1007:Arthropoda
980:Diplopoda
941:(5): 5–50.
737:2006-04-17
680:2006-04-12
647:2006-04-12
524:References
489:Polyxenida
474:Pentazonia
373:arthropods
301:herbivores
261:millipedes
245:arthropods
193:Subclass:
167:Arthropoda
1598:Diplopoda
1287:Merocheta
1118:Glomerida
1013:Myriapoda
1001:Ecdysozoa
870:129597005
565:245401499
393:tetrapods
343:myriapods
313:spiracles
187:Diplopoda
177:Myriapoda
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
33:Sakmarian
1688:42311861
1672:BioLib:
1649:Q4797674
1643:Wikidata
1527:Eugnatha
1215:Eugnatha
995:Animalia
993:Kingdom
905:17163800
796:: 49–70.
674:Archived
611:19944188
499:See also
453:New York
449:Devonian
429:Devonian
395:and the
377:oxygenic
297:burrowed
253:Silurian
242:myriapod
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1341:Extinct
1005:Phylum
637:Palaeos
591:Bibcode
468:, as a
401:equator
399:of the
385:extinct
383:became
339:aquatic
210:Orders
183:Class:
1701:291091
1675:417255
1607:
1234:Julida
1027:Living
903:
868:
767:
705:
609:
563:
433:Europe
413:Europe
361:Tracks
277:orders
866:S2CID
816:(PDF)
561:S2CID
551:(3).
482:basal
363:from
321:gills
317:lungs
281:genus
901:PMID
765:ISBN
703:ISBN
607:PMID
435:and
415:and
323:for
293:coal
45:PreꞒ
1683:EoL
893:doi
858:doi
828:doi
824:196
599:doi
553:doi
549:179
451:of
431:of
411:of
319:or
303:or
1720::
1698::
1685::
1660::
1645::
939:40
937:.
899:.
889:52
887:.
864:.
854:90
852:.
840:^
822:.
818:.
794:49
792:.
788:.
759:.
755:.
725:.
668:.
656:^
635:.
619:^
605:.
597:.
587:39
585:.
573:^
559:.
547:.
543:.
531:^
495:.
476:+
439:.
419:.
327:.
283:.
263:)
95:Pg
39:Ma
31:-
1408:a
1406:h
1404:t
1402:a
1400:n
1398:g
1396:o
1394:l
1392:i
1390:h
1388:C
1087:a
1085:h
1083:t
1081:a
1079:n
1077:g
1075:o
1073:l
1071:i
1069:h
1067:C
971:e
964:t
957:v
907:.
895::
872:.
860::
834:.
830::
809:"
773:.
740:.
711:.
683:.
650:.
613:.
601::
593::
567:.
555::
197:†
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
