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which are used to macerate prey items to assist digestion by secreted enzymes. Those spiders without toothed chelicerae inject digestive enzymes directly into their prey. Mites and ticks have a range of chelicerae. Carnivores have chelicerae that tear and crush prey, whereas herbivores can have chelicerae that are modified for piercing and sucking (as do parasitic species). In sea spiders, the chelicerae (also known as chelifores) are short and chelate and are positioned on either side of the base of the proboscis or sometimes vestigial or absent.
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183:, which in ancestral forms would have appeared more like legs than mouthparts. In general, arthropods have mouthparts for cutting, chewing, piercing, sucking, shredding, siphoning, and filtering. This article outlines the basic elements of four arthropod groups: insects, myriapods, crustaceans and chelicerates. Insects are used as the model, with the novel mouthparts of the other groups introduced in turn. Insects are not, however, the
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399:, with various feeding modes supported by a range of adaptations to the mouthparts. In general, however, crustaceans possess paired mandibles with opposing biting and grinding surfaces. The mandibles are followed by paired first and second maxillae. Both the mandibles and the maxillae have been variously modified in different crustacean groups for filter feeding with the use of setae.
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on modified appendages that act as filters. Filter feeding may have developed in association with swimming, with early morphological adaptations occurring on the appendages of the body trunk. Subsequent adaptations appear to have favored forward filtering appendages. Filtering appendages generate
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The labrum is a flat extension of the head (below the clypeus), covering the mandibles. Unlike other mouthparts, the labrum is a single, fused plate (though it originally was—and embryonically is—two structures). It is the upper-most of the mouthparts and located on the midline. It serves to hold
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are chelate appendages that are used to grasp food. For example, in horseshoe crabs, they are like pincers, whereas in spiders, they are hollow and contain (or are connected to) venom glands and are used to inject venom to disable prey prior to feeding. In some spiders, the chelicerae have teeth,
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Sea spiders possess a tubular proboscis forward from the body trunk, at the end of which is the opening to the mouth. In those species that lack chelifores and palps, the proboscis is well developed and more mobile and flexible. In such cases, it can be equipped with sensory bristles and strong
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both pierce and suck; however, female mosquitoes feed on animal blood whereas aphids feed on plant fluids. This section provides an overview of the individual mouthparts of chewing insects. The diversification of insects' food sources led to the evolution of their mouthparts. This process was
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Paired maxillae cut food and manipulate it during mastication. Maxillae can have hairs and "teeth" along their inner margins. At the outer margin, the galea is a cupped or scoop-like structure, which sits over the outer edge of the labium. They also have palps, which are used to sense the
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of crustaceans, are modified legs and not true mouthparts. The forcipules arise from the first body segment, curving forward and to the midline. The tip is a pointed fang, which has an opening from a venom gland. The forcipules are used to capture and envenomate prey.
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Chewing insects have two mandibles, one on each side of the head. They are typically the largest mouthpart of chewing insects, being used to masticate (cut, shred, tear, crush, chew) food items. They open outwards (to the sides of the head) and come together medially.
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The labium is a single structure, although it is formed from two fused secondary maxillae. It can be described as the floor of the mouth and functioning in close the mouth of the insect. With the maxillae, it assists manipulation of food during mastication.
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mouthparts exhibit a range of forms. The earliest insects had chewing mouthparts. Specialisation includes mouthparts modified for siphoning, piercing, sucking and sponging. These modifications have evolved a number of times. For example,
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mouthparts are similar to those of chewing insects, although there is some variation between the myriapod classes. A labrum is present but sometimes is not obvious and forms an upper lip, often in association with an
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water currents that bring food items into reach for collection by setae. Other setae may be used to brush the filtering setae clean, and yet other setae may transport food items to the mouth.
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The hypopharynx is a somewhat globular structure, arising from the base of the labium. It assists swallowing. It performs the role of the tongue found in large vertebrates.
368:. The labium is formed by first maxillae in diplopoda forming the gnathochilarium. The preoral cavity so-formed contains paired mandibles and any maxillae which are present.
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have thoracic appendages modified for feeding, the cirri, which filter suspended food particles from water currents and pass the food to the mouth.
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also possess chelate appendages. Chelicerates are more easily distinguished from other arthropods in lacking
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379:, in addition to their mouthparts, possess a pair of "poison claws", or forcipules. These, like the
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food in place during chewing by the mandibles and thus can simply be described as an upper lip.
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to a different style or mode of feeding. Most mouthparts represent modified, paired
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Ventral view of forcipules of a centipede, arising from the first body segment
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Types of chelicerae: (A) jackknife, (B) scissor, and (C) 3-segmented chelate
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of arthropod, with similar gross morphology but defining differences: Class
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581:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–46,
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Up to the first three pairs of legs are modified to
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607:Rowland Shelley & Paul Marek (2005-03-01).
224:Chewing mouthparts of a grasshopper. Legend:
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157:Mouthparts of Mandibulata and Chelicerata
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
575:"Form and Function of Insect Mouthparts"
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187:of the other arthropods discussed here.
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290:characteristics of potential foods.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
339:of arthropod, each with a similar
214:facilitated by natural selection.
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609:"Centipedes: general information"
541:rasping ridges around the mouth.
434:Filter feeding crustaceans have
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45:needs additional citations for
551:Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)
270:Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)
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285:Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)
175:into a number of forms, each
255:Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)
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497:); and class Pycnogonida (
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573:Krenn, Harald W. (2019),
300:Labium (insect mouthpart)
613:East Carolina University
27:Mouthparts of arthropods
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69:"Arthropod mouthparts"
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409:The mouthparts of an
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395:comprise a number of
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642:Arthropod morphology
481:); class Arachnida (
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54:improve this article
343:: Class Chilopoda (
18:Arthropod mouthpart
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637:Arthropod anatomy
588:978-3-030-29653-7
579:Insect Mouthparts
197:Insect mouthparts
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110:December 2013
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617:the original
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459:Chelicerates
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52:Please help
47:verification
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503:crustaceans
499:sea spiders
479:eurypterids
475:Eurypterida
424:maxillipeds
418:Maxillipeds
411:edible crab
393:Crustaceans
388:Crustaceans
381:maxillipeds
309:Hypopharynx
631:Categories
594:2024-05-22
557:References
529:Chelicerae
524:Chelicerae
377:Centipedes
372:Forcipules
349:millipedes
345:centipedes
341:morphology
228:, labrum;
207:mosquitoes
181:appendages
169:arthropods
165:mouthparts
80:newspapers
536:Proboscis
517:Figure 4:
487:scorpions
473:); class
467:Xiphosura
448:Barnacles
407:Figure 3:
353:Pauropoda
351:); class
333:Myriapods
326:Figure 2:
317:Myriapods
244:, labium.
222:Figure 1:
545:See also
507:antennae
366:epistome
361:Myriapod
357:Symphyla
264:Mandible
483:spiders
463:classes
397:classes
337:classes
279:Maxilla
191:Insects
177:adapted
173:evolved
94:scholar
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294:Labium
249:Labrum
211:aphids
202:Insect
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495:mites
491:ticks
443:Cirri
436:setae
430:Setae
171:have
101:JSTOR
87:books
583:ISBN
493:and
209:and
163:The
73:news
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56:by
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