960:
original
Instrument of Accession, and that the state's constituent assembly would decide on the other matters. Government of India agreed to the demands shortly before the aforesaid 19 May meeting with the other states. Accordingly, the Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution, which stipulated that the other articles of the Constitution that gave powers to the Central Government would be applied to Jammu and Kashmir only with the concurrence of the State's constituent assembly. This was a "temporary provision" in that its applicability was intended to last until the formulation and adoption of the State's constitution. However, the State's constituent assembly dissolved itself on 25 January 1957 without recommending either abrogation or amendment of the Article 370. Thus, the Article was considered to have become a permanent feature of the Indian constitution, as confirmed by various rulings of the
1588:
Indian outside of
Kashmir, she was denied a new certificate. These certificates are required by the Jammu and Kashmir state officials from anyone seeking to acquire immovable property, education or employment within the state. Under the state laws, the Jammu and Kashmir High Court quashed the appointment of Susheela Sawhney in 1979 β a Kashmiri-born woman, as assistant professor in the Government Medical College because she was married to a man outside of Kashmir. Numerous other women β such as Sunita Sharma, Anjali Khosla, Abha Jain, Kamla Rani, Reeta Gupta, and others β sued the state government on different but related matters, charging discrimination based on their gender. These cases were reviewed in 2002 by the full bench of the state's High Court, which overturned the past rulings and found that the state has discriminated based on gender.
1371:
Union. According to the State
Autonomy Committee, ninety-four of the ninety-seven items in the Union List applied to Jammu and Kashmir; the provisions of the Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation and preventive detention did not apply. Of the 'Concurrent List', twenty-six of the forty-seven items applied to Jammu and Kashmir; the items of marriage and divorce, infants and minors, transfer of property other than agricultural land, contracts and torts, bankruptcy, trusts, courts, family planning and charities had been omitted β i.e., the State had exclusive right to legislate on those matters. The right to legislate on elections to state bodies also rested with the State.
956:. Even though the States Department developed a model constitution for the states, on 19 May 1949, the rulers and chief ministers of all the states met in the presence of States Department and agreed that separate constitutions for the states were not necessary. They accepted the Constitution of India as their own constitution. The states that did elect constituent assemblies suggested a few amendments which were accepted. The position of all the states (or unions of states) thus became equivalent to that of regular Indian provinces. In particular, this meant that the subjects available for legislation by the central and state governments was uniform across India.
1342:(1963β1966) opined that the terms for the "special status" granted to Jammu and Kashmir in this Article included a "very simple" process to amend, by an Executive Order of the President of India, whereas the powers of all other states could only be amended by the "normal process of (constitutional) amendment subject to stringent conditions". According to him, Article 370 was "the only way" of taking the Constitution of India into Jammu and Kashmir, it is a tunnel through which "a good deal of traffic has already passed and more will". The successors of Nanda in the Home Ministry have interpreted the Article in the same manner.
1798:
Justice Gita Mittal, the Chief
Justice of Jammu and Kashmir High Court, on 31 October 2019, first at Leh for Ladakh UT and then at Srinagar for Jammu and Kashmir UT. President's Rule under article 356 of the Constitution of India was ended in the state of Jammu and Kashmir on the night of 30 October 2019. President's Rule is not applicable to and is not needed in a union territory as a union territory is controlled by the central government anyways. The President issued an order stating that he will rule the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir directly until the legislative assembly is constituted in the union territory.
803:
1750:
the
Governor. In proviso to clause (3) of article 370 of the Constitution, the expression "Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2)" shall read "Legislative Assembly of the State". According to Jill Cottrell, some of the Presidential orders under Article 370 have been issued since 1954 in similar circumstances when the state was under President's rule. The Union governments interpreted the "concurrence of the state government" under these circumstances to mean the Governor.
2990:: "The Hindu dominated belt of Jammu had found its effective expression in the Hindu dominated party known as The All Jammu And Kashmir Praja Parishad, which first sought the security of Dogras in the retention of the Maharaja as a Constitutional head of the State and then favoured full accession of the State with Indian Union, and opposed the grant of special status to Kashmir. The ouster of Maharaja, and subsequent abolition of monarchy, further deepened the distrust of the Dogras."
1367:, on which both the Centre and States may legislate include criminal law, marriage, bankruptcy, trade unions, professions and price control. In case of conflict, the Union legislation takes precedence. The 'residual power', to make laws on matters not specified in the Constitution, rests with the Union. The Union may also specify certain industries, waterways, ports etc. to be 'national', in which case they become Union subjects.
1596:
is a "violation of
Kashmiri women's fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution" and that the bill discriminated human beings by their gender. The supporters argued that if this bill failed to pass it "would be the end of constitutionally guaranteed autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir" and that the law was created to "protect the ethnic identity of the people of Jammu and Kashmir". The bill was supported by the state-based
819:
1509:
1742:(C.O. 272) under Article 370, superseding the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954. The order stated that all the provisions of the Indian Constitution applied to Jammu and Kashmir. Whereas the 1954 order specified that only some articles of the Indian constitution to apply to the state, the new order removed all such restrictions. This in effect meant that the separate
1790:, namely Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union Territory of Ladakh. The union territory of Jammu and Kashmir was proposed to have a legislature under the bill whereas the union territory of Ladakh is proposed to not have one. By the end of the day, the bill was passed by Rajya Sabha with 125 votes in its favour and 61 against (67% in favour). The next day, the bill was passed by the
944:, was on three matters: defence, foreign affairs and communications. All the princely states were invited to send representatives to India's Constituent Assembly, which was formulating a constitution for the whole of India. They were also encouraged to set up constituent assemblies for their own states. Most states were unable to set up assemblies in time, but a few states did, in particular
1331:
State' without any
Constituent Assembly. Some of these Presidential orders were issued when the state was under President's rule and had "no Kashmir government at all", states Jill Cottrell. The concurrence in this instance was given by the Governor of the state, a nominee of the Union government. The constitutional validity of the procedure was upheld by the Supreme Court of India in 1972.
53:
1676:
recommendation before its dissolution in 1957, Article 370 has taken on the features of a "permanent provision" despite being titled a temporary provision in the
Constitution. On 3 April 2018, the Supreme Court of India gave a similar opinion declaring that Article 370 has acquired a permanent status. It stated that, since the State Constituent Assembly has ceased to exist, the
1640:
the people of Jammu and
Kashmir and prevents Indian citizens from freely settling in Kashmir. People in Kashmir staged widespread protests against this decision by government of India. Due to the protests, the J&K State government relented and reversed the decision to transfer land. As a result, Hindus in the Jammu region launched counter-agitations against this roll back.
2113:(subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."
1031:: For the purpose of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the Maharaja's Proclamation dated the fifth day of March 1948;
1639:
reached an agreement to transfer 100 acres (0.40 km) of forest land to the Shri
Amarnathji Shrine Board (SASB) to set up temporary shelters and facilities for Hindu pilgrims. Kashmiri separatists opposed the move citing reasons that it will jeopardize Article 370 which gives separate identity to
1297:
The State Government's decision to abolish the monarchy led to increased agitation by the Jammu Praja Parishad, which found support among the Ladakhi Buddhists and the Hindu parties of India. In response, Sheikh Abdullah started questioning the value of Kashmir's accession to India, leading to a loss
1062:
If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph (ii) of sub-clause (b) of clause (1) or in the second provision to sub-clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed
2942:, p. 220: "...the abolition of the monarchy and landlordism did not have the same emotional appeal in Jammu that it did in Kashmir. Soon the popular unrest in Jammu was articulated by a newly formed partyβthe Praja Parishadβwhich received support from and was later merged with the Jan Sangh...."
1762:
370. All provisions of this Constitution, as amended from time to time, without any modifications or exceptions, shall apply to the State of Jammu and Kashmir notwithstanding anything contrary contained in article 152 or article 308 or any other article of this Constitution or any other provision of
1749:
The Presidential Order 2019 also added clause (4) with four sub-clauses to Article 367 under "interpretations". The phrase "Sadar-i-Riyasat acting on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers" shall be construed as the "Governor of Jammu and Kashmir". The phrase "State government" shall include
1675:
ruled that the Article 370 cannot be "abrogated, repealed or even amended." It explained that the clause (3) of the Article conferred power to the State's Constituent Assembly to recommend to the President on the matter of the repeal of the Article. Since the Constituent Assembly did not make such a
1491:
Preamble and Article 3 of the erstwhile Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir stated that the State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India. Article 5 stated that the executive and legislative power of the State extend to all matters except those with respect to which
1317:
While preserving the internal autonomy of the State, all the obligations which flow from the fact of accession and also its elaboration as contained in the Delhi Agreement should find an appropriate place in the Constitution. The Committee is of the opinion that it is high time that finality in this
1091:
declared that the State could not be compelled to accept any future Constitution of India. The State was within its rights to draft its own constitution and to decide for itself what additional powers to extend to the Central Government. Article 370 was designed to protect those rights. According to
1595:
According to Sehla Ashai, per its provisions, "the women who married non-state subjects could no longer claim state subject status, would thereby lose both preferential treatment in government hiring and the ability to acquire new property in the state". The opponents to this bill argued that this
1334:
The effect of the Presidential orders issued since 1954 had been to extend 94 of the 97 subjects in the Union List (the powers of the Central Government) to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and 260 of the 395 Articles of the Constitution of India. All of these orders had been issued as amendments to
1963:
of the Indian Constitution in order to empower Indian Parliament to legislate on matters in the State List after obtaining a Rajya Sabha resolution. The then Governor Jagmohan gave concurrence on behalf of the state government while the state was under President's rule, despite protests from G. A.
1591:
In 2004, the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly passed the Permanent Residents (Disqualification) Bill β also known as the Daughter's Bill. The new law sought to deprive daughters of the state's permanent residents of all their native-born rights and privileges if they marry someone who is not
1330:
In addition to these original orders, forty-seven Presidential orders were issued between 11 February 1956 and 19 February 1994, making various other provisions of the Constitution of India applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. All these orders were issued with the 'concurrence of the Government of the
1127:
Noorani states that this understanding of the constitutionality of the Centre-State relations informed the decisions of India till 1957, but that it was abandoned afterwards. In subsequent years, other provisions continued to be extended to the State with the 'concurrence' of the State Government.
1607:
In 2010, the Permanent Residents (Disqualification) legislation was reintroduced in the state's legislative houses, with support from the two main state-based parties. It again attracted criticism that "such bills have no sanction in the legal and constitutional history of the state or in Article
901:
On 5 August 2019, the Government of India issued a Presidential Order superseding the 1954 order, and making all the provisions of the Indian constitution applicable to Jammu and Kashmir. The order was based on the resolution passed in both houses of India's parliament with two-thirds majority. A
1797:
The two union territories came into existence on 31 October 2019, which was celebrated as National Unity Day. The president of India appointed a Lt. Governor for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and a Lt. Governor for the Union Territory of Ladakh. Both the Lt. Governors were sworn in by
1564:
In the 1954 Presidential order, among other things, the Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution were made applicable to Kashmir with some exceptions. The state legislature further modified these, as well as added "preventive detention laws" that it exempted from human rights challenges for
1757:
moved a resolution recommending that the president issue an order under article 370(3) rendering all clauses of Article 370 inoperative. After the resolution was adopted by both houses of the parliament, the president issued Constitutional Order 273 on 6 August 2019 replacing the extant text of
1587:
The state government officials of Jammu and Kashmir have issued "permanent resident certificates". However, these certificates differ by gender. The certificates issued to females are marked "valid only till marriage", while certificates for males have no such markings. If a woman married to an
1370:
In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the 'Union List' and the 'Concurrent List' were initially limited to the matters ceded in the Instrument of Accession; later, they were extended with the concurrence of the State Government. The 'residual powers' continued to rest with the State rather than the
1123:
Once the State's Constitutional Assembly convened on 31 October 1951, the State Government's power to give `concurrence' lapsed. After the Constituent Assembly dispersed on 17 November 1956, adopting a Constitution for the State, the only authority provided to extend more powers to the Central
959:
In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the state's politicians decided to form a separate constituent assembly for the state. The representatives to the Indian Constituent Assembly requested that only those provisions of the Indian Constitution should be applied to the state as corresponding to the
1573:
Article 370 acknowledges the special status of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in terms of autonomy and its ability to formulate laws for the state's permanent residents. Further, the state gave special privileges to the permanent residents in matters such as residence, property, education and
1136:
When Article 370 was originally created, only two articles of the Indian Constitution applied in full to Jammu and Kashmir. Other provisions of the Constitution would apply with exceptions and modifications specified by the President in his Order in consultation with or the concurrence of the
1206:
submitted a memorandum to the President of India demanding the full application of the Indian Constitution to the State. The Government of India summoned a delegation from Jammu and Kashmir in Delhi for discussions on the relations between the Centre and the State. After discussions, the
928:, challenging the constitutionality of the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution, which constituted a five judge bench for the same. On 11 December 2023, a five judge constitution bench unanimously upheld the constitutionality of the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.
1763:
the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir or any law, document, judgement, ordinance, order, by-law, rule, regulation, notification, custom or usage having the force of law in the territory of India, or any other instrument, treaty or agreement as envisaged under article 363 or otherwise.
1176:
The Presidential order of 1952 was published on 15 November 1952, at the request of the state government. It amended the Article 370, replacing the phrase "recognised by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir" by "recognized by the President on the recommendation of the
2369:
1312:
The purged Constituent Assembly, with 60 of the original 75 members, unanimously adopted on 6 February 1954, the recommendations of its Basic Principles Committee and the Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights and Citizenship. According to the Basic Principles Committee:
1160:
were mentioned as matters on which the Union legislature could make laws for the State. Certain articles in ten of the twenty-two parts of the Indian Constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir, with modifications and exceptions as agreed by the state government.
1262:
of the Indian constitution were extended to the state. However, the State Legislature was empowered to legislate on preventive detention for the purpose of internal security. The State's land reform legislation (which acquired land without compensation) was also
1069:
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by public notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions and modifications and from such date as he may
1201:
was elected in 1951 and convened on 31 October 1951. The Basic Principles committee of the Constituent Assembly recommended the abolition of the monarchy, which was unanimously approved by the Assembly on 12 June 1952. In the same month, the Hindu-dominated
1604:, but challenged by the Indian National Congress party. It was reintroduced in J&K legislative houses in August 2004 as an amendment to the state constitution, but it failed to pass the Upper House of the state by the required two-thirds majority.
2972:: "Economically represented that group of wealthy people who, as the Maharaja's active supporters, once enjoyed the privileged position of landlords but who have been dispossessed by the land reform, and of government officials and businessmen."
889:
would be empowered to recommend the extent to which the Indian constitution would apply to the state. The state assembly could also abrogate the Article 370 altogether, in which case all of Indian Constitution would have applied to the state.
1914:
on 15β16 May 1949, and prime minister Nehru recorded the results in a letter on 18 May. It said in particular, "It will be for the Constituent Assembly of the State when convened, to determine in respect of which other subjects the state may
1243:
came into force on 14 May 1954. Issued with the agreement of the State's Constituent Assembly, it was a comprehensive order seeking to implement the 1952 Delhi Agreement. Arguably, it went further than the Delhi Agreement in some respects.
877:
since 1947. Jammu and Kashmir was administered by India as a state from 17 November 1952 to 31 October 2019, and Article 370 conferred on it the power to have a separate constitution, a state flag, and autonomy of internal administration.
1879:
The Article 370 was originally numbered as Article 306A in the original draft of the constitution. The idea found in some sources that the Article 306A became the "basis" for a later Article 370 is incorrect. It is the same article later
1115:
The State Government's authority to give 'concurrence' lasted only until the State Constituent Assembly was convened. Once the State Constituent Assembly finalised the scheme of powers and dispersed, no further extension of powers was
1137:
government of the state. In exercise of these powers, as conferred by clause (3) of article 370 of the Constitution, the President made a series of orders with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
2163:
1578:
of the Indian constitution has been interpreted by some Kashmiri officials to disallow challenging any state law, merely on the ground of infringing upon rights, granted to all citizens of India via the national constitution.
1358:
of ninety-six subjects, including defence, military and foreign affairs, major transport systems, commercial issues like banking, stock exchanges and taxes, are provided for the Union government to legislate exclusively. The
1218:
was slow to implement the provisions of the Delhi Agreement. However, in August 1952, the State Constituent Assembly adopted a resolution abolishing the monarchy and replacing the position by an elected Head of State (called
1051:
Provided that no such order which relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph (i) of sub-clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the
1164:
According to scholar Bodh Raj Sharma, at this stage, "235 articles of the Indian Constitution were inapplicable to the state of Jammu & Kashmir, 9 were partially applicable, and 29 were applicable in a modified form".
4043:
2539:
3587:
3653:
2397:
897:
was issued. Since the state constituent assembly dissolved itself without recommending the abrogation of Article 370, the article was deemed to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.
2476:
1746:
stood abrogated. The order was stated to have been issued with the "concurrence of the Government of State of Jammu and Kashmir" which apparently meant the Governor appointed by the Union government.
1037:: For the purpose of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time being recognized by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the
700:
692:
3979:
704:
696:
688:
1495:
The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was rendered infructuous by The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 (C.O. 272) issued by the president of India on 5 August 2019.
1255:
was added to the Constitution, empowering the state legislature to legislate on the privileges of permanent residents with regard to immovable property, settlement in the state and employment.
1565:
twenty-five years. According to Cottrell, the autonomy and special status granted to the state of Jammu and Kashmir makes it possible "for it to have rather lower standards of human rights".
1723:
1656:, the party pledged to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India. After winning the elections, attempts were made by the party along with its parent organisation, the
3617:
2423:
1492:
Parliament has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the Constitution of India. The constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.
3731:
1223:). Despite reservations on this piecemeal approach to adopting provisions, the Central Government acquiesced, leading to the Presidential Order of 1952. The Legislative Assembly elected
2287:
2171:
1529:
1055:
Provided further that no such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued except with the concurrence of that Government.
1959:
While the Congress party central government led by Rajiv Gandhi was in power, the President of India made an order under Article 370, on 30 July 1986, extending to Jammu and Kashmir
3565:
592:
2303:
3773:
672:
632:
596:
580:
572:
432:
392:
4029:
3925:
1830:
684:
676:
660:
652:
636:
620:
612:
600:
588:
584:
576:
568:
552:
512:
472:
436:
420:
412:
396:
380:
372:
1048:(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify:
3604:
680:
668:
664:
656:
648:
640:
628:
624:
616:
608:
556:
540:
532:
516:
500:
492:
476:
460:
452:
440:
428:
424:
416:
408:
400:
388:
384:
376:
368:
4680:
560:
548:
544:
536:
528:
520:
508:
504:
496:
488:
480:
468:
464:
456:
448:
352:
2383:
1096:, Article 370 records a 'solemn compact'. Neither India nor the State can unilaterally amend or abrogate the Article except in accordance with the terms of the Article.
564:
360:
356:
340:
336:
2054:
1153:. It specified the subjects and articles of the Indian Constitution that corresponded to the Instrument of Accession as required by the clause b(i) of the Article 370.
1074:
Provided that the recommendation of the Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues such a notification.
644:
604:
404:
364:
348:
344:
4292:
3837:
3661:
1925:
789:
524:
484:
444:
328:
284:
3701:
4720:
332:
312:
232:
3002:, p. 200β205: "In particular, the abolition of hereditary monarchy and retention of the State flag were fitting replies to the Praja Parishad leadership..."
4699:
1277:
in the event of external aggression. However, its power to do so for internal disturbances could be exercised only with the concurrence of the State Government.
316:
300:
292:
236:
216:
4692:
4636:
3912:
2246:
324:
320:
308:
304:
296:
288:
220:
204:
2450:
1850:
1779:
1012:
893:
After the state constituent assembly was convened, it recommended the provisions of the Indian constitution that should apply to the state, based on which
228:
224:
212:
208:
200:
3943:
1773:
1601:
906:
2342:
4730:
2192:
1428:
1198:
886:
2219:
2140:
Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
1106:
Central legislative powers over the State were limited, at the time of framing, to the three subjects of defence, foreign affairs and communications.
4015:
1575:
1950:
The Constituent Assembly was dissolved by a resolution passed by the representatives of Kashmir in 1956, and it ceased to exist on 26 January 1957.
1592:
the subject of Jammu and Kashmir. This law applied only to the female descendants of Kashmir subjects, and does not apply to the male descendants.
1335:
the Presidential Order of 1954, rather than as replacements to it, presumably because their constitutionality was in doubt, according to Cottrell.
1285:
Financial relations between the Centre and the State were placed on the same footing as the other States. The State's custom duties were abolished.
1103:
It exempted the State from the complete applicability of the Constitution of India. The State was conferred the power to have its own constitution.
1274:
160:
3787:
3683:
1597:
1178:
279:
176:
156:
136:
3635:
4482:
4460:
4392:
4349:
4240:
4148:
4128:
4098:
3475:
3146:
2134:
1860:
882:
172:
164:
152:
140:
132:
116:
92:
84:
61:
1288:
Decisions affecting the disposition of the State could be made by the Central Government, but only with the consent of the State Government.
4196:
3242:
1840:
1252:
168:
148:
128:
112:
88:
80:
4559:
3271:
1251:
Indian citizenship was extended to the 'permanent residents' of Jammu and Kashmir (formerly called 'state subjects'). Simultaneously, the
4725:
914:
782:
124:
76:
4338:
1109:
Other constitutional powers of the Central Government could be extended to the State only with the concurrence of the State Government.
1622:
1022:(ii) such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the President may by order specify.
937:
1518:
4367:
4262:
3759:
2966:
2083:
1845:
1743:
1668:
opined that an integral review of Article 370 was overdue and, it need to be worked on jointly with the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
1551:
1486:
1363:
of sixty-six items covering prisons, agriculture, most industries and certain taxes, are available for States to legislate on. The
3863:
3801:
802:
196:
4686:
1041:(now Governor) of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office.
708:
192:
4271:
Kumar, Virendra (2004), "The Jammu and Kashmir Permanent Residents (Disqualification) Bill 2004: A Constitutional Perspective",
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2355:
1702:
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1004:
965:
260:
264:
256:
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2213:
2051:
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with 370 votes in its favour and 70 against it (84% in favour). The bill became an Act after it was signed by the president.
1415:
1410:
1298:
of support among his Cabinet members. On 8 August 1953, Sheikh Abdullah was dismissed from the post of prime minister by the
775:
268:
252:
36:
1825:
144:
108:
3588:"Article 370: Integral review of Article 370 overdue, but needs cooperation not confrontation: Congress leader Karan Singh"
120:
104:
4298:
1898:
1812:, which is set against the backdrop of the revocation of the special status represented by Article 370, featuring actress
1318:
respect should be reached and the relationship of the State with the Union should be expressed in clear and precise terms.
823:
725:
100:
96:
3709:
1688:
1653:
1383:
2612:
1657:
1281:
In addition, the following provisions which were not previously decided in the Delhi Agreement were also implemented:
1259:
827:
822:
The territory claimed by the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir is now divided and administered separately by
4611:
4585:
2016:
3745:
2570:
2477:"SC upholds abrogation of Article 370, says move was part of 70-year-old exercise to integrate J&K to the Union"
1960:
730:
4529:
3279:. Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on National Informatics Centre, India. Archived from
3210:
2575:
1988:
and is able to give the State Government's concurrence to any amendments under Article 370", states Louise Tillin.
1636:
1397:
854:
1522:
1661:
1405:
941:
755:
750:
3393:
3391:
3389:
2260:"Parliament approves Resolution to repeal Article 370; paves way to truly integrate J&K with Indian Union"
4206:
Jagota, S.P. (1960), "Development of Constitutional Relations between Jammu and Kashmir and India, 1950β60",
1816:
in a lead role, was released on 23rd February 2024, garnering mixed reviews from both audiences and critics.
1354:. The subjects for legislation are divided into a 'Union List', a 'State List', and a 'Concurrent List'. The
1084:
3961:
3944:"Jammu and Kashmir bifurcated: India has one less state, gets two new Union Territories in J&K, Ladakh"
3541:
1984:
with the Governor of the state. The Supreme Court of India held that the "Governor is the successor to the
1119:
Article 370 could be abrogated or amended only upon the recommendation of the State's Constituent Assembly.
4044:"Article 370 box office collection day 2: Yami Gautam film witnesses growth, mints over βΉ7 crore in India"
3997:
1684:
1649:
1306:
1267:
961:
925:
2398:"SC to examine legal challenge to abrogation of Article 370; refers matter to 5-judge Constitution bench"
1150:
247:
187:
71:
44:
885:
of the Indian constitution titled "Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions". It stated that the
3980:"GC Murmu sworn in as J&K's first Lieutenant Governor, RK Mathur takes oath as Ladakh's first LG"
1203:
3774:"'BJP vs All': More Than Gupkar Alliance, These Jammu-Centric Outfits May be Threat to Ruling Party"
2384:"Article 370 Live News: Lok Sabha passes bill to bifurcate J&k, a step closer to becoming a law"
1309:
was appointed in his place. Abdullah and several of his colleagues were arrested and put in prison.
989:(a) the provisions of article 238 shall not apply now in relation to the state of Jammu and Kashmir;
1628:
1351:
1088:
858:
1112:
The 'concurrence' was only provisional. It had to be ratified by the State's Constituent Assembly.
4566:
4438:
4410:
4401:
Sharma, Bodh Raj (1958), "The Special Position of Jammu and Kashmir in the Indian Constitution",
4322:
4280:
4215:
4174:
3280:
1807:
1677:
1008:
902:
further order on 6 August made all the clauses of Article 370 except clause 1 to be inoperative.
760:
3246:
2451:"Article 370: Supreme Court refuses to refer pleas challenging J&K decision to larger bench"
1379:
Acts passed by Indian Parliament have been extended to Jammu and Kashmir over a period of time.
4693:βSardar Patel was actually the architect of Article 370β: Historian Srinath Raghavan on Kashmir
3330:
3328:
3303:
3301:
3081:
3079:
3077:
2124:
1980:(1 SCC 536), the petitioner challenged the constitutionality of interpreting and replacing the
1964:
Lone β the Law secretary of Jammu & Kashmir β and in the absence of a Council of Ministers.
1691:, the party again pledged to integrate the state of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India.
1019:
as the matters with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State; and
909:
was passed by the parliament, enacting the division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two
4478:
4470:
4456:
4388:
4380:
4363:
4345:
4258:
4236:
4192:
4144:
4124:
4108:
4094:
3471:
3465:
3266:
3264:
3142:
2962:
2511:
2509:
2130:
2079:
1911:
1016:
949:
4250:
2540:
Article 370, granting special status to the state, is permanent: Jammu and Kashmir High Court
2259:
4508:
4500:
4430:
4229:
History Revisited: Narratives on Political and Constitutional Changes in Kashmir (1947β1990)
4166:
4116:
1855:
1753:
Immediately after placing the Presidential Order 2019 before the Rajya Sabha, Home Minister
1698:
had repeatedly criticised Article 370 and supported its abrogation, along with Article 35A.
1632:
1339:
945:
839:
4313:
Narain, Akanksha (2016), "Revival of Violence in Kashmir: The Threat to India's Security",
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3022:
3020:
4421:
Singh, Jasbir; Vohra, Anupama (2007), "Citizenship Rights of Women in Jammu and Kashmir",
2058:
1894:
1890:
1787:
1709:
also support the removal of Article 370 and 35A and the integration of Jammu and Kashmir.
1449:
which took place on the twenty sixth day of October, 1947, to further define the existing
1364:
1215:
1045:(c) the provisions of article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State;
1000:
910:
843:
835:
745:
3064:
3062:
3874:
3812:
2006:
The legal term "permanent residents" replaced the term "state subjects" in earlier laws.
1997:
The legal term "permanent residents" replaced the term "state subjects" in earlier laws.
4662:
4643:
3516:
2566:
2316:
2149:
1182:
1038:
811:
4681:
Full text of document on govt.βs rationale behind removal of special status to J&K
4714:
4442:
4333:
3566:"Omar Abdullah & Ram Madhav start war of words over Article 370 β Economic Times"
3492:"Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates"
2099:
2071:
1706:
1695:
1186:
1093:
4513:
2500:
3926:"Lok Sabha passes J&K Reorganisation Bill with 370 votes for and 70 against it"
3900:"Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&K to be reorganised"
3211:"Central Enactments Applicable To State of Jammu And Kashmir in Alphabetical Order"
2952:
2356:"Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&K to be reorganised"
2193:"Article 370: 10 facts that you need to know : Highlights, News β India Today"
1680:
would not be able to fulfill the mandatory provisions required for its abrogation.
1533:
953:
818:
4227:
4030:"Jammu and Kashmir surrendered sovereignty after India merger: CJI on Article 370"
3618:"Special status to J-K: Article 370 not a temporary provision, says Supreme Court"
3037:
3035:
4450:
4186:
4138:
4120:
4088:
4074:
Ashai, Sehla (2010), "The Jammu and Kashmir State Subjects Controversy of 2004",
3788:"PM, BJP announcements vindicate Ikkjutt Jammu stand on Articles 35A, 370: Ankur"
3136:
2983:
2956:
992:(b) the power of Parliament to make laws for the said state shall be limited toβ
4376:
3654:"Ahead of Indian election, Modi's party vows to strip Kashmir of special rights"
3135:
Louise Tillin (2016). Sujit Choudhry; Madhav Khosla; Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds.).
1835:
1813:
1783:
1734:
1665:
1302:
1224:
807:
4705:
4434:
3732:"Time for Article 370, 35A of Constitution to go, says Panun Kashmir president"
2682:
2680:
4491:
Tillin, Louise (2006), "United in Diversity? Asymmetry in Indian Federalism",
2899:
2897:
2895:
2835:
2795:
2793:
2753:
2751:
1738:(upper house of the Indian Parliament) that the President of India had issued
1465:
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation;
1360:
1355:
1157:
996:
831:
740:
735:
52:
4504:
4170:
3115:
3113:
1451:
relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof
1338:
This process has been termed the 'erosion' of the Article 370. Home minister
1791:
1754:
1729:
4016:"What's Article 370? What to know about India top court verdict on Kashmir"
3217:
2623:
17:
4644:"The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 c.o. 272"
4618:
3684:"Indian PM makes election vow to remove disputed Kashmir's special rights"
3408:
3406:
2886:
2846:
2844:
2726:
2710:
1322:
The Presidential order of 1954 was issued based on these recommendations.
4157:
Diwan, Paras (1953), "Kashmir and the Indian Union: The Legal Position",
3397:
3334:
3319:
3307:
3197:
3185:
3104:
3085:
3026:
2862:
2587:
1901:
and Moti Ram Bagda. They joined the Constituent Assembly on 16 June 1949.
870:
4414:
4326:
4284:
4219:
978:
370. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
4536:
3913:
Already, Rajya Sabha Clears J&K As Union Territory Instead Of State
2939:
2126:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M
862:
4663:"Declaration under Article 370 (3) of The Constitution, 2019 c.o. 273"
4592:
4178:
2424:"Article 370 matter stays with 5-judge bench, SC accepts govt's stand"
4113:
Practising Self-Government: A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions
3467:
Understanding Women's Land Rights: Gender Discrimination in Ownership
918:
3838:"No Article 370 for Jammu & Kashmir, historic move by Modi govt"
3435:
3433:
2370:"Kashmir debate LIVE: LS passes Bill reorganising Jammu and Kashmir"
4689:, draft of writ petition filed in the Supreme Court, 10 August 2019
1660:(RSS), for the abrogation of Article 370. Former prince regent and
1462:
EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among us all;
1099:
Article 370 embodied six special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir:
4700:
Stop With the Fake News, Article 370 Was NOT a Temporary Provision
3998:"President rule imposed in J&K finally revoked | DD News"
874:
866:
4612:"The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954"
4586:"The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950"
3962:"J&K, Ladakh UTs get new Lieutenant Governors | DD News"
2961:(second ed.), Princeton University Press, pp. 226β227,
1786:
to convert Jammu and Kashmir's status of a state to two separate
3243:"Order extraordinaire: J&K's immunity set aside by the NHRC"
1149:, came into force on 26 January 1950 contemporaneously with the
4473:, in Sujit Choudhry; Madhav Khosla; Pratap Bhanu Mehta (eds.),
1740:
The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019
1241:
The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954
1147:
The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1950
1063:
before such Assembly for such decision as it may take thereon.
2576:
BJP is quiet since I explained Article 370 to Modi: Jethmalani
1502:
3760:"Leaders and thinkers of J&K bat for interfaith dialogue"
3491:
2730:
2686:
1910:
The negotiations were held at the residence of Home minister
1778:
On 5 August 2019, the Home Minister Amit Shah introduced the
1694:
Since its formation in 1990, the Kashmiri Hindu organisation
1168:
This order was superseded by the Presidential order of 1954.
3702:"Panun Kashmir condemns demand to restore Articles 370, 35A"
3041:
3011:
2999:
2915:
2903:
2874:
2811:
2799:
2768:
2766:
2757:
2150:
Article 370: India strips disputed Kashmir of special status
4235:, Bangalore: The Institute for Social and Economic Change,
3746:"Removal of Article 370 gave hope: J&K youth activists"
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3357:
3355:
2501:
Menon, The Story of Integration of the Indian States (1956)
2304:
Article 370 rendered toothless, Article 35A ceases to exist
1431:
by claiming recourse to Article 370 was set aside in 2010.
1423:
The Central Laws (Extension To Jammu And Kashmir) Act, 1968
1420:
The Central Laws (Extension To Jammu And Kashmir) Act, 1956
4340:
Article 370: A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir
2343:
President declares abrogation of provisions of Article 370
1459:
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
1227:, who was already acting as the Prince Regent, as the new
985:
Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution,β
2247:
Article 370 has acquired permanent status: Supreme Court
1346:
Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir: Structure and limitations
1724:
Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status
1530:
Talk:Article 370 of the Constitution of India/Archive 1
1124:
Government or to accept Central institutions vanished.
4090:
Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism
2288:"How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed"
2164:"How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed"
1247:
The provisions implementing the Delhi Agreement were:
3864:"Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3"
3802:"Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3"
3130:
3128:
2836:
Chowdhary, Politics of Identity and Separatism (2015)
2061:, constitutionofindia.net, retrieved 20 January 2022.
2019:
for the complete Part XXI of the Indian Constitution.
3873:. Government of India. 6 August 2019. Archived from
3811:. Government of India. 5 August 2019. Archived from
3173:
3161:
3119:
3068:
3053:
2927:
2850:
2823:
2784:
2722:
2698:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2599:
2527:
2515:
2220:"Article 370 is permanent, rules J&K High Court"
2039:
1831:
2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election
1375:
Applicability of the Indian law to Jammu and Kashmir
921:. The reorganisation took place on 31 October 2019.
3708:. State Times Group. 30 August 2020. Archived from
3605:
Art 370 permanentβ¦cannot be repealed or amended: HC
1574:government jobs, which were unavailable to others.
4337:
1470:of November, 1956, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE
1442:WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR,
1273:The Central Government was given power to declare
1185:". The amendment represented the abolition of the
4617:. Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Archived from
4591:. Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Archived from
3636:"India's BJP releases manifesto before elections"
2887:Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes (2005)
2727:Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes (2005)
2711:Kumar, The Constitutional and Legal Routes (2005)
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
1978:Mohd Maqbool Damnoo vs State of Jammu and Kashmir
1479:βPreamble of Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir.
4560:"Full text of Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir"
4115:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 163β199,
3398:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3335:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3320:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3308:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3198:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3186:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3105:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3086:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
3027:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
2863:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
2588:Cottrell, Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy (2013)
2052:Article 370 and the Constituent Assembly Debates
1468:IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day
865:which has been the subject of a dispute between
4159:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1938:
1760:
1439:
1315:
975:
894:
857:, a region located in the northern part of the
4475:The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution
3138:The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution
2940:Puri, State Politics: Jammu and Kashmir (2015)
2338:
2336:
1889:The representatives of Jammu and Kashmir were
1445:having solemnly resolved, in pursuance of the
924:A total of 23 petitions were presented to the
4294:The Story of Integration of the Indian States
3141:. Oxford University Press. pp. 547β549.
2550:
2548:
783:
27:Law granting Jammu and Kashmir special status
8:
4637:Report of the State Autonomy Committee, 2000
4255:The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences
2985:Burning issues in Jammu and Kashmir politics
2590:, pp. 169-170 Table 5.1 with footnotes.
1411:The Central Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017
1015:governing the accession of the State to the
3568:. Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 29 May 2014
3322:, pp. 186β187, 194β195 with footnotes.
2242:
2240:
1851:Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)
1780:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019
1429:National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Act
1416:Integrated Goods and Services Tax Act, 2017
1239:The Presidential order of 1954, officially
1145:The Presidential order of 1950, officially
4477:, Oxford University Press, pp. 546β,
4165:(3), Cambridge University Press: 333β353,
3542:"BJP Manifesto for 2014 General Elections"
3464:Abha Chauhan (2017). Prem Chowdhry (ed.).
3424:
2076:Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace
1774:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
1602:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
1532:. Please do not remove this message until
1011:to correspond to matters specified in the
907:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
790:
776:
31:
4512:
3176:, Introduction, pp. 1β2; Chapter 9 Doc#2.
1552:Learn how and when to remove this message
1199:Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir
968:, the latest of which was in April 2018.
887:Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir
4639:, Jammu and Kashmir National Conference.
2129:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191β,
2078:, Harvard University Press, p. 59,
1456:JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
817:
801:
4403:The Indian Journal of Political Science
4111:, in Yash Ghai; Sophia Woodman (eds.),
2032:
1872:
1598:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
1326:Further presidential orders (1955β2018)
43:
4687:Mohammad Akbar Lone vs. Union of India
4257:, SAGE Publications, pp. 93β113,
3607:, The Indian Express, 12 October 2015.
3346:
2772:
2742:
2542:, The Economic Times, 11 October 2015.
1972:
1970:
940:'s original accession, like all other
851:Article 370 of the Indian constitution
4721:Articles of the Constitution of India
4499:(1), Oxford University Press: 45β67,
4315:Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses
4251:"The Constitutional and Legal Routes"
3470:. SAGE Publishing. pp. 125β126.
3451:
3439:
3412:
3380:
3361:
2475:Krishnadas Gopal (11 December 2023).
1861:Part XXI of the Constitution of India
1768:Change of status of Jammu and Kashmir
1758:Article 370 with the following text:
7:
4032:. Hindustan Times. 11 December 2023.
3454:, pp. 548β550 with footnote 76.
3056:, Introduction, pp. 9-11; Sec. 11.1.
2731:Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism (2016)
2687:Tillin, Asymmetric Federalism (2016)
2622:. pp. 1122β1123. Archived from
2306:, The Economic Times, 5 August 2019.
2195:. Indiatoday.intoday.in. 28 May 2014
1841:Article 35A of Constitution of India
1528:Relevant discussion may be found on
4452:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
4273:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
4208:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
3042:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
3012:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
3000:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2916:Mir Qasim, My Life and Times (1992)
2904:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2875:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2812:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2800:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2758:Das Gupta, Jammu and Kashmir (1968)
2286:K. Venkataramanan (5 August 2019),
2249:, The Times of India, 4 April 2018.
2162:K. Venkataramanan (5 August 2019),
4493:Publius: The Journal of Federalism
3415:, pp. 534-536 with footnotes.
3400:, pp. 194β195 with footnotes.
3216:. 10 February 2009. Archived from
2613:"The Constitution of India (1949)"
1623:Amarnath land transfer controversy
1617:Amarnath land transfer controversy
25:
4429:(1), SAGE Publications: 157β171,
4109:"Kashmir: The vanishing autonomy"
3273:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
2988:, Jay Kay Book House, p. 278
2578:, Deccan Herald, 8 November 2014.
1846:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
1744:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
1487:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
1472:TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."
1435:Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
1179:Legislative Assembly of the State
861:and part of the larger region of
4731:History of the Republic of India
4423:Indian Journal of Gender Studies
4297:, Orient Longman, archived from
4137:Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (1968),
1924:Article 238 was repealed by the
1728:On 5 August 2019, Home Minister
1507:
1447:accession of this State to India
1394:Central Vigilance Commission Act
1003:which, in consultation with the
913:to be called Union Territory of
51:
2101:Jammu and Kashmir, State, India
1703:Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party
1673:High Court of Jammu and Kashmir
1156:Thirty eight subjects from the
966:High Court of Jammu and Kashmir
4387:, Princeton University Press,
4253:, in Samaddar, Ranabir (ed.),
4191:. Princeton University Press.
4185:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009).
3245:. October 2010. Archived from
2123:OsmaΕczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),
1899:Maulana Mohammad Saeed Masoodi
1671:However, in October 2015, the
1:
4695:, Scroll.in, 10 October 2019.
4449:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
4226:Hassan, Khalid Wasim (2009),
2557:, The Hindu, 15 October 2015.
2555:The importance of Article 370
2449:Scroll Staff (2 March 2020).
2216:, The Hindu, 15 October 2015.
2214:The importance of Article 370
2098:Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William,
1453:, and to secure to ourselvesβ
726:Constituent Assembly of India
4121:10.1017/CBO9781139088206.006
3442:, pp. 537β538, 547β549.
2877:, p. 198β200, 212.
4702:, The Quint, 16 August 2019
4683:, The Hindu, 5 August 2019.
4455:, Oxford University Press,
4344:, Oxford University Press,
4188:Hindu Nationalism: A Reader
4143:, Springer (2012 reprint),
3915:, NDTV News, 5 August 2019.
3174:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
3162:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
3120:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
3069:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
3054:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2928:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2851:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2824:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2785:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2723:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2699:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2672:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2660:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2648:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2600:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2528:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2516:Noorani, Article 370 (2011)
2345:, The Hindu, 7 August 2019.
1658:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
1534:conditions to do so are met
1214:The State's prime minister
1092:the constitutional scholar
881:Article 370 was drafted in
4747:
4726:1950s in Jammu and Kashmir
4530:"Full text of Article 370"
4435:10.1177/097152150601400109
3517:"Jammu is not for burning"
3164:, Introduction, pp. 13-14.
2518:, Introduction, p. 4.
2152:, BBC News, 5 August 2019.
2104:, Encyclopaedia Britannica
1771:
1721:
1718:Presidential order of 2019
1620:
1569:Permanent residence issues
1484:
1388:Negotiable Instruments Act
1350:India's constitution is a
1270:was extended to the State.
1235:Presidential order of 1954
1172:Presidential order of 1952
1141:Presidential order of 1950
834:, shown here in shades of
731:Constitution bench (India)
4383:, in Myron Wiener (ed.),
4087:Chowdhary, Rekha (2015),
3071:, Introduction, pp. 9-11.
2725:, Introduction, pp. 7-8;
2573:, The Hindu, 29 May 2014.
2571:Understanding Article 370
2040:Noorani, Article 370 2011
1937:This was changed via the
1826:1974 IndiraβSheikh accord
1689:the 2019 general election
1654:the 2014 general election
1427:The non-applicability of
1398:Essential Commodities Act
1391:Border Security Force Act
1305:and his erstwhile deputy
995:(i) those matters in the
4358:Qasim, Syed Mir (1992),
4249:Kumar, Ashutosh (2005),
3425:Singh & Vohra (2007)
2930:, p. 269, item (e).
2826:, Introduction, pp. 8β9.
2787:, pp. 8β9, 224β225.
2701:, Introduction, pp. 7-8.
2674:, Introduction, pp. 5-6.
2650:, Introduction, pp. 1-2.
1266:The jurisdiction of the
756:Basic structure doctrine
4471:"Asymmetric Federalism"
4469:Tillin, Louise (2016),
4385:State Politics in India
4107:Cottrell, Jill (2013),
2057:6 February 2023 at the
1939:1952 Presidential order
1085:Instrument of Accession
1013:Instrument of Accession
1005:Government of the State
917:and Union Territory of
895:1954 Presidential Order
853:gave special status to
4514:10.1093/publius/pjl017
4505:10.1093/publius/pjl017
4171:10.1093/iclqaj/2.3.333
2317:"The Gazette of India"
1765:
1685:Bharatiya Janata Party
1650:Bharatiya Janata Party
1582:
1475:
1384:All India Services Act
1320:
1307:Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad
1268:Supreme Court of India
1189:of Jammu and Kashmir.
1076:
1007:, are declared by the
962:Supreme Court of India
926:Supreme Court of India
847:
815:
4668:. Government of India
4649:. Government of India
4362:, Allied Publishers,
4291:Menon, V. P. (1956),
2662:, Introduction, p. 1.
2620:Lok Sabha Secretariat
2042:, Introduction, p. 4.
1151:Constitution of India
821:
805:
45:Constitution of India
3871:The Gazette of India
3809:The Gazette of India
1683:In 2019, as part of
1648:In 2014, as part of
1644:Calls for abrogation
1627:On 26 May 2008, the
1209:1952 Delhi Agreement
1204:Jammu Praja Parishad
1083:The clause 7 of the
4572:on 3 September 2014
3776:. 28 November 2020.
3521:specials.rediff.com
3427:, pp. 157β158.
3383:, pp. 534β536.
3364:, pp. 549β550.
3337:, pp. 194β195.
3310:, pp. 178β179.
3286:on 3 September 2014
3088:, pp. 173β175.
2865:, pp. 171β172.
2853:, pp. 264β274.
2775:, pp. 284β286.
2503:, pp. 467β469.
1629:Government of India
1521:of this section is
1132:Presidential orders
1089:Maharaja Hari Singh
859:Indian subcontinent
4598:on 21 October 2019
4381:"Jamu and Kashmir"
4301:on 8 December 2019
4050:. 25 February 2024
3986:. 31 October 2019.
3950:. 31 October 2019.
3712:on 1 December 2021
3592:The Times of India
3249:on 3 December 2015
3200:, p. 177β178.
3044:, p. 210β211.
3014:, p. 205β209.
2814:, p. 196β198.
2629:on 3 December 2013
2402:The Times of India
1678:President of India
1275:national emergency
1260:fundamental rights
848:
816:
761:Uniform civil code
4698:Vakasha Sachdev,
4624:on 28 August 2017
4484:978-0-19-870489-8
4462:978-1-84904-621-3
4394:978-1-4008-7914-4
4360:My Life and Times
4351:978-0-19-807408-3
4242:978-81-7791-189-3
4150:978-94-011-9231-6
4140:Jammu and Kashmir
4130:978-1-107-29235-2
4100:978-1-317-41405-6
4076:Drexel Law Review
3748:. 8 October 2019.
3734:. 31 August 2017.
3658:Channel News Asia
3640:www.aljazeera.com
3477:978-93-86446-33-6
3148:978-0-19-870489-8
2982:Om, Hari (1999),
2958:Danger in Kashmir
2889:, pp. 97β98.
2136:978-0-415-93922-5
1976:In the 1972 case
1912:Vallabhbhai Patel
1788:union territories
1732:announced in the
1637:Jammu and Kashmir
1562:
1561:
1554:
1402:Haj Committee Act
1352:federal structure
1017:Dominion of India
950:Travancore-Cochin
938:Jammu and Kashmir
915:Jammu and Kashmir
911:union territories
905:In addition, the
855:Jammu and Kashmir
800:
799:
16:(Redirected from
4738:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4648:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4565:. Archived from
4564:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4535:. Archived from
4534:
4517:
4516:
4487:
4465:
4445:
4417:
4397:
4372:
4354:
4343:
4329:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4287:
4267:
4245:
4234:
4222:
4202:
4198:978-1-40082-8036
4181:
4153:
4133:
4103:
4083:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3932:. 6 August 2019.
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3902:. 5 August 2019.
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3880:on 6 August 2019
3879:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3818:on 5 August 2019
3817:
3806:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3790:. 17 April 2019.
3784:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3664:on 5 August 2019
3660:. Archived from
3650:
3644:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3584:
3578:
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2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
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2669:
2663:
2657:
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2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2617:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:. 28 August 2019
2394:
2388:
2387:
2386:. 6 August 2019.
2380:
2374:
2373:
2372:. 6 August 2019.
2366:
2360:
2359:
2358:. 5 August 2019.
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2174:on 8 August 2019
2170:, archived from
2159:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1856:Kashmir conflict
1633:state government
1557:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1511:
1510:
1503:
1481:
1340:Gulzarilal Nanda
946:Saurashtra Union
792:
785:
778:
55:
32:
21:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4711:
4710:
4706:Rotten Tomatoes
4671:
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4106:
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4086:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4051:
4048:Hindustan Times
4042:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3978:
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3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3844:. 5 August 2019
3836:
3835:
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3821:
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3815:
3804:
3800:
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3785:
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3682:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3624:. 3 April 2018.
3622:Hindustan Times
3616:
3615:
3611:
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3599:
3586:
3585:
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3571:
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3500:
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3485:
3478:
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3458:
3450:
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3438:
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3404:
3396:
3387:
3379:
3368:
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3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3223:on 22 June 2014
3220:
3213:
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3208:
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2598:
2594:
2586:
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2565:
2561:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2534:
2530:, Introduction.
2526:
2522:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2448:
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2443:
2433:
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2428:Hindustan Times
2422:
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2190:
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2177:
2175:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2059:Wayback Machine
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:Sadar-i-Riyasat
1982:Sadar-i-Riyasat
1975:
1968:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1895:Mirza Afzal Beg
1891:Sheikh Abdullah
1888:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1822:
1806:The Hindi film
1804:
1776:
1770:
1726:
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1457:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1377:
1365:Concurrent List
1348:
1328:
1300:Sadar-i-Riyasat
1237:
1229:Sadar-i-Riyasat
1221:Sadar-i-Riyasat
1216:Sheikh Abdullah
1174:
1143:
1134:
1081:
1071:
1001:Concurrent List
974:
942:princely states
934:
812:princely states
796:
767:
766:
765:
751:Judicial review
746:Concurrent List
720:
712:
711:
282:
272:
271:
250:
240:
239:
227:
211:
190:
180:
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175:
143:
107:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4744:
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4728:
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4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4659:
4640:
4634:
4608:
4582:
4556:
4542:on 8 July 2013
4524:
4523:External links
4521:
4519:
4518:
4488:
4483:
4466:
4461:
4446:
4418:
4409:(3): 282β290,
4398:
4393:
4373:
4368:
4355:
4350:
4334:Noorani, A. G.
4330:
4310:
4288:
4279:(4): 534β553,
4268:
4263:
4246:
4241:
4223:
4214:(4): 519β538,
4203:
4197:
4182:
4154:
4149:
4134:
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4104:
4099:
4084:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4035:
4021:
4007:
3989:
3984:Jagranjosh.com
3971:
3953:
3935:
3917:
3905:
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3855:
3829:
3793:
3779:
3765:
3751:
3737:
3723:
3693:
3675:
3645:
3627:
3609:
3597:
3594:. 29 May 2014.
3579:
3557:
3533:
3508:
3483:
3476:
3456:
3444:
3429:
3417:
3402:
3385:
3366:
3351:
3349:, p. 290.
3339:
3324:
3312:
3297:
3260:
3234:
3202:
3190:
3188:, p. 165.
3178:
3166:
3154:
3147:
3124:
3109:
3107:, p. 174.
3090:
3073:
3058:
3046:
3031:
3029:, p. 171.
3016:
3004:
2992:
2974:
2967:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2906:, p. 212.
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2802:, p. 200.
2789:
2777:
2762:
2760:, p. 187.
2747:
2745:, p. 284.
2735:
2729:, p. 97;
2715:
2703:
2691:
2689:, p. 546.
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2604:
2602:, p. 225.
2592:
2580:
2567:Amitabh Mattoo
2559:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2505:
2493:
2467:
2441:
2430:. 2 March 2020
2415:
2389:
2375:
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2090:
2084:
2072:Bose, Sumantra
2063:
2044:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1966:
1952:
1943:
1930:
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1882:
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1848:
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1803:
1800:
1772:Main article:
1769:
1766:
1722:Main article:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1687:manifesto for
1652:manifesto for
1645:
1642:
1621:Main article:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1584:
1583:Women's rights
1581:
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1497:
1485:Main article:
1440:
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1406:Income Tax Act
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1183:Sadr-i-Riyasat
1173:
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1110:
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1039:Sadr-i-Riyasat
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814:are in yellow.
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719:Related topics
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4527:
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4522:
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4506:
4502:
4498:
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4489:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4412:
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4404:
4399:
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4390:
4386:
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4378:
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4371:
4369:9788170233558
4365:
4361:
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4342:
4341:
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4331:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4289:
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4282:
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4264:9780761934530
4260:
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4238:
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4224:
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4213:
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4146:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4096:
4093:, Routledge,
4092:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4049:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4018:. al jazeera.
4017:
4011:
4008:
4003:
4002:ddnews.gov.in
3999:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3966:ddnews.gov.in
3963:
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3927:
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3901:
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3872:
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3843:
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3814:
3810:
3803:
3797:
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3755:
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3711:
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3649:
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3487:
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3469:
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3448:
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3392:
3390:
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3382:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Sharma (1958)
3343:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3302:
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3261:
3248:
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3182:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3122:, Chapter 11.
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
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2996:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2968:9781400875238
2964:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2953:Korbel, Josef
2948:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:, p. 60.
2917:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2838:, p. 48.
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Sharma (1958)
2769:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2743:Sharma (1958)
2739:
2736:
2733:, p. 546
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2713:, p. 97.
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2596:
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2589:
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2581:
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2549:
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2536:
2533:
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2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2471:
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2429:
2425:
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2416:
2403:
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2379:
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2365:
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2351:
2348:
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2339:
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2333:
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2309:
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2237:
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2173:
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2146:
2143:
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2132:
2128:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2085:0-674-01173-2
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:7th Amendment
1921:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1866:
1862:
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1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
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1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:Popular media
1801:
1799:
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1785:
1781:
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1747:
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1731:
1725:
1717:
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1710:
1708:
1707:IkkJutt Jammu
1704:
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1696:Panun Kashmir
1692:
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1234:
1232:
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1222:
1217:
1212:
1211:was reached.
1210:
1205:
1200:
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1195:
1190:
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1184:
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1129:
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1118:
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1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
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1095:
1094:A. G. Noorani
1090:
1086:
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1075:
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1010:
1006:
1002:
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993:
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984:
980:
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972:Original text
971:
969:
967:
963:
957:
955:
951:
947:
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939:
936:The state of
931:
929:
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864:
860:
856:
852:
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820:
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808:Indian Empire
804:
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678:
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650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
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622:
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614:
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470:
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358:
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350:
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314:
310:
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281:
276:
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270:
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230:
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198:
194:
189:
184:
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178:
174:
170:
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158:
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150:
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138:
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122:
118:
114:
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106:
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4670:. Retrieved
4651:. Retrieved
4626:. Retrieved
4619:the original
4600:. Retrieved
4593:the original
4574:. Retrieved
4567:the original
4544:. Retrieved
4537:the original
4496:
4492:
4474:
4451:
4426:
4422:
4406:
4402:
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4377:Puri, Balraj
4359:
4339:
4321:(7): 15β20,
4318:
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4299:the original
4293:
4276:
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4254:
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4211:
4207:
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4112:
4089:
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4075:
4067:Bibliography
4052:. Retrieved
4047:
4038:
4024:
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3992:
3983:
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3938:
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3882:. Retrieved
3875:the original
3870:
3858:
3846:. Retrieved
3841:
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3808:
3796:
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3768:
3754:
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3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3705:
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3666:. Retrieved
3662:the original
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3600:
3591:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3560:
3550:17 September
3548:. Retrieved
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3495:
3486:
3466:
3459:
3452:Ashai (2010)
3447:
3440:Ashai (2010)
3420:
3413:Kumar (2004)
3381:Kumar (2004)
3362:Kumar (2004)
3342:
3315:
3288:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3272:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3237:
3225:. Retrieved
3218:the original
3205:
3193:
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3169:
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3007:
2995:
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2977:
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2631:. Retrieved
2624:the original
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2562:
2535:
2523:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2427:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2401:
2392:
2378:
2364:
2350:
2323:. Retrieved
2311:
2299:
2291:
2263:
2254:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2209:
2197:. Retrieved
2187:
2176:, retrieved
2172:the original
2167:
2157:
2145:
2125:
2118:
2106:, retrieved
2100:
2093:
2075:
2066:
2047:
2035:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1955:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1906:
1885:
1875:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1777:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1713:2019 actions
1700:
1693:
1682:
1670:
1647:
1626:
1612:Other issues
1606:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1572:
1563:
1548:
1539:
1517:
1499:Human rights
1494:
1490:
1478:
1476:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1426:
1378:
1369:
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1337:
1333:
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900:
892:
880:
850:
849:
846:respectively
60:
29:
4054:25 February
3948:India Today
3842:India Today
3706:State Times
3253:23 November
3227:23 November
2486:14 December
1961:Article 249
1880:renumbered.
1836:Article 356
1814:Yami Gautam
1809:Article 370
1784:Rajya Sabha
1735:Rajya Sabha
1666:Karan Singh
1576:Article 35A
1542:August 2019
1303:Karan Singh
1294:Background:
1253:Article 35A
1225:Karan Singh
1194:Background:
1035:Explanation
1029:Explanation
806:Map of the
18:Article 370
4715:Categories
3716:12 January
3526:8 November
3501:8 November
2264:pib.gov.in
2027:References
1600:Party and
1519:neutrality
1361:State List
1356:Union List
1263:protected.
1158:Union List
1087:signed by
997:Union List
741:State List
736:Union List
280:Amendments
248:Appendices
4443:145365144
4305:14 August
4082:: 537β555
3688:TRT World
3572:18 August
2955:(1966) ,
2481:The Hindu
2455:Scroll.in
2292:The Hindu
2224:The Hindu
2199:18 August
2168:The Hindu
1792:Lok Sabha
1755:Amit Shah
1730:Amit Shah
1116:possible.
1009:President
188:Schedules
4672:6 August
4653:5 August
4415:42743614
4379:(2015),
4336:(2011),
4327:26351433
4285:43951935
4220:43949608
3930:Zee News
3884:6 August
3848:5 August
3822:6 August
3668:5 August
3496:Zee News
2460:19 March
2434:19 March
2408:19 March
2229:25 March
2178:5 August
2108:7 August
2074:(2003),
2055:Archived
1928:in 1956.
1915:accede".
1820:See also
1662:Congress
1631:and the
1523:disputed
1187:monarchy
1079:Analysis
1070:specify:
999:and the
964:and the
883:Part XXI
871:Pakistan
824:Pakistan
233:Eleventh
62:Preamble
37:a series
35:Part of
4576:21 June
3290:3 April
2325:6 March
1782:in the
1664:leader
1181:as the
932:Purpose
863:Kashmir
237:Twelfth
217:Seventh
4628:11 May
4602:11 May
4552:
4546:30 May
4481:
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4413:
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2965:
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2082:
1608:370".
1052:State:
954:Mysore
919:Ladakh
840:yellow
830:, and
810:. The
221:Eighth
205:Fourth
197:Second
39:on the
4666:(PDF)
4647:(PDF)
4622:(PDF)
4615:(PDF)
4596:(PDF)
4589:(PDF)
4570:(PDF)
4563:(PDF)
4540:(PDF)
4533:(PDF)
4439:S2CID
4411:JSTOR
4323:JSTOR
4281:JSTOR
4233:(PDF)
4216:JSTOR
4175:JSTOR
3878:(PDF)
3867:(PDF)
3816:(PDF)
3805:(PDF)
3545:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3277:(PDF)
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1867:Notes
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867:India
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229:Tenth
225:Ninth
213:Sixth
209:Fifth
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