70:
214:
241:
31:
229:
256:
354:(NORM) was founded as a non-profit support group for men undertaking foreskin restoration. In 1991, the group UNCircumcising Information and Resource Centers (UNCIRC) was formed, which was incorporated into NORM in 1994. NORM chapters have been founded throughout the United States, as well as in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Germany. In France, there are two associations about this. The "
142:(175-164 BC). Antiochus outlawed the Jewish practice of circumcision, both 1st and 2nd Maccabees records Jewish mothers being put to death for circumcising their sons (1:60-61 and 6:10 respectively). Some Jews during Antiochus' persecution sought to undo their circumcision. Within the 1st century A.D., there was still some forms of foreskin restoration being sought after (1 Corinthians 7:18). During the third
310:
324:, but specialized tissues removed during circumcision cannot be reclaimed. Surgical procedures exist to reduce the size of the opening once restoration is complete (as depicted in the image above), or it can be alleviated through a longer commitment to the skin expansion regime to allow more skin to collect at the tip.
133:
did not practice circumcision anyone who was circumcised was socially shunned. Hellenized Jews stopped circumcising their sons to avoid persecution and so they could participate in the gymnasium. Some Jews at this time attempted to restore their foreskins. This caused conflict within Second Temple
61:
methods also exist. Restoration creates a facsimile of the foreskin, but specialized tissues removed during circumcision cannot be reclaimed. Actual regeneration of the foreskin is experimental at this time. Some forms of restoration involve only partial regeneration in instances of a
604:
Ramos, Alex. “Bar Kokhba.” In The Lexham Bible
Dictionary, edited by John D. Barry, David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press,
979:
Hammond T, Sardi LM, Jellison WA, McAllister R, Snyder B, Fahmy MAB (May 2023). "Foreskin restorers: insights into motivations, successes, challenges, and experiences with medical and mental health professionals – An abridged summary of key findings".
334:
The process of foreskin restoration seeks to regenerate some of the tissue removed by circumcision, as well as provide coverage of the glans. According to research, the foreskin comprises over half of the skin and mucosa of the human penis.
575:
Barry, John D., David Bomar, Derek R. Brown, Rachel
Klippenstein, Douglas Mangum, Carrie Sinclair Wolcott, Lazarus Wentz, Elliot Ritzema, and Wendy Widder, eds. The Lexham Bible Dictionary. Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press,
154:
revolt, there is
Rabbinic evidence that records, Jews who had removed their circumcision (meaning that foreskin restoration was still being practiced) they were recircumcised, voluntarily or by force. Again, during
585:
Aymer, Margaret. “Acts of the
Apostles.” In Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom, Jacqueline E. Lapsley, and Sharon H. Ringe, Revised and Updated. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press,
240:
213:
255:
463:
portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as
494:
Hodges FM (2001). "The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme".
134:
Judaism, some Jews viewed circumcision as an essential part of the Jewish identity (1 Maccabees 1:15). Following the death of
Alexander, Judea and the Levant was part of the
1239:
1309:
146:(AD 132–135), the Romans had renamed Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolian and may have banned circumcision; however, Roman sources from the period only mention
296:) as does the skin of the penis. One method involves a four-stage procedure in which the penile shaft is buried in the scrotum for a period of time.
1292:
1265:
595:
Kaiser, Walter C., Jr., Peter H. Davids, F. F. Bruce, and
Manfred T. Brauch. Hard Sayings of the Bible. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1996.
1304:
1232:
66:
wherein the circumcisee feels that the circumciser removed too much skin and that there is not enough skin for erections to be comfortable.
69:
1530:
1464:
1124:
1098:
805:
355:
1297:
1225:
692:
944:
Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ (February 1996). "The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision".
616:
1115:
The Joy of
Uncircumcising!: Exploring Circumcision: History, Myths, Psychology, Restoration, Sexual Pleasure, and Human Rights
503:
338:
In a survey restorers reported restoration; increased their sexual pleasure for 69% and improved their relationship for 25%
102:(8th century BC to 6th century AD), exposure of the glans was considered disgusting and improper, and did not conform to the
1188:
Schultheiss D, Truss MC, Stief CG, Jonas U (June 1998). "Uncircumcision: a historical review of preputial restoration".
228:
371:
753:
Greer Jr DM, Mohl PC, Sheley KA (2010). "A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results".
1525:
1249:
1217:
57:
or injury. Foreskin restoration is primarily accomplished by stretching the residual skin of the penis, but
110:
to prevent exposure. As a consequence of this social stigma, an early form of foreskin restoration known as
1474:
1319:
376:
99:
199:
During restoration via tissue expansion, the remaining penile skin is pulled forward over the glans, and
1540:
1151:
Brandes SB, McAninch JW (January 1999). "Surgical methods of restoring the prepuce: a critical review".
276:
Surgical methods of foreskin restoration, known as foreskin reconstruction, usually involve a method of
1280:
1140:
1086:
359:
1469:
261:
Application of a typical restoration device, the TugAhoy, called a 'Chinese puzzle' by its inventor
139:
30:
1504:
1479:
1377:
1367:
1275:
1176:
1108:
926:
858:
770:
523:
381:
314:
219:
204:
126:
797:
789:
715:
191:, and research shows that regenerated human tissues have the attributes of the original tissue.
541:
Rubin JP (July 1980). "Celsus' decircumcision operation: medical and historical implications".
1344:
1205:
1168:
1120:
1094:
997:
961:
918:
850:
842:
801:
735:
673:
558:
515:
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200:
143:
83:
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989:
953:
908:
834:
762:
727:
663:
655:
550:
507:
415:
386:
249:
device with a one-way valve that allows air to be pumped to inflate and expand the foreskin.
181:
1336:
1270:
1141:"My responses to a few Frequently Asked Questions about Non-Surgical Foreskin Restoration"
1132:
1055:
876:
Jefferson G (1916). "The peripenic muscle: some observations on the anatomy of phimosis".
822:
135:
58:
1164:
913:
896:
838:
716:"Uncircumcision: A Technique for Plastic Reconstruction of a Prepuce after Circumcision"
1535:
1499:
1446:
1441:
1113:
668:
643:
731:
700:
419:
1519:
1372:
1314:
1287:
1201:
957:
554:
474:
347:
293:
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164:
1180:
1016:
930:
862:
628:
527:
309:
1431:
1354:
160:
156:
119:
54:
17:
1419:
1397:
456:
451:
103:
46:
993:
1409:
1402:
1017:"Uncircumcising: undoing the effects of an ancient practice in a modern world"
766:
446:
151:
147:
42:
846:
331:), large blood vessels, extensive innervation, outer skin, and inner mucosa.
1436:
1362:
697:
University of Texas
Medical Branch Department of Otolaryngology Grand Rounds
479:
Approaches to
Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies
346:
Various groups have been founded since the late 20th century, especially in
327:
The natural foreskin is composed of smooth dartos muscle tissue (called the
107:
1172:
1001:
922:
854:
677:
519:
427:
1209:
965:
739:
659:
562:
511:
284:
portion of the penile shaft. The grafted skin is typically taken from the
1389:
1257:
465:
350:
where circumcision has been routinely performed on infants. In 1989, the
321:
246:
95:
91:
50:
1091:
Decircumcision: Foreskin
Restoration, Methods and Circumcision Practices
774:
351:
285:
188:
87:
73:(left) Circumcised, (middle) restored foreskin, (right) uncircumcised
281:
130:
222:
applied to a circumcised penis for non-surgical foreskin restoration
1035:
129:(333 BC). Males participated in the gymnasium nude and because the
106:
ideal of gymnastic nudity. Men with short foreskins would wear the
308:
68:
29:
358:" AME (association against child mutilation), and more recently "
125:
Foreskin restoration is of ancient origin and dates back to the
115:
1221:
823:"Surgical methods of restoring the prepuce: a critical review"
406:
Lerman SE, Liao JC (December 2001). "Neonatal circumcision".
180:
Non-surgical foreskin restoration, accomplished through
150:
and say nothing about banning circumcision. During the
203:
is maintained either manually or through the aid of a
1492:
1418:
1388:
1353:
1335:
1256:
644:"Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration"
1112:
313:A partially restored foreskin after four years of
187:Tissue expansion has long been known to stimulate
1119:. Aptos, California: Hourglass Book Publishing.
443:
796:(1998 ed.). Hourglass Book Pub. pp.
1310:Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate
1233:
691:Cordes S, Calhoun KH, Quinn FB (1997-10-15).
8:
1093:. Los Angeles: Added Dimensions Publishing.
821:Brandes, S.B.; McAninch, J.W. (2002-05-27).
356:Association contre la Mutilation des Enfants
982:International Journal of Impotence Research
1424:
1240:
1226:
1218:
912:
667:
449:, along with any others who revealed the
439:
437:
1293:Transurethral resection of the prostate
398:
320:Restoration creates a facsimile of the
209:
49:to reconstruct an organ similar to the
1266:Transurethral incision of the prostate
352:National Organization of Restoring Men
1305:Transurethral microwave thermotherapy
163:sought foreskin restoration to avoid
7:
1165:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1109.x
914:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1034.x
878:Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics
839:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1109.x
184:, is the more commonly used method.
122:(8th century BC to 5th century AD).
94:, were considered a sign of beauty,
1248:Tests and procedures involving the
895:Cold CJ, Taylor JR (January 1999).
790:"Finishing Touches to the Foreskin"
496:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
100:Classical Greek and Roman societies
27:Process to expand skin on the penis
1190:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
714:Goodwin, Willard E. (1990-11-01).
408:Pediatric Clinics of North America
34:Stages of non-surgical restoration
25:
1465:Frenuloplasty of prepuce of penis
1298:Radical retropubic prostatectomy
1202:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037
1139:Payne RM, Fryer L (March 2001).
958:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.85023.x
254:
239:
227:
212:
41:is the process of expanding the
481:(1993), p. 149, Scholars Press.
469:, that was aimed at elongation.
504:Johns Hopkins University Press
1:
732:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)39693-3
420:10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70390-4
555:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4
53:, which has been removed by
755:The Journal of Sex Research
642:Collier R (December 2011).
627:(6): 588–93. Archived from
205:foreskin restoration device
1557:
994:10.1038/s41443-023-00686-5
946:British Journal of Urology
794:The Joy of Uncircumcising!
455:, were the butt of ribald
372:Circumcision controversies
288:, which contains the same
1531:Male genital modification
1455:
1427:
1015:Bigelow J (Summer 1994).
767:10.1080/00224498209551158
114:was practiced among some
1250:male reproductive system
315:non-surgical restoration
362:" (right to the body).
272:Foreskin reconstruction
234:T-tape with a leg strap
171:Non-surgical techniques
98:, and masculinity. In
1475:Penile plethysmography
1320:Prostate brachytherapy
792:. In Bigelow J (ed.).
484:
377:Regeneration in humans
317:
74:
35:
660:10.1503/cmaj.109-4009
512:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
312:
220:Dual tension restorer
72:
33:
1460:Foreskin restoration
1281:Transurethral biopsy
1159:(Suppl. 1): 109–13.
788:Griffith RW (1992).
39:Foreskin restoration
1470:Penile Frenulectomy
267:Surgical techniques
195:Methods and devices
140:Antiochus Epiphanes
18:Artificial foreskin
1505:Scrotal ultrasound
1480:Postage stamp test
1378:Vasoepididymostomy
1368:Vasectomy reversal
1276:Transrectal biopsy
1056:"Qui sommes-nous?"
907:(Suppl 1): 34–44.
720:Journal of Urology
693:"Tissue Expanders"
615:Tushmet L (1965).
382:Restoration device
318:
127:Alexandrian Empire
75:
36:
1513:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1345:Spermatocelectomy
1153:BJU International
901:BJU International
827:BJU International
144:Jewish-Roman Wars
84:Greco-Roman world
16:(Redirected from
1548:
1425:
1337:Seminal vesicles
1327:Prostate massage
1242:
1235:
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1219:
1213:
1184:
1147:
1145:
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1118:
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1036:"NORM - History"
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726:(5): 1203–1205.
711:
705:
704:
699:. Archived from
688:
682:
681:
671:
639:
633:
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617:"Uncircumcision"
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606:
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387:Tissue expansion
329:peripenic muscle
305:Physical aspects
258:
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182:tissue expansion
176:Tissue expansion
165:Nazi persecution
90:, including the
86:, uncircumcised
21:
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1526:Plastic surgery
1516:
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1484:
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1414:
1384:
1349:
1331:
1271:Prostate biopsy
1252:
1246:
1216:
1187:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1133:James L. Snyder
1127:
1107:
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1079:Further reading
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833:(S1): 109–113.
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1500:Semen analysis
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1447:Preputioplasty
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1442:Penile implant
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1131:(foreword by
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1080:
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1060:Droit au Corps
1047:
1034:Griffiths RW.
1026:
1007:
988:(3): 309–322.
971:
936:
887:
868:
813:
806:
780:
745:
706:
703:on 2004-10-11.
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654:(18): 2092–3.
634:
631:on 2013-10-23.
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414:(6): 1539–57.
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1196:(7): 1990–8.
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1126:0-9630482-1-X
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1100:1-879967-05-7
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1062:. 14 May 2013
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897:"The prepuce"
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761:(4): 324–30.
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161:European Jews
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1541:Circumcision
1459:
1432:Circumcision
1355:Vas deferens
1193:
1189:
1156:
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1114:
1090:
1064:. Retrieved
1059:
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1039:. Retrieved
1029:
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952:(2): 291–5.
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629:the original
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549:(1): 121–4.
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445:Circumcised
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157:World War II
124:
120:Ancient Rome
111:
81:
63:
55:circumcision
38:
37:
1493:Other tests
1398:Orchiectomy
506:: 375–405.
452:glans penis
104:Hellenistic
1520:Categories
1410:Orchiopexy
1403:Castration
1087:Griffin GM
1041:2006-08-21
447:barbarians
393:References
292:(known as
152:Bar Kokhba
148:castration
1437:Penectomy
1363:Vasectomy
1109:Bigelow J
1066:29 August
1021:Mothering
884:: 177–81.
847:1464-4096
461:Greek art
108:kynodesme
1258:Prostate
1181:37867161
1173:10349422
1111:(1992).
1089:(1992).
1023:: 36–60.
1002:36997741
931:30559310
923:10349413
863:37867161
855:10349422
678:22083672
528:29580193
520:11568485
472:—
466:epispasm
428:11732129
366:See also
278:grafting
247:Silicone
112:epispasm
96:civility
92:foreskin
88:genitals
64:high-cut
59:surgical
51:foreskin
1210:9623850
966:8800902
798:188–192
775:3812166
740:2231896
669:3255154
563:6994325
543:Urology
322:prepuce
300:Results
286:scrotum
201:tension
189:mitosis
159:, some
82:In the
78:History
45:on the
1390:Testes
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459:. For
426:
282:distal
138:under
131:Greeks
1536:Penis
1420:Penis
1177:S2CID
1144:(PDF)
927:S2CID
859:S2CID
771:JSTOR
605:2016.
586:2012.
576:2016.
524:S2CID
502:(3).
457:humor
47:penis
1206:PMID
1169:PMID
1121:ISBN
1095:ISBN
1068:2017
998:PMID
962:PMID
919:PMID
851:PMID
843:ISSN
802:ISBN
736:PMID
674:PMID
648:CMAJ
559:PMID
516:PMID
424:PMID
116:Jews
43:skin
1198:doi
1194:101
1161:doi
990:doi
954:doi
909:doi
835:doi
763:doi
728:doi
724:144
664:PMC
656:doi
652:183
551:doi
508:doi
416:doi
118:in
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