20:
420:
enhance the taste and acceptability of artificial saliva. These agents can mask any unpleasant flavours inherent in the other components and make the user's experience of using artificial saliva more pleasant. Flavouring agents encourage the user's compliance with the treatment regimen, mainly when
232:
designed to mimic the natural functions of human saliva to alleviate symptoms of dry mouth by aiding in speaking and swallowing, and it provides general comfort by simulating the sticky consistency of natural saliva. The composition typically includes cellulose derivatives, buffering and flavouring
634:
Novel molecules developed to mimic partial structures of salivary proteins include chemically modified O-glycans, using methods such as direct oxidation and metabolic glycoengineering. The modified O-glycans facilitate mucin conjugation with other molecules in the oral cavity for enhanced physical
285:
prevalent in natural saliva, and lab-made mucin can closely replicate the characteristics of natural saliva by forming a protective and lubricative film on oral surfaces. Mucin has an elevated adsorption capacity compared to carboxymethyl cellulose-based formulations, which improves lubrication.
164:
provide longer-lasting relief for drug-induced xerostomia. The selection and combination of saliva substitutes should be tailored to the individual's needs, preferences and oral health status. Despite the variety of products tested, a definitive judgment on their comparative effectiveness is
535:
techniques produce recombinant salivary proteins for enhanced biological functions. Identification of recombinant histatin and statherin strains is more prevalent as they are smaller and simpler in structure. Therefore, a range of histatin and statherin variants with duplication of active
252:
and texture of artificial saliva, enabling it to adhere to oral tissues and provide a protective and lubricating film. The viscosity of cellulose derivatives is greater than that of natural human saliva. Cellulose derivatives include:
84:
Current research on artificial saliva focuses on expanding its functionality by incorporating synthetic molecules similar to their biological counterparts in natural saliva. The study includes efforts to enhance native salivary
215:
should be aware that certain artificial saliva products contain fructose and should be avoided. Users adhering to a sodium-restricted diet must exercise caution when selecting an artificial saliva product, as some, including
176:
of artificial saliva are relatively uncommon but still exist with varying severity. Minor side effects might not necessitate medical attention. However, in certain instances, users may experience symptoms indicative of an
875:
Alhejoury, Hajer Ayed; Mogharbel, Lina Fouad; Al-Qadhi, Mohammed Ahmed; Shamlan, Suzan
Sulaiman; Alturki, Amal Fuad; Babatin, Wafaa Mohammed; Mohammed Alaishan, Renad Abdualrahman; Pullishery, Fawaz (2021-11-10).
125:, can cause xerostomia. Artificial saliva supplements any pre-existing saliva in individuals with xerostomia, and its primary function is to restore moisture in the oral cavity. Artificial saliva is available
316:
and digestive functions by contributing to the breakdown of food particles and inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, which improves oral health and assists in the digestive process. Enzymes include:
935:
Kapourani, Afroditi; Kontogiannopoulos, Konstantinos N.; Manioudaki, Alexandra-Eleftheria; Poulopoulos, Athanasios K.; Tsalikis, Lazaros; Assimopoulou, Andreana N.; Barmpalexis, Panagiotis (2022-02-22).
397:
and maintains oral health. These buffering agents neutralise acidic substances in the oral cavity, safeguarding tooth enamel and soft tissues from acid-related damage. Buffering agents include:
297:
is a colourless and odourless lipid and can coat oral surfaces. It aids in humidifying and lubricating the oral cavity, easing discomfort associated with dry mouth conditions. Glycerol is a
81:
are added to increase the stability of formulations and user acceptance, respectively. These formulations are available in various forms and have varied chemical-physical properties.
631:(K) amino acids. This polypeptide class has increased interaction with the layering of salivary conditioning films (SCFs) coating oral tissues, which helps improve oral lubrication.
489:
Research on artificial saliva focuses on replicating the biological components of natural saliva to substitute and enhance essential functions such as aiding digestion, performing
573:
patterns that contribute to their stability and lubrication properties. Efficient modification of glycosylation genes in host cells through genetic engineering techniques like
446:
Artificial saliva is available in different types and varies in chemical-physical properties, including viscosity, pH, buffering capacity, superficial tension, density and
54:
indicates that all evaluated products reduce xerostomia symptoms, but the comparative effectiveness remains unclear due to study inconsistencies and potential biases.
136:
or a high vomiting frequency and a decrease in saliva flow, artificial saliva can help improve the clearance time of acids and reduce the chance of dental erosion.
286:
Clinical trials have indicated a preference among users for saliva substitutes containing mucin compared to those formulated with carboxymethyl cellulose.
1139:
Kvalheim, Siri F.; Xenaki, Victoria; Kvalheim, Arild; Lie, Stein-Atle; Marthinussen, Mihaela C.; Strand, Gunhild V.; Costea, Daniela E. (February 2019).
165:
challenging due to the heterogeneity of the studies in terms of the products, sites and durations involved and many studies exhibit a high risk of bias.
132:
Artificial saliva also contributes to oral health maintenance by promoting enamel defence against acidic erosion. In individuals with a high intake of
1187:"How does the fluoride in toothpaste prevent cavities? Is there any kind of 'natural' fluoride protection, or is it only in artificial compounds?"
181:, such as rash, hives, itching, and swelling in the mouth, face, lips, tongue or throat and should consult a doctor. Common side effects include:
585:
Synthesising novel molecules that mimic natural salivary proteins' complete or partial structure is a key aspect of artificial saliva research.
608:
rates while maintaining their ability to bind with salivary proteins, thus improving artificial saliva's stability and lubrication properties.
144:
The assessment of artificial saliva's efficacy reveals a consensus that all evaluated products contribute to reducing xerostomia symptoms in a
212:
611:
Another class of novel molecules developed from a genetic engineering approach to mimic salivary proteins are recombinant supercharged
562:
scrambling algorithms to reduce repetition in DNA sequences while conserving important information for recombinant protein synthesis.
938:"A Review on Xerostomia and Its Various Management Strategies: The Role of Advanced Polymeric Materials in the Treatment Approaches"
615:(SUPs). They are produced from the construction of new DNA sequences that express SUPs consisting of repetitive units encoding for
393:, ensuring the oral environment remains within the optimal range for enamel protection and microbial balance. A stable pH prevents
554:, which often results in highly truncated, suboptimal protein production. Substantial research was devoted to developing custom
1068:
588:
Fully synthesised molecules from a chemical engineering approach include mirror-image mucins and thio-mucins, produced from
267:
525:
properties, are targets of enhancement in artificial saliva research as they are significant in maintaining oral health.
353:
that might have been demineralised due to various oral conditions or acidic environments. For example, fluoride forms
550:
Recombinant mucins were less widely produced previously due to challenges imposed by the repetitive nature of their
1461:
1006:Łysik, Dawid; Niemirowicz-Laskowska, Katarzyna; Bucki, Robert; Tokajuk, Grażyna; Mystkowska, Joanna (2019-06-29).
1404:"Next Generation Salivary Lubrication Enhancer Derived from Recombinant Supercharged Polypeptides for Xerostomia"
577:
to produce salivary proteins with specific glycan phenotypes, which enhance the stability of artificial saliva.
345:
contribute to dental integrity and serve a protective function in the oral environment. The minerals aid in the
1402:
Wan, Hongping; Ma, Chao; Vinke, Jeroen; Vissink, Arjan; Herrmann, Andreas; Sharma, Prashant K. (2020-05-28).
109:, which is a condition that results in reduced saliva production. Various factors, including medication use,
257:
262:
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126:
43:
1186:
528:
406:
122:
90:
601:
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that enhances antimicrobial activities and enamel biomineralisation were developed and produced.
460:
229:
66:
59:
1210:
Foglio-Bonda, A.; Foglio-Bonda, P.L.; Bottini, M.; Pezzotti, F.; Migliario, M. (November 2022).
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746:"Efficacy of Artificial Salivary Substitutes in Treatment of Xerostomia: A Systematic Review"
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1212:"Chemical-physical characteristics of artificial saliva substitutes: rheological evaluation"
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action and protecting tissue layers. Approaches include enhancing or mimicking salivary
1379:
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1008:"Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia"
1007:
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149:
110:
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system of recombinant salivary proteins is also a key area of research, as it affects
58:
are uncommon, but users should take precautions against possible side effects such as
1450:
652:
570:
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313:
70:
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612:
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activity, digestion and lubrication of oral tissues. Additional components such as
69:, which substitute for natural saliva's biological functions, such as facilitating
1277:
1227:
878:"Artificial Saliva for Therapeutic Management of Xerostomia: A Narrative Review"
574:
435:
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326:
245:
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55:
19:
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xerostomia, while oral spray presentation and saliva substitutes containing 3%
694:
677:
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331:
133:
102:
39:
34:
refer to a synthetically produced liquid that mimics the natural secretion of
1305:
1304:
Park, Sangwoo; Kuo, Joe Chin-Hun; Heidi L., Reesink; Paszek, Matthew (2023).
1235:
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agents as core components, ensuring the product's efficacy and palatability.
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and comes in various formulations, including gels, mouth rinses and sprays.
1437:
1419:
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1353:
Kohout, Victoria R.; Wardzala, Casisa L.; Kramer, Jessica R. (2023-07-20).
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718:"Artificial Saliva: Side Effects, Uses, Dosage, Interactions, Warnings"
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42:, a condition characterised by dryness in the mouth and is available
35:
828:"Saliva substitutes topical Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term"
852:"Artificial Saliva: Dry Mouth Uses, Warnings, Side Effects, Dosage"
559:
514:
278:
18:
1355:"Mirror Image Mucins and Thio Mucins with Tunable Biodegradation"
558:
methods to overcome these challenges. The methods were guided by
465:
156:
are better than artificial saliva in alleviating symptoms of
1094:"The impact of saliva on patient care: A literature review"
390:
101:
Artificial saliva is primarily used to relieve symptoms of
89:
and synthesise novel molecules using various chemical and
1216:
European Review for
Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
1141:"Effect of glycerol on reconstructed human oral mucosa"
1092:
Diaz-Arnold, Ana M.; Marek, Cindy A. (September 2002).
421:
long-term use is necessary. Flavouring agents include:
357:, a compound more resistant to decay than the original
804:"Saliva substitutes Uses, Side Effects & Warnings"
301:with a higher viscosity than natural human saliva.
248:modifiers, which are compounds responsible for the
23:
Artificial saliva for dry mouth in a mouthwash form
1306:"Recombinant mucin biotechnology and engineering"
16:Synthetically produced liquid that mimics saliva
1266:Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine
220:, may contain considerable amounts of sodium.
38:. It is designed as a symptomatic relief for
8:
312:in artificial saliva mimic natural saliva's
1012:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1069:"Why is making artificial saliva so hard?"
882:Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences
750:Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences
1427:
1378:
1329:
1041:
1023:
971:
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693:
46:. The efficacy of artificial saliva in a
1359:Journal of the American Chemical Society
228:Artificial saliva comprises an array of
65:Artificial saliva is mainly composed of
744:Assery, Mansour K. A. (February 2019).
643:
361:of the tooth enamel. Minerals include:
1408:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
651:Australia, Healthdirect (2023-12-06).
450:. Types of artificial saliva include:
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7:
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1262:"Development of artificial salivas"
1098:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
389:in artificial saliva maintain the
14:
1145:European Journal of Oral Sciences
113:, and certain diseases, such as
1073:Chemical & Engineering News
202:Minor gastrointestinal problems
1310:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
600:linkages, respectively. These
1:
676:Carpenter, Guy (2018-10-23).
635:properties and bioactivity.
268:Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
1278:10.1177/10454411930040030401
1228:10.26355/eurrev_202211_30132
581:Synthesising novel molecules
152:. The review indicated that
682:Clinical Dentistry Reviewed
501:Enhancing salivary proteins
1478:
1322:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114618
505:Salivary proteins such as
195:Difficulty in swallowing (
695:10.1007/s41894-018-0033-5
596:amino acids and modified
105:, known as dry mouth and
895:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_236_21
763:10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_220_18
1110:10.1067/mpr.2002.128176
657:www.healthdirect.gov.au
349:process, which repairs
258:Carboxymethyl cellulose
1420:10.1021/acsami.0c06159
888:(Suppl 2): S903–S907.
263:Hydroxyethyl cellulose
24:
955:10.3390/polym14050850
237:Cellulose derivatives
188:Distortion in taste (
97:Clinical applications
22:
1371:10.1021/jacs.3c03659
1260:M.J, Levine (1993).
1025:10.3390/ijms20133199
678:"Artificial salivas"
653:"Dry mouth syndrome"
213:fructose intolerance
32:salivary substitutes
1414:(31): 34524–34535.
1365:(30): 16573–16583.
1191:Scientific American
756:(Suppl 1): S1–S12.
529:Genetic engineering
497:in natural saliva.
407:Potassium phosphate
230:bioactive compounds
91:genetic engineering
67:bioactive compounds
602:structural analogs
592:incorporated with
567:genetic expression
521:, lubrication and
185:Speech disturbance
60:allergic reactions
25:
1462:Synthetic biology
1222:(21): 7833–7839.
1157:10.1111/eos.12590
523:biomineralisation
418:Flavouring agents
413:Flavouring agents
211:Individuals with
179:allergic reaction
158:radiation-induced
146:systematic review
79:flavouring agents
48:systematic review
28:Artificial saliva
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244:derivatives are
127:over-the-counter
123:Sjögren syndrome
44:over-the-counter
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1194:. Retrieved
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1151:(1): 19–26.
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1076:. Retrieved
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1018:(13): 3199.
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859:. Retrieved
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660:. Retrieved
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448:spinnbarkeit
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355:fluorapatite
351:tooth enamel
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283:glycoprotein
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174:Side effects
172:
169:Side effects
143:
131:
100:
93:techniques.
83:
64:
56:Side effects
31:
27:
26:
856:MedicineNet
575:CRISPR/Cas9
454:Oral liquid
436:Citric acid
395:tooth decay
327:Lactoferrin
246:rheological
224:Composition
162:citric acid
134:soft drinks
1451:Categories
1316:(114618).
1196:2024-04-09
1078:2024-04-09
948:(5): 850.
861:2024-04-10
837:2024-04-10
813:2024-04-10
727:2024-04-09
662:2024-04-09
639:References
594:enantiomer
479:Toothpaste
457:Oral spray
332:Peroxidase
103:xerostomia
40:xerostomia
1236:1128-3602
1165:0909-8836
1118:0022-3913
1034:1422-0067
964:2073-4360
904:0976-4879
832:Drugs.com
808:Drugs.com
772:0976-4879
704:2511-1965
688:(1): 24.
627:(P), and
511:statherin
474:Mouthwash
391:pH levels
371:Phosphate
250:viscosity
242:Cellulose
197:dysphagia
190:dysgeusia
75:buffering
1438:32463670
1389:37473442
1380:11080933
1340:36375719
1331:10253230
1244:36394731
1173:30452098
1126:12426506
1052:31261876
982:35267672
942:Polymers
922:35017895
790:30923424
590:monomers
507:histatin
495:proteins
485:Research
431:Sorbitol
376:Fluoride
343:Minerals
338:Minerals
322:Lysozyme
295:Glycerol
290:Glycerol
218:Caphosol
207:Warnings
140:Efficacy
115:diabetes
87:proteins
1429:8192052
1286:8373985
1043:6651665
973:8912296
913:8686887
781:6398314
625:proline
617:glycine
461:Lozenge
426:Xylitol
366:Calcium
310:Enzymes
305:Enzymes
1457:Saliva
1436:
1426:
1387:
1377:
1338:
1328:
1284:
1242:
1234:
1171:
1163:
1124:
1116:
1050:
1040:
1032:
980:
970:
962:
920:
910:
902:
788:
778:
770:
722:RxList
702:
629:lysine
621:valine
598:glycan
545:serine
119:stroke
36:saliva
623:(V),
619:(G),
560:codon
515:mucin
442:Types
281:is a
279:Mucin
274:Mucin
1434:PMID
1385:PMID
1336:PMID
1282:PMID
1240:PMID
1232:ISSN
1169:PMID
1161:ISSN
1122:PMID
1114:ISSN
1048:PMID
1030:ISSN
978:PMID
960:ISSN
918:PMID
900:ISSN
786:PMID
768:ISSN
700:ISSN
531:and
513:and
77:and
1424:PMC
1416:doi
1375:PMC
1367:doi
1363:145
1326:PMC
1318:doi
1314:193
1274:doi
1224:doi
1153:doi
1149:127
1106:doi
1038:PMC
1020:doi
968:PMC
950:doi
908:PMC
890:doi
776:PMC
758:doi
690:doi
470:Oil
466:Gel
148:of
121:or
50:of
30:or
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1432:.
1422:.
1412:12
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1383:.
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886:13
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