1787:. When he started his studies, he wondered whether Shaiva Hinduism or Christianity was the right path. After his studies, he became convinced that the Shaiva religious tradition in the Vedas and Agamas was the right path, and that the Christian path wasn't. Arumugam Navalar felt that Hindu Saivites needed a clearer understanding of their own ancient literature and religion. He continued to help the Christian missionaries but resolved to challenge the theological ideas of these missionaries, as well as launch reforms and spread the original ideas of Shaivism. Navalar left his job under Peter Percival that he had with the Wesleyan Mission, although Percival offered him a higher salary to stay on. He decided not to marry and relinquished his patrimony and did not get any money from his four employed brothers. From then until the end of his life, he and his projects were supported by those who believed in his cause.
2038:, in which each student worked on his own pace and the teacher pupil ratio was extremely low. Although this system produced stellar experts in subject matter but took too much labour and was inefficient compared to the western system used by the Missionaries. He developed his teaching methods based on the exposure he had with the Missionaries. He developed the curriculum to be able to teach 20 students at a time and included secular subject matters and English. He also wrote the basic instruction materials for different grades in Saivism. Most of his teachers were friends and acquaintances who were volunteers. This school system was duplicated later in
1885:
Printing press was not available to the Hindus in colonial era South Asia, and the Shaiva community used their oral tradition and handwritten notes for anti-missionary literature. Once Hindus gained access to printing presses, they mass-produced religious literature to condemn
Christian propaganda in Jaffna and Chennai (then Madras) in the same way that Christian missionaries had used mass-produced literature to attack Hinduism. Arumuga Navalar was one of the first Tamils who became adept at this information war, and to undertake as his life's career the intellectual and institutional response of Saivism to Christianity in Sri Lanka and India.
2200:'s ancient people closely resembled those of Shaivism, and were neither more nor less Divine in their origin and profitable in their entertainment and pursuit. The notion of merit held by the Hindus, their practices of penance, pilgrimage, and lingam-worship, their ablutions, invocations, and other observances and rites, are cunningly defended on the authority of our sacred writings! That a great effect was thus produced in favour of Sivaism and against Christianity cannot be denied".
2225:
presses and campaigned against
Christian missionary activity in colonial-era Jaffna and Madras Presidency. He produced approximately ninety-seven Tamil publications, twenty-three were his own creations, eleven were commentaries, and forty were his editions of those works of grammar, literature, liturgy, and theology that were not previously available in print. With this recovery, editing, and publishing of ancient works, Navalar laid the foundations for the recovery of lost
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1966:
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2169:, who were being claimed as examples of good conduct by the missionaries, were being depicted as having multiple wives and sexual partners themselves. He also published literature of controversial nature, in a manner similar to how Christian missionaries were, in what Navalar called as "mocking" the Hindus. He along with Centinatha Aiyar, published examples of indecent language from the Bible and published it as
1957:. If Christians find their churches, rites and symbols as pedagogically useful, why shouldn't Shaiva Hindus have the same human rights and religious choices, argued Navalar. His letter admonished the missionaries for misrepresenting their own religion and concluded that in effect there was no difference between Christianity and Hindu Saivism as far as idol worship and temple rituals were concerned.
1796:
texts of both
Christianity and Hinduism. When there was a conflict as to Percival's version and another competing translation, Arumugam traveled to Madras to defend Percival's version. In 1848 he founded his own school and finally parted company with Percival. Navalar believed that the Christian missionaries should be viewed as a gift from Shiva to help awaken his community to discover their own
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caste-based status. His supporters state that
Navalar had no such hidden agenda, and his active efforts to reform attest to Navalar's commitment to end social vices such as alcoholism, violence against animals and others. According to Peter Schalk, Navalar has also been accused of despising the Vaishnava and Jaina community.
1795:
helping informed piety grow among many Jaffna Saivas. This was a direct tactical response to confront what he called the "mockery" of the Hindus by
Christian missionaries. During this period, he continued to assist Percival to complete the translation of the Bible, as well as his study of the primary
1997:
on every Friday evening. In these secession he read from sacred texts and then preached in a manner that lay people understood. He was helped by his friend
Karttikeya Aiyar of Nallur and his students from his school. The sermon topics were mostly ethical, liturgical, and theological and included the
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Navalar established the world's first Hindu school adapted to the modern needs that succeeded and flourished. While the school he established in
Chidamharam in 1865 has survived to this day, similar schools seem to have spread only to two nearby towns. In Sri Lanka, eventually more than one hundred
2119:
schools. This was followed up by a third volume in 1860 and 1865. It consisted of thirty-nine advanced essays in clear prose, discussing subjects such as God, Saul, The
Worship of God, Crimes against the Lord, Grace, Killing, Eating meat, Drinking liquor, Stealing, Adultery, Lying, Envy, Anger, and
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into the Tamil language. He established Hindu schools and published a press in order to publish reading materials for Hindu children to educate them on Hindu religion and also practice and rituals of Hindu religion. With his knowledge of
Christian theological premises, Navalar became influential in
2264:
Arumuka
Navalar who identified himself with an idealised past, worked within the traditions of Hindu Saiva culture and adhered to the Hindu Saiva doctrine. He was an unapologetic defender of Hindu Shaivism. Although he never cared much for his caste identity, as he considered all living beings as
2042:
in India in 1865 and it still exits. But the school system he founded in Sri Lanka was replicated and over 100 primary and secondary schools were built based on his teaching methods. This school system produced numerous students who had clearer understanding of their religion, textual foundations,
1884:
The 18th and 19th century Tamils in India and Sri Lanka found themselves in the midst of intrusive Christian missionary activity and their polemics against Hinduism. According to D. Dennis Hudson, Tamil Saivas opposed Christian missions from the earliest days, based on indirect literary evidence.
1717:
caste, which constitutes about 50% of the Tamil Hindus on the island nation. The Vellalars were related to farming. Historically, the Vellalars had been a part of the elites who owned lands, were literati, patrons of temples and monasteries. At the time of Navalar's birth, they were a part of the
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Navalar's legacy has provoked negative reactions and criticism from the political left of South Asia. Navalar, states Schalk, was a theologian who used indirect "metonymic language" with "coded words" that metaphorically supported the traditional caste system privileges within the colonial era
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Navalar and his followers have been accused by some such as Sivathamby of focusing on the religious literature "in their anxiety", and "openly keeping away" from the secular Tamil literature, as they opposed the Christian missionaries. According to David Shulman, however, Navalar was among the
2224:
According to D. Dennis Hudson – a World Religions scholar, Navalar's legacy began in Jaffna, but spread more broadly to Sri Lanka as well as Southern India. Navalar active efforts to set up two centres of reform made him influential in the Tamil community. He started two schools, two printing
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His critics state that Navalar was an example of a "hegemonic caste" and his hidden agenda was to promote his own caste. Arumuga Navalar found support from the Brahmins and his own literati caste of Vellalas in the Tamil community, according to Wilson, because he accepted and recognized their
2583:, Quote: "Arumuga Navalar and Jnanaprakasha Muni belonged to the Karkatta Velala class" (p. 40). (For the legend on how Navalar's ancestor learnt Hindu texts and became accepted as learned in the Hindu community, and a part of Shaiva monastery tradition, see pp. 41–43)
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administration. His supporters, in contrast, interpret the same "coded words" differently and view him as an "organic intellectual" committed to religious growth through reforms and one committed to the human rights and freedom struggle of the Tamil people.
2312:– a Tamil literature scholar, Navalar was one of the key persons who identified, edited and published the secular and religious classical Tamil literature before 1879. He also inspired his fellow Tamils to publish Hindu texts and their translations.
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1790:
Through his weekly sermons at Hindu temples, he also attempted to reform local Tamils of all practices that did not find sanction in the Hindu Vedas and Agamas. The lecture series and its circuit continued regularly for several years and produced a
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and temple rituals of the local Hindu Saivas as "devilish" and of "no value". Navalar, an avid reader of the Bible as he worked to translate it into Tamil, stated that Christianity and Jesus himself were rooted in the temple rituals of the ancient
2269:(warriors). Although Navalar did not show much interest in Tamil politics and kept his focus on defending the Hindu Shaiva faith in Sri Lanka and South India, his aggressive preaching of a Hindu Saiva cultural heritage contributed to the growth
2257:(1876–1950), who developed their own schools of theology within the Hindu Saiva heritage. Although it is difficult to quantify as to how many Hindus may have converted to Protestant Christianity without his intervention but according to Bishop
2064:, India, an important Saiva monastery. He was asked by the head of the monastery to preach. After listening to his preaching and understanding his unusual mastery of the knowledge of Agamas, the head of the monastery conferred on him the title
1313:, soul), and he used the same techniques to counter Christianity that Christian missionaries used against Hinduism. As part of his religious revivalism, in a manner similar to Christian mission schools, he built schools that taught secular and
1939:
under a pseudonym in September 1841. It was a comparative study of Christianity and Hindu Saivism and targeted the weakness in the argument Christian missionaries had used against local Hindu Saiva practices. The missionaries had attacked the
1924:
When I heard the teachings by the gurus of the Christian path, my mind was very sympathetic and changed and I thought for a time that the Tamil sect might be false and the Christian true, and so I studied the Vedagama called the Bible.
2107:, geared towards devotion. These were the first effort at editing and printing Tamil works for Hindu Saiva students and devotees. His press was set up in a building that was donated by a merchant of Vannarpannai. It was named the
2051:
As an owner of a pioneering new school with the a need for original publications in Tamil prose to teach subjects for all grades, Arumugar Navalar felt a need for a printing press. He and his colleague Sadasiva Pillai went to
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to reveal the "falsity" of Hindu Shaivism and highlight texts such as the Skanda Purana in their schools for children. This angered the Shaiva community, who began their own efforts to counter the methods of the Christians.
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and fifty primary and secondary schools emerged from his work. Many of the students of these schools were successful in defending the Hindu Saiva culture not only against Christian missionary activities but also against
1634:
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The seminal work that was geared towards stemming the tide of conversions was printed in 1854. It was a training manual for the use of Saivas in their opposition to the missionaries, titled "Saiva dusana parihara"
1888:
The 19th century Protestant missionaries from England and America in Jaffna believed that Hindu Shaivism was "evil" and in the struggle God and the Devil, they began to use publications such as
2018:
in his home town because they had built the temple not according to the Agamas a century ago as well as used priests who were not initiated in the Agamas. He also opposed their worship of
1861:
has been spread by priests, traders to Southeast Asia. By the 12th century CE, the Tamils had an extensive network of temples, religious literature and pilgrimage sites dedicated to
1281:
Navalar's birth name was Nallur Arumuka Pillai. He was born in a Tamil literary family, and became one of the Jaffna Tamils notable for reviving, reforming and reasserting the Hindu
1700:
1321:. He also attempted to reform Hindu Shaivism and customary practices in Sri Lanka, such as by showing Shaiva Agamas (scriptures) prohibit animal sacrifice and violence of any form.
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3470:"Research Theme: Mapping the processes of transmission, recovery and reception of classical Tamil literature in late 19th and early 20th century colonial Madras Presidency"
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In his weekly sermons, he attacked Christians and criticized the benighted practices of local Hindus. He specifically reprimanded the trustees and priests of the
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employed him to assist in the translation of the King James Bible and other Christian literature into Tamil to further their missionary reach and objectives.
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Ritual, Caste and religion on Colonial South India -Sustaining the pre-colonial paste:Saiva defiance against Christian rule in the 19th century Jaffna
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to Arumuga Navalar. His mother Sivakami was known for her devotion to supreme Saiva deity Lord Siva. Arumugam studied the Indian classical language,
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2068:(learned). This honorary degree from a prestigious Saiva monastery enhanced his position amongst Saivas and he was known as the Navalar since then.
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2196:"Displaying an intimate and astonishing acquaintance with the Holy Bible. (the author) labors cleverly to show that the opinions and ceremonies of
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He was one of the first natives to use the modern printing press to preserve the Tamil literary tradition. He defended Hindu Shaivism, calling it
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2161:. This was followed by local missionaries attacking Sri Murugan as an "immoral deity" for marrying two women. As a response Navalar published
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in Jaffna, destroyed in the late 15th century by the Portuguese and rebuilt in 1750 was targeted by Navalar as built not according to
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This manual was widely used in Sri Lanka and India; it was reprinted at least twice in the 19th century, and eight times by 1956.
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2115:(Lessons for Children) in 1850 and 1851. They were graded readers, simple in style, similar in organisation to those used in the
1772:. Arumugam studied English in a Christian mission run school as a day student. After his studies, he was asked to stay on at the
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as the criteria of Hindu Saiva worship, moreover, gave momentum to the tendency among Tamils everywhere to attempt to subsume
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In September 1842 two hundred Hindu men gathered at a Siva temple monastery. The group decided to open up a school to study
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explaining how the chronicles embody differing levels of meaning and that numerous characters in the Christian Bible, like
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While Arumugam Navalar was still working under Peter Percival and translating the Bible, he published a seminal letter in
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and the peninsula (as well as the East of Sri Lanka) were predominantly Tamil Saiva in culture distinct from that of the
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1919:. Arumugam Navalar who was part of the organisation wrote about the meeting in The Morning Star in a sympathetic tone.
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Prof. D. Dennis Hudson (1939–2007) was a Professor of World Religions at the Department of Religion, Smith College at
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equal, his efforts led to the consolidation of traditional privileges of Hindu Saiva Vellala (farmers, landlords) and
2181:. The local Christians called for the one-sided censorship of such criticism and to shut down these printing presses.
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1298:, defending Tamils and their historic religious culture in India and Sri Lanka, preventing large-scale conversions to
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continued. He was the first person to deploy the prose style in the Tamil language and according to Tamil scholar
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A Methodist missionary, who had worked in Jaffna, described the manual thirteen years after it had appeared as:
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2015:
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Navalar was born in 1822 as Nallur Arumuga Pillai to a Hindu family in Sri Lanka. His family belonged to the
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Hellmann-Rajanayagam, Dagmar (1989). "Arumuka Navalar: Religious reformer or national leader of Eelam".
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Buddhists elsewhere. It was closely linked to the Saiva culture of South India. It was also home to the
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preceded all others as the original Tamil religion", states Dennis Hudson. Navalar's insistence on the
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2006:, the four initiations, the importance of giving alms, of protecting cows, and the unity of God.
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2304:) and the earliest paper editions of a palm-leaf manuscript on the ancient Tamil grammar text,
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3429:"Arumuga Navalar and the construction of a Caiva public in colonial Jaffna (Sri Lanka, India)"
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The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read Between the Lines
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2173:(Bibiliya Kutsita). In 1852, he along with Ci. Vinayakamurtti Cettiyar of Nallur, printed the
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The Bible trembled : the Hindu-Christian controversies of nineteenth-century Ceylon
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preachers, he became a circuit preacher. His first secession was on 31 December 1847 at
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Caste in Tamil culture:The Religious foundations of Sudra domination in Tamil Sri Lanka
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2135:. His first major literary publication appeared in 1851, the 272-page prose version of
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1804:) from "which they had departed" and away from the path of the "barbaric Europeans" (
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While in India he published two texts, one was an educational tool (teachers guide)
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to be the bedrock of their beliefs. Navalar was born and raised in this background.
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Navalar immersed himself in the study of the Bible as well as the Vedas, Agamas and
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Schalk, Peter (2010). Michael Bergunder, Heiko Frese and Ulrike Schroder (ed.).
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1873:(religious tradition) was most influential in the Jaffna region. They held the
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or the weapon representing the main deity as it did not have Agamic sanction.
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pioneers who first located and printed the predominantly non-religious Tamil
1915:. The group also decided to start a press with the help of resident Eurasian
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A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad
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A Sacred Thread: Modern Transmission of Hindu Traditions in India and Abroad
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3475:. Institut français de Pondichéry (Department of Indology). Archived from
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Religious controversy in British India: dialogues in South Asian languages
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Religious controversy in British India: dialogues in South Asian languages
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that had patronised this culture before it was defeated by the Portuguese
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Between Jerusalem and Benares:Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism
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2056:, India in 1849 to purchase a printing press. On the way they stopped at
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religious subjects. He is credited with finding and publishing original
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sects. His reforms and contributions were added to by scholars such as
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under the Agamic pantheon and to abandon animal sacrifice altogether.
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2111:(Preservation of Knowledge Press). The initial publications included
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was akin to Shaiva's reverence for the icons of Hinduism such as the
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1722:, a strip of land (40 by 15 miles) separated from South India by the
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Sri Lankan Shaivism and Tamil language scholar, reformer, revivalist
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or School of Lord Siva's splendor. The school did not follow the
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in 1621 CE. Nallur was also the capital of the defeated kingdom.
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Arumuka Navalar, a contemporary Christian Missionary perspective
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and that the reverence to the icons of Christianity such as the
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tradition during the colonial era. As an assistant working for
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Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Identities
2019:
2412:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 235–236 with footnotes.
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to teach English and Tamil. The missionary school principal,
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scholar and a religious reformer who was central in reviving
1289:– a Methodist Christian missionary, he helped translate the
195:
3214:
Gupta, Suman; Basu, Tapan; Chatterjee, Subarno (2010).
2157:, with its own commentary. It was a devotional poem to
2273:. The Tamil nationalist movement had an element that "
2143:, a retelling of the 12th-century hagiography of the
3362:
Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature
3088:
2379:
Dennis Hudson (1996). Raymond Brady Williams (ed.).
1294:
creating a period of intense religious rivalry with
4878:
4795:
4637:
4594:
4531:
4378:
4241:
3960:
3904:
3576:
2708:
2565:Denns Hudson (1996). Raymond Brady Williams (ed.).
2097:, a sixteenth-century lexicon of simple verses and
1244:
939:
919:
903:
887:
165:
152:
144:
131:
111:
92:
59:
34:
3682:Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy
2642:. Social Scientists Association. 1979. p. 61.
2474:Hudson, Dennis D. (1992). Jones, Kenneth W (ed.).
2083:with his two wives. Arumuka Navalar published the
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
1260:'; 18 December 1822 – 5 December 1879) was a
3216:Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents
2541:Globalization in India: Contents and Discontents
2457:Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1969).
2340:The Sri Lanka Reader: History, Culture, Politics
2241:in style it bridged the medieval to the modern.
3342:The Bible and empire: postcolonial explorations
2194:
1981:Using the preaching methods popularised by the
1922:
3122:. Harvard University Press. pp. 301–303.
2120:Gambling. These editions were in use in 2007.
4317:
3554:
3262:Jones, Kenneth W.; Hudson, D. Dennis (1992).
3111:
3109:
3100:
2803:
2791:
2571:. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–41.
2544:. Pearson Education India. pp. 165–166.
2506:
2504:
2432:
2385:. Columbia University Press. pp. 23–37.
1998:evils of adultery, drunkenness, the value of
1694:
1210:
8:
3289:Indigenous Responses to Western Christianity
3189:Goodman, Hananya; Hudson, D. Dennis (1994).
3155:
3153:
3151:
3060:"Cutting edge of Hindu revivalism in Jaffna"
2930:
2827:
2601:
1930:—Arumuka Navalar, Quoted by D. Dennis Hudson
1737:on the Jaffna peninsula. The principal town
3287:Kaplan, Stephen; Hudson, D. Dennis (1994).
2997:
2993:
2991:
2970:
2942:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2815:
2779:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2664:
2652:
2613:
2444:
2002:, the conduct of women, the worship of the
42:
4324:
4310:
4302:
3561:
3547:
3539:
3427:Ambalavanar, Devadarshan Niranjan (2006).
2625:
1701:
1687:
1328:
1217:
1203:
517:
273:
210:
174:
51:
31:
3321:. Franckesche Stifungen zu Halle, Halle.
3235:Indian Economic and Social History Review
2089:, a devotional poem dedicated to Murugan.
1837:(ancient Tamil country) had followers of
4886:List of modern Eastern religions writers
2982:
2911:
2869:
2147:or Saivite saints. In 1853 he published
2123:Other notable texts published included
1309:(Observance, Religion) of "True Being" (
3066:. Lake House Publishing. Archived from
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2329:
1340:
878:
848:
792:
772:
752:
732:
707:
687:
667:
636:
611:
580:
550:
520:
265:
202:
186:
3171:
3159:
3142:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2517:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51–53.
2343:. Duke University Press. p. 460.
1756:Arumugam's father Kandharpillai was a
1726:. Navalar grew up in a literati Tamil
884:
3495:Young, Richard; Jebanesan, S (1995).
2187:The Abolition of the Abuse of Saivism
7:
4945:19th-century Hindu religious leaders
4458:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
3534:Arumuka Navalar, a Hindu perspective
2704:
2702:
2700:
4995:Translators of the Bible into Tamil
3058:Balachandran, P.K. (24 June 2006).
2216:Arumuka Navalar Memorial hall near
2103:, a Sanskrit poem in praise of the
2229:that other Tamil scholars such as
1760:poet and provided a foundation in
1733:Navalar's home was in the town of
25:
2709:Gupta, Basu & Chatterjee 2010
2133:The Essence of the Saiva Religion
2129:Manual of worship of Shiva temple
2036:traditional Tamil teaching system
2030:The school he founded was called
1993:. It was a weekly event known as
1897:Response to Protestant propaganda
1818:Religion in ancient Tamil country
4940:Alumni of Jaffna Central College
4488:Dayananda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)
2538:Suman Gupta; Tapan Basu (2010).
194:
2105:Primeval Mother Goddess Parvati
3499:. Vienna Inst. für Indologie.
3383:. University of Hawaii Press.
3345:. Cambridge University Press.
2460:A Social History of the Tamils
2171:Disgusting Things in the Bible
1718:socio-political leadership in
1:
4259:Influence of Indian religions
3617:American Meditation Institute
3444:Pfaffenberger, Bryan (1982),
3364:. Brill Academic Publishers.
4955:Sri Lankan Tamil revivalists
4950:Sri Lankan Hindu revivalists
4604:Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
3401:Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism
3379:Wikremasinghe, Nira (2006).
2337:Holt, John (13 April 2011).
4891:List of writers on Hinduism
3850:Self-Realization Fellowship
3737:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
1245:
64:Kandharpillai Arumukapillai
5031:
4965:Shaivite religious leaders
4388:Mirra Alfassa (The Mother)
3247:10.1177/001946468902600204
2125:The Prohibition of Killing
2109:Vidyaanubalana yantra sala
1900:
1815:
1482:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
1145:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
774:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
418:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
4899:
4350:
3993:Anukulchandra Chakravarty
3896:Transcendental Meditation
3774:Mata Amritanandamayi Math
3309:Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle
3089:Hellmann-Rajanayagam 1989
2792:Goodman & Hudson 1994
1663:History of Eastern Tamils
1570:Burning of Jaffna library
1381:Tissamaharama inscription
1237:
1191:Other Indian philosophies
118:Srila Sri Arumuka Navalar
50:
43:
41:
4990:19th-century translators
4629:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4581:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
4561:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
4043:Ganapathi Sachchidananda
3697:Hindu Janajagruti Samiti
3360:Zvelebil, Kamil (1991).
2931:Kaplan & Hudson 1994
2828:Kaplan & Hudson 1994
2602:Kaplan & Hudson 1994
2218:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2058:Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam
2016:Nallur Kandaswami Temple
835:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
4985:Sri Lankan missionaries
4960:Sri Lankan Tamil people
4483:Chinmayananda Saraswati
4418:Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
4264:Indian-origin religions
4023:Chinmayananda Saraswati
2998:Jones & Hudson 1992
2971:Jones & Hudson 1992
2943:Jones & Hudson 1992
2900:Jones & Hudson 1992
2885:Jones & Hudson 1992
2851:Jones & Hudson 1992
2816:Jones & Hudson 1992
2780:Jones & Hudson 1992
2765:Jones & Hudson 1992
2753:Jones & Hudson 1992
2741:Jones & Hudson 1992
2724:Jones & Hudson 1992
2692:Jones & Hudson 1992
2677:Jones & Hudson 1992
2665:Jones & Hudson 1992
2653:Jones & Hudson 1992
2614:Jones & Hudson 1992
2463:. University of Madras.
2445:Jones & Hudson 1992
2406:Kamil Zvelebil (1974).
1971:Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil
1477:American Ceylon Mission
820:Nigamananda Paramahansa
5005:Sri Lankan translators
5000:Tamil-language writers
4503:Swami Satprakashananda
4493:Krishnananda Saraswati
3570:Hindu reform movements
3306:Sabaratnam, T (2010).
3218:. Dorling Kindersley.
3116:David Shulman (2016).
2235:C.W. Thamotharampillai
2221:
2202:
2090:
2072:Literary contributions
2043:rituals and theology.
2032:Saivaprakasa Vidyasala
2026:Reformed school system
1978:
1927:
1812:Background information
1774:Jaffna Central College
1565:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1492:Donoughmore Commission
1361:Ancient clans of Lanka
1296:Christian missionaries
462:Shakti Vishishtadvaita
4707:Christopher Isherwood
4638:Westerners influenced
4609:Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
4523:Paramahansa Yogananda
4291:Persecution of Hindus
4088:Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
3942:Persecution of Hindus
3744:International Vedanta
3732:Vishva Hindu Parishad
3598:Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
3398:Wilson, A.J. (1999).
3337:Sugirtharajah, Rasiah
2639:Social Science Review
2511:Kenneth Bush (2003).
2298:Thirumurukaattuppadai
2231:U. V. Swaminatha Iyer
2215:
2179:Muttukumara Kavirajar
2079:
1968:
1903:Hinduism in Sri Lanka
1901:Further information:
1869:Of these, the Shaiva
1816:Further information:
1625:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
1487:Jaffna Youth Congress
1462:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
1319:palm leaf manuscripts
709:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
689:Achintya Bheda Abheda
397:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
390:Achintya Bheda Abheda
4980:Missionary linguists
4860:Anantanand Rambachan
4810:S. N. Balagangadhara
4433:Nisargadatta Maharaj
4360:Hinduism in the West
3867:Sri Aurobindo Ashram
3610:Divine Light Mission
3431:. Harvard University
2480:. SUNY. p. 29.
2175:Kummi Song on Wisdom
1987:Vaitheeswaran Temple
1034:Principal Upanishads
699:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
4752:Arthur Schopenhauer
4571:Bal Gangadhar Tilak
4498:Sivananda Saraswati
4453:Swami Prabhavananda
4403:Ananda Coomaraswamy
4033:Dayananda Saraswati
3845:Science of Identity
3794:Ramakrishna Mission
3672:Divine Life Society
3452:Syracuse University
2259:Sabapathy Kulendran
1510:Soulbury Commission
1434:Portuguese conquest
542:Raghunatha Siromani
4970:Hindu missionaries
4850:Klaus Klostermaier
4614:C. Rajagopalachari
4508:Swami Shraddhanand
4473:Srivatsa Ramaswami
4428:Jiddu Krishnamurti
4423:Mahendranath Gupta
4053:Hariharananda Giri
3966:revivalist writers
3840:Satyashodhak Samaj
3677:Hanuman Foundation
3637:Anandamayee Sangha
3174:, pp. 119–121
3101:Wikremasinghe 2006
3091:, pp. 235–254
3070:on 21 October 2012
2985:, pp. 153–157
2933:, pp. 105–106
2872:, pp. 155–157
2804:Sugirtharajah 2005
2711:, pp. 164–165
2433:Sugirtharajah 2005
2251:V. Kalyanasundaram
2222:
2154:Tirumurukarrupatai
2091:
2086:Tirumurukarrupatai
2010:Emphasis on Agamas
1979:
1808:), states Hudson.
1472:Colebrooke-Cameron
1272:native Hindu Tamil
5010:Sri Lankan Hindus
4975:Hindu revivalists
4917:
4916:
4757:Erwin Schrödinger
4533:Political writers
4518:Swami Vivekananda
4380:Religious writers
4365:Indian philosophy
4345:
4299:
4298:
3952:Women in Hinduism
3877:Abidance in Truth
3872:Sri Ramana Ashram
3798:Vedanta Societies
3717:Hindu Yuva Vahini
3687:Hindu nationalism
3328:978-3-447-06377-7
3225:978-81-317-1988-6
3129:978-0-674-97465-4
2973:, pp. 27–48.
2782:, pp. 33–35.
2667:, pp. 27–38.
2655:, pp. 33–38.
2578:978-0-231-10779-2
2551:978-81-317-1988-6
2524:978-0-230-59782-2
2447:, pp. 27–35.
2419:978-3-447-01582-0
2392:978-0-231-10779-2
2294:Sangam literature
2271:Tamil nationalism
2255:Maraimalai Adigal
2253:(1883–1953), and
1961:Circuit preaching
1711:
1710:
1620:Thimpu principles
1504:Post independence
1452:Portuguese Ceylon
1342:Sri Lankan Tamils
1256:'Arumuka the
1255:
1243:
1227:
1226:
959:
958:
955:
954:
317:
316:
261:
260:
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
5022:
5015:Hindu apologists
4840:Georg Feuerstein
4727:Maria Montessori
4662:Aleister Crowley
4652:Helena Blavatsky
4596:Literary writers
4546:François Gautier
4370:Indian religions
4344:
4337:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4048:Haidakhan Babaji
3884:Swadhyay Parivar
3779:Matua Mahasangha
3662:Chinmaya Mission
3577:Reform movements
3563:
3556:
3549:
3540:
3518:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3415:
3394:
3375:
3356:
3332:
3313:
3302:
3283:
3258:
3229:
3210:
3182:Cited literature
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3146:
3145:, pp. 53–54
3140:
3134:
3133:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2952:
2946:
2945:, pp. 33–44
2940:
2934:
2928:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2867:
2854:
2848:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2818:, pp. 33–35
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2755:, pp. 29–30
2750:
2744:
2743:, pp. 27–29
2738:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2695:
2694:, pp. 33–37
2689:
2680:
2679:, pp. 36–38
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2584:
2582:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2409:Tamil Literature
2403:
2397:
2396:
2376:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2100:Soundarya Lahari
2095:Cüdãmani Nikantu
1937:The Morning Star
1931:
1890:The Morning Star
1762:Tamil literature
1720:Jaffna peninsula
1703:
1696:
1689:
1675:Sri Lanka portal
1525:Sinhala Only Act
1386:Pancha Ishwarams
1329:
1291:King James Bible
1250:
1248:
1242:romanized:
1241:
1239:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1058:Agama (Hinduism)
1046:Other scriptures
1039:Minor Upanishads
885:
754:Ekasarana Dharma
598:Vāchaspati Misra
518:
434:Shaiva Siddhanta
411:Ekasarana Dharma
274:
211:
198:
188:Hindu philosophy
175:
148:Hindu missionary
112:Other names
106:, British Ceylon
99:
74:
72:
67:18 December 1822
55:
46:
45:
32:
21:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4904:Hinduism Portal
4895:
4874:
4855:Hajime Nakamura
4791:
4697:George Harrison
4639:
4633:
4590:
4527:
4448:Sister Nivedita
4438:Ramana Maharshi
4413:Eknath Easwaran
4374:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4300:
4295:
4249:Indian diaspora
4237:
4216:Vishnudevananda
4181:Sister Nivedita
4161:Sathya Sai Baba
4146:Ramana Maharshi
3998:Arumuka Navalar
3978:Amritanandamayi
3965:
3956:
3900:
3858:Shirdi Sai Baba
3854:Yogoda Satsanga
3825:Sathya Sai Baba
3789:Prarthana Samaj
3784:Narayana Dharma
3759:Isha Foundation
3722:Sanatan Sanstha
3702:Hindu Mahasabha
3572:
3567:
3525:
3507:
3494:
3485:
3483:
3482:on 17 July 2007
3479:
3472:
3468:Rajesh (2003).
3467:
3462:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:Further reading
3418:
3412:
3397:
3391:
3378:
3372:
3359:
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3335:
3329:
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3305:
3299:
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2707:
2698:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2626:Sabaratnam 2010
2624:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2587:
2579:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2537:
2536:
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2405:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2378:
2377:
2358:
2351:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2308:. According to
2278:Saiva Siddhanta
2210:
2074:
2049:
2028:
2012:
1963:
1933:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1825:are natives in
1820:
1814:
1707:
1655:
1654:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1555:Standardization
1505:
1497:
1496:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1404:
1396:
1395:
1351:
1327:
1246:Āṟumuka Nāvalar
1230:Arumuka Navalar
1223:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1106:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
1067:
990:
975:
974:
961:
960:
874:
844:
806:
788:
768:
748:
728:
724:Srinivasacharya
703:
683:
663:
632:
613:Vishishtadvaita
607:
576:
567:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
546:
532:Akṣapāda Gotama
515:
514:
498:
497:
469:Shiva Bhedabeda
369:Vishishtadvaita
329:
328:
127:
107:
101:
97:
96:5 December 1879
88:
82:Jaffna District
75:
70:
68:
66:
65:
37:
36:Arumuka Navalar
28:
23:
22:
18:Arumuga Navalar
15:
12:
11:
5:
5028:
5026:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
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4932:
4922:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4870:Graham Schweig
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4845:Meenakshi Jain
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4805:Alain Daniélou
4801:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4747:Romain Rolland
4744:
4742:Helena Roerich
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4687:Allen Ginsberg
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4624:Amish Tripathi
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4541:Mahatma Gandhi
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4093:Mahatma Gandhi
4090:
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4068:Kalki Bhagawan
4065:
4063:Jyotirao Phule
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3862:Sivananda yoga
3859:
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3832:
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3754:ISKCON Revival
3751:
3746:
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3739:
3734:
3729:
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3719:
3714:
3709:
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3657:Brahma Kumaris
3654:
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3627:Ananda Ashrama
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3523:External links
3521:
3520:
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3241:(2): 235–257.
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2713:
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2322:
2310:Kamil Zvelebil
2239:Kamil Zvelebil
2227:Tamil classics
2209:
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2163:Radiant Wisdom
2141:Periya Puranam
2073:
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2045:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2008:
1962:
1959:
1921:
1898:
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1813:
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1793:Saiva revival,
1778:Peter Percival
1747:Jaffna Kingdom
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1120:
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100:(aged 56)
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4702:Aldous Huxley
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4657:Deepak Chopra
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4398:Sri Aurobindo
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4254:Indianisation
4252:
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4139:
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4136:Ram Mohan Roy
4134:
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4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:Narayana Guru
4101:
4099:
4098:Mirra Alfassa
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Kelkar, N. C.
4071:
4069:
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4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:Jaggi Vasudev
4056:
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4011:
4009:
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4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Anandamayi Ma
3986:
3984:
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3855:
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3795:
3792:
3790:
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3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Mahima Dharma
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:Sangh Parivar
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Hindu Munnani
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Art of Living
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
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3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:3-900271-27-5
3502:
3498:
3493:
3478:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3461:0-915984-84-9
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3442:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3411:0-7748-0759-8
3407:
3403:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3390:0-8248-3016-4
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3371:90-04-09365-6
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3352:0-521-82493-1
3348:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3312:. The Sangam.
3311:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3298:0-8147-4649-7
3294:
3291:. NYU Press.
3290:
3285:
3281:
3279:0-7914-0828-0
3275:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3206:0-7914-1716-6
3202:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:, pp. 83
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3036:, pp. 20
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:, pp. 49
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Zvelebil 1991
2979:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:Zvelebil 1991
2908:
2905:
2902:, pp. 42
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2887:, pp. 41
2886:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Zvelebil 1991
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:, pp. 48
2852:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2794:, pp. 56
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2767:, pp. 33
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
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492:Integral yoga
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476:Shiva Advaita
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44:ஆறுமுக நாவலர்
40:
33:
30:
19:
4909:India Portal
4835:Sister Gargi
4820:Paul Deussen
4722:Henry Miller
4682:R.W. Emerson
4647:Annie Besant
4619:K. D. Sethna
4576:Kartik Oraon
4566:Arun Shourie
4478:Swami Ramdas
4463:Krishna Prem
4230:
4176:Shraddhanand
4151:Ravi Shankar
3997:
3917:Brahmacharya
3835:Satya Dharma
3632:Ananda Marga
3593:Brahmo Samaj
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3477:the original
3446:
3435:20 September
3433:. Retrieved
3400:
3380:
3361:
3341:
3318:
3308:
3288:
3264:
3238:
3234:
3215:
3191:
3167:
3138:
3118:
3096:
3084:
3074:20 September
3072:. Retrieved
3068:the original
3063:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2978:
2950:
2938:
2907:
2823:
2811:
2806:, pp. 6
2799:
2787:
2760:
2748:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2621:
2609:
2567:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2513:
2491:. Retrieved
2476:
2469:
2459:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2408:
2401:
2381:
2339:
2332:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2297:
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2263:
2243:
2223:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
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2170:
2162:
2152:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2065:
2050:
2031:
2029:
2013:
1994:
1991:Vannarpannai
1980:
1977:requirements
1969:The popular
1942:idol worship
1936:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1906:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1823:Tamil people
1821:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1782:
1755:
1732:
1712:
1560:Colonisation
1520:Colonisation
1457:Dutch Ceylon
1391:Early Jaffna
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:Christianity
1280:
1229:
1228:
1162:
1135:Arthashastra
1130:Dharmaśāstra
1101:Nyāya Sūtras
1071:
1070:
1045:
1024:
993:
969:
784:Swaminarayan
649:Madhvacharya
640:(Tattvavada)
603:Adi Shankara
506:
490:
474:
467:
460:
453:
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441:Pratyabhijna
439:
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342:
325:
307:
300:
293:
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279:
251:
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237:
230:
223:
216:
121:Sri Arumuka
98:(1879-12-05)
29:
4935:1879 deaths
4930:1822 births
4787:W. B. Yeats
4767:Leo Tolstoy
4737:Oppenheimer
4732:H.S. Olcott
4712:David Lynch
4692:René Guénon
4677:T. S. Eliot
4640:by Hinduism
4443:A. G. Mohan
4393:Sri Anirvan
4221:Vivekananda
4211:Vipulananda
4141:Ramakrishna
4127:Ram Chandra
4118:Paramananda
4108:Neem Karoli
3983:Ananda Yogi
3937:Neo-Vedanta
3818:Radha Soami
3808:Sahaja Yoga
3172:Schalk 2010
3160:Schalk 2010
3143:Wilson 1999
3046:Schalk 2010
3034:Wilson 1999
3022:Schalk 2010
3010:Schalk 2010
2306:Tolkappiyam
2159:Sri Murugan
2040:Chidambaram
2000:non-killing
1867:Vaishnavism
1768:as well as
1724:Palk Strait
1605:Tamil Eelam
1515:Nationalism
1403:Middle Ages
1350:Ancient era
1278:and India.
1111:Yoga Sutras
1063:Vachanamrut
1018:Atharvaveda
971:Major texts
921:Vaisheshika
860:Vivekananda
850:Neo-Vedanta
744:Chakradhara
734:Mahanubhava
659:Vyasatirtha
484:Neo-Vedanta
455:Pramanavada
448:Panchartika
404:Mahanubhava
352:Vaishnavite
326:Sub-schools
239:Vaisheshika
4924:Categories
4782:Ken Wilber
4777:Alan Watts
4672:Wayne Dyer
4513:Ram Swarup
4468:Swami Rama
4196:Tagore, D.
4191:Swami Rama
4171:Sen, K. C.
4123:Prem Rawat
4078:Kriyananda
4018:Chatterjee
3973:Meher Baba
3927:Ghar Wapsi
3803:Ravidassia
3764:Kriya Yoga
3712:Hindu Sena
3667:Datta Yoga
3647:Arya Samaj
3605:Advait Mat
3486:18 October
3064:Daily News
2324:References
2302:Ten Idylls
2167:King David
2117:Protestant
2113:Bala Patam
1995:Prasangams
1947:Israelites
1827:Tamil Nadu
1806:purappuram
1635:War crimes
1575:Black July
1262:Sri Lankan
1140:Kama Sutra
1026:Upanishads
654:Jayatirtha
584:(Mayavada)
572:Prabhākara
362:Bhedabheda
145:Occupation
71:1822-12-18
4825:Dharampal
4556:Ram Gopal
4408:Dayananda
4226:Yogananda
4186:Sivananda
4038:Daya Mata
4008:Aurobindo
3652:Ayyavazhi
3588:Brahmoism
3584:Adi Dharm
3515:243818092
3255:144692614
2296:in 1851 (
2247:neo-Hindu
1983:Methodist
1835:Tamilakam
1831:Sri Lanka
1751:colonials
1743:Sinhalese
1640:IDP camps
1600:Militancy
1588:Civil war
1550:1974 pact
1545:1964 pact
1540:1957 Pact
1535:1954 pact
1409:Chola Era
1376:Nainativu
1366:Tamilakam
1325:Biography
1276:Sri Lanka
1150:Tirumurai
1008:Yajurveda
912:Patanjali
865:Aurobindo
830:Bamakhepa
764:Sankardev
593:Gaudapada
267:Heterodox
139:Pandithar
132:Education
4797:Scholars
4772:Voltaire
4667:Ram Dass
4355:Hinduism
4343:to date)
4336:writers
4274:Buddhism
4269:Hinduism
4166:Savarkar
4131:Ram Dass
4013:Boro Maa
4003:Athavale
3813:Sant Mat
3692:Hindutva
3339:(2005).
2267:Karaiyar
2220:, Jaffna
2149:Nakkirar
2145:Nayanars
2137:Sekkilar
2062:Tanjavur
1917:Burghers
1863:Shaivism
1859:Sanskrit
1851:Hinduism
1843:Buddhism
1839:Hinduism
1766:Sanskrit
1730:family.
1715:Vellalar
1645:UN Panel
1615:Diaspora
1446:Colonial
1424:Vannimai
1334:a series
1332:Part of
1283:Shaivism
1265:Shaivite
1186:Hinduism
1073:Shastras
1013:Samaveda
948:Valluvar
719:Nimbarka
679:Vallabha
623:Ramanuja
511:Acharyas
507:Teachers
426:Shaivite
334:Smartist
295:Buddhism
281:Charvaka
204:Orthodox
180:a series
178:Part of
160:reformer
123:Swamigal
4762:Thoreau
4332:Modern
4284:Sikhism
4279:Jainism
4242:General
4206:Vaswani
4113:Nirmala
4083:Lekhraj
4028:Chinmoy
3947:Shuddhi
3830:Satsang
3404:. UBC.
2198:Jehovah
2081:Murugan
2066:Navalar
1871:samayam
1847:Jainism
1829:and in
1785:Puranas
1595:Origins
1429:Vanniar
1254:
1125:Puranas
1003:Rigveda
941:Secular
889:Samkhya
582:Advaita
562:Jaimini
552:Mīmāṃsā
344:Advaita
302:Jainism
288:Ājīvika
253:Vedanta
246:Mīmāṃsā
218:Samkhya
169:Navalar
69: (
4156:Sarkar
3932:Moksha
3912:Bhakti
3905:Topics
3749:ISKCON
3622:Ananda
3513:
3503:
3480:(.pdf)
3458:
3408:
3387:
3368:
3349:
3325:
3295:
3276:
3253:
3222:
3203:
3126:
2575:
2548:
2521:
2493:14 May
2484:
2416:
2389:
2347:
2282:Agamas
2208:Legacy
2054:Madras
1975:Agamic
1955:lingam
1913:Agamas
1879:Agamas
1849:. The
1800:path (
1798:dharma
1739:Jaffna
1735:Nallur
1728:Shaiva
1356:Ravana
1307:samaya
1258:Orator
1077:Sutras
986:Smriti
928:Kaṇāda
896:Kapila
879:Others
802:Shakta
797:Tantra
638:Dvaita
376:Dvaita
309:Ajñana
104:Jaffna
78:Nallur
4879:Lists
4334:Hindu
4201:Tilak
3962:Gurus
3922:Caste
3889:NNDYM
3473:(PDF)
3251:S2CID
3119:Tamil
2275:Hindu
2004:linga
1951:cross
1909:Vedas
1875:Vedas
1855:Tamil
1802:puram
1758:Tamil
1530:Riots
1371:Nakar
1315:Hindu
1234:Tamil
1172:Kural
995:Vedas
981:Śruti
522:Nyaya
232:Nyaya
166:Title
157:Hindu
136:Tamil
4341:1848
4232:more
3964:and
3511:OCLC
3501:ISBN
3488:2007
3456:ISBN
3437:2011
3406:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3270:SUNY
3220:ISBN
3201:ISBN
3197:SUNY
3124:ISBN
3076:2011
2956:SUNY
2573:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2495:2020
2482:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2387:ISBN
2345:ISBN
2233:and
2131:and
1911:and
1877:and
1865:and
1857:and
1845:and
1650:LLRC
1630:ISGA
1610:LTTE
1252:lit.
1075:and
905:Yoga
225:Yoga
93:Died
60:Born
3243:doi
2189:).
2177:of
2151:'s
2139:'s
2060:in
2020:Vel
1989:in
1311:sat
4926::
3852:/
3796:/
3509:.
3454:,
3450:,
3272:.
3268:.
3249:.
3239:26
3237:.
3199:.
3195:.
3150:^
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