219:
20:
269:. Frank E. Brown and his team studied the site extensively when they began the Cosa excavations in 1948. The citadel was a fortified hill on which were built several temples, including the so-called "capitolium" of Cosa.
156:
conducted the rituals that determined whether the gods approved of whatever undertaking was at hand, public business or military action. This auguraculum was the stone where the elected monarch, during the
95:
was considered the point of last retreat, the capture of which was synonymous with the capture of the city. It held a symbolic power beyond its importance in military strategy, and was a central place in
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1977:
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1972:
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1821:
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1008:
709:
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1937:
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331:
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who was convicted of seeking kingship, was torn down at this time and later became the site of the
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was not regularly garrisoned, however, and should not be regarded as a "fort." However, in the
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2017:
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120:
60:
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276:, south of Rome, Castello Borghese is thought to be the possible site of the Roman-era
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Unless otherwise noted, general background and references to ancient sources from
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if an enemy approached. A red flag would be raised and a trumpet blown. The
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19:
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48:
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393:, to be distinguished from the Temple of Honor and Virtue near the
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295:. It was constructed around 120 and dismantled around the time of
184:
153:
133:
44:
18:
327:
258:
448:
265:, conducted in 1948–54 and 1965–72, uncovered the settlement's
249:
The Romans also referred to the citadel of other cities as an
213:
107:, some members of the elite were permitted to live on the
287:
was located in the northwest corner of the present-day
230:
161:, was seated by the augurs with his face to the south.
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874:
849:
782:
729:
718:
684:
482:
75:At Rome, sentries were traditionally posted on the
373:, (Griffin, 1859, from Harvard University), p. 64.
460:
27:is indicated on this speculative map of Rome
8:
2559:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
371:"An Elementary Manual of Roman Antiquities"
2707:
2444:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
726:
467:
453:
445:
431:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
413:II.16 (1986), p. 2226, note 312, and 2291.
411:Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
111:, among them the legendary Sabine leader
2609:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
1527:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
59:was located on the northern spur of the
308:
2897:Topography of the ancient city of Rome
2544:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
1532:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
119:banned all private dwellings from the
79:to watch for signals displayed on the
1812:Sacro Cuore di GesĂą a Castro Pretorio
7:
2219:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
1567:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
63:, and is sometimes specified as the
2235:Column of the Immaculate Conception
2164:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
2564:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
1517:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
14:
2514:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
2479:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
955:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
433:(Oxford University Press, 1929),
2579:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
2524:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
2474:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
2464:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
925:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
217:
175:(established 344 BC), where the
2584:National Museum of Oriental Art
2484:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
1913:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
1898:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
2604:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
1399:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
280:constructed in the port city.
199:, however, was the god of the
131:, a patrician champion of the
1:
28:
2569:Museum of Roman Civilization
2499:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
1978:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
1522:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
2661:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
2539:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
2509:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
2245:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
1817:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
1424:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
1394:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
152:, the open space where the
2918:
2802:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
1888:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
1662:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
1657:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
930:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
129:Marcus Manlius Capitolinus
2758:
2594:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
2023:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
1923:Palazzo della Cancelleria
1321:Column of Marcus Aurelius
1101:Basilica of Junius Bassus
945:Temple of Hercules Victor
935:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
762:Arch of Septimius Severus
2792:Appian Way Regional Park
2599:Pigorini National Museum
2519:Museo Civico di Zoologia
2154:della Piazza dei Quiriti
1866:List of churches in Rome
1807:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
1632:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
1607:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
1592:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
1572:S. Apollinare alle Terme
1552:S. Anastasia al Palatino
1537:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
1316:Column of Antoninus Pius
993:Largo di Torre Argentina
965:Temple of Minerva Medica
960:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
2902:Roman citadels in Italy
2680:Portonaccio sarcophagus
2667:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
2644:Colossus of Constantine
2639:Augustus of Prima Porta
2614:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
2574:Museum of the Ara Pacis
2549:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
2469:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
2359:Via della Conciliazione
2319:Piazza della Repubblica
1948:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
1903:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
1742:S. Maria della Vittoria
1637:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
1587:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
1542:S. Agnese fuori le mura
1009:Porta Maggiore Basilica
710:Obelisk of Montecitorio
2850:Festa della Repubblica
2690:Sistine Chapel ceiling
2554:Museo Nazionale Romano
2424:Parco degli Acquedotti
2404:Villa Borghese gardens
2364:Via dei Fori Imperiali
1938:Palazzo della Consulta
1822:S. Silvestro in Capite
1727:S. Maria in Trastevere
1722:S. Maria sopra Minerva
1697:S. Maria in Montesanto
1557:S. Andrea delle Fratte
1429:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
1414:Mausoleum of Maxentius
1384:Catacombs of Domitilla
1292:Villa of the Quintilii
98:archaic Roman religion
35:
2842:Events and traditions
2649:La Bocca della VeritĂ
2494:Jewish Museum of Rome
1988:Palazzo del Quirinale
1832:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
1692:S. Maria degli Angeli
1682:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
1562:S. Andrea della Valle
1404:Mausoleum of Augustus
1338:Five-Columns Monument
1286:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
1138:Portico Dii Consentes
1106:Basilica of Maxentius
409:, "The Augural Law",
330:4.18.6 and 39.15.11;
139:Temple of Juno Moneta
22:
16:Ancient Roman citadel
2695:Velletri Sarcophagus
2655:Laocoön and His Sons
2409:Villa Doria Pamphili
2314:Piazza della Minerva
2139:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
2028:Palazzo del Viminale
1973:Palazzo di Giustizia
1802:Sacro Cuore di Maria
1787:Ss. Quattro Coronati
1772:S. Pietro in Vincoli
1757:S. Nicola in Carcere
1752:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
1737:S. Maria in Via Lata
1712:S. Maria in Aracoeli
1702:S. Maria in Cosmedin
1677:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
1672:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
1667:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
1612:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
1597:S. Camillo de Lellis
1213:Theatre of Marcellus
985:House of the Vestals
115:. After 384 BC, the
89:Gallic siege of Rome
53:ancient city of Rome
23:The location of the
2215:Altare della Patria
1876:Castles and palaces
1747:S. Martino ai Monti
1717:S. Maria del Popolo
1707:S. Maria in Domnica
1652:S. Francesca Romana
1622:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
1444:Tombs of Via Latina
1439:Tomb of the Scipios
1434:Tomb of the Haterii
1409:Mausoleum of Helena
1208:Stadium of Domitian
1198:Gardens of Maecenas
1174:Circus of Maxentius
1111:Basilica of Neptune
1088:Basilica Argentaria
892:Baths of Diocletian
865:Cloaca Circi Maximi
737:Arch of Constantine
705:Obelisk of Minerveo
423:Samuel Ball Platner
387:Honoris et Virtutis
2860:Rome Film Festival
2822:Villa Aldobrandini
2449:Capitoline Museums
2294:Clivus Capitolinus
1953:Palazzo Giustinani
1893:Castel Sant'Angelo
1837:S. Stefano Rotondo
1419:Pyramid of Cestius
1268:Palace of Domitian
1203:Gardens of Sallust
1050:Forum of Vespasian
970:Temple of Portunus
887:Baths of Caracalla
257:). Excavations in
229:. You can help by
36:
2884:
2883:
2855:Rome Quadriennale
2782:Metropolitan City
2776:
2775:
2459:Galleria Borghese
2334:Piazza San Pietro
2309:Piazza del Popolo
2304:Piazza d'Aracoeli
2277:and public spaces
2159:di Piazza Nicosia
2149:di Piazza Farnese
2144:di Piazza Colonna
2018:Palazzo Valentini
1908:Palazzo Barberini
1602:S. Carlo al Corso
1501:
1500:
1492:Ponte Sant'Angelo
1449:Tomb of Priscilla
1389:Catacombs of Rome
1263:House of Augustus
1252:Domus Transitoria
1218:Theatre of Pompey
1145:Porticus Octaviae
1035:Forum of Augustus
940:Temple of Hadrian
752:Arch of Gallienus
742:Arch of Dolabella
700:Flaminian Obelisk
476:Landmarks of Rome
247:
246:
2909:
2708:
2633:Apollo Belvedere
2529:Museo delle Mura
2349:Via dei Coronari
2339:Piazza di Spagna
2033:Palazzo Wedekind
1993:Palazzo Pamphilj
1918:Palazzo Borghese
1827:S. Sisto Vecchio
1355:Porticus Aemilia
1327:Column of Phocas
1309:Column monuments
1070:Forum Holitorium
975:Temple of Saturn
882:Baths of Agrippa
798:Aqua Alexandrina
730:Triumphal arches
727:
599:Castra Praetoria
469:
462:
455:
446:
414:
404:
398:
380:
374:
369:William Ramsay,
367:
361:
355:
349:
325:
319:
313:
242:
239:
221:
214:
171:include that of
148:was located the
123:, including the
33:
30:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2864:
2836:
2812:Hadrian's Villa
2784:of Rome Capital
2783:
2772:
2768:Monte Testaccio
2754:
2699:
2618:
2589:Palazzo Colonna
2435:
2428:
2386:
2378:
2289:Campo de' Fiori
2276:
2264:
2208:Other landmarks
2203:
2179:Quattro Fontane
2057:
2043:Villa Farnesina
2038:Palazzo Zuccari
2008:Palazzo Ruspoli
1943:Palazzo Farnese
1933:Palazzo Colonna
1871:
1851:
1732:S. Maria in Via
1508:
1497:
1460:
1455:Vigna Randanini
1365:
1361:Trajan's Market
1342:
1333:Trajan's Column
1304:
1238:Domus Augustana
1222:
1157:
1075:
1040:Forum of Caesar
1013:
980:Temple of Vesta
950:Temple of Janus
906:
902:Baths of Trajan
870:
845:
812:Aqua Anio Novus
805:Aqua Anio Vetus
778:
721:
714:
695:Lateran Obelisk
680:
483:Walls and gates
478:
473:
418:
417:
407:Jerzy Linderski
405:
401:
381:
377:
368:
364:
356:
352:
326:
322:
314:
310:
305:
243:
237:
234:
227:needs expansion
212:
121:Capitoline Hill
73:
61:Capitoline Hill
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2899:
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2546:
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2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
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2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:Galleria Spada
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Casa di Goethe
2451:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:Villa Torlonia
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:Parks, gardens
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2344:Piazza Venezia
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Piazza Farnese
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2299:Piazza Colonna
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2189:Trevi Fountain
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:di Ponte Sisto
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:Palazzo Riario
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1983:Palazzo Mattei
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:Palazzo Madama
1960:
1958:Lateran Palace
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:Other churches
1853:
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1804:
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1513:
1511:
1507:Roman Catholic
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1483:
1480:Pons Fabricius
1476:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
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65:Arx Capitolina
47:word meaning "
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2019:
2016:
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2013:Palazzo Spada
2011:
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1162:Entertainment
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1063:Forum Boarium
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1030:Imperial fora
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897:Baths of Nero
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858:Cloaca Maxima
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767:Arch of Titus
765:
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757:Arch of Janus
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723:
720:Ancient Roman
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669:Querquetulana
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592:Santo Spirito
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545:San Pancrazio
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388:
386:
382:This was the
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225:This section
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:was located;
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Major temples
162:
160:
159:Roman Kingdom
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
135:
130:
127:The house of
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
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99:
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90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
32: 753 BC
26:
21:
2876:Vatican City
2827:Villa d'Este
2817:Ostia Antica
2797:Capo di Bove
2763:Tiber Island
2672:
2665:
2653:
2631:
2414:Villa Medici
2255:Sisto Bridge
2225:Campo Verano
2129:del Pantheon
2074:Acqua Felice
2053:Villa Madama
2048:Villa Giulia
1998:Palazzo Poli
1882:
1864:
1762:S. Pancrazio
1647:S. Eustachio
1627:S. Crisogono
1577:Ss. Apostoli
1490:
1486:Ponte Milvio
1478:
1473:Pons Cestius
1471:
1453:
1376:
1353:
1298:
1284:
1272:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1227:Palaces and
1190:Ludus Magnus
1188:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1093:
1086:
1068:
1061:
991:
917:
875:Public baths
863:
856:
838:
831:
824:
819:Aqua Claudia
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
771:
624:Caelimontana
619:Servian Wall
609:Terreus Wall
582:Cavalleggeri
577:Leonine Wall
555:San Giovanni
442:
435:LacusCurtius
430:
427:Thomas Ashby
410:
402:
395:Porta Capena
391:Gaius Marius
383:
378:
365:
353:
343:
323:
311:
282:
277:
271:
266:
254:
250:
248:
238:January 2012
235:
231:adding to it
226:
208:
200:
168:
163:
145:
143:
132:
124:
113:Titus Tatius
108:
105:regal period
102:
92:
84:
76:
74:
64:
56:
39:
38:
37:
24:
2712:Seven Hills
2434:Museums and
2240:Conti Tower
2094:Il Facchino
2079:Acqua Paola
1777:S. Prassede
1617:S. Clemente
1547:S. Agostino
1299:sette bassi
1245:Domus Aurea
1131:Curia Julia
1025:Roman Forum
840:Aqua Tepula
833:Aqua Marcia
773:Arcus Novus
614:Romuli Wall
316:Cassius Dio
293:Cripplegate
291:, south of
283:The arx of
173:Juno Moneta
150:auguraculum
103:During the
2891:Categories
2730:Capitoline
2374:Via Veneto
2284:Appian Way
2184:Tartarughe
1642:S. Eugenio
1582:S. Balbina
1152:Tabularium
826:Aqua Julia
791:Aqua Appia
649:Fontinalis
565:Settimiana
342:, note to
303:References
297:Diocletian
183:(217 BC);
51:". In the
2735:Esquiline
2704:Landscape
2399:Villa Ada
2369:Via Sacra
2114:Navicella
2089:Barcaccia
2062:Fountains
1847:S. Vitale
1842:S. Teresa
1797:S. Sabina
1509:basilicas
1184:Colosseum
919:Ara Pacis
911:Religious
783:Aqueducts
722:landmarks
674:Trigemina
654:Gallienus
644:Esquilina
639:Dolabella
570:Tiburtina
550:San Paolo
520:Nomentana
495:Ardeatina
429:, "Arx,"
389:built by
338:1.16.15;
336:Macrobius
285:Londinium
181:Concordia
2807:Frascati
2745:Quirinal
2740:Palatine
2720:Aventine
2394:Bioparco
2387:and zoos
2099:Marforio
1767:Pantheon
1687:S. Marco
1347:Commerce
1124:Comitium
1004:Pantheon
999:Lupercal
687:obelisks
685:Ancient
659:Viminale
530:Pinciana
515:Metronia
510:Maggiore
500:Asinaria
438:edition.
274:Lavinium
253:(plural
193:Vediovis
2869:Enclave
2750:Viminal
2725:Caelian
2274:streets
2270:Squares
2199:Tritone
2194:Tritons
2124:Nettuno
2119:Neptune
2084:Babuino
1792:S. Saba
1465:Bridges
634:Collina
587:Pertusa
540:Portese
340:Servius
263:Tuscany
197:Jupiter
167:on the
144:On the
71:History
49:citadel
2134:Pianto
2109:Nasone
1229:villae
850:Sewers
664:Naevia
629:Capena
535:Popolo
505:Latina
345:Aeneid
332:Festus
318:37.28.
207:Other
191:; and
189:Virtue
154:augurs
117:Senate
55:, the
2674:PietĂ
2504:MAXXI
1370:Tombs
1080:Civic
385:Aedes
360:6.92.
358:Varro
334:103;
255:arces
209:arces
185:Honor
134:plebs
45:Latin
43:is a
2104:Moro
1018:Fora
425:and
348:8.1.
328:Livy
259:Cosa
187:and
177:mint
125:Arx.
2624:Art
2069:Api
1883:Arx
525:Pia
278:arx
272:In
267:arx
251:arx
233:.
201:Arx
169:Arx
146:Arx
109:Arx
93:Arx
85:Arx
77:Arx
57:arx
40:Arx
25:Arx
2893::
2272:,
299:.
261:,
203:.
195:.
141:.
100:.
67:.
29:c.
2221:)
2217:(
1329:"
1325:"
468:e
461:t
454:v
397:.
240:)
236:(
34:.
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